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Electric Flux PDF
Electric Flux PDF
Electric Flux PDF
Electric flux
The field is uniform
The plane is
perpendicular to the
field
E E A
We will define the electric flux for an electric field that is perpendicular to an area as
=EA
E E A E A cos
A An
E E A
n
A
E E n A E A cos
A
N
E Ei n i Ai
i 1
E E ndA
E dA
E lim
Ai 0
E A
i
surface
E dA
If we let the area of each element approach zero, then the number of elements
approaches infinity and the sum is replaced by an integral.
Closed surfaces
E
E dA
E ndA
+Q +
3Q
+Q
Zero Flux
E dA
E ndA
E n E n E
kq
E 2 r E constant
r
E dA E A
E ndA
kq
q
2
E 2 4r 4kq
r
o
sphere
Gausss Law
Gauss asserts that the proceeding calculation for the flux
from a point charge is true for any charge distribution!!!
E dA 4kq
enclosed
q enclosed
Example
An electric field with a magnitude of 3.50 kN/C is
applied along the x axis. Calculate the electric
flux through a rectangular plane 0.350 m
wide and 0.700 m long assuming that
(a) the plane is parallel to the yz plane;
(b) the plane is parallel to the xy plane;
(c) the plane contains the y axis, and its normal
makes an angle of 40.0 with the x axis.
90.0
E 0
Example
The following charges are located inside a submarine:
5.00 C, 9.00 C, 27.0 C, and 84.0 C.
(a) Calculate the net electric flux through the hull of
the submarine.
(b) Is the number of electric field lines leaving the
submarine greater than, equal to, or less than the
number entering it?
E
6.
89
10
N m
0
8.85 1012 C 2 N m 2
C2
Example
A point charge Q = 5.00 C is located at the center of a cube
of edge L = 0.100 m. In addition, six other identical point
charges having q = 1.00 C are positioned symmetrically
around Q as shown in Figure below. Determine the electric
flux through one face of the cube.
E total
Q6 q
E one face
0
Q6 q
6 0
18.8 kN m2 C
Problem
The field at both circular faces of the cylinder is parallel to the outward vector
normal to the surface, so the flux is just EA. There is no flux through the curved
surface because the normal to that surface is perpendicular to Er.
The net flux through the closed surface is related to the net charge inside by
Gausss law.
E dA
E ndA
Select a surface
Try to imagine a surface where the electric field is
constant everywhere. This is accomplished if the surface
is equidistant from the charge.
Try to find a surface such that the electric field and the
normal to the surface are either perpendicular or parallel.
total charge
total length
L
1.
2.
q enclosed
E E dA
o
EA
qinside
E (2 rL )
E
2k
r
L
0
Example
A uniformly charged, straight filament 7.00 m in length has a
total positive charge of 2.00 C. An uncharged cardboard
cylinder 2.00 cm in length and 10.0 cm in radius surrounds the
filament at its center, with the filament as the axis of the
cylinder. Using reasonable approximations,
find
qenclosed
E dA
E ndA
E
Er (2 rL )
dA
E Acylinder
qenclosed
Er
9
2ke 2 8.99 10 N m
E
Q
7
4 o r
2
qenclosed
Q L
7 o
k
r
0.100 m
E EA cos E 2 r cos0
Q
xL
7
1.00
646 N m
total charge
total area
1.
2.
Qenclosed
E E dA
o
E
+Q
qinside
0
A
2 EA
0
E
2 0
total charge
total area
1.
2.
Qenclosed
E E dA
o
total volume
+Q uniformly distributed
E
Inside the charged sphere:
a
ra
1.
2.
q enclosed
E E dA
o
total volume
+Q uniformly distributed
E
Outside the charged sphere:
a
r a
1.
2.
q enclosed
E E dA
o
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
A sphere of radius R has volume charge density = B/r for r
< R , where B is a constant and = 0 for r > R.
(a) Find the total charge on the sphere.
(b) Find the expressions for the electric field inside and
outside the charge distribution
(c) Sketch the magnitude of the electric field as a function
of the distance r from the spheres center.
CONDUCTORS IN ELECTROSTATIC
EQUILIBRIUM
Insulators, like the previous charged sphere, trap excess
charge so it cannot move.
Conductors have free electrons not bound to any atom.
The electrons are free to move about within the material.
If excess charge is placed on a conductor, the charge winds
up on the surface of the conductor. Why?
The electric field inside a conductor is always zero.
The electric field just outside a conductor is perpendicular
to the conductors surface and has a magnitude, /o
Einside = 0, cont.
Before the external field is applied, free
electrons are distributed throughout the
conductor
When the external field is applied, the electrons
redistribute until the magnitude of the internal
field equals the magnitude of the external field
There is a net field of zero inside the conductor
This redistribution takes about 10-15s and can be
considered instantaneous
E EA
and E
o
o
Conductors in Equilibrium,
example
The field lines are
perpendicular to
both conductors
There are no field
lines inside the
cylinder
ra
arb
r c
brc
E
b
1.
2.
q enclosed
E E dA
o
Example
Consider a thin spherical shell of radius 14.0 cm with a total
charge of 32.0 C distributed uniformly on its surface.
Find the electric field
(a) 10.0 cm and
(b) 20.0 cm from the center of the charge distribution.
k Q 8.99 10 32.0 10
E
7.19 M N
6
e
2
0.200
Example P24.43
A square plate of copper with 50.0-cm sides has no net charge
and is placed in a region of uniform electric field of 80.0
kN/C directed perpendicularly to the plate. Find
(a) the charge density of each face of the plate and
(b) the total charge on each face.
Example
A long, straight wire is surrounded by a hollow metal
cylinder whose axis coincides with that of the wire. The
wire has a charge per unit length of , and the cylinder
has a net charge per unit length of 2. From this
information, use Gausss law to find (a) the charge per
unit length on the inner and outer surfaces of the
cylinder and (b) the electric field outside the cylinder, a
distance r from the axis.
0 qin
qin
2ke 3 6ke
3
Recall
Del
Grad
Div
Curl
Qin
del operator
x
y z
x
y
z
d
:
dx
vector
d
:
dx
d
sin x cos x
dx
d
sin x x cos x
dx
d
d
x
sin
x
sin x cos x
dx
dx
d
d
y
sin
x
y
sin x z cos x
dx
dx
Example
E x, y, z x sin x y 3 y z xy
Find E x, y, z
E x, y, z x y z x sin x y 3 y z xy
y
z
x
E x, y, z sin x 3 y xy
y
z
x
E x, y, z cos x 3 0 3 cos x
Example: Problem
If the electric field in some region is given (in spherical
coordinates) by the expression