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NBC Training Report - Ball Bearing Division
NBC Training Report - Ball Bearing Division
Page 1
Candidates Declaratio
I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the practical training seminar,
entitled BALL BEARING DIVISION in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering, submitted to the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Arya Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajasthan Technical
University is a record of my own work carried under the Guidance of Mr.ADITYA
SHAHANI, (NATIONAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES LIMITED).
I have not submitted the matter presented in this Report anywhere for the award of any other
Degree.
(Signature of Candidate)
Page 2
Acknowledgement
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our Practical Training Guide Mr. ADITYA
SHAHANI, (NATIONAL ENGINEERING INDUSTRIES LIMITED) for guiding me
from the inception till the completion of the project. We sincerely acknowledge him/her for
giving his/her valuable guidance, support for literature survey, critical reviews and comments
for our Project.
We would like to first of all express our thanks to Dr. Arvind Agarwal, Chairman of Arya
Main Campus, for providing us such a great infrastructure and environment for our overall
development.
We express sincere thanks to Prof (Dr.) R C Bansal the Principal of AIET, for his kind
cooperation and extendible support towards the completion of our project.
Words are inadequate in offering our thanks to Er. Sandeep Jhamb, H.O.D of ME
Department, for consistent encouragement and support for shaping our project in the
presentable form.
We also express our deepest thanks to Er. Gurmeet Singh for his support in providing
technical requirement and fulfilling our various other requirements for making our project
success.
We also like to express our thanks to all supporting ME faculty members who have been a
constant source of encouragement for successful completion of the project.
Also our warm thanks to Arya Institute of Engineering & Technology, who provided us this
opportunity to carryout, this prestigious Project and enhance our learning in various technical
fields.
SANJAY KUMAR NIRANIA
Roll. No:-11EAIME053
Page 3
ABSTRACT
This papar present detail of a computer interface developed for vibration monitoring and
diagnostic of ball bearing based on experiments conducted for bearing fault diagnosis. An
experiment setup was designed and fabricated for testing various ball bering to obtain their
vibration chracteristics three defect free and nine defective tapered roller bearing with
outer race defects ,ball defects. The bearing vibration data were acquired using NI DAQ and
lab view virtual instrumention software, which were futher processed using computer
interface used various time and frequency domain parameters like peak to valley, RMS
value,kurtosis envelope analysisetc.
Page 4
CONTENT
Title
Page No.
Cover Page.....................................1
Certificates(Company & college).2
Candidate declaration...4
Acknowledgement..5
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION.10-15
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
Company profile
Milestones
Technical collaboration
Main Customers
Manufacturing Facilities
BEARING INDUSTRY INDIAN SCENERIO
10
11
12
12
13
15
Products
16
Chapter 3 BEARING...18-25
3.1 TYPES OF BEARING
18
21
22
22
23
23
3.2.6 Double Row Self-Aligning Ball Bearing withTapered Clamping Sleeve and Nut23
3.2.7 Thrust Ball Bearing
23
23
24
25
Page 5
27
27
27
27
4.5 Cages
28
4.6 Balls
28
30
34
36
36
5.5 OD grinding
36
38
5.7 Grinding
39
39
41
41
42
43
45
6.2 Heading
45
6.3 Flashing
46
6.4 Grinding
47
48
6.6 Tumbling
49
6.7 Lapping
49
6.8 Cleaning
49
LIST OF FIGURES
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 6
11
14
15
22
22
24
25
25
26
31
36
39
40
41
42
43
43
6.1 WIRE
45
46
47
48
50
51
52
29
33
44
CHAPTER 1
Page 7
INTRODUCTION
1.1. COMPANY PROFILE:The renowned industrialist, late Shree B. M. Birla founded National Engineering Industries
Ltd., Jaipur in the year 1946 as a pioneer industry in the field of bearing manufacture, under
the name of "National Bearing Company Ltd."
The first bearing was manufactured in 1950 with a modest start of 30,000 bearings in 19 sizes.
