FTFS Chap23 P095

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers
23-95 Cold water is heated by hot water in a heat exchanger. The net rate of heat transfer and the heat
transfer surface area of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 The
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform. 5 The thickness of the tube is negligible.
Properties The specific heats of the cold and hot water are given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg. C,
respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Cold Water
15C
0.25 kg/s
Ch m h C ph (0.25 kg / s)(4180 J / kg. C) 1045 W/ C

Cc m c C pc (3 kg / s)(4190 J / kg. C) 12,570 W/ C
Therefore,
Cmin Cc 1045 W/ C
and
C
1045
C min
0.083
Cmax 12,570
Hot Water
100C
3 kg/s
45C
Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (1045 W/ C)(100 C -15 C) 88,825 W
The actual rate of heat transfer is
C (T
Q
h
h ,in T h ,out ) (1045 W/ C )( 45C 15C ) 31,350 W
Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger becomes
Q
31,350
0.35
Qmax 88,825
The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined using the relation in Table 23-5 to be
NTU
1
1
0.35 1
1
ln
ln

0.438
C 1 C 1
0.083 1 0.35 0.083 1
Then the surface area of the heat exchanger is determined from
NTU
NTU C min (0.438)(1045 W/ C)

UA
A
0.482 m 2
2
C min
U
950 W/m .C
23-71

23-96
"GIVEN"
T_cw_in=15 "[C]"
T_cw_out=45 "[C]"
m_dot_cw=0.25 "[kg/s]"
C_p_cw=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]"
T_hw_in=100 "[C], parameter to be varied"
m_dot_hw=3 "[kg/s]"
C_p_hw=4.19 "[kJ/kg-C]"
"U=0.95 [kW/m^2-C], parameter to be varied"
"ANALYSIS"
"With EES, it is easier to solve this problem using LMTD method than NTU
method. Below, we use LMTD method. Both methods give the same results."
DELTAT_1=T_hw_in-T_cw_out
DELTAT_2=T_hw_out-T_cw_in
DELTAT_lm=(DELTAT_1-DELTAT_2)/ln(DELTAT_1/DELTAT_2)
Q_dot=U*A*DELTAT_lm
Q_dot=m_dot_hw*C_p_hw*(T_hw_in-T_hw_out)
Q_dot=m_dot_cw*C_p_cw*(T_cw_out-T_cw_in)
Thw, in [C]
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
Q [kW]
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
A [m2]
1.25
1.038
0.8903
0.7807
0.6957
0.6279
0.5723
0.5259
0.4865
0.4527
0.4234
0.3976
0.3748
U [kW/m2-C]
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
Q [kW]
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
A [m2]
0.6163
0.5778
0.5438
0.5136
0.4865
0.4622
0.4402
0.4202
0.4019
0.3852
0.3698
23-72
32
1.4
1.2
area
heat
0.8
0.6
31.5
A [m ]
Q [kW]
31.75
31.25
0.4
31
60
70
80
90
100
110
0.2
120
Thw,in [C]
32
0.65
0.6
area
31.75
heat
0.5
31.5
0.45
31.25
0.4
31
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
U [kW/m -C]
23-73
1.2
A [m ]
Q [kW]
0.55
0.35
1.3

23-97 Glycerin is heated by ethylene glycol in a heat exchanger. Mass flow rates and inlet temperatures
are given. The rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures are to be determined.
Properties The specific heats of the glycerin and ethylene glycol are given to be 2.4 and 2.5 kJ/kg. C,
respectively.
Analysis (a) The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (0.3 kg / s)(2400 J / kg. C) 720 W/ C
Cc m c C pc (0.3 kg / s)(2500 J / kg. C) 750 W/ C
Therefore,
Cmin Ch 720 W/ C
and
Glycerin
20C
0.3 kg/s
Ethylene
60C
0.3 kg/s
Cmin 720
0.96
Cmax 750

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (720 W/ C)(60 C 20 C) 28.8 kW
The NTU of this heat exchanger is
NTU
UAs
(380 W/m 2 .C)(5.3 m 2 )
2.797
C min
720 W/C
Effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.96 and NTU = 2.797 is determined using the
proper relation in Table 23-4
1 exp[ NTU (1 C )] 1 exp[2.797(1 0.96 )]
0.508
1 C
1 0.96
Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes

Q
Q
max (0.508)(28.8 kW) 14.63 kW
(b) Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are determined from
Q
14.63 kW
Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in ) Tc ,out Tc ,in
20C +
40.3C
Cc
0.72 kW / C
Q
14.63 kW
Q C h (Th ,in Th ,out ) Th ,out Th ,in
60C
40.5C
Ch
0.75 kW/C
23-74

