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Course1 Lesson 3 S
Course1 Lesson 3 S
Course1 Lesson 3 S
Lesson 3
Lesson 3:
Essential Astronomy For Astrology
by Vaughn Paul Manley, M.A.
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"At Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (K.N. Rao's large school in New Delhi),
we insist that every student should have hands-on experience of
doing astrological calculations. I am a strong believer in the fact that
manual/mental calculations help you better visualize and develop
instincts for practicing astrology...A total dependency on computers
is never advisable. Unfortunately, astrology software programs have
helped mushroom a new breed of 'half-baked' astrologers."
Astrology is based on the old adage, "As above, so below," which says that what
happens in the sky between the stars and planets has a direct correlation to
human affairs. In lesson 1 we discussed how India's Vedic civilization was known
for its great sages, many of who were also advanced astronomers. This is
evidenced in the ancient astronomical text, the Suryasiddhanta dating back to
about 3000 B.C. Astrology was learned in an astronomical context with the two
disciplines closely related. Traditionally in India, people would sit outside, often
around a fire pit or howan kund, especially at night to watch the stars. The sky, of
course, was clear, free of pollution and the glare of big cities. Astrologers directly
witnessed planets moving or transiting from one sign constellation into the next.
Natal charts we're calculated by hand so there was a correspondence between
what was seen visually in the sky and what was represented on paper.
Nowadays we are the furthest from this level of astronomical astrology and the
practice of astrology has suffered. It's become more of a theoretical study that's
done on the computer or through books then a lived experience.
The purpose of this course is to absorb astrological principles; to learn to think
astrologically so that we're just not reliant on what others say but exercising our
own logic; to chew concepts, digest them, bring them from theory into practice,
from our heads into our bodies so that astrology gets on our insides. This
develops our astrological instincts, sensibilities, and intuition. This naturally
happens over time, but we're interested in speeding up the process. Our study of
astrology is, therefore, tremendously aided by stepping outside, away from our
two-dimensional experience of astrology with our flat screen computers and
pages in books, into the three-dimensional open sky. We will then transfer the
sky back into a two-dimensional representation: the natal chart.
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In reality the earth and the planets orbit around the Sun, the center of our solar
system. They circle the Sun much like the grooves in a record album circle the
label in the center. This is shown in the heliocentric image below:
This can also be seen in an accurate animated version of our solar system by
going to www.faustweb.net/solaris. This site will also allow you to move forward
and backward through time. Please take the time to play with this.
While the heliocentric perspective is necessary in order to have an accurate
visual conception of the solar system, it's not very helpful for our study of
astrology. It allows us to understand the planets in their orbits but it doesn't give
us any representation of the star constellations that comprise the signs, or the
houses, which are obviously necessary ingredients for the study of astrology. For
this we need the geocentric perspective that allows us to see the zodiac.
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The Zodiac
When we go outside on a clear night we don't normally conceive of the planets
orbiting around the Sun. If we can identify them in the sky at all, we see them
orbiting around the earth! We see them rising in the eastern horizon and dipping
into the western horizon along with the stars. For this reason, many ancient
civilizations believed that the Earth, not the Sun, was the center of our solar
system. The Indian astronomers knew better. However, they still settled on
geocentric conceptions for describing astrological principles. For instance, we
use the term ascendant or rising sign to indicate the signs ascending or rising on
the eastern horizon.
As astrologers we're only interested in a narrow, 18 degrees wide, section of the
sky - the zodiac belt. We leave the rest of the sky to astronomers. All astrological
dialogue about the planet's positions in the signs and houses takes place within
the zodiac belt. The belt's 360 degree circle surrounds the earth and is divided
into the twelve signs of thirty degrees each - 12 signs x 30 degrees = 360 degree
circle around the Earth. From the Earth it appears that the planets reside in the
zodiac signs because the signs form a backdrop behind the planets. The exact
center of the belt is a ring called the ecliptic because the Sun, Moon, Rahu and
Ketu cross the ecliptic to form eclipses.