The company is now manufacturing nearly 3.8 million bearings per month in over 500
different sizes ranging from 6 mm bore to 1300 mm outer diameter and has the capacity to
manufacture bearings upto 2000 mm outer diameter. At NEI, the development of bearings is a
never ending job. With ever increasing activities and grant of industrial licenses for other vital
industries and manufacturing of Roller Bearing Axle Boxes for Railway Rolling Stock, Steel
Balls, Tapered Roller Bearings, Spindle Inserts etc., the name of the company was changed in
1958 to "National Engineering Industries Ltd." retaining its original trade mark NBC.
The industry is spread over 118 acres of land in Jaipur and 56 acres in Gunsi (Newai). This is
the only unit in the country manufacturing wide variety and range of bearings such as Ball
Bearings, Steel Balls, Tapered Roller Bearings, Cylindrical Roller Bearings & Axle Boxes for
Railway Rolling Stock including Spherical Roller Bearings, Cartridge Tapered Roller
Bearings and Large Diameter special Bearings in separate fully equipped factories. The
development of National Engineering Industries Ltd., was pioneered with a theme
Indigenization
and Self-reliance".
NBC Bearings are widely used by 2 and 3 Wheelers, Cars, Trucks, Tractors, Electric Motors,
Railway wagon, Coach and Locomotive manufacturers as Original Equipment and Steel Mills,
Heavy Engineering Plants, Bulldozers, Shovels, Tillers and Thermal Power Plants all across
the country.
1.2. Milestones
Page 8
ii.
iii.
iv.
Trademark retained.
1967 Tapered Roller Bearing production started
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Incorporated of U.S.A.
1985 Technical Collaboration with NTN Corporation of Japan for Ball, Cylindrical &
ix.
x.
1996 Technical collaboration with Izumi Kinzoku Kogyo Co. Ltd., Japan for Machine
Retrofitting
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
Page 9
Automobiles-LCV:
Ashok Leyland
Force Motors
Eicher Motors
Tata Motors
Majestic Auto
Page 10
TVS
Tractors:
Eicher
Escorts
HMT
International tractors
Punjab Tractors
TAFE
VST Tillers
Crompton Greaves
G.E. Motors
Kirloskar Electric
NGEF
MICO
Bajaj Electricals
Crompton Greaves
Fans: -
1.5. Manufacturing FacilitiesNBC has manufacturing facilities at Jaipur (established in 1946), Newai (established in 1980)
and Manesar (established in 2006). A fourth plant, a green field project, at Savli in Gujarat
will ship out its first bearing in November 2013, ramping up production capacity to 150
million bearings per year once it is fully operational.
Jaipur Plant
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 11
1.5.1. Newai (Gunsi) PlantEstablished in the year 1980-81 as an expansion project of NEI Ltd . The factory is equipped
with fully automated grinding lines with electronic in-process & post- process gauging and
centrally air-conditioned assembly lines with auto gauging and test equipments for quality and
reliability
of
the
products,
The
plant
is
spread
over
covered
area
of
7,200 Sq.
Meters.
Page 12
NEI has set up its third Ball Bearing manufacturing plant in the fastest growing industrial
town of Manesar in Haryana. The plant is having a covered area of 5200 sq. meters. with
the most advanced and sophisticated machines imported from reputed manufacturers from
Europe and Japan .This plant is equipped with state of the art fully automated grinding
lines, assembly lines and inspection equipments.
Page 13
The organized sector primarily caters to the original equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
Segment, which predominantly comprises Automotiverailway and other Industrial users. The
replacement market is dominatedby unorganized Sector.
CHAPTER 2
ABOUT NEI
National Engineering Industries(NEI) Ltd was established 150 year ago by multi-billion dollar
C.K. Birla group. It manufactures a wide range of maximum types of bearings bearings for
automotive and railway industry as well as for general industrial applications under the brand
name NBC . NEI was founded in the year 1946 as a pioneer industry in the field of bearing
manufacture. Now it manufactures nearly 80 Million Bearings per annum in over 500
different sizes ranging from 6 mm bore to 1300 mm outer diameter, also having capability to
manufacture the bearings upto 2000 mm as outer diameter.
NEI is one of the largest domestic bearing manufacturing company with gross annual
turnover of Rs 1051 crore in 2010-11.The company exports bearings to more than 20
countries and is also exporting to OEMs in Europe and USA.
