Discovering

Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Objectives Overview
ObjectivesOverview

Definesystemdevelopment
andlistthesystem
developmentphases

Identifytheguidelinesfor
systemdevelopment

Discusstheimportanceof
project management
projectmanagement,
feasibilityassessment,
documentation,anddata
g
g
andinformationgathering
techniques

Explaintheactivities
performedintheplanning
phase

Discussthepurposeofthe
activitiesperformedinthe
analysis phase
analysisphase

Describethevarioustools
usedinprocessmodeling

SeePage619
forDetailedObjectives

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

Objectives Overview
ObjectivesOverview

Describethevarious
D
ib h
i
toolsusedinobject
modeling

EExplaintheactivities
l i h
i ii
performedinthe
designphase

Discusstheactivities
performedinthe
implementation phase
implementationphase

SeePage619
forDetailedObjectives

Recognize the develop

Recognizethedevelop
programsactivityis
partofsystem
development

Discussthepurposeof
Discuss
the purpose of
theactivities
performedinthe
operation support and
operation,support,and
securityphase

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Systemdevelopment isasetofactivities
used to build an information system
usedtobuildaninformationsystem
Aninformation
system(IS)isa
Systemdevelopment
activitiesaregrouped
Asystem isasetof
collectionof
components that
componentsthat
hardware software
hardware,software,
into phases and is
intophases,andis
calledthesystem
interacttoachievea
data,people,and
commongoal
proceduresthatwork
developmentlife
cycle (SDLC)
togethertoproduce
qualityinformation
Page620

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?

Pages620 621
Figure121

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Systemdevelopmentshouldfollowthreegeneral
g
guidelines:

Groupactivitiesortasksintophases
p
p
Involve users
Involveusers
Definestandards
f
d d
Page621

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Systemdevelopmentshouldinvolverepresentativesfromeach
departmentinwhichtheproposedsystemwillbeused

Page622
Figure122

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Projectmanagement istheprocessofplanning,
scheduling,andthencontrollingtheactivitiesduring
systemdevelopment
Toplanandscheduleaprojectefficiently,theproject
leaderidentifies:

Page623

Projectscope

Required
Required
activities

Time estimates
Timeestimates
foreachactivity

Costestimates
for each activity
foreachactivity

Orderof
activities

Activitiesthat
cantakeplaceat
thesametime
h

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Apopulartool
used to plan
usedtoplan
andschedule
thetime
relationships
amongproject
activitiesisa
Ganttchart
Click to view Web Link,
click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click Gantt Charts below
Chapter 12

Page623
Figure123a

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?

APERTchart
alsocanbe
usedfor
planningand
scheduling time
schedulingtime

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click PERT Charts below
Chapter 12

Page624
Figure123b

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

10

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Feasibility isameasureofhowsuitablethe
p
y
developmentofasystemwillbetothe
organization

Operational
feasibility

Pages624 625

Schedule
feasibility

Technical
feasibility

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

Economic
feasibility

11

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Documentation isthecollectionand
summarizationofdataandinformation
Aprojectnotebookcontainsalldocumentationfora
single project
singleproject

UsersandITprofessionalsrefertoexisting
d
documentationwhenworkingwithandmodifying
i
h
ki
ih d
dif i
currentsystems

Page625

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

12

What is System Development?

WhatisSystemDevelopment?
Duringsystemdevelopment,membersoftheproject
teamgatherdataandinformationusingseveral
techniques
Review
documentation

Observe

Survey

I
Interview
i

JAD S i
JADSessions

R
Research
h

Pages625 626
Figure124

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

13

WhoInitiatesaSystem
DevelopmentProject?
l
j ?
Ausermayrequestanewormodifiedsystem
Organizationsmaywanttoimprovehardware,software,orother
technology
Situationsbeyondanorganizationscontrolmightrequireachange
Managementmightmandateachange
Ausermayrequestanewormodifiedinformationsystemusingarequest
for system services or a project request
forsystemservicesoraprojectrequest
Page626

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

14

WhoInitiatesaSystem
DevelopmentProject?
l
j ?