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Sign Constellations
Sign/Rashi
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Sanskrit
Mesha
Vrishabha
Mithuna
Karkata
Simha
Virgo
Kanya
Virgin
Libra
Thula
Scales
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Vrishchika
Dhanus
Makara
Kumbha
Meena
Scorpion
Archer
Goat
Water Bearer
Fishes
Symbols
Ram
Bull
Twins
Crab
Lion
Zodiac means circle of little animals and within the zodiac belt contain all the
star constellations that comprise the signs or rashis in Sanskrit, many of which
are associated with animals: ram, bull, twins, crab, lion, virgin, scales, scorpion,
archer, goat, water bearer, and fishes respectively. The Sun enters the various
signs in about the middle of the month. The reason why the Vedic Sun signs are
different than the Western Sun signs will be explained in the next section.
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establishes the Spring and Fall Equinoxes, is actually not stationary. It moves
backward or precedes through the twelve signs of the zodiac at the slow rate of
25,800 years! This is called the Precession of the Equinox and is due to how the
Earth wobbles on its axis, like a spinning top, changing the direction of it's tilt.
This causes the point of intersection at the equinoxes to constantly shift along the
zodiac belt. The calculation of this precession is the main difference between the
Vedic and Western astrology systems. Please see the following diagram.
Without the aid of modern technology the Vedic sages were able to calculate that
the precession's annual rate is 50 seconds (50.29 seconds to be exact), or about
1 degree every 72 years (71.66 years to be exact). There are 30 degrees per
sign, 60 minutes in a sign, and 60 seconds in a minute. Therefore, a 50 second
calculation is so miniscule that it's virtually imperceptible. That the sages were
actually able to calculate this, gives us a clue as to how advanced the ancient
Vedic civilization was in terms of mathematical and astronomical knowledge.
Many centuries before the Europeans were debating over whether the earth was
flat, the Vedic sages were figuring out exactly what effect the Earths wobble
would have on the calculation of the planetary positions in their ephemeriss!
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In the above diagram the Spring Equinox is at about 24 degrees Pisces. This
means that when the Sun crosses this point it will be the Spring Equinox, or the
beginning of Spring on about March 21st as we discussed above. However, we
usually think of the Sun as at 0 degrees Aries on the Spring Equinox, at least
according to Western astrology. This is because Western astrology is a tropical
system. Tropical comes from the word "tropos" which means "turning," which
refers to the turning of the seasons and not to the actual star constellations.
However, Vedic astrology is a sidereal system. Sidereal comes from the word
"sider," which means "star," and refers to the actual star constellations.
Quiz #9: What year was the Spring Equinox at 24 degrees Pisces, if it was at 0
degrees Aries in 285 A.D?
1. 2010 A.D.
2. 717 A.D.
3. 357 A.D
The answer is at the end of the lesson.
The tropical zodiac is symbolic, whereas the sidereal is literal, relative to
observable astronomical positions. Western astrology orients or fixes the zodiac
to the seasons - Aries marks the beginning of Spring, Cancer the beginning of
Summer, Libra the beginning of Fall, and Capricorn the beginning of Winter.
Vedic astrology orients the zodiac to the actual, observable fixed stars and has
nothing to do with the seasons.
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In actuality the Sun is now at about 6 degrees Pisces on the Spring Equinox. By
2011 the equinox will precede to exactly 6 degrees making the difference
between the tropical and sidereal zodiacs 24 degrees.
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The Ayanamsha
This mathematical difference between the sidereal and the tropical zodiacs is
called the ayanamsha in Sanskrit. Ayana means "precession" and amsha means
"part" or "portion." This refers to the number degrees or portion that has
preceded from the 1st degree of Aries at the Spring Equinox. The ayanamsha
currently is about 24 degrees, with the Sun being at about 6 degrees on the
Spring Equinox. It will be exactly 24 degrees in 2010. You may have been told
that if you want to calculate your Vedic chart, then just subtract 23 degrees from
your Western chart. This is because most people were born when the
ayanamsha was closer to 23 degrees. In 1950, the ayanamsha was 23009'.