23-98 Water is heated by hot air in a cross-flow heat exchanger. Mass flow rates and inlet temperatures
are given. The rate of heat transfer and the outlet temperatures are to be determined.
Properties The specific heats of the water and air are given to be 4.18 and 1.01 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The mass flow rates of the hot and the cold fluids are
m c VAc (1000 kg / m 3 )(3 m / s)[40 (0.01 m) 2 / 4] 9.425 kg / s
air
P
105 kPa
0.908 kg / m 3
3
RT (0.287 kPa.m / kg.K) (130 + 273 K)
Water
18C, 3 m/s
1m
m h VAc (0.908 kg / m 3 )(12 m / s)(1 m) 2 = 10.90 kg / s
1m
The heat transfer surface area and the heat

capacity rates are
As nDL 80 (0.01 m)(1 m) 2.513 m 2

Ch m h C ph (9.425 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) 39.4 kW/ C
Hot Air
130C
105 kPa
12 m/s
1m
Cc m c C pc (10.9 kg / s)(1.010 kJ / kg. C) 1101

. kW/ C
. kW/ C and C
Therefore, Cmin Cc 1101
Cmin 1101
.
0.2794
Cmax 39.40
Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (11.01 kW/ C)(30 C 18 C) 1233 kW

NTU
UAs
(130 W/m 2 .C) (2.513 m 2 )
0.02967
C min
11,010 W/C
Noting that this heat exchanger involves mixed cross-flow, the fluid with Cmin is mixed, Cmax unmixed,
effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.2794 and NTU =0.02967 is determined using
the proper relation in Table 23-4 to be
1
1 exp (1 e CNTU
C
) 1 exp
(1 e 0.27940.02967 ) 0.02912
0
.
2794
Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes

Q
Q
max (0.02912)(1233 kW) 35.90 kW
Finally, the outlet temperatures of the cold and the hot fluid streams are determined from
Q
35.90 kW
18C +
18.9C
Cc
39.40 kW / C
Q
35.90 kW
130C
126.7 C
Ch
11.01 kW/ C
Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Tc ,out Tc ,in
Q C h (Th,in Th ,out )
Th ,out Th ,in
23-75

23-99 Ethyl alcohol is heated by water in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The heat transfer surface area
of the heat exchanger is to be determined using both the LMTD and NTU methods.
overall heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform.
Properties The specific heats of the ethyl alcohol and water are given to be 2.67 and 4.19 kJ/kg. C,
respectively.
Analysis (a) The temperature differences between the
two fluids at the two ends of the heat exchanger are
Water
T1 Th ,in Tc ,out 95C 70C = 25C
95C
T2 Th ,out Tc ,in 60C 25C = 35C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the

correction factor are
Tlm ,CF
70C
Alcohol
T1 T2
25 35
29.7C 25C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(25/35)
2.1 kg/s
t t 70 25
P 2 1
0.64
T1 t1 95 25
2-shell pass
8 tube passes
60C
F 0.93
T2 T1 95 60
R
0.78
t1 t1 70 25
The rate of heat transfer is determined from

Q m c C pc (Tc,out Tc,in ) (2.1 kg / s)(2.67 kJ / kg. C)(70 C 25 C) 252.3 kW
The surface area of heat transfer is
Q = UAs Tlm
As
Q
252.3 kW
=
= 11.4 m 2
2
UFTlm
0.8 kW/m .C)(0.93)(29.7C)
(b) The rate of heat transfer is

Q m c C pc (Tc,out Tc,in ) (2.1 kg / s)(2.67 kJ / kg. C)(70 C 25 C) 252.3 kW
The mass flow rate of the hot fluid is
m
h C ph (Th,in Th,out ) m
h
Q
C ph (Th,in Th,out )
The heat capacity rates of the hot and the cold fluids are
252.3 kW
1.72 kg/s
(4.19 kJ/kg.C)(95C 60C)
h C ph (1.72 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.C) 7.21 kW/ C

Ch m
c C pc (2.1 kg/s)(2.67 kJ/kg.C) 5.61 kW/C
Cc m
Therefore, C min C c 5.61 W/ C and
Cmin 5.61
0.78
Cmax 7.21
Q
max C min (Th ,in Tc ,in ) (5.61 W/ C)(95C 25C) 392.7 kW
The effectiveness of this heat exchanger is
Q
252.3
0.64
Qmax
392.7
The NTU of this heat exchanger corresponding to this emissivity and C = 0.78 is determined from Fig.
23-26d to be NTU = 1.7. Then the surface area of heat exchanger is determined to be
NTU
UAs
NTU C min (1.7)(5.61 kW/C)
As
11.9 m 2
2
C min
U
0.8 kW/m .C
The small difference between the two results is due to the reading error of the chart.
23-76

