Introduction:Cities are probably the most complex things that human beings have ever created.

They are the wellsprings of culture, technology, wealth and power. People have a lovehate relationship with cities. We are torn between our needs for community and privacy
and the conflicting attractions of urban and rural life.
Urban Planning can be defined as the design and regulation of the uses of space that
focus on the physical form, economic functions, and social impacts of the urban
environment and on the location of different activities within it. The various fields that
are encountered in urban planning are:-

Urban planning

Engineering

Architecture

Social and political

concerns

The need of the hour is sustainable development. With increasing population and growing
pollution, we cant ignore the ill effects of planning on the environment.
Sustainable development refers to: Utilizing the present resources keeping in mind the future needs of the society, so
as not to exhaust the resources.
It should not disturb the ecological cycle and hence preserve the environment.
Within urban and rural communities, geography plays a critical role in development of
the built environment. Urban planners must rely on knowledge of geographic space when
deciding how best to manage growth. As the cities of the world grow and more rural land
is developed, ensuring smart growth and practical environmental management are
necessary goals.
Before any kind of planning and development can happen, funds must be collected from
the public and a set of rules is needed to clarify the process. These prerequisites are the
two active factors in planning for land use. By collecting taxes, fees and even ideas from
the public, decision makers are able to effectively provide plans for development and
revitalization. Zoning regulations provide a legal framework for development.

Municipalities regulate the use of private land for a variety of reasons. Designations for
the use of land are provided in a municipalitys master plan, which is usually intended to
ensure the following.

Transportation Flow
Economic Development
Historic Preservation
Recreational Space/Parks
Environmental/Wildlife Protection

Businesses, manufacturers and residential communities all require specific geographic

locations. Accessibility is the key. Businesses are more suitable downtown while
manufacturing centers are most accessible for shipping at an interstate or a port. When
designing residential developments, planners generally focus on developing close to or
directly above commercial areas.
The desire for urban areas is flow of transportation. Before any development can happen,
there must first be an infrastructure suitable to the needs of future growth. Infrastructure
includes sewer, water, electricity, roads and floodwater management. The master plan of
any urban region has the potential for guiding growth in a way that will generate a fluid
movement of people and commerce, especially in emergency situations. Public
investment through taxes and fees is the cornerstone for developing an infrastructure.
Most major urban centers have been around for a long time. Preserving the history and
aesthetic of earlier developments within a city creates a more livable space and can boost
tourism in the area.
One of the most essential parts of any plan is the ability to provide citizens with an equal
opportunity. Communities cut off from urban centers by railroads, interstates or natural
boundaries have difficulty in accessing employment. When planning for development and
the use of land, special attention must be given to lower-income housing projects. Mixing
housing for various income levels provide increased educational and opportunities for
lower income families. To facilitate the implementation of a master plan, zoning
ordinances and special regulations are imposed on real-estate developers.
There are two essential parts to a zoning ordinance:
1. Detailed maps showing land area, boundaries and the zone under which the land is
categorized.
2. Text describing in full detail each zone's regulations.
Zoning is used to permit some types of construction and prohibit others. In some areas,
residential construction may be limited to a specific type of structure. Downtown areas
may be a mixed-use of residential and commercial activity. Manufacturing centers will be
zoned for construction close to the interstate. Some areas may be prohibited for
development as a means of conserving green space or access to water. There may also be
districts where only the historical aesthetic is allowed.

Challenges are faced in the zoning process, as cities desire to eliminate blighted areas of
zero growth while maintaining a diversity of interests in a geographic area. The
importance of mixed-use zoning is becoming increasingly apparent in major urban areas.
By allowing developers to building residential units above businesses, land use is
maximized by creating a round-the-clock hub of activity.
Another challenge faced by planners is the issue of socio-economic segregation. Some
subdivisions strive to maintain a certain financial status by regulating the scope of
housing developments. Doing this ensures that home values in the subdivision will
remain above a certain level, alienating the poorer members of the community.

Urban Planning in India:India has characteristically drifted with history, rising periodically to accomplish great
things. In no field has this been truer than in town planning. From prehistoric Mohenjo
Daro, to the imperial city of New Delhi, to Corbusier's Chandigarh, India has pioneered
in town building. The technique of diagnostic survey, commonplace in planning practice
today, is the somewhat belated result of Patrick Geddes' work in India four decades ago:
the City Improvement Trusts in existence since the 1800's are models of their kind.