In the year 285 A.D. the two systems were in alignment with the ayanamsha
being at exactly '0'. Both held that the Sun was entering Aries at the Spring
Equinox. Since that date, Western astrology has ignored the precession and
pinned the zodiac to the seasons, Vedic astrology has continued to calculate the
precession just like it's done for thousands of years. This is evidenced by
reference to the precession in the Rig Veda. Since 285 A.D. the equinox has
been preceding through Pisces, which will continue for about 430 more years, at
which time the precession will enter Aquarius.
It's interesting to note that in about 11,200 years, the two systems will be exactly
opposite! Mark your calendars! At that time, the ayanamsha will be 1800 with the
Sun entering Libra at the Spring Equinox. Please see the following diagram.
Historic Sun Sign Positions at the Spring Equinox
Lahiri
Ayanamsha
285 A.D.
00
1900 A.D.
22028'05"
1940 A.D.
23001'26"
1950 A.D.
23009'40"
1960 A.D.
23018'04"
1970 A.D.
23026'34"
1980 A.D.
23034'31"
1990 A.D.
23043'26"
2000 A.D.
23051'22"
2010 A.D.
240
2439 A.D.
300
13,184 A.D.
1800
*According to Lahiri Ayanamsha
Date
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B.V. Raman
Ayanamsha
1033'50"
21001'18"
21034'41"
21042'55"
21051'20"
21059'50"
22007'58"
22016'43"
22024'40"
22033'34"
28033'28"
178033'28"
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Tropical
Sun Sign
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
00 Aries
Sidereal
Sun Sign*
00 Aries
7032 Pisces
6059 Pisces
6051 Pisces
6042 Pisces
6034 Pisces
6026 Pisces
6017 Pisces
6009 Pisces
60 Pisces
00 Pisces
00 Libra
However, there is some controversy about the above dates. This is because
there are several commonly used ayanamshas that vary by nearly 2 degrees
from one another. Of these, the most popular ayanamsha worldwide is the Lahiri
Ayanamsha, also called the Chitrapaksha Ayanamsha. This was developed by
the former head of the Astro-Research Bureau of Calcutta, N.C. Lahiri. In 1954
the Lahiri Ayanamsha was given the stamp of approval by the government of
India. It is the ayanamsha recommended by Sri K.N. Rao and the only one we
will use in this course. The next most popular ayanamsha is the B.V. Raman
ayanamsha developed by B.V. Raman himself.
The tropical system is a sayana system, meaning "with ayana or precession,"
because it strays from the actual fixed constellations at the time of the Spring
Equinox. On the other hand, the sidereal system is a nirayana system, meaning
"without ayana or precession," because it is aligned to the actual fixed
constellations at the time of the Spring Equinox.
The following table shows the difference between the dates of the Sun's transits
in the Western and Vedic systems.
Annual Sun Signs
Sign/Rashi
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
March 21 - April 19
April 20 - May 20
May 21 - June 21
June 22 - July 22
July 23 - Aug 22
Aug 23 - Sept 22
Sept 23 - Oct 22
Oct 23 - Nov 21
Nov 22 - Dec 20
Dec 21 - Jan 20
Jan 20 - Feb 18
Feb 19 - Mar 20
Current
Sidereal Sun Signs
April 15 - May 14
May 15 - June 14
June 15 - July 15
July 16 - Aug 16
Aug 17 - Sept 16
Sept 17 - Oct 15
Oct 16 - Nov 15
Nov 16 - Dec 15
Dec 16 - Jan 13
Jan 14 - Feb 12
Feb 13 - Mar 11
Mar 12 - April 14
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Why two zodiacs anyway? It's confusing when both systems use the same
terminology for referring to two different zodiacs. Isnt one enough? After all, one
sky seems to have worked out quite well. No mistakes there. The stars shine
equally on everyone, whether theyre standing in New Delhi or downtown L.A., so
why one sidereal zodiac popular in the East and one tropical zodiac popular in
the West? Can't astrologers have an international convention and decide, once
and for all, which is one is "correct"? Since this is extremely unlikely, we'd better
learn to co-exist in a world with two zodiacs.