Page627
Figure125

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

15

Planning Phase
PlanningPhase
Theplanningphase foraprojectbeginswhenthe
g
p j
q
steeringcommitteereceivesaprojectrequest
Fourmajoractivitiesareperformed:

Reviewand
approvethe
projectrequests

Page628

Prioritizethe
projectrequests

Allocate
resources

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

Formaproject
development
team

16

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Theanalysisphase consistsoftwomajor
activities:
Conductapreliminary
investigation

Performdetailed
analysis

Determinesand
defines the exact
definestheexact
natureoftheproblem
orimprovement
p
Interviewtheuserwho
submittedtherequest

Studyhowthecurrent
system works
systemworks
Determinetheusers
wants, needs, and
wants,needs,and
requirements
Recommendasolution

Pages629 631

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

17

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click Feasibility Study
below Chapter 12

Pages629 630
Figure126

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

18

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Processmodeling (structuredanalysisanddesign)isan
analysisanddesigntechniquethatdescribesprocesses
thattransforminputsintooutputs
Entity
Entity
relationship
diagrams

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click Process Modeling
below Chapter 12

Page631

Dataflow
diagrams

Project
dictionary
DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

19

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Anentityrelationship
diagram (ERD)isatool
thatgraphicallyshows
theconnectionsamong
entitiesinasystem
Entitiesareobjectsin
thesystemthathave
data

Page632
Figure127

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

20

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Adataflowdiagram
(DFD)isatoolthat
graphicallyshowsthe
flowofdatainasystem

Page632
Figure128

Dataflows
Processes
Datastores
Sources

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

21

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Theprojectdictionary containsallthe
p j
documentationanddeliverablesofaproject
StructuredEnglishisa
style of writing that
styleofwritingthat
describesthestepsin
aprocess

Page633
Figure129

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

22

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Adecisiontable isatablethat
y
listsavarietyofconditions
andtheactionsthat
correspondtoeachcondition

Adecisiontreealsoshows
,
conditionsandactions,butit
showsthemgraphically
Page633

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

23

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Decisiontable

Page633
Figures1210 1211

Decisiontree

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

24

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Thedatadictionary storesthedataitemsname,
p
description,andotherdetailsabouteachdata
item

Page634
Figure1212

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

25

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Objectmodeling combinesthedatawiththeprocesses
thatactonthatdataintoasingleunit,calledanobject
UML (UnifiedModelingLanguage)hasbeenadoptedasa
standardnotationforobjectmodelinganddevelopment
UMLincludes13differentdiagrams
Twodiagramsinclude:
g

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click UML
below Chapter 12

Page634

Usecase
Use
case
diagram

Classdiagram

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

26

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Ausecasediagram
graphicallyshowshow
actors(users)interact
withtheinformation
system
Diagramsare
consideredeasyto
understand

Page634
Figure1213

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

27

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
A
Aclassdiagram
l
di
graphicallyshows
classes and subclasses
classesandsubclasses
inasystem
Eachclasscanhaveone
Each class can have one
ormoresubclasses
Subclassesuse
Subclasses use
inheritancetoinherit
methods and attributes
methodsandattributes
ofhigherlevels
Page635
Figure1214

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

28

Analysis Phase
AnalysisPhase
Thesystemproposalassessesthefeasibilityof
eachalternativesolution
Thesteeringcommitteediscussesthesystem
proposal and decides which alternative to pursue
proposalanddecideswhichalternativetopursue
Packaged
software

Custom
software

Outsourcing

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click Vertical Market
Software below Chapter 12

Pages635 636

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

29

Design Phase
DesignPhase
Thedesignphase consistsoftwomajoractivities

Acquirehardware
andsoftware

Page638

Developallofthe
detailsofthenew
ormodified
informationsystem

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

30

Design Phase
DesignPhase
Toacquirethenecessaryhardwareandsoftware:

Useresearch
techniquessuchas
ezines

Identifytechnical
specifications

Solicitvendor
proposals
RFQ,RFP,orRFIis
senttopotential
vendorsorVARs

Varioustechniques
q
areusedto
determinethebest
proposal

Makeadecision
Systemsanalyst
makes
recommendationto
steering committee
steeringcommittee

Testandevaluate
vendorproposals

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click E-Zines below
Chapter 12

Pages638 640

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

31

Design Phase
DesignPhase
Thenextstepistodevelopdetaileddesign
p
specifications
Sometimescalledaphysicaldesign

