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Cellular Telephone: Part II: Wireless Communication
Cellular Telephone: Part II: Wireless Communication
Cellular Telephone: Part II: Wireless Communication
Chapter 5
Cellular Telephone
This chapter contains some slides from chapter 17 of Data Communications and networking,
3rd ed. by B. Forouzan. The borrowed slides contain the copyright notice of McGraw-Hill at the
bottom of the slide. Most of these slides are either modified or supplemented by additional
information. Slides without any copyright notice were taken from the web.
McGraw-Hill
5-2
Cellular System
McGraw-Hill
Base station
(each cell has one BS)
Size of cell
depends on
population
(1-12 miles
radius)
Mobile
station
5-3
Frequency Reuse
The neighboring cells can not use the same set of frequencies in order to avoid
interference between MS close to cell boundaries. Since the available frequencies
are a limited resource, they have to be reused. Patterns below show various
frequency reuse factors (cells with same numbers can use the same set of frequencies.)
McGraw-Hill
5-4
AMPS
Cellular Bands for AMPS
Downlink
25 MHz
Uplink
25 MHz
5-5
AMPS (Cont.)
Reverse Communication Band
Uplink
McGraw-Hill
Digital AMPS
1991
McGraw-Hill
5-6
Code Division
Multiple Access
1993
.
5-7
5-8
D-AMPS
(Originally defined as IS-54, later revised by IS-136)
25 1944-bit frames per second
Frequency reuse factor = 7
64 bits
159 bits
101 bits
Control
Voice
FEC
Uplink
VSELP
Reverse
communication
band
GSM
5-9
Frequency Bands
=
McGraw-Hill
GSM (Cont.)
5-10
Uplink
RPE-LTP
260-bit samples
each 20ms = 13 kbps
GMSK
Gaussian Minimum
Shift Keying
(used in Europe)
890-915 MHz
(935-960 MHz
downlink)
GSM (Cont.)
5-11
Multiframe Components
A lot of overhead in TDM frames
Because of complex error correction
GSM allows a r frequency reuse factor of 3
McGraw-Hill
5-12
IS-95 (Cont.)
Forward Transmission
For synchronization
of demodulator/CDMA
and for signal strength
monitoring for
handoff
Downlink
CELP
Code excited linear
predictive speech
coding (very complex,
very high quality)
1 bit of 64
(not DSSS,
for privacy)
869-894 MHz
64 CDMA channels
(9 control and sync, 55 voice)
McGraw-Hill
5-13
IS-95 (Cont.)
Electronic Serial Number (ESN)
.
24 23
MFR code
18
reserved
17
Serial Number
Marko Vuskovic,
2004
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc., 2004
IS-95 (Cont.)
5-14
Reverse Transmission
Similar to CCK, only with Walsh codes
-each group of 6 bits from the 28.8 kbps stream
replaced by a 64-bit Walsh code from the lookup table
(28.8 ksps*64/6 = 307.2 kcps, 307.2/64 = 4.8 ksps)
Improves reception at BS since the Walsh codes are orthogonal.
( Form of block error-correcting code)
32-bit
Rates 4.8, 2.4
and 1.2 also
available
Uplink
824-849 MHz
The diagram for access channels is identical, only the data bit rate is fixed to 4.8 kbps
McGraw-Hill
IS-95 (Cont.)
5-15
Multiple Access
MS 1
Re
v
(DS erse
SS
)
Forward
CDMA
BS
se
r
e
v
Re SSS)
(D
MS n
McGraw-Hill
SDSU
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Marko Vuskovic,
Inc., 2004
2004
5-16
Summary of 2G
Year introduced
Frequency reuse factor
Channel bandwidth
Number of duplex channels
Users per channel
Users per cell
Speech coding bit rate
Speech coder
McGraw-Hill
SDSU
IS-136
GSM
IS-95
1991
1990
1993
30 kHz
200 kHz
1,228 kHz
790
124
20
55
338
330
1100
7.95 kbps
13 kbps
9.6 kbps
VSELP
RPE-LTP
CELP
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Marko Vuskovic,
Inc., 2004
2004
Connection Management in
Cellular Systems
5-17
Transmitting
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Receiving
1.
2.
3.
4.
McGraw-Hill
SDSU
Connection Management in
Cellular Systems (Cont.)
5-18
Handoff
MS can move (during conversation) from one cell to another, resulting in a
weaker signal. Therefore MSC monitors the level of the signal every few
seconds. If the level of the signal diminishes, the MSC seeks a new cell that
can better accommodate the communication. MSC then changes the
channel carrying the call.
Hard Handoff
In early systems a MS can communicate with only one BS. When MS moves
from one BS to another, the communication must first be broken, then
established with new BS. Rough transmission.
Soft Handoff
New systems. MS can communicate with two BS at the same time. MS can
continue communication via new BS before breaking with the old BS.
McGraw-Hill
5-19
McGraw-Hill
SDSU
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Marko Vuskovic,
Inc., 2004
2004
5-20
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Marko Vuskovic,
Inc., 2004
2004
5-21
WAP (Cont.)
WAP Programming Model
Requests in compact
(binary) format
Has micro
browser
Client
WAP Gateway
Encoded
Encoded requests
requests
Encoded
Encodedresponse
response
McGraw-Hill
SDSU
Original Server
Requests
Requests
Encoders
decoders
WAE
user agent
WML content
in compact
(binary) format
Requests in text
format
CGI
Scripts
Response
Response(content)
(content)
HTTP content in
Proxy server for
text format
the wireless domain
(DNS, WAP-WWW protocol conversion,
HTML-WML translation, encoding, caching)
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Marko Vuskovic,
Inc., 2004
2004
5-22
WAP (Cont.)
Similar to HTML
but smaller,
less demanding
Similar to JavaScript
but smaller,
less demanding
Tools for
WAP application
development
WML Script
Based on HTTP
(Session
establishment/
termination)
IP
D-AMPS
McGraw-Hill
SDSU
GSM
IS-95
3G
Bluetooth
Bearer
The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Marko Vuskovic,
Inc., 2004
2004
5-23
WAP (Cont.)
WAP gateway Protocol Stack
McGraw-Hill