23-100 Steam is condensed by cooling water in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer
and the rate of condensation of steam are to be determined.
Properties The specific heat of the water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam
at 30C is given to be 2430 kJ/kg.
Analysis (a) The heat capacity rate of a fluid condensing in a heat exchanger is infinity. Therefore,
Cmin Cc m c C pc (0.5 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) 2.09 kW/ C
and
C=0

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (2.09 kW/ C)(30 C 15 C) 3135
. kW
and
Steam
As 8nDL 8 50 (0.015 m )(2 m ) 37.7 m 2 30C
The NTU of this heat exchanger
NTU
UAs
(3 kW/m 2 .C) (37.7 m 2 )
54.11
C min
2.09 kW/C
Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger

corresponding to C = 0 and NTU = 6.76 is determined
using the proper relation in Table 23-5
15C
Water
1800 kg/h
1 exp( NTU ) 1 exp( 6.76) 1

Then the actual heat transfer rate becomes
30C
Q
max (1)(31.35 kW) 31.35 kW
(b) Finally, the rate of condensation of the steam is determined from

Q
31.4 kJ/s
Q m h fg m
0.0129 kg/s
h fg
2430 kJ/kg
23-77

23-101
"GIVEN"
N_pass=8
N_tube=50
T_steam=30 "[C], parameter to be varied"
h_fg_steam=2430 "[kJ/kg]"
T_w_in=15 "[C]"
m_dot_w=1800/Convert(kg/s, kg/h) "[kg/s]"
C_p_w=4.18 "[kJ/kg-C]"
D=1.5 "[cm], parameter to be varied"
L=2 "[m]"
U=3 "[kW/m^2-C]"
"ANALYSIS"
"With EES, it is easier to solve this problem using LMTD method than NTU
method. Below, we use NTU method. Both methods give the same results."
"(a)"
C_min=m_dot_w*C_p_w
C=0 "since the heat capacity rate of a fluid condensing is infinity"
Q_dot_max=C_min*(T_steam-T_w_in)
A=N_pass*N_tube*pi*D*L*Convert(cm, m)
NTU=(U*A)/C_min
epsilon=1-exp(-NTU) "from Table 23-4 of the text with C=0"
Q_dot=epsilon*Q_dot_max
"(b)"
Q_dot=m_dot_cond*h_fg_steam
Tsteam [C]
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
32.5
35
37.5
40
42.5
45
47.5
50
52.5
55
57.5
60
62.5
65
67.5
70
Q [kW]
10.45
15.68
20.9
26.12
31.35
36.58
41.8
47.03
52.25
57.47
62.7
67.93
73.15
78.38
83.6
88.82
94.05
99.27
104.5
109.7
114.9
mcond [kg/s]
0.0043
0.006451
0.008601
0.01075
0.0129
0.01505
0.0172
0.01935
0.0215
0.02365
0.0258
0.02795
0.0301
0.03225
0.0344
0.03655
0.0387
0.04085
0.043
0.04515
0.0473
23-78

D [cm]
1
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
Q [kW]
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
31.35
mcond [kg/s]
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
0.0129
120
0.05
100
0.04
heat
80
0.03
60
0.02
40
0.01
20
0
20
30
40
50
Tsteam [C]
23-79
60
0
70
mcond [kg/s]
Q [kW]
mass rate
32
0.0135
31.5
mcond
31.25
Qdot
31
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
D [cm]
23-80
0.013
1.8
mcond [kg/s]
Q [kW]
31.75
0.0125
2

23-102 Cold water is heated by hot oil in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer is to be
determined using both the LMTD and NTU methods.
Properties The specific heats of the water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.2 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis (a) The LMTD method in this case involves iterations, which involves the following steps:
1) Choose Th,out
2) Calculate
Q from Q m h C p (Th ,out Th ,in )
Hot oil
130C
3 kg/s
3) Calculate Th,out from Q m h C p (Th ,out Th ,in )

4) Calculate Tln,CF
UA FT
5) Calculate Q from Q
s
ln,CF
6) Compare to the Q calculated at step 2, and repeat

until reaching the same result
Water
20C
3 kg/s
Result: 385 kW
(20 tube passes)
(b) The heat capacity rates of the hot and the cold fluids are
Ch m h C ph (3 kg / s)(2.2 kJ / kg. C) 6.6 kW/ C
Cc m c C pc (3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C) 12.54 kW/ C
Therefore, Cmin Ch 6.6 kW/ C and C
Cmin
6.6
0.53
Cmax 12.54