The debate between the two systems is, of course, centered around one main
question, how can both systems be right? How can a person, for instance, be
both an Aries in the Western system, and a Pisces in the Vedic system? The
signs are entirely different from one another.
This can obviously be a rather heated debate because were basically creatures
of habit. We tend to feel comfortable with what were used to and resist change.
Its hard to be clear and objective when we feel threatened by another viewpoint
and its easy to dismiss a seemingly opposing viewpoint to save having to
expand out of our comfort zones. Consider how debating is an integral practice in
the training of Tibetan Buddhist monks in the qualities of understanding and
compassion. Eventually their resistances are broken down and theyre able to
contain a broader, more all encompassing viewpoint.
It could be argued, first of all, that its rather simplistic to identify yourself by only
one particular sign like we tend to do in the West. This is a recent cultural
phenomenon due to the popularization of horoscope columns. Before this media
popularization, Western astrology was oriented more towards the ascendant than
the Sun if it had to be limited to one sign. Vedic astrology today favors the
emphasis of the ascendant over the Sun as well. This makes sense because the
ascendant is the starting point of the horoscope and the quickest moving
indication in the chart so is could be considered more associated with your
identity or you. In practice, the ascendant or 1st house relates more to ones
self, identity and personality traits than any other house.
However, if you asked someone in India whats your sign? they would likely
assume you mean their Moon nakshatra (lunar constellation which we'll discuss
in Level II), since Vedic astrology is a Moon-based system and its primary
predictive systems are based on the Moon.
An obvious reason why emphasizing one sign is limited is that there are so many
potential configurations from which to interpret the same descriptive traits. For
instance, your Sun may move from Aries to Pisces in your Vedic chart, but you
also may still have three planets in Aries, or Mars in Aries. You certainly would
tend to see strong Aries traits in the Vedic chart even though the Sun is not
involved. In fact, thats always been the case when I look at both the Vedic and
Western charts of a particular person. They have never contradicted one another
when the chart is considered as a whole.
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Some people argue that the Western chart is more earthy and represents the
personality and the Vedic chart is more spiritual and represents the soul. This
makes some sense due to the relative vantage points in terms of distance. In
other words, the stars are further away than our Sun, which is the closest star.
On the other hand, this seems to imply that the Western chart is more grounded
in practical matters, and the Vedic chart is more spiritual and ethereal. Whereas,
the opposite could be argued to be the case because the Vedic chart is actual or
literal, while the Western chart is symbolic. This is why there's a strong argument
that the Vedic chart is more accurate for prediction of actual events.
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Sagittarius). This ephemeris only shows the degrees for Rahu, not Ketu. Since
Ketu is always exactly opposite Rahu, it's easy to know Ketu's degrees by
knowing Rahu's. This is a Vedic or Sidereal ephemeris, but if it were a Western
or Tropical ephemeris, then we would have to subtract the ayanamsha for that
year to arrive at the correct positions of the planets in the Sidereal zodiac.
Notice that the Moon is by far the fastest planet and travels through the zodiac in
one month at a rate of approximately 13 degrees per day. The most that any
other planet will travel is about 2 degrees per day. Therefore, the ephemeris will
give us a fairly accurate idea of all the planet's positions on the day of birth.
However, the ephemeris is useless for determining the ascendant (also rising
sign, 1st house, or lagna), which is the sign constellation rising on the Eastern
horizon at the time of birth. For this we need a book called the Table of Houses,
which lists the zodiac positions of the house cusps at various latitudes on Earth.
However, even without this, we can get an approximate calculation of the
ascendant, but we first have to understand the houses.