NEI manufactures a wide range of bearings namely ball and cylindrical roller bearings,
double row angular contact bearings, tapered roller bearings for automobiles, railways and
industrial applications and large diameter bearings for steel plants and rolling mills. The three
plants situated at Jaipur, Newai and Manesar manufacture these products with approx. 2300strong team, supported by a well-equipped R&D with bearing life testing facility.
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 14
Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE), Japan, for achieving distinctive
performance improvement through the application of Total Quality Management (TQM).The
Deming medal confirms that our quality management systems are one of the best ,globally
.For our customers, this means they were enjoying the consistently superior products and
assurance of highest quality for every NBC bearings theyuse .
2.1 Products:NEI manufactures a wide range of bearings namely ball and cylindrical roller bearings, double
row angular contact bearings, tapered roller bearings for automobiles, railways and industrial
applications and large diameter bearings for steel plants and rolling mills. These products with
approx. 2300-strong team, supported by a well-equipped R&D with bearing life testing
facilities. The products are:
Ball Bearings
Tapered Roller Bearings
Cylindrical Roller Bearings
Axle Boxes Spherical
Roller Bearings
Cartridge Tapered Roller Bearings
Large Dia Special Bearings
Page 15
CHAPTER 3
BEARING
A bearing is a device to allow constrained relative motion between two or more parts,
typically rotation or linear movement. Bearings may be classified broadly according to the
motions they allow and according to their principle of operation as well as by the directions of
applied loads they can handle
Type
Plainbearing
Description Friction
Stiffnes
Rubbing
Depends
Speed
Life
Notes
s
Good, Low to Low to very Widely used,
surfaces,
on
provide very
high -
relatively high
depends
friction, suffers
lubricant;
and
upon
from stiction in
some
constructi but
application
some applications.
and
Depending upon
is low,
Page 16
has
pumped
lubrication
and behave
similarly to
fluid
bearings.
coefficient
of friction
~0.050.35,
depending
upon
the application,
slack is
lifetime can be
normall
lubrication
higher or lower
than rolling
present
element bearings.
fillers
added
Rolling
coefficient
of friction
with steel
can be
~0.005
(adding
Ball or
resistance Good, te to
rollers are
due to
but
high
seals,
some
(often
prevent or
packed
slack is require
minimize
grease,
usually s
rubbing
preload
present cooling
Rollingelementbe used to
aring
Modera
and
Moderate to
high
(depends on
lubrication,
often
requires
maintenance)
misalignm
ent can
increase
friction to
as much
Jewel bearing
Off-center
bearing rolls
as 0.125)
Low
Low
Low
due to
Adequate
Mainly used in
(requires
low-load, high
Page 17
precision work
in seating
flexing
maintenance)
such as clocks.
Jewel bearings
may be very small.
Very
high
(usuall
y
Fluid is
forced
Fluid bearing
limited
Zero
zero
held in by
speed, low
high
to a
few
hundre
d feet
edge seal
per
second
at/by
Zero
infinite in
some
applications,
may wear at
startup/shutd
own in some
cases. Often
negligible
maintenance.
Indefinite.
Magnetic
Faces of
bearings
kept
zero
Low
seal)
No
Virtually
Active magnetic
need considerable
electromagne power.
magnets
ts)
constant
Electrodynamicbea
nets or
require external
levitation,
eddycurrent eddy
s)
power.
currents
are often
induced
when
movement
occurs,
Page 18
but may
be
negligible
if
magnetic
field is
quasistatic
Very high or
low
Material
flexes to
Flexure bearing give and
constrain
Very
high.
movement
backlash,
motion
maintenance
free.
Stiffness is the amount that the gap varies when the load on the bearing changes, it is distinct
Page 19
Fig. 3.1
Fig. 3.2
Page 20
Page 21
modified line contact between rollers and raceways toeliminate edge stressing. These bearings
have a high radial load capacity and are suitable for high speeds. Due to detachabledesign
character they have advantage of mounting inner ring and outer ring separately.