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (6.6 kW/ C)(130 C 20 C) 726 kW
NTU
UAs
(0.3 kW/m 2 .C) (20 m 2 )
0.91
C min
6.6 kW/ C
Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger corresponding to C = 0.53 and NTU = 0.91 is determined
from Fig. 23-26d to be
0.53
The actual rate of heat transfer then becomes
Q
Q
max (0.53)(726 kW) 385 kW
23-81
Selection of The Heat Exchangers

23-103C 1) Calculate heat transfer rate, 2) select a suitable type of heat exchanger, 3) select a suitable type
of cooling fluid, and its temperature range, 4) calculate or select U, and 5) calculate the size (surface area)
of heat exchanger
23-104C The first thing we need to do is determine the life expectancy of the system. Then we need to
evaluate how much the larger will save in pumping cost, and compare it to the initial cost difference of the
two units. If the larger system saves more than the cost difference in its lifetime, it should be preferred.
23-105C In the case of automotive and aerospace industry, where weight and size considerations are
important, and in situations where the space availability is limited, we choose the smaller heat exchanger.
23-106 Oil is to be cooled by water in a heat exchanger. The heat transfer rating of the heat exchanger is
to be determined and a suitable type is to be proposed.
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible.
Properties The specific heat of the oil is given to be 2.2 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The heat transfer rate of this heat exchanger is
m
c C pc (Tc , out Tc ,in ) (13 kg/s)(2.2 kJ/kg.C)(120C 50C) 2002 kW
Q
We propose a compact heat exchanger (like the car radiator) if air cooling is to be used., or a tube-andshell or plate heat exchanger if water cooling is to be used.
23-82

3-107 Water is to be heated by steam in a shell-and-tube process heater. The number of tube passes need to
be used is to be determined.
Properties The specific heat of the water is
given to be 4.19 kJ/kg.C.
Steam
Analysis The mass flow rate of the water is
90C
m
c C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Q

m
Q
C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
600 kW
(4.19 kJ/kg.C)(90C 20C)
2.046 kg/s
The total cross-section area of the tubes

corresponding to this mass flow rate is
m VAc Ac
m
2.046 kg / s
6.82 10 4 m 2
V (1000 kg / m 3 )(3 m / s)
Then the number of tubes that need to be used becomes
As n
4 As 4(6.82 10 4 m 2 )
D 2
n
8.68 9
4
D 2
(0.01 m ) 2
Therefore, we need to use at least 9 tubes entering the heat exchanger.
23-83
20C
Water

23-108
"GIVEN"
C_p_w=4.19 "[kJ/kg-C]"
T_w_in=20 "[C]"
T_w_out=90 "[C]"
Q_dot=600 "[kW]"
D=0.01 "[m]"
"Vel=3 [m/s], parameter to be varied"
"PROPERTIES"
rho=density(water, T=T_ave, P=100)
T_ave=1/2*(T_w_in+T_w_out)
"ANALYSIS"
Q_dot=m_dot_w*C_p_w*(T_w_out-T_w_in)
m_dot_w=rho*A_c*Vel
A_c=N_pass*pi*D^2/4
Vel [m/s]
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
Npass
26.42
17.62
13.21
10.57
8.808
7.55
6.606
5.872
5.285
4.804
4.404
4.065
3.775
3.523
3.303
30
25
Npass
20
15
10
5
0
1
Vel [m/s]
23-84

23-109 Cooling water is used to condense the steam in a power plant. The total length of the tubes
required in the condenser is to be determined and a suitable HX type is to be proposed.
Properties The specific heat of the water is given to be 4.18
kJ/kg.C. The heat of condensation of steam at 30C is given
to be 2430 kJ/kg.
Steam
30C
26C
Analysis The temperature differences between the steam and

the water at the two ends of condenser are
T1 Th ,in Tc,out 30 C 26 C = 4 C
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 30 C 18 C = 12 C
18C
and the logarithmic mean temperature difference is
Tlm
T1 T2
4 12
7.28C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln 4 /12
Water
30C
The heat transfer surface area is
Q = UAs Tlm As
Q
500 10 6 W
=
= 1.96 10 4 m 2
2
UTlm
(3500 W/m .C)(7.28C)
The total length of the tubes required in this condenser then becomes
As DL L
As 1.96 10 4 m 2
3.123 10 5 m 312.3 km
D
(0.02 m)
A multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger is suitable in this case.
23-85

