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Complex Clauses and Linkers
Complex Clauses and Linkers
Complex clauses:
A complex clause gives us extra information about a sentence. It is
introduced by a linking word o phrase. These words and phrases
are also knows as 'linkers'. Complex causes can express a range of
meanings depending on the linker that is used.
Types of complex causes:
Linkers of contrast:
We can use the following linkers to express contrast: although,
though, despite, despite the fact that, in spite of, in spite of the fact
that. We use these linkers in the following ways.
Linkers of purpose:
We can use the following linkers to talk about the purpose of an
action: in order(not) to, so as(not) to, so, to. We use the linkers in the
following ways:
Ex. He came in the room very quietly so as not to/in order not to wake
me up.
Linkers of reason:
We can use the following linkers to talk about the reason for action or
event: as, because, because of, since. We use these linkers in the
following ways:
Linkers of result:
We can use the following linkers to talk about the result or effect of
something: so...that, such...that. We use these linkers in the following
ways.
EXERCISES
1. COMBINE EACH OF THE FOLLOWING PAIRS OF SENTENCES
USING TO + INFINITIVE (use so as and in order to
where necessary)
a. I am buying paint. I want to paint my hall door.
b. He tied a knot in his handkerchief. He hoped that this would remind
him to take the train.
c. He left his rifle outside. He didnt want to frighten his wife.
d. They got up very early. They wanted to get to the top of the hill
before sunrise.
e. He rang the bell. He wanted to tell us that dinner was ready.
f. He was playing very softly. He didnt want to disturb anyone.
g. He sent his children to their aunts house. He wanted to have some
peace.
h. He didnt tell her he was going up in the spacecraft. He didnt want
to alarm her.
2. JOIN THE FOLLOWING PAIRS OF SENTENCES USING THE
EXPRESSION OF PURPOSE INDICATED IN BRACKETS.
a. The column was built in 1902. It was meant to commemorate
Boadicea. (to)
b. Modern airplanes are specially designed. They help people to travel
in comfort. (so that)
b. In spite of her injured foot, she managed to get into the village.
(although)
c. I decided to accept the job although, the salary was low (in spite
of).
d. We went to visit her although she was very unpleasant (despite).
e. In spite of not having eaten for 24 hours, we werent hungry (even
though).
5.USE THE WORDS IN BRACKETS TO MAKE A SENTENCE WITH
THOUGH AT THE END.
a. Shes very nice, (dont like / husband). I
c. As a result / Since all the seats on the train were taken, we had to
stand.
d. The banks were closed and as a result / because we couldnt get
any money.
e. I didnt find the book very interesting and so / as I didnt finish it.
f. We couldnt drive across the bridge as a result / because it was
closed.
g. She had the best qualifications and she as / therefore got the job.
8.INSERT A CORRECT CONNECTOR IN THE BLANK SPACES.
a. . Manchester had not won a match that season,
they were not expected to win the following season either.
b. . we had plenty of time, we didnt do half the
things we had planned to.
c. Im not going to stop work now. Ill keep going . I
finish.
d. Peter is an excellent student, . John seldom
opens a book.
e. . our train was late, we still made it to our
destination on time.
f. . she is much older than I am, she looks younger.
g. . I was walking around the supermarket, I saw a
friend.
h. I was able to walk slowly .the heavy burden.
i. My friend likes the town . I like the country.
j. We drove slowly .the icy roads.
k. Robert had .awful holiday that he wanted to
come home early.
l. We hurried .be late for the appointment.
m. Ill take my credit card with me . I decide to buy
something when Im out.
n. These tests are given in the book .you can check
your progress.
e. The driver instructor took Dan onto the main road: he wanted him
to get experience in high speed driving. (so that)
m. He left home early. He was afraid of missing the plane. (so as)
n. Some people enjoy city life. Others prefer the quiet of the country.
(whereas)
o. Everybody stayed near the fire. The day was very cold. (because
of)