Fig. 3.3
Cylindrical roller
bearing
Page 22
Fig. 3.4
Page 23
CHAPTER 4
COMPONENT OF BEARING
There are four major parts to a standard ball bearing: the outer race, the rolling balls, the inner
race,
and
the
cage
or
Page 24
retainer.
condition
and
remaining
operation
of
Hardening,
Tempering
Grinding
10mm to 80mm
17mm to 100 mm
20mm to 75 mm
20mm to 75 mm
Page 25
&
100mm to 200 mm
Page 26
Phosphorous 0.05
4.5 CAGE'S
Cage is used to return balls at proper distance to preventthem from containing each other and
to prevent a temp.rise and resultant damage due to friction.
The Material for manufacturing cages is CRCA Strips ofC2015 Bearing grade steel having
carbon percentage at0.08% max. and Magnesium ranging from 0.25% to 0.45%
4.6 BALL'S
Steel Balls of grade 20, 16 &10 with close tolerance,smooth surface made by using SAE
52100 High CarbonChrome Bearing Steel.
CHAPTER 5
MANUFACTURING OF BALL BEARING
MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF BALL BEARING:
Turning Operation
Heat Treatment
Hardness Testing
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 27
Rough Grinding
Finish Grinding
Washing
Heat Treatment Process:Heat treatment process is the process of hardening the soft material. The row material is soft
material and it has to be hardened before grinding, and hardening increase the life of bearing.
Hardening is done in a special furnace named CHUGAIRO furnace. The soft machined
material is feed in the furnace and washed at 600 C, then send to a chamber where the material
heated in four chambers the first chamber has the temperature 840 0 C and further chamber
contains the 8500 C temperature. Then it dipped into an oil tank at temperature 250C where the
material get quenched then it washed and then it tempered in water about 90 min. at
temperature 1050 C . then dried and cooled in air. The hardened material is obtained.
The systematic flowchart is shown in following fig.
Page 28
Reference: http//www.nbcprojectreport.com
Page 29
Reference: http//www.heattreatmentprocess.com
Heat Treatment
Raw Material
(Carbon Steel)
Carburizing
(Carbon Shield Layer increases Hardness)
(10 12 hrs.) (940 0C) (GC Furnace)
Hardness I
(Revolving Furnace)
(920 0C) (Time Dependent on Job)
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 30
Annealing
(6 hrs.) (650 0C)
Shot Blasting
Hardening II
(Revolving Furnace)
(820 0C) (Time Dependent on Job)
Sub-Zero Treatment
(-60 0C) (Increases Toughness)
Tempering
(160 0C) (4 hrs.)
Shot Blasting
(Wheel Abrator)
Hardness Inspection
(60 HRC)
Flow chart 2
heat treatment
Page 31
After heat treatment following process are done to get a new ready to use ball bearing.
Hardening Procedure
Steel Material Carbon (0.9% - 1.10%)
HC Steel (High Carbon Steel)
Air
Process
Hardening
Heat the
Furnace
Procedure
850-870O C
Quenching
Fast cooling
600 C Oil
Quenching
Tempering
Cooling
Furnace
Cool at Room
Heating
Temperature
1650-1800C
Hardness
Time
------
35-60 min.
62 66 HRC
5-15 min.
60 64 HRC
------
150 min.
------
According to
the job
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 32
Hardening Procedure
Steel Material
LC Steel (Low Carbon Steel)
Process
Carburizing
Hardness
Time
Quenching
Tempering
Carbon Furnace
Furnace
Heat the
heating at
temperature at
C for oil
Furnace at
8500 C 8700 C
quenching only
1650 C-1800 C
60 64 HRC
52 62 HRC
5-15 min.
120-180 min.
Procedure
Hardening
940 C - 950 C
.200 - .250
8 10 hours
------
35-60 min.
According to
the job.
Page 33
Reference : http//www.superheatfurnance.com
FIG NO. 5.2 SALT BATH FURNANCE
Face Grinding:Face is the surface at side of the inner and outer race , face should be finished indeed to get the
desire width of the bearing and since the bearing is a mating part and it has to be assembled
somewhere in the machine where it should be fit precisely. The face grinding is done in a
machine where the faces are grinded in between the grinding wheel.