23-110 Cold water is heated by hot water in a heat exchanger. The net rate of heat transfer and the heat
transfer surface area of the heat exchanger are to be determined.
Properties The specific heats of the cold and hot water are
given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Steam
30C
Analysis The temperature differences between the steam and

the water at the two ends of condenser are
26C
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 30 C 18 C = 12 C
and the logarithmic mean temperature difference is
Tlm
18C
T1 T2
4 12
7.28C
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(4/12)
Water
30C
The heat transfer surface area is
Q = UAs Tlm As
Q
300 10 6 W
=
= 1.177 10 4 m 2
2
UTlm
(3500 W/m .C)(7.28C)
The total length of the tubes required in this condenser then becomes
As DL L
As 1.177 10 4 m 2
1.874 10 5 m 187.4 km
D
(0.02 m)
A multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger is suitable in this case.
23-86

Review Problems
23-111 Hot oil is cooled by water in a multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inner surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water flow is fully developed. 2 Properties of the water are constant.
Properties The properties of water at 25C are (Table A-15)
k 0.607 W/m.C
/ 0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
Pr 6.14
Analysis The Reynolds number is
Re
Vm D
(3 m/s)(0.013 m)
43,771
0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, we assume fully

developed turbulent flow, and determine Nusselt number from
Nu 0.023 Re 0.8 Pr 0.4 0.023( 43,771) 0.8 ( 6.14) 0.4 245
and
hi
Outer surface
D0, A0, h0, U0
Inner surface
Di, Ai, hi, Ui
k
0.607 W/m.C
Nu
( 245) 11,440 W/m 2 .C
D
0.013 m
The inner and the outer surface areas of the tube are
Ai Di L (0.013 m)(1 m) 0.04084 m 2
Ao Do L (0.015 m)(1 m) 0.04712 m 2
The total thermal resistance of this heat exchanger per unit length is
ln( Do / Di )
1
1
hi Ai
2kL
ho Ao
1
(11,440 W/m .C)(0.04084 m )

0.609C/W
ln(1.5 / 1.3)
1
2
2 (110 W/m.C)(1 m) (35 W/m .C)( 0.04712 m 2 )
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger based on the inner surface becomes
1

U i Ai
Ui
1
1
40.2 W/m2 .C
RAi
(0.609C/W )(0.04084 m 2 )
23-87

23-112 Hot oil is cooled by water in a multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The overall heat transfer
coefficient based on the inner surface is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Water flow is fully developed. 2 Properties of the water are constant.
Properties The properties of water at 25C are (Table A-15)
k 0.607 W/m.C
/ 0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
Pr 6.14
Analysis The Reynolds number is
Re
Vm D
(3 m/s)(0.013 m)
43,771
0.894 10 6 m 2 /s
Outer surface
D0, A0, h0, U0
which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, we

assume fully developed turbulent flow, and
determine Nusselt number from
Nu 0.023 Re
0.8
Pr
0.4
0.023( 43,771)
0.8
( 6.14)
0.4
245
Inner surface
Di, Ai, hi, Ui
and
hi
k
0.607 W/m.C
Nu
( 245) 11,440 W/m 2 .C
D
0.013 m
The inner and the outer surface areas of the tube are
Ai Di L (0.013 m)(1 m) 0.04084 m 2
Ao Do L (0.015 m)(1 m) 0.04712 m 2
The total thermal resistance of this heat exchanger per unit length of it with a fouling factor is
ln( Do / Di ) R f ,o
1
1
hi Ai
2kL
Ao
ho Ao
(11,440 W/m .C)( 0.04084 m )
0.0004 m 2 .C/W
0.04712 m
0.617C/W
ln(15 / 13)
2 (110 W/m.C)(1 m )
1
2
(35 W/m .C)( 0.04712 m 2 )
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat exchanger based on the inner surface becomes
1
1
1
U i
39.7 W/m 2 .C
U i Ai
RAi (0.617C/W )(0.04084 m 2 )
23-88

23-113 Water is heated by hot oil in a multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer
and the heat transfer surface area on the outer side of the tube are to be determined.
Properties The specific heats of the water and oil are given to be 4.18 and 2.2 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis (a)The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
m
h C ph (Th ,in Th ,out ) (3 kg/s)(2.2 kJ/kg.C)(130C 60C) = 462 kW
Q
(b) The outlet temperature of the cold water is

Q m c C pc (Tc,out Tc,in ) Tc,out Tc ,in
Q
462 kW
20 C
56.8 C
m c C pc
(3 kg / s)(4.18 kJ / kg. C)
The temperature differences at the two ends are