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When the Sun passes through the 1st house, it's sunrise at about 5 am, when it's
in the 10th house it's midday, when it's in the 7th house it's sunset, and when it's
in the 4th house it's midnight. The Sun stays in a house for approximately 2
hours each as shown in the following table:
The Sun's Daily Passage Thru the Houses
5:00 - 7:00 am
7:00 - 9:00 am
9:00 - 11:00 am
11:00 - 1:00 pm
1:00 - 3:00 pm
3:00 - 5:00 pm
5:00 - 7:00 pm
7:00 - 9:00 pm
9:00 - 11:00 pm
11:00 - 1:00 am
1:00 - 3:00 am
3:00 - 5:00 am
1st House/sunrise
12th House
11th House
10th House/midday
9th House
8th House
7th House/sunset
6th House
5th House
4th House/midnight
3rd House
2nd House
Since the Sun rises at about 5 am, then if you know what sign the Sun is in at
that time of year, then you can approximate what the ascendant is. For instance,
on the Spring Equinox, approximately March 21st, the Sun is currently (as of
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2006) at about 6 degrees Pisces. Therefore, whenever the sun rises at that
specific location, the ascendant or rising sign will be Pisces.
The Sun's Annual Transit Thru the Signs
Current
Sidereal Sun Signs (2006)
April 15 - May 14
May 15 - June 15
June 16 - July 16
July 17 - Aug 16
Aug 17 - Sept 16
Sept 17 - Oct 17
Oct 18 - Nov 16
Nov 17 - Dec 16
Dec 17 - Jan 14
Jan 15 - Feb 12
Feb 13 - Mar 14
Mar 15 - April 14
Sign/Rashi
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
However, while this gives us a ballpark approximation and will work much of the
time, the Sun rises at different times throughout the world, especially at different
latitudes, which we will discuss below.
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At Quito, Ecuador the start times of the rising sign are almost exactly 2 hours
apart throughout the year. For instance, on Mar 21st, when the Sun is at 6
degrees Pisces, sunrise is at 5:40 am, which shown in the diagram above. This is
followed by Aries rising at 7:31 am, Taurus rising at 9:29 am etc. On June 21st,
the Sun will be at about 6 degrees of Gemini and rises at 5:34 am.
Ascension of the Signs at the Equator: 00N
Aries
Taurus
Gemini
Cancer
Leo
Virgo
Libra
Scorpio
Sagittarius
Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
~ 2 Hours
Birth locations on the equator are very convenient for approximate calculations of
the ascendant. However, the further north or south that one travels from the
Equator, the more extreme the length of the signs. For instance, at one of the
northernmost towns on Earth, Barrow, Alaska, the signs take as little as 3
minutes to rise, while other signs take nearly 4 hours to rise. Please see the
following diagram:
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At Barrow, Alaska the five signs - Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, and Taurus
- last less than 35 minutes, or averaging about 7 minutes each! Pisces lasts only
about 2 minutes! These, plus Sagittarius, are the six signs of short ascension in
the northern hemisphere. Notice how the six opposite signs are the signs of long
ascension with Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra and Scorpio lasting about 23
hours with an average of almost 4 hours each! This makes it very obvious that
our convenient generalization of 2 hours per sign is a broad generalization.
In the Winter months the Sun passes through the signs of short ascension Sagittarius through Gemini - making the times when the Sun is above the horizon
very brief. For instance, in Barrow, on the Winter Solstice, December 21st, the
Sun is at about 6 degrees Sagittarius. The Sun will rise at 12:05 pm, when
Sagittarius rises. Please see the right column in the diagram above. The Sun will
set when Gemini rises at 1:49 pm - about 1 hour 45 minutes later, which is the
only sunshine that residents get at that time of year!