OD(Outer Dia.) Grinding:OD is the circumferential surface of the outer race of the bearing. The OD should be surface
finished since the bearing has to be assembled in machine. It is obtain in an OD grinding
machine in this machine the outer race is rotated between two grinding wheel.The outer race
is passed in machine two times to get highly finished. First rough and second highly finished.
At G-12 line the different machines.
Job No. 6211
G-114 Outer race track grinding machine.
G-115 Outer race track honing machine.
Page 34
Page 35
A Laser marking system marks a highly visible mark on the job without touching it.
Job Number
NBC INDIA
Date Code
Important parts
a) Marker
b) Controller
c) Water-cooled Unit
d) Filter Kit
e) Console
f) Control Panel
g) Mechanical Handing System
The Laser is produced with the help of a diode which is focused on the job by using a lens.
The Laser beam produces a external high thermal energy; this thermal energy marks a dark
mark on the job extra thermal energy is then absorbed through the cooling system.
Thus, in this form the laser beam produced from a diode marks a dark mark on the job. With
the help of the machine customerrequirements like; customer code, part number etc. can be
marked according.
GRINDING
Centre less Grinding
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 36
Fig 5.3
Centerless Grinding
Throughfeed grinding - the workpiece is fed into the machine along the work blade
Plunge grinding - the workpiece is placed between the wheels on a work blade and the
grinding wheel is plunged into the workpiece.
Some of the benefits of centerless grinding include the ability to grind parts with geometries
that do not allow them to be OD ground, the ability to remove three, five and other odd
numbered lobing on the shaft of a part, and to maintain size beyond what is typically capable
of an OD grinder due to the low overall pressures spaced out along the workpiece.
An example of a centerless ground application is the outer diameter of the bearing races.
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 37
Mechanism:
Through-feed grinding.
2.
In-feed grinding.
Page 38
3.
End-feed grinding.
Through-Feed Grinding
In through-feed grinding, the part rotates between the grinding wheel and a regulating wheel
as shown below.
For through-feed grinding, one or both wheels of the centerless grinding machine are canted
out of the horizontal plane, as shown below. This imparts a horizontal velocity component to
the work piece, so that outside feed mechanisms are not necessary.
The grinding wheel is canted with respect to the other two axes so that a component of its
surface velocity pushes the part in the direction shown below. This auto feeding characteristic
is useful for rapidly processing many parts in quick sequence.
Because of the axial movement, through-feed parts can only have right circular cylindrical
ground surfaces. The wheel cannot be dressed to grind more complex shapes.
Page 39
Below are parts produced with the through-feed centerless grinding process. As can be seen
from the quantities produced, through-feed grinding is primarily a mass-production process
because of its high throughput.
In-Feed Grinding
In-feed grinding differs from through-feed grinding in that the part is not fed axially so that
the ground surface does not need to be a right circular cylinder. The grinding wheel can be
dressed to accomodate the part. Once the work piece part is in place, the grinding wheel is fed
in radially.
Because of the set up time involved for each part, in-feed griding does not have the high
throughput of through-feed grinding. In-feed grinding is illustrated below.
Page 40
End-Feed Grinding
In end-feed grinding, the part moves in axially between the grinding wheels, stops for
grinding, and then moves out again. The wheel can be dressed to form more complex shapes,
but the part can only get progressively smaller in diameter. End-feed grinding is illustrated
below.
CHAPTER 6
Mechanical Engg. Deptt. A.I.E.T., Jaipur
Page 41
ASSEMBLING PROCESS
BALL ASSEMBLING PROCESS:-
Heading Operation
Flashing
Grinding
Heat treatment
Hard Grinding
Tumbling
Lapping
Washing
Flow chart 4
Assembling Process
Page 42
1. WIRE
2. HEADING PROCESS:Heading is the process in which the wire of suitable dia is pressed b/w two dies one is
fixed and another is reciprocating
moveable
die.
That
mechanism.
The process is known as heading due to formation of head and flash as the extra metal. The
extra metal remains due to passes between two dies. Use of head and flash is to assure that
the formed ball is completely filled and fully solid with metal.
Page 43
3.FLASHING:The flashing is the operation in which we remove the flash on the ball having head and flash.