T1 Th ,in Tc ,out 130C 56.8C = 73.2C
Hot Oil
130C
3 kg/s
T2 Th , out Tc ,in 60C 20C = 40C
The logarithmic mean temperature difference is
Tlm ,CF
T1 T2
73.2 40
54.9C
Cold Water
ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(73.2 / 40)
20C
3 kg/s
and
(20 tube passes)
t t 56.8 20
P 2 1
0.335
T1 t1 130 20
F 0.96
T2 T1 130 60
R
1.90
t 2 t1 56.8 20
60C
The heat transfer surface area on the outer side of the tube is then determined from
Q UAs FTlm
As
Q
462 kW
29.2 m 2
2
UFTlm
(0.3 kW/m .C)(0.96)(54.9C)
23-89

23-114E Water is heated by solar-heated hot air in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The
required length of the tube is to be determined.
Properties The specific heats of the water and air are given to be 1.0 and 0.24 Btu/lbm.F, respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer in this heat exchanger is
m
h C ph (Th ,in Th ,out ) (0.7 lbm/s)(0.24 Btu/lbm. F)(190F 135F) = 9.24 Btu/s
Q
The outlet temperature of the cold water is
m
c C pc (Tc ,out Tc ,in )
Q
Tc ,out Tc ,in
Q
9.24 Btu/s
70F
96.4F
c C pc
m
(0.35 lbm/s)(1.0 Btu/lbm.F)
The temperature differences at the two ends are

Cold Water
70F
0.35 lbm/s
T1 Th,in Tc ,out 190F 96.4F = 93.6F

T2 Th,out Tc ,in 135F 70F = 65F
Tlm
Hot Air
T1 T2
93.6 65
130F
78.43F 0.7 lbm/s

ln(T1 / T2 ) ln(93.6 / 65)
135F
The heat transfer surface area on the outer side of the

tube is determined from
Q
9.24 Btu/s
Q UAs Tlm As
21.21 ft 2
2
UTlm
( 20 / 3600 Btu/s.ft .F)(78.43F)
Then the length of the tube required becomes
As DL L
As
21.21 ft 2
162.0 ft
D (0.5 / 12 ft)
23-115 It is to be shown that when T1 = T2 for a heat exchanger, the Tlm relation reduces to Tlm = T1
= T2.
Analysis When T1 = T2, we obtain
Tlm
T1 T2
0
ln( T1 / T2 ) 0
This case can be handled by applying L'Hospital's rule (taking derivatives of nominator and denominator
separately with respect to T1 or T2 ). That is,
Tlm
d (T1 T2 ) / dT1
1
T1 T2
d [ln(T1 / T2 )] / dT1 1 / T1
23-90

23-116 Refrigerant-134a is condensed by air in the condenser of a room air conditioner. The heat transfer
area on the refrigerant side is to be determined.
Properties The specific heat of air is given to be 1.005 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The temperature differences at the two ends are
R-134a
40C
T2 Th ,out Tc,in 40 C 25 C = 15 C
Tlm
Air
25C
35C
T1 T2
5 15
9.1 C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(5 / 15)
The heat transfer surface area on the outer side

of the tube is determined from
Q UAs Tlm
As
40C
Q
(15,000 / 3600) kW
3.05 m 2
UTlm
(0.150 kW/m 2 .C)(9.1C)
23-117 Air is preheated by hot exhaust gases in a cross-flow heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer is to
be determined.
Properties The specific heats of air and combustion gases are given to be 1.005 and 1.1 kJ/kg.C,
respectively.
Analysis The rate of heat transfer is simply
[m
C p (Tin Tout )] gas. (1.1 kg/s)(1.1 kJ/kg.C)(180C 95C) = 102.9 kW
Q
23-91

23-118 A water-to-water heat exchanger is proposed to preheat the incoming cold water by the drained hot
water in a plant to save energy. The heat transfer rating of the heat exchanger and the amount of money
this heat exchanger will save are to be determined.
Properties The specific heat of the hot water is given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis The maximum rate of heat transfer is
Cold Water
14C
h C ph (Th,in Tc ,in )
Q
max m
(8 / 60 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(60C 14C)
25.6 kW
Hot water
60C
8 kg/s
Noting that the heat exchanger will recover 72%

of it, the actual heat transfer rate becomes
Q Q max (0.72)(25.6 kJ / s) = 18.43 kW
which is the heat transfer rating. The operating hours per year are
The annual operating hours = (8 h/day)(5 days/week)(52 week/year) = 2080 h/year

The energy saved during the entire year will be
Energy saved = (heat transfer rate)(operating time)
= (18.43 kJ/s)(2080 h/year)(3600 s/h)
= 1.38x10 8 kJ/year
Then amount of fuel and money saved will be
Fuel saved
Energy saved
1.38 10 8 kJ/year 1 therm
Furnace efficiency
0.78
105,500 kJ
1677 therms/year
Money saved = (fuel saved)(the price of fuel)