Emerging pattern of urban growth in India:The urban problems are not all of recent making. In India the urban situation had become
serious because of the large increase in population since 1921. While the percentage
increase for the nation as a whole was 11%, 14%, 3% and 13.4% respectively, for the
decennial periods 1921-1951, the urban areas increased by 21%, 32% and 54%
respectively, during the same periods. The urban drift is continuing unabated. A
comparison of the urban population in 1991 and 2001 is as follows:The heavy shifts of population are the result of the lack of adequate employment
opportunities in the villages and the attraction of relatively high wages and amenities in
the towns. Unemployment and particularly underemployment in agriculture stimulates
this tendency. Since 1947 when the country was partitioned, there has been a heavy influx
of refugees into urban areas. 5 The number of towns with populations in excess of
100,000 doubled in the twenty years prior to 1951. Today Greater Calcutta counts a
population of about 5 million while Bombay and Delhi have populations of 3 and 1
million, respectively.
Planning and development have not and perhaps could not keep pace. In contrast to the
examples of New Delhi and Chandigarh most towns in India have grown haphazardly.
They have a large proportion of substandard houses and huts of flimsy construction,
poorly ventilated, over-congested and often lacking in the essential amenities.
On the state level some progress has been made in enacting planning legislation and
setting up planning agencies. The results have not all been entirely satisfactory. In several
cases efforts were made by some states to abolish or merge planning departments with
the public works department. Nevertheless, the Second Plan largely places the onus of
planning on the states. If planned urban development is to be undertaken, said the

Planning Commission, "each state should have a phased program for the survey and
preparation of Master Plans
Key Features Of Urban Planning In India:Urban Planning in India includes (but is not confined to) the following

Town planning
Regulation of land use for residential and commercial purposes
Construction of buildings
Planning for economic development
Planning for social development
Construction of roads
Constructions of bridges
Water supply for domestic use, industrial and commercial purposes
Public health care management
Sewerage, sanitation and solid waste management
Proper fire services
Urban forestation and maintenance
Protection of environment through sustainable development
Promotion of ecological balance and maintenance
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society
Offering proper infrastructural help to the handicapped and mentally retarded
population of the society
Organized slum improvement
Phased removal or alleviation of urban poverty
Increased provision of basic urban facilities like public urinals, subways,
footpaths, parks, gardens, and playgrounds
Increased public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus-stop and
public conveyances
Continual promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects of the
environment
Increased number of burials, burial grounds, cremation grounds and electric
crematoria
Proper regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries
Absolute prevention of / zero tolerance of cruelty to animals
Proper maintenance of population statistics, including registration of births and
deaths records.

PLANNING AND ZONING

CASE STUDY
Delhi
The Planning Department is responsible for preparation of Five Year Plan and Annual
Plans of NCT of Delhi for the subjects within the jurisdiction of Govt. of NCT of Delhi.
This involves: (i) estimation of resources for financing of Annual Plans & Five Year Plan,
(ii) preparation, monitoring and evaluation of Five Year Plan/Annual Plans. The
implementation of the respective plans is carried out by different departments of
GNCTD, Local Bodies and Autonomous Organizations under Government of Delhi. The
Planning Department has also the responsibility of management of planning and
statistical cadre of Govt. of Delhi
Delhi today is emerging as one of the largest cities of the world. From a settlement of 7
lakhs in 1947, its population has increased to 138 lakhs in 2001 at a growth rate of around
4.6% (1991-2001). As a result, there is a phenomenal pressure on land, housing,
transportation network and services. Out of total area of 1483 sq. km., about 50% has
already been urbanized and the rest is under heavy pressure or urbanization. In order to
restrict the growth of the city, National Capital Region, covering about 30,000 sq. km.
has been delineated, however, the runaway growth of Delhi continues unrestricted. It is
no more just a national capital but an international centre of business, sports, culture and
education. Delhi, today, has emerged as one of the prime movers and a nerve centre of
ideas and actions, stands at the crossroads. The choice is either taking a road to
indiscriminate, uncontrolled development and slide towards doom, or towards a world
class city, if handled with vision and care. Apart from identifying the critical issues, such
as, land, physical infrastructure and transport, ecology and environment, housing,
resources, governance and management, the cornerstone for making Delhi a world class
city is the planning process itself. There is a clear need of paradigm shift in the planning
process and make it more participatory, flexible and people friendly. The Vision-2021
strives to make Delhi as a world class city, where all the people are above poverty line
and are engaged in productive work. The infrastructure services are adequate, sustainable
and maintain a circular metabolism with the natural resources. Vision for Delhi 2021 can
be summed up as: A Restructured City made by Citizens; A modern eco-friendly city
based on new technologies; A City to live and a Humane City.
THE GUIDELINES
The Ministry of Urban Development & Poverty Alleviation issued guidelines to the Delhi
Development Authority to facilitate finalization of Delhis Master Plan for 2021.The
guidelines, while recognizing that the past experience of planning emphasize the need for
innovative approaches to deal with the problems that affect Delhi and make planning a
participatory process. These as the Mission statement for Delhi-2021, postulate the
following:-