It is also a grinding operation.The wheels are used are coarse grain type. The time taken in
flashing is18hrs approx.
Page 44
3. GRINDING:After flashing balls are send to grinding machines.Soft grinding process are used to finish the
ball to remove the major defect the balls are now begain to take shape but not fully finished.
Page 45
4.HEAT TREATMENT:The grinded ball are soft due to many operation like heading, flashing, grinding performed
earlier so by using Chugai RO furnace . The heat treatment is been done by which the balls
are hardened and the hardened balls capable to have loading at it for along time. Thegas used
in heat treatment is Indo Gas which is mixture of LPG & Air.In the heat treatment there are 3
steps.
Heating
Quenching
Tempering
5.HARD GRINDING:The heat treated balls are then send to hard grinding where is the extra metal are remove. It is
also a similar operation like a soft grinding but the wheel used is harder than the soft grinding
machine. The process time is approx 3hrs.
Page 46
6. Tumbling :Tumbling is the process is which the hard grinded balls are washed in a slower process in
emulsion and at here the defective ball are removed from the lot.
7. Lapping :It is also a metal removal process in which the balls are finished very well. The metal removal
is very less in order to microns. The wheels which are used are finer grain sized and the
friction agent between the balls is abrasive paste of hollino oil. The lapping operations
are of two types.
The finishing of balls are very high. The dB values, tally round, surface finish, parameters are
acheive. The process time is 36hrs
Lapping-2-3:The lapping 2-3 is the operation in which the dia is not reduced so much but the surface finish
is increased very much. The polish is used instead of abrasive paste so the friction is
less. The process time 24hrs.
8.CLEANING:In this process the finished balls are washed in Kerosene Oil for approx 1hr.
Page 47
9.TESTING:In the testing we test each ball individually. Three test are performed at each ball
The test in case of failure the ball is rejected and the cause of failure is discontinuity in
internal structure.
10.FINE INSPECTION:In this segment the each ball is inspected by human eyes the surface defect are inspected by
that means.
Page 48
CHAPTER 7
Problem No. 1:G-1 Line Job No. 6213 (outer race of bearing)
Machine No. G-241
The abnormal lines were seen at the face of job. Initial prediction was that the backing plate is
damaged. The backing plate is part of machine which holds the job during grinding process at
rotates the job against the grinding wheel. The backing plate has worn out because it has
friction and relative motion between job, when it hold the job.
The backing plate has certain limit to wear about 3 mm. Scratches occur on the face of
backing plate which further produce the lines on the job face. The backing plate holds the job
as shown in fig.
Page 49
Problem No. 2:G-1 Line Job No. 6213 (Inner race track grinding)
Machine No. G-245
Inner race track grinding wheel changed because the wheel was has completed its life and not
able further use. Then it dressed for curvature setting as normally it dressed. But the black and
hot job obtained at outlet of machine. The prediction is that the dressing of wheel was not
done properly and curvature is not settled for job. Then prediction was that diamond has
finished then it was changed. New diamond setted and then dressed the grinding wheel but the
curvature was not right then and job was heated. Then again wheel dressed and job obtained
satisfactory
But the diamond has to be changed very frequently, and curvature was not satisfactory. The
problem was that the diamond position was not right the right position is shown in the
following fig.
Page 50
Problem No. 3:G-1 Line Job No. 6213 (Inner race track grinding)
Machine No. G-245
The machine was taking more cycle time to grind the job. The machine was checked no
problem was found. Then the ovality checked of input job then it was found about 100 to 300
micron. Then 100 random pieces were checked then it was found the ovality was more than
the standard limit. When the ovality is more the wheel has to remove more material From
job.Hence increased cycle time.
Ovality occurs when the job heat treated. And it can be controlled.
Problem No. 4:G-1 Line Job No. 6213 (outer race track grinding)
Machine No. G-252
The track center of the outer race was found varied from the standard dimension. Initially the
lock nut to be adjusted, it was found that there was ply in the lock nut and the lock nut was
damaged due to hammering. The new lock nut was prepared in the tool room and fitted in the
machine. Now the track center adjusted.
Page 51