= (1677 therms/year)($ 0.54/therm) = $906/year
23-92

23-119 A shell-and-tube heat exchanger is used to heat water with geothermal steam condensing. The rate
of heat transfer, the rate of condensation of steam, and the overall heat transfer coefficient are to be
determined.
the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid
properties are constant.
Properties The heat of vaporization of geothermal water at 120C is given to be hfg = 2203 kJ/kg and
specific heat of water is given to be Cp = 4180 J/kg.C.
Analysis (a) The outlet temperature of the water is
Tc,out T h,out 46 120C 46C = 74C
Steam
120C
Then the rate of heat transfer becomes

[m
C p (Tout Tin )] water
Q
(3.9 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(74C 22C)
= 847.7 kW
(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from
22C
Q (m h fg ) geothermal
steam
Water
3.9 kg/s
14 tubes
847.7 kW m (2203 kJ/kg ) m 0.385 kg/s
120C
(c) The heat transfer area is
Ai nDi L 14 (0.024 m)(3.2 m) = 3.378 m 2

The logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter-flow arrangement and the correction factor F are
T1 Th,in Tc,out 120C 74C = 46C

T2 Th,out Tc,in 120C 22C = 98C
Tlm,CF
T1 T2
46 98
68.8C
ln( T1 / T2 ) ln(46 / 98)
t 2 t1 74 22
0.53
T1 t1 120 22
F 1
T1 T2 120 120
R
t 2 t1 74 22
P
Then the overall heat transfer coefficient is determined to be
U A FT
Q
i i
lm,CF
U i
Q
847,700 W
3648 W/m 2 .C
Ai FTlm,CF
(3.378 m 2 )(1)(68.8C)
23-93

23-120 Water is heated by geothermal water in a double-pipe counter-flow heat exchanger. The mass flow
rate of the geothermal water and the outlet temperatures of both fluids are to be determined.
Properties The specific heats of the geothermal water and the cold water are given to be 4.25 and 4.18
kJ/kg.C, respectively.
Analysis The heat capacity rates of the hot and cold fluids are
h C ph m
h (4.25 kJ/kg.C) = 4.25m
h
Ch m
c C pc (1.2 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C) = 5.016 kW/ C
Cc m
C min C c 5.016 kW/C

and
Cold Water
12C
1.2 kg/s
Geothermal
water
C
5.016
1.1802
C min
h
h
Cmax
4.25m
m
95C
NTU
UAs
(0.480 kW/m 2 .C)(25 m 2 )
2.392
C min
5.016 kW/C
Using the effectiveness relation, we find the capacity ratio
1 exp NTU(1 C )
1 exp 2.392(1 C )
0.823
C 0.494
1 C exp NTU(1 C )
1 C exp 2.392(1 C )
Then the mass flow rate of geothermal water is determined from
1.1802
1.1802
0.494
m h 2.39 kg/s
m h
m h
The maximum heat transfer rate is
Q
max C min (T h,in Tc,in ) (5.016 kW/ C)(95C - 12C) 416.328 kW
Then the actual rate of heat transfer rate becomes

Q
Q
max (0.823)(416.328 kW) 342.64 kW
The outlet temperatures of the geothermal and cold waters are determined to be
C (T
Q
c
c,out Tc,in )
342.64 kW = (5.016 kW/ C)(Tc,out 12 )
Tc,out 80.3C
m
h C ph (T h,in T h,out )
Q
342.64 kW = (2.39 kg/s)(4.25 kJ/kg.C)(95 T h,out )
23-94
T h,out 61.3C

23-121 Air is to be heated by hot oil in a cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed. The
effectiveness of the heat exchanger, the mass flow rate of the cold fluid, and the rate of heat transfer are to
be determined.
.Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
Properties The specific heats of the air and the oil are given to be 1.006 and 2.15 kJ/kg.C, respectively.
h C ph 0.5m
c (2.15 kJ/kg.C) = 1.075m
c
Ch m
c C pc m
c (1.006 kJ/kg.C) = 1.006 m
c
Cc m
Therefore,
c
Cmin Cc 1.006 m
and
Oil
80C
c
Cmin
1.006 m
0.936
c
Cmax
1.075m
Air
18C
58C
The effectiveness of the heat

exchanger is determined from
Q
Q max
C c (Tc,out Tc,in )
C c (Th,in Tc,in )
58 18
0.645
80 18
(b) The NTU of this heat exchanger is expressed as
NTU
UAs
(0.750 kW/ C) 0.7455
c
c
C min
1.006 m
m
The NTU of this heat exchanger can also be determined from
NTU
ln C ln(1 ) 1
ln 0.936 ln(1 0.645) 1
3.724
C
0.936
Then the mass flow rate of the air is determined to be
NTU
UAs
(0.750 kW/C)
3.724
m c 0.20 kg/s
C min
1.006 m c
(c) The rate of heat transfer is determined from