Evolving an alternative approach to the policy of large scale acquisition and

disposal of land by DDA, to reduce the time gap between acquisition,
development and disposal and to enable farmers to share the benefit of
urbanization.
Synergy between Regional Plan and Delhi Master Plan to be strengthened.
Unauthorized colonies to be effectively incorporated in the main stream of urban
development.

Strategies to develop synergy between work place, residence and transportation to

address the following issues:
Mixed residential and commercial land use;
Commercial/office use of industrial premises;
Concentration of industries in non-industrial areas to the extent of 70% or more
making them virtually industrial in use.
Amelioration of existing slum & JJ clusters through a judicious mix of relocation
and in-situ development.
Permitting redevelopment of DDA colonies through self managing residential
community by making use of the incentive of higher FAR.
Re-development of old and degraded areas and areas that have developed
unauthorized by reviewing the existing legal and procedural barriers.
Intensive development along the metro corridors up to half a kilometer depth with
requisite infrastructure development to have synergy between transportation and
urban development.
Preparation of perspective plans for development of infrastructure to be framed in
coordination with the Government of Delhi and relevant organization.
Review of permissible vertical construction (including that below the ground) in
the light of new technological developments, and enhance green spaces;
Strengthening of the existing legal framework for enforcement of Master Plan
provisions including unauthorized construction and encroachment on public land.
Emphasis on development of green cover, bio-diversity parks, protection and
conservation of heritage.
The provision of land and services has to be made for an anticipated population of around
230 lakhs for Delhi in the year 2021.
LAND POLICY
The backbone of planned development is the Land Policy. Complimentary to the Delhi
Master Plan (1961-1981) the Scheme of Large Scale Acquisition, Development and
disposal of Lands in Delhi was promulgated. Having realized the slow pace of planned
development and increasing gap between the demand and supply, it is necessary that the
role of public agencies in acquisition of land, development and disposal is reviewed.
According to the preliminary estimates, to cater to a projected population of 230 lakhs by
the year 2021, the present urban area of Delhi (70,162 ha.) needs to be added by around
25,000 to 30,000 hac. by the year 2021. To ensure planned development and to avoid

delays and litigation in land acquisition, it is necessary to seek a suitable alternative to the
past policy of large scale acquisition and disposal of land. The approach should be able
to mobilize the private sector in urban development and housing, while giving due regard
to the interests of the poor migrants. Also regulatory and enforcement arrangements have
to be strengthened to arrest the growth of unauthorized colonies and jhuggi-jhopri (JJ)
clusters. The concept of land pooling for agricultural lands/areas and Transferable
Development Rights (TDR) for urban areas have to be invoked and integrated along with
the compulsory acquisition of lands.
THE NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
The National Capital Region includes 7 districts of Haryana, 5 districts of Uttar Pradesh,
the entire NCT of Delhi and 1 District of Rajasthan. At the local level, areas within the
regional fall under the purview of the local bodies. The NCR covers an area 30,242 sq. m.
This constitutes 0.92 % of Indias surface area which is divided among four States as
given below:
NCT Delhi (1483 Sq. km.) accounts for 04.41% of the total area of NCR (37.22% of
population)
Haryana (13413 sq. km.) accounts for 39.95% of the total area of the NCR (23.46% of
population)
Uttar Pradesh (10853 sq. km.) accounts for 32.32% of the total area of the NCR
(31.24% of population)
Rajasthan (7829 sq. km.) accounts for 23.32% of the total area of the NCR (8.08% of
population).
In 2001, the region accommodated a population of 370.33 lakhs. This accounts for 3.6%
of the total population of the country.
Major migration to Delhi is from the states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab and
Rajasthan. A sustainable development strategy is recommended within NCTD in the
Regional context, which envisages effective implementation of the Plan keeping in view
the broad policy framework of National Capital Region (NCR). Delhi has s limited area
of 1483 sq. km. whereas the orbit of influence is well beyond its limits as about half of
the area, is already urbanized. For remaining area optimum utilization of land is required
so that natural features like major greens areas, defined water bodies and areas of national
importance could be conserved. In the context of urbanization and changing needs. It is
important to adopt a definite restrictive policy.
The developments at the doorstep of Delhi are bound to have repercussions on Delhi and
its sub-region. Delhi Metropolitan Area has been redefined comprising of the NCTD;
Ghaziabad-Loni Complex, NOIDA and Greater NOIDA controlled area in Uttar Pradesh;
Faridabad-Ballabhgarh Complex, Gurgaon, Bahadurgarh Kundli and the extensions of the
Delhi Ridge in Haryana.

