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Numerical Heat Transfer Chapter 1 Introduction: Instructor Tao, Wen-Quan
Numerical Heat Transfer Chapter 1 Introduction: Instructor Tao, Wen-Quan
Numerical Heat Transfer Chapter 1 Introduction: Instructor Tao, Wen-Quan
Chapter 1 Introduction
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Contents
1.1 Mathematical formulation of heat
transfer and fluid flow (HT & FF) problems
1.2 Basic concepts of NHT and its application
examples
1.3 Mathematical classification of HT & FF
problems and its effects on numerical
solution
1.4 Recent advances in numerical simulation
of HT & FF problems
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4. General form
1.1.2 Conditions for unique solution
1.1.3 Example of mathematical formulation
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1. Mass conservation
( u ) ( v) ( w)
0
t
x
y
z
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( u ) ( v) ( w)
=div( U )
x
y
z
div( U ) 0
t
div(U ) 0
u v w
0
x y z
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2. Momentum conservation
Applying the 2nd law of Newton F=ma) to the
elemental control volume shown above in the threedimensional coordinates:
[Increasing rate of momentum of the CV]=
[Summation of external forces applying on the CV]
Adopting Stokes assumptionstress is linearly
proportional to strain()We
have
( u ) ( uu ) ( uv ) ( uw)
p
u
(divU 2 )
t
x
y
z
x x
x
v u
u w
[ ( )] [ ( )] Fx
y x y
z
z x
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( uu ) ( uv ) ( uw)
div( uU )
x
y
z
v u
p
u
u w
(divU 2 ) [ ( )] [ ( )] Fx
x
x y x y
z
z x
x
u
u
u
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (divU )
x x y y
z z
x x y x z x
x
div( grad (u ))
p div( gradu ) Su
Fx
x
Thus we have:
Su
u
u
u
grad (u )
i
j k
x
y
z
u
u
u
div( grad (u )) ( ) ( ) ( )
x x y y z z
( u )
div( uU ) div( gradu ) Su Navier-Stokes
t
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p
) (divU ) Fx
Su ( ) ( ) (
x x y x z x x
x
Similarly
p
Sv ( ) ( ) (
) (divU ) Fy
x y y y z y
y
y
p
) (divU ) Fz
S w ( ) ( ) (
x z y z z
z
z
z
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3. Energy conservation
[Increasing rate of internal energy in the CV]= [Net
heat going into the CV]+[Work conducted by body
forces and surface forces]
Intruoducing Fouriers law of heat condcution and
neglecting the work conducted by forces
Assuming h c pT ; and c p const an t
( T )
cp
c p
(
)
c p
Pr
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( )
*
*
div( U ) div( grad ) S
t
Transient
Convection
Diffusion
Source
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Example
The steady-state conservation equation for momentum and
energy in two dimensional polar coordinates is presented as
follow:
( V ) S
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5. Some remarks
1. The derived transient 3D Navier-Stokes equations
can be applied for both laminar and turbulent flows.
2. When a HT & FF problem is in conjunction with
mass transfer process, the component conservation
equation should be included in the governing
equations.
3. Although Cp is assumed constant, the above
governing equation can also be applied to cases with
weakly changed Cp.
4. Radiative heat transfer is governed by differentialintegral equation, and its numerical solution will not
be dealt with in this course.
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t 0, T f ( x, y, z )
2. Boundary condition
1 First kind (Dirichlet) TB
Tgiven
T
2 Second kind (Neumann) qB ( ) B qgiven
n
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h, T are known
3rd kind B.C. for
convective heat
transfer
he , T are known
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2. Governing equations
u v
0
x y
(uu ) (vu )
1 p
u u
( 2 2 )
x
y
x
x
y
2
2
(uv) (vv)
1 p
v v
( 2 2 )
x
y
y
x
y
2
(uT ) (vT )
T T
a( 2 2 )
x
y
x
y
2
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3. Boundary conditions
1Inletspecifying
variations of u,v,T with
y
y
x
3Center line
u T
0; v 0
y y
4Outlet
Mathematically the
distributions of
u,v,T or their firstorder derivatives are
required.
Approximations
must be made.
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Discretizing
domain
Discretizing
equations
Solving
algebraic equations
Analyzing
numerical results
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methodFVM
3. Finite element
methodFEM
4. Finite analytic
methodFAM
5. Boundary element
methodBEM
D B Spalding; S V Patankar
O C Zienkiewicz;
D B Brebbia
6. Spectral analysis
methodSAM
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Comparisons of FDM(a),FVM(b),FEM(c),FAM(d)
FDM
FVM
FEM
FAM
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Theoretical
analysis
Experimental
research
Numerical
simulation
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1. Theoretical analysis
Its importance should not be underestimated.