m
c C pc (Tc,out Tc,in ) (0.20 kg/s)(1.006 kJ/kg.C)(58 - 18)C 8.05 kW
Q
23-95

23-122 A water-to-water counter-flow heat exchanger is considered. The outlet temperature of the cold
water, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, the mass flow rate of the cold water, and the heat transfer
rate are to be determined.
.Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss
Properties The specific heats of both the cold and the hot water are given to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
h C ph 1.5m
c (4.18 kJ/kg.C) = 6.27Cold
c
Ch m
m
Water
c C pc m
c (4.18 kJ/kg.C) = 4.18m
c
Cc m
20C
Hot water
c
Therefore, Cmin Cc 4.18m
95C
and
c
Cmin
4.18m
0.667
c
Cmax
6.27m
The rate of heat transfer can be expressed as

C (T
c )(Tc,out 20)
Q
c
c,out Tc,in ) ( 4.18m
C (T
c ) 95 (Tc,out 15) (6.27m
c )(80 Tc,out )
Q
h,in T h,out ) (6.27 m
h
Setting the above two equations equal to each other we obtain the outlet temperature of the cold water
4.18m
c (Tc,out 20) 6.27m
c (80 Tc,out )
Q
Tc,out 56C
(b) The effectiveness of the heat exchanger is determined from
Q
max
C c (Tc,out Tc,in )
C c (T h,in Tc,in )
c (56 20)
4.18m
0.48
c (95 20)
4.18m
(c) The NTU of this heat exchanger is determined from
NTU
1
1
0.48 1
1
ln
ln

0.805
C 1 C 1
0.667 1 0.48 0.667 1
Then, from the definition of NTU, we obtain the mass flow rate of the cold fluid:
NTU
UAs
1.400 kW/ C
0.805
m c 0.416 kg/s
C min
4.18m c
(d) The rate of heat transfer is determined from

m
c C pc (Tc,out Tc,in ) (0.416 kg/s )( 4.18 kJ/kg.C)(56 20 )C 62.6 kW
Q
23-123 . . . 23-129 Design and Essay Problems
23-96

FTFS Chap23 P095

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Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Ch m h C ph (0.25 kg / s)(4180 J / kg. C) 1045 W/ C

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger becomes

Then the surface area of the heat exchanger is determined from

NTU C min (0.438)(1045 W/ C)

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

1 exp[ NTU (1 C )] 1 exp[2.797(1 0.96 )]

Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

m h VAc (0.908 kg / m 3 )(12 m / s)(1 m) 2 = 10.90 kg / s

The heat transfer surface area and the heat

As nDL 80 (0.01 m)(1 m) 2.513 m 2

Cc m c C pc (10.9 kg / s)(1.010 kJ / kg. C) 1101

Q max Cmin (Th ,in Tc,in ) (11.01 kW/ C)(30 C 18 C) 1233 kW

Then the actual rate of heat transfer becomes

Q C c (Tc ,out Tc ,in )

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

T2 Th ,out Tc ,in 60C 25C = 35C

The logarithmic mean temperature difference and the

The rate of heat transfer is determined from

(b) The rate of heat transfer is

h C ph (1.72 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.C) 7.21 kW/ C

Therefore, C min C c 5.61 W/ C and

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

The effectiveness of this heat exchanger is

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Then the effectiveness of this heat exchanger

1 exp( NTU ) 1 exp( 6.76) 1

(b) Finally, the rate of condensation of the steam is determined from

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Q from Q m h C p (Th ,out Th ,in )

3) Calculate Th,out from Q m h C p (Th ,out Th ,in )

6) Compare to the Q calculated at step 2, and repeat

(20 tube passes)

Then the maximum heat transfer rate becomes

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Selection of The Heat Exchangers

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Analysis The mass flow rate of the water is

The total cross-section area of the tubes

Then the number of tubes that need to be used becomes

Therefore, we need to use at least 9 tubes entering the heat exchanger.

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Analysis The temperature differences between the steam and

and the logarithmic mean temperature difference is

The heat transfer surface area is

A multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger is suitable in this case.

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Analysis The temperature differences between the steam and

The heat transfer surface area is

A multi-pass shell-and-tube heat exchanger is suitable in this case.

Chap 23 Heat Exchangers

Analysis The Reynolds number is

which is greater than 10,000. Therefore, we assume fully