The Delhi Metropolitan Area including the NCTD should be considered as one urban
agglomeration for the purpose of preparation of an Integrated Development Plan (IDP)
which is recommended to be coordinated by NCR Planning Board and be taken up by the
concerned State Governments. In the interests of the sustainable development of the
Delhi Metropolitan Area, separate plans for Transportation linkages (including rail link,
MRTS, bye-pass Expressway/highways), Ridge and River development should be
prepared by the GNCTD. Certain specific projects of economic and industrial
development in the DMA towns could also be initiated by the GNCTD in collaboration
with concerned States/local bodies.
The Plans for the NCR and Delhi Sub-Region must evolve alternate development
strategies, resource allocation strategies, performance criteria and significant values and
standards to guide development.
LAND USE ZONING
The basic objective of the Land Use controls is to promote planned development of the
National Capital Territory of Delhi by a synergy between work place, residence and
transportation, as well as safeguarding the environment. During last few years large
projects have come up such as Metro Corridor, flyovers, etc. These require restructuring
of land use pattern as well as offer opportunities to redevelop and rebuild old dilapidated
areas. As such it may be proposed to designate such areas as undetermined land use or
white zoning:
500 mts. Wide belt on either side of the MRTS corridor
100 mts. Wide belt along major roads (60 mts. and above proposed ROW)
The land use and controls should be based on the preparation of urban design scheme of
specific areas, which will allow turnaround of dilapidated, old areas. It will also offer
advantage as given below:
Injecting socio-economic vitality and urban rejuvenation
Better Interfacing between landuse and infrastructure services/transportation.
Flexibility in zoning for optimum land utilization
Value addition
Infrastructure up gradation.
The minimum area for a comprehensive scheme to be prepared by the land owners for the
approval of the DDA, local body and other concerned authorities should be 4 Ha. No
change of land use should be necessary for the overall scheme approved as such.
However, conversion and additional FAR charges should be legible. This will open up
huge opportunities of restructuring, reconstruction and renewal, which in turn will yield
to the prosperity of the city.
The concept of Accommodation Reservation is to facilitate development of community
facilities without need of acquisition of land under private ownership. The Private owner
may provide the land/building free of cost to the local body/Government/ Development
Authority against the incentive of FAR which he can utilize for his own purpose. Thus,

community facility becomes available in time to the public without adding any financial
burden on the Development Authority/Local body/Government.
Land use Distribution
LAND USE
% OF LAND
Residential
45-55
Commercial
3-4
Industrial
4-5
Green/ Recreational
15-20
Public & Semi-Public Facilities
8-10
Circulation
10-12
REGENERATION OF INNER CITY
MPD-2001 proposed urban renewal of 2600 ha. of old built up area, known as 'Special
Area' which has been divided into 4 Urban Renewal Areas namely (i) Walled City (ii)
Karol Bagh (iii) Other Urban Renewal Areas, and, (iv) Specific use zone areas. Walled
City of Delhi with concentration of historical buildings has been designated as
"controlled conservation area". The following strategies had been proposed for overall
conservation of the Walled City: Shifting and de-limitation of non-residential activity with priority for shifting of
noxious and hazardous trades/industries.
Up gradation of physical and social infrastructure.
Traffic and transportation, management and regulations.
Conservation and restoration of historical buildings.
Revitalization of residential areas.
Renewal/redevelopment of Walled City Extension.
The main priority is to decongest the old city and to shift traffic generating activities from
the Old City. To shift wholesale trade, noxious industries and hazardous business from
the Old City, it is proposed to develop counter-centre in the form of:

Integrated Freight Complexes at the peripheral location

New industrial area,
Development of Truck Terminals, vehicle repair workshop, Old Car markets,
Motor parts Markets at the periphery of Urban Delhi.
Railway Freight Terminals.
Noxious industries and hazardous trades are to be shifted from the Special Area in
a time frame by a set of incentives (providing alternative plots, tradable FAR, tax
holiday etc.) and disincentives (non-renewal of trade/industry licences etc.) within
a time frame of 3 to 5 years maximum.

For the Walled City and other Special Areas, it is necessary to evolve a strategy that will
trigger a self-starting redevelopment process and will give "new lease of life" to these
areas with improved infrastructure, transportation and economic viability. These may
include the following;

Application of Transferable Development Right (TDR) so that the premises

owners in the Walled City and Special Area get enhanced component of space in
designated new areas.
Private developers and co-operatives may be encouraged to undertake
conservation of heritage and redevelopment guided by planning and faade
controls, but allowing internal flexibility of space and use.
Certain city areas need to be fully pedestrianised.

FAR and Tax incentives for those who have to maintain the architectural controls.
When land is to be surrendered for widening of roads or any other public facility, the
equivalent FAR should be permissible to the owner/developer either to use on same plot
or added to the TDR component.
The concept of Accommodation Reservation may be introduced for Special Area,
whereby for provision of essential public facilities to be handed over to the local
body/government, the owner of property is given full permissible FAR on the component
of public facility. Evacuee properties can also be used for this purpose.
Area based renewal approach specifying "Protected Areas", conservation/heritage zones
Specifying pedestrian and vehicular streets, and undertaking the preparation of road
beautification/development plans.
The overall fire fighting plan to dictate minimum road widths for vehicular movement.
All heavy commercial vehicles, rickshaws, animals and animal driven vehicles to be
prohibited.
Underground parking lots to be developed at the peripheral locations.
On most of the road and streets in the Walled City, part of the right of ways are occupied/
encroached upon by commercial establishments, which is about 25% to 30% of their right
of way. Removal of encroachments would have double benefit (i) recovery of the right of
way; and (ii) decongesting the city of commercial activity and thus improving the
environment.Augmentation plan for decentralized services with public-private
partnership, including solid waste management, telecommunication and I.T.
A new set of Development controls for Mixed Use, enhanced FAR and TDR applicability.
In about a year, about 50 per cent of the Inner City will be within 8 to 10 minutes of
walking distance from Metro Stations. Hopefully, this will release some congestion from
already choked roads and reduce the parking demand. This will also provide opportunity
(i) to pedestrainse some of the roads in the Walled City and other area, (ii) to redevelop
certain areas along metro corridors, (iii) to upgrade infrastructure services, and, (iv) to
improve interface between land use and transportation. Improved accessibility will also
facilitate and encourage decentralisation of wholesale trade from old Delhi. In place of
centralized CBD, a new linear pattern of economic corridors can emerge by planned
intervention. For this, a set of well worked out incentives and disincentives need to be
built-in within the planning framework. Within the intervention zone of 500 meters on
both sides of metro corridor, actual delineation of economic corridor along metro route
should be area specific.