It provides comparison basis for the verification of
numerical solutions.
Examples: The analytic solution of velocity from NS
equation for following case
u
r1 / r2
1 (r / r2 )
2
u1 1 (r1 / r2 )
r / r2
u1 r1
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2. Experimental study
A basic research method: observationproperties
measurement; verification of numerical results
3.Numerical simulation
Numerical simulation is an inter-discipline, and
plays an important and un-replaceable role in
exploring unknowns, promoting the development of
science & technology, and for the safety of national
defense.
With the rapid development of computer
hardware, its importance and function will become
greater and greater.
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Complicated
FF & HT
Numerical
Simulation
Life
Science
Atoms &
Molecules
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1.34
6
10
2.73
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axx bxy c yy d x e y f g ( x, y )
a, b, c, d , e, f
b 4ac
2
can be function of
x, y ,
0,
Elliptic
0,
Parabolic
0,
Hyperbolic
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Elliptic
Parabolic
Hyperbolic
T
T
a 2
t
y
2
1 T 1 2T 2T
2 2 2
y
a t c t
2
2
2
C
t 2
y 2
axx bxy c yy ..
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( )
div( U ) div( grad ) S
t
Three kinds of B.C.
1 1st (Dirichlet)boundary value is known
2 2nd (Neumann)boundary heat flux is known
3 3rd (Rubin)relationship between boundary value
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1Ellipticflow
with recirculation.
Solution must be done
simultaneously for the
entire region
2Parabolicflow without recirculation. Computation
can be performed along the flow direction step by step,
Rather than solving the whole domain simultaneously.
Marching method
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2DSteadyIncompressibleConstant properties
Conservative
Non-conservative
(uu ) (vu )
1 p
2u 2u
( 2 2 )
x
x
y
x y
u
u
1 p
2u 2u
u v
( 2 2 )
x
y
x y
x
(uT ) (vT )
2T 2T
a( 2 2 )
x
y
x
y
T
T
2T 2T
u
v
a( 2 2 )
x
y
x
y
(uT ) (vT )
div(TU )
x
y
(uu ) (vu )
Divergence form
div(uU ) 0?
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( c pT )
t
t V
V
V
V
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t V
V
V
V
Increment of
internal
energy
Energy into
the region
by fluid flow
Energy into
the region by
conduction
Energy
generated
by source
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Kn
Transition
L
0.1 Kn 10
Free molecule region 60/82
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Physics
Equations
Methods
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PEMFCs
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1 .2
G ro u p 1
G ro u p 2
1 .0
Vcell/ V
0 .8
0 .6
0 .4
0 .2
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
Ia v /A c m
-2
1 .0
1 .2
1 .4
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Information is coupled at
the interfaces of different
regions.
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method
The present numerical method can not meet the needs
of in-situ (control of production process.
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0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.6
V2
V2
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.25
0.5
0.75
0.25
0.5
V1
V1
FVM
POD
0.75
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Ra=168800
FVM solution
POD solution
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Rayleigh
number
8950
17000
85700
168800
SIMPLE
137.36
131.08
117.96
116.09
POD with 1
mode
1.42
1.38
1.50
1.53
POD with 5
modes
1.45
1.49
1.53
1.49
POD with 10
modes
1.53
1.56
1.56
1.56
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[1] ,,,,
, ,20082991561-1563
[2] Wu Xuehong,Tao Wenquan, meshless method based on the local weakforms for steady state heat conduction problems, International Journal of Heat
and Mass Transfer, 2008,51:31033112
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Erratum
2/3
p
p
Fx
2. 33
1. 32/3
12
3. 43 divU
(divU) 2
4. 7 (1-18)
5. 934
6. (1-6),(1-8)
1-7
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Home Work 1
Problem 1-7
Adding following two assumptions:
Incompressible flow (;
Constant thermo-physical properties
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Problem 1-7
A solid square having uniform temperature Th is
placed at center line of a two-dimensional parallel
plate channel as shown in figure below. Flow is fully
developed. The upper and lower side of the channel
is insulated and therefore you may assume that these
sides are adiabatic whereas outlet boundary is far
from the solid square. Fluid enters the channel with
a uniform temperature, Tin= C. Write down the
governing equations for steady state, incompressible
laminar flow with constant properties.
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http://nht.xjtu.edu.cn
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People in the same
boat help each
other to cross to
the other bank,
where.
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