Database
design

Page640

Inputand
output
design

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

Program
design

32

Design Phase
DesignPhase
Systemsanalyststypicallydeveloptwotypesof
g
p
p
designsforeachinputandoutput
Mockup

Page641
Figures1218 1219

Layoutchart

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

33

Design Phase
DesignPhase
Aprototype (proofofconcept)isaworkingmodel
p p
y
oftheproposedsystem
Prototypeshaveinadequateormissingdocumentation
Userstendtoembracetheprototypeasafinalsystem
Users tend to embrace the prototype as a final system
Shouldnoteliminateorreplaceactivities

Pages641 642

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

34

Design Phase
DesignPhase
Computeraidedsoftwareengineering(CASE)
g
pp
toolsaredesignedtosupportoneormore
activitiesofsystemdevelopment
CASEtoolssometimescontainthefollowingtools:
CASE tools sometimes contain the following tools:

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click CASE Tools
below Chapter 12

Page642

Project
Project
repository

Graphics
h

Prototyping

Quality
assurance

Code
generator
g

Housekeeping

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

35

Design Phase
DesignPhase

Page642
Figure1220

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

36

Design Phase
DesignPhase
Manypeopleshouldreviewthedetaileddesign
p
specifications
Aninspectionisaformalreviewofanysystem
development deliverable
developmentdeliverable
Ateamexaminesthedeliverablestoidentifyerrors

Page642

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

37

Implementation Phase
ImplementationPhase
Thepurposeoftheimplementationphase isto
y
constructthenewormodifiedsystemandthen
deliverit

Develop
programs

Page643

Install and
Installand
testthenew
system

Trainusers

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

Convert to
Convertto
thenew
system

38

Implementation Phase
ImplementationPhase
Theprogramdevelopmentlifecyclefollowsthese
p
steps:
Analyzetherequirements
Analyze the requirements
1

Page643

Designthesolution
g

Validatethedesign

Implementthedesign

Testthesolution
T t th
l ti

Documentthesolution
DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

39

Implementation Phase
ImplementationPhase
Varioustestsshouldbeperformedonthenew
y
system
Unittest

Systemstest
y

Verifiesthat
each
each
individual
programor
object works
objectworks
byitself

Verifiesthat
all programs
allprograms
inan
application
work
work
together
properly

Page644

Integration
test
Verifiesthat
an
an
application
workswith
other
other
applications

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

Acceptance
test
Checksthe
new system
newsystem
toensure
thatitworks
with actual
withactual
data

40

Implementation Phase
ImplementationPhase
Training involvesshowingusersexactlyhowthey
willusethenewhardwareandsoftwareinthe
system
Oneononesessions
Oneonone sessions
Classroomstylelectures
Webbasedtraining

Page644
Figure1221

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

41

Implementation Phase
ImplementationPhase
Oneormoreoffourconversionstrategiescanbe
g
y
usedtochangefromtheoldsystemtothenew
system

Pages644 645
Figure1222

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

42

Operation, Support, and Security Phase

Operation,Support,andSecurityPhase
Thepurposeoftheoperation,support,and
yp
istoprovideongoingassistancefor
p
g g
securityphase
aninformationsystemanditsusersafterthe
system is implemented
systemisimplemented
Perform
maintenance
activities

Monitor
system
performance

Assesssystem
Assess
system
security

Click to view Web Link,

click Chapter 12, Click Web
Link from left navigation,
navigation
then click Chief Security
Officer below Chapter 12

Pages645 646

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

43

Operation, Support, and Security Phase

Operation,Support,andSecurityPhase
Acomputersecurityplan shoulddothefollowing:

Identifyall
information
assetsofan
organization

Page646

Identifyall
securityrisks
that may cause
thatmaycause
aninformation
assetloss

Foreachrisk,
identifythe
safeguardsthat
exist to detect
existtodetect,
prevent,and
recoverfroma
loss

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

44

Video: Create a Hidden Operating System

Video:CreateaHiddenOperatingSystem

CLICK TO START
CLICKTOSTART
DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

45

Summary

Page647

System
d l
development
t
phases

Guidelinesfor
system
t
development

Activitiesthatoccur
during system
duringsystem
development

Activities
performedduring
eachsystem
developmentphase
p
p

DiscoveringComputers2011:LivinginaDigitalWorld
Chapter12

46

Discovering
Computers 2011
Living in a Digital World

Chapter12Complete