The comprehensive scheme can be initiated by the land owners, local associations/cooperatives or authorised developer for approval of the DDA/local body. This way the
process of area by area renewal and redevelopment would trigger a process of
decongestion and conservation, releasing heavily built up area for open space/greenery,
upgradation of social-physical infrastructure and shifting out of hazardous, inflammable
and noxious activities from the Old City. The incentive of additional FAR, alongwith
other measures like liberalisation of land use and time bound approvals would motivate
the owners and residents to adopt the route of planned development.
In order to address effectively to the emerging issues and the need of conservation and
regeneration of the Special Area, it is necessary to review the existing legal framework,
organisations and procedures and evolve a new framework or make amendments. The
broad contours of the new framework could be as follows:
Facilitating entry of new players in conservation and redevelopment, such as, local
community, RWA, Cooperative Societies, Financial Institutions, DMRC and Private
Sector.
Attracting private sector participation and investments by (a) bankable project approach,
(b) removing unnecessary controls, (c) incentive development controls such as
Transferable Development Rights, Accommodation, Reservation land use flexibility and
grant of additional FAR, (d) One window, time bound approval of projects (e) financial
and tax incentives.
Creating a dedicated organizational set up for coordinating Special Area conservation and
regeneration, with planning, services, land management, financial and engineering
responsibilities, including transport and maintenance.
Constitution of a Regulatory and Monitoring Authority.
Leveraging strategy for conservation, economic corridor redevelopment, infrastructure up
gradation, and employment generation projects.
Review of the ASI Gazette Notification No. F8/2/90 dated 16 th June, 1992, regarding
prohibited and controlled zone around the protected monuments in the Old City.
Capacity building, public participation, asset management & MIS.
MRTS (Mass Rapid Transit System)
NETWORK AND RESTRUCTURING THE CITY
A total length of 244.9 Km of Metro Corridor is planned to serve Delhi:
MRTS
NETWORK
PHASE-I
PHASE-II
PHASE-III
PHASE-IV
TOTAL

LENGTH
62.2
51.7
62.2
68.8
244.9

BREAKUP
(km) - UG
12.12
8.7
6.4
-27.22

ABOVE
GROUND
5.42
3.6
2.8
1.1
12.92

ELEVATED
44.62
39.4
53.0
67.7
204.72

Ultimately the MRTS Network would serve 109 lakhs passengers per day or about 5060% of citys population will move through the Metro Network. Transport demand is
projected to grow by 50% in 10 years and 100% in 20 years. About 428 square
kilometers or about 30% of the area of National Capital Territory of Delhi or about 60%
of Urban Area will be within 15 minute walking distance from the proposed stations.
About 107 square kilometers around the stations or about 15% of urban area of Delhi is
likely to be directly affected, which is likely to undergo a dramatic change to
accommodate higher intensities of use and development.
This is about 15% i.e. four times of the existing and proposed commercial use in Delhi
Master Plan. This is also about 4 times the area of the Old City including Karol Bagh
(Special Area 2600 Ha.)
As such, MRTS facilities and the form of the movement corridor will have an impact on
the structure of the City and consequently its development. The choice is either to
facilitate planned development, visualizing the economic forces, or to let the opportunity
slip out of hand by perpetuating conventional concepts and norms by dissipating energy
in controlling the inevitable.
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
The existing availability and projected requirement for physical infrastructure
components is indicated below:
Table 1

Availability
Water (mgd)
Sewerage (mgd)
Power (mw)
Solid Waste (tons/day)

2001
785
384
2352
4900

Requirement
Projected
2001
2021
1096
1840
873
1472
3265
8800
7100
15750

Additional
2001-2021
1055
1088
6448
10850

WATER
Delhi depends largely on river Yamuna and partially on river Ganga for its share of raw
water. For sustainable development of water resources in Delhi, it is essential to ensure
adequate supply of water in terms of reliability, quality and quantity. The water
requirement is @ 80 gpcd (360 lpcd) with break up of domestic and non-domestic as 50
gpcd (225 lpcd) and 30 gpcd (135 lpcd) respectively. However, minimum water supply
of 30 gpcd has to be ensured for all areas. This may be provided at two levels potable
(for drinking, cooking, etc.) and non-potable. In the existing areas till the arrangement of
non-potable water is made, potable water should be supplied. For urban extensions and
areas under development schemes, these norms are recommended with necessary
provisions. The potable water requirement has to be made from river water allocation
and ranney wells in Yamuna flood plains. The supply crucially depends on the progress
of the proposed dams at U.P. Uttaranchal and H.P. and conveyance system with release of

