Grammar Sheet

Genki Chapter 14.1

Genki Chapter 14

[i-adjective]

(I) want (something)

( )
X
I want X
X
desire for X
Ex:
Ex:
Godzilla.
Ex:
money.

I dont want X / I dont have much

I want a good kanji dictionary.

When I was young, I wanted a toy

I dont have much desire for

When you want to speak about what someone said he or she wants,

When its an assumption about someone wanting or not wanting something,

use
Ex:
computer.

Ex:
CD
not want a rock CD.
Lesson 11: You can use a verb stem plus

you can use

you should

Robert says he wants a

Probably Tom does

to describe your hope or aspiration.

The combination of verb plus

also conjugates as an -adjective.

Use instead of to describe observation that somebody wants
something.
This derives from the verb and indicates
"I think that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving."
Ex:
Ex:

(I understand that) Tom wants to study English.

(It seems) Mary wants to drink coffee.
Note:

When is used, the particle after the object of

desire is
Genki Chapter 14.2

similar to

Used when something is a possibility, when youre not sure but willing to make a guess.
* verb:

- adjectives:
** -adjectives:

Noun + :

Ex:

short form, affirmative, negative, present, and

past.
with -adjectives and , the is
dropped. c

It may rain tomorrow.

Ex:

Suzuki is prehaps taller then Tanaka.

Ex:
Ex:
Ex:

The weather may not be good tomorrow

Tom may have been a bully when he was a kid.

Tom is Candian

Genki Chapter 14.3

Tom might be a Canadian

The past tense short form of a verb plus

describes that you did something or something happened, in earlier times.
verb(past, short)
experience of...

have the

Ex:

Have you ever been to Europe?

Yes, I have.

Ex:

Takeshi has never been absent from classes (in his life).

Genki Chapter 11.4

Noun A noun B

connects two nouns. It suggests that the things referred to are proposed as examples,
and that an exhaustive list is not being cited.
A

example
Ex:

A and B, for

I went to Kyoto and Nara (for example and may have visited other places as well).

Grammar Sheet
Genki Chapter 12.1

Genki Chapter 12

There are two ways in Japanese to make a statement. One is to simply report it, and the other
is offered as a means of explanation. follows the short form of a predicate, and the
predicate can be in the affirmative, negative, past, or non-past. When it follows a
noun or a -adjective, comes in between.
Ex:
tonight.)

I have an exam tomorrow (so I can't go out

Ex:
it is.)

I have to go to the bathroom (so tell me where

can be used in questions to invite explanations and further clarifications.

It is often used with question words such as and .
Ex:

Q:
Why did you break up with your boyfriend? (You've got to tell me.)

Ex:

A:
Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)

Genki Chapter 12.2

Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb which means "too much," or "to
excess."
conjugates as a regular ru-verb. may follow and -adjective bases by simply
dropping the and at the end of the adjectives and then adding .
verbs:

Verb stems

- Drop the
adjectives: final
- Just drop
adjectives
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:
Ex:

Genki Chapter 12.3

Ex
:
Ex
:
Ex
:

()
You must not eat too much.
I got up too early.
This book is too expensive.
That person is too nice.

"it is better (for you) to do..." is a sentence-final expression that can be used to
give advice.
It implies that if you do not follow the advice, danger or a problem will result. It refers to
something very specific.

When the advice is in the affirmative, generally follows the past tense short
form.
When the advice is in the negative, the verb is in the present tense short form.
Ex:

You'd better eat more vegetables.

Ex:

It is better not to skip classes.

Genki Chapter 12.4

You can use to give the reason for the situation described in the sentence.
acts much in the same way as but it sounds slightly more formal.
The reason part of the sentence ends in a short form predicate.
When follows a noun or a -adjective, comes in between.
Ex:

My Japanese has improved because I always speak Japanese.

Ex:

Banks are closed, because today is a Sunday.

Genki Chapter 12.5

may be used to say that something is necessary or it must be done.

means
"if you do not..." and means "you cannot go."
To form a sentence, substitute in the negative short form of a verb with
.
RU-verbs:
U-verbs:
Irregular
verbs:

Ex:

morning.
Ex:

practice every day.
Genki Chapter 12.6

I had to get up at six this

(The truth is,) I must

We use at the end of a sentence when we are making a guess or a prediction.

follows verbs and -adjectives in short forms, and in the affirmative and in the
negative.
It may also follow -adjective bases and nouns. directly follows these elements.

It will probably rain tomorrow.

I will probably not rain
tomorrow.

It is probably cold in Hokkaido.

Japanese or Korean,
Which would you say is more
difficult?

verb:

adjective:

adjective:
noun:

Professor Yamashita probably

likes fish.

That person is probably from

Australia.

Grammar Sheet
Genki Chapter 13.1

Genki Chapter 13

Potential Verbs

Potential verbs are used to say that someone "can" or "has the ability to" do something,
or that something is possible
Constructing potential verbs:
RU-verbs:
U-verbs:
Alternative
potential forms:

Drop the final -ru and add

-rareru
Drop the final -u and add
-eru
Drop the ra, only for -ru
verbs
Irregular
verbs:

Ex
:
Ex
:
Ex
:
Ex
:
Ex
:

Potential Verb Conjugation Chart

TE-form:

Affirmati
ve
Negativ
e

Short
form

Present
Long form

Genki Chapter 13.2

Short form
Affirmati
ve
Negative

Past
Long form

When you want to mention not just one, but two or more reasons, you can use in place of
.
usually follows a predicate in the short form.
reason reason
situation.

Yesterday was a great day--a letter came from my family, and I talked with my
boyfriend on the phone
Ex:

Note that follows the short forms.

In present tense sentences, this means that appears with -adjectives and nouns, but not
with -adjectives.

Genki Chapter 13.3

...

When we say ..., we are guessing what something is like on the basis of our
impressions.
Ex:

This apple looks delicious

To form ... sentences :

With adjectives
With adjectives
Exception

Genki Chapter 13.4

Ex
:
Ex
:
Ex
:

Drop the final

Just drop
Change to before

()

...

You can use the TE-form of a verb plus the helping verb to express the idea of
"doing something tentatively" or "trying something".

My friends say that the cake at the shop is good.

I will have a piece
one of these days
Ex:

Genki Chapter 13.5

...

A statement of the form "noun A predicate X" says that the predicate X applies only to A
and is not more generally valid. The main ideas of a sentence, in other words, are
"limitation" and "contrast".
Ex:
Brazil?

Q:

A:

Genki Chapter 13.6

Have you ever been to

I've been to Mexico,

but never been to Brazil

()

You can describe the frequency of events over a period of time by using the following
framework:
(period)

(frequency)
per
(period)
Ex:
week

(frequency)

I shampoo three times a