allocated water to Delhi. However, to some extent localised ground water extraction and
its supply after treatment to prescribed level of quality may also be required to meet up
the demands. To promote the water supply in accordance with the projected requirement
up to the year 2021 inter state river water allocation is required to be worked out jointly
by DJB, CGWA and NCRPB. All measures are to be taken to reduce unaccounted flow
of water (UFW), production losses at existing plants. The existing drainage basins shall
be made self-sustainable in water management by integrating water-sewerage-drainage
systems. Water resource management should be adopted by:
Recycling of treated waste water with separate lines for potable water and recycled water.
Dual pipe supply system has to be introduced in a phased manner in all areas.
Ground water recharging through rain water harvesting, conserving water bodies and
controlling groundwater extraction. Groundwater extraction is to be controlled through
registering boreholes and recharging according to test yields. Ground water management
is to be enforced by enacting law.
DRAINAGE
Drainage has two aspects: flood protection and storm water discharge which are
interrelated. The storm water and flood protection in Delhi are not local but have
regional bearing including areas of Haryana and Rajasthan. The main drainage system of
Delhi is such that all water collected through main drains, link drains and small rivulets is
discharged into Yamuna. On the basis of topographical characteristics and existing
drainage network, NCT of Delhi has been divided into five drainage basins namely
Najafgarh, Alipur, Shahdara, Khushak Nallah and Mehrauli.
To improve the drainage system of Delhi, effluent treatment plans should be provided at
outfall of drains and aeration units at interceptions with advanced techniques for
maintenance of drains. A time bound action programme for augmentation and capacity
revision of existing and new drains (due to increase in run off from urban extension) is
also vital check dams and depression/lakes may be designed for increasing ground water
table and as storm water holding points wherever needed. The design shall preserve the
natural drainage pattern after the development of an area.
POWER
Delhis requirement of power in the year 2021 is tentatively estimated by Delhi Transco
Limited to be 8800 MW based on 16th Electricity Power Survey of India, CEA. To meet
the demand, the concerned agencies need to augment the power supply and improve the
transmission and distribution system. The additional power requirement would be met
from local generation and allocated share from the grid system.
In the reform process for power sector in Delhi, the Delhi Vidyut Board has been
formally unbundled into successor companies for managing the distribution, transmission
and generation functions. After the privatization of distribution system the power
generation may also be privatized with regulatory controls on tariff structures. Load
management largely depends on tariff structure. In the reform process for power sector in
Delhi, the Delhi Vidyut Board has been formally unbundled into successor companies for

managing the distribution, transmission and generation functions. Load management

techniques should be adopted and schemes to minimise power thefts/losses by improved
metering arrangements should be enforced. Non-conventional energy sources like
recovering energy from sewage, solar energy should be used for street lighting, lighting at
public spaces, open areas, traffic signals, hoardings. etc.
SOLID WASTE
The problem of solid waste management in Delhi is assuming serious proportions due to
increasing population, urbanization, changing lifestyles and consumption patterns. The
garbage from unauthorised developments, slums, JJ settlements, etc. is not collected
which further adds to the environmental degradation. The projected average garbage
generation up to the year 2021 is @ 0.68 kg per capita per day and total quantum of solid
waste is 15750 tons/day.
Management of solid waste is involves waste generation, segregation and storage waste
collection, waste transfer/transportation, treatment, recycle, reuse, recovery, and disposal.
For effective waste management, its segregation at the community and neighborhood
level is imperative. The waste shall be segregated and collected, in separate chambers at
dalaos. For this, involvement of rag pickers along with RWAs, CBOs and NGOs is to be
encouraged.
Today Delhi stands at crossroads. The problems are huge and complex, yet there are
several unique opportunities which can be explored in turnaround development of the
National Capital. These opportunities demand a paradigm shift in planning and urban
management so as to pave the way in building of new partnerships. For this the critical
areas are formulating a new hybrid land policy, planning in the larger context of the
region, a facilitating approach to land use zoning incentivising self-starting
redevelopment and regeneration, restructuring the city based on mass transport and
public-private partnership to augment physical infrastructure. Well devised policies and
strategies will certainly help in making Delhi a World Class City.

REFERENCES:

Regional Planning for Large Metropolitan Cities: A Case Study of the

National Capital Region Author(s): V. Nath Source: Economic and Political
Weekly, Vol. 23, No. 5 (Jan. 30, 1988), pp. 201-214 Published by: Economic and
Political Weekly

URBAN PLANNING IN INDIA Author(s): Sahay Shrey , Siddhartha Kandoi , Soumil

Srivastava

Internet

Urban
planning and
Zoning
Submitted by:
Kritika Salwan
M.Sc. (prev.) RMDA