Signs of Long and Short Ascension
at Barrow, Alaska: 710N
Aries
Short
~ 3 min
Taurus
Short
~ 15 min
Gemini
Long
~ 3 Hours
Cancer
Long
~ 4 Hours
Leo
Long
~ 4 Hours
Virgo
Long
~ 4 Hours
Libra
Long
~ 4 Hours
Scorpio
Long
~ 4 Hours
Sagittarius
Short
~ 1 Hour 15 min
Capricorn
Short
~ 5 min
Aquarius
Short
~ 3 min
Pisces
Short
~ 2 min
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The opposite is the case at one of the southernmost towns in the southern
hemisphere, Ushuaia, at the southern tip of Argentina. It's not as extreme an
example as Barrow, AK, because there are no towns at such extreme southern
latitude. Ushuaia is only 54 degrees south and at this latitude the five opposite
signs - Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, and Scorpio - last about 5 hours, or averaging
about 1 hour in length each. These are the signs of short ascension in the
southern hemisphere along with Gemini. You'll notice that Gemini and Sagittarius
are moderate or transitional signs between the extremes at both latitudes. In
Ushuaia, the signs of long ascension become the six signs - Sagittarius,
Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, - and average about 3 hours in
length each. This is quite a contrast to averaging 7 minutes each at Barrow, AK!
Please see the following diagram:
In Ushuaia, on the Winter Solstice, December 21st, the Sun will rise at 4:35 am,
when Sagittarius rises. The Sun won't set until Gemini rises at 9:33 pm - about
17 hours later! Therefore, the concept that the Winter Solstice is the shortest day
of the year is only applicable to those who live in the northern hemisphere. The
seasons are the opposite in the southern hemisphere as previously mentioned.
Signs of Long & Short Ascension
at Ushuaia, Argentina: 540S
Aries
Long
~ 3 hours
Taurus
Long
~ 3 hours
Gemini
Short
~ 2 Hours
Cancer
Short
~ 1 Hour
Leo
Short
~ 1 Hour
Virgo
Short
~ 1 Hour
Libra
Short
~ 1 Hour
Scorpio
Short
~ 1 Hour
Sagittarius
Long
~ 3 hours
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Capricorn
Aquarius
Pisces
Long
Long
Long
~ 3 hours
~ 3 hours
~ 3 hours
At New York City the signs of short ascension - Sagittarius through Taurus - are
at about 1 1/2 hours each, while the signs of long ascension - Gemini through
Scorpio - are at about 2 1/2 hours each. Therefore, our generalization of 2 hours
per sign is not too far off. And, of course, the closer to the Equator the birth
location is the more evenly the signs will be at 2 hours each.
Signs of Long & Short Ascension
at New York City: 400N
Aries
Short
~1 1/2 Hours
Taurus
Short
~1 1/2 Hours
Gemini
Long
~2 1/2 Hours
Cancer
Long
~2 1/2 Hours
Leo
Long
~2 1/2 Hours
Virgo
Long
~2 1/2 Hours
Libra
Long
~2 1/2 Hours
Scorpio
Long
~2 1/2 Hours
Sagittarius
Short
~1 1/2 Hours
Capricorn
Short
~1 1/2 Hours
Aquarius
Short
~1 1/2 Hours
Pisces
Short
~1 1/2 Hours
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it is in the 11th house the ascendant will be Aquarius. So, the general method
would yield that the ascendant is either Pisces or Aquarius.
Refined Method
Step 1: On January 11th the Sun will be at about 27 degrees Sagittarius.
Step 2: At 22 degrees north latitude in Indore, India the signs of short ascension
will be Sagittarius through Taurus. At 40 degrees northern latitude the short signs
are about 1 1/2 hours in length. At the equator, or 0 degrees northern latitude,
these signs are about 2 hours in length. Since 22 degrees is about 1/2 way in
between the two examples, the signs of short ascension, Sagittarius through
Taurus will be approximately 1 3/4 hours in length.
Step 3: Using the website link for calculating the local sunrise we find that the
sunrise for 22N and 73E on 1/11/73 is about 7:15 am.
Step 4: The ascendant will be at about 27 degrees Sag at sunrise. The next
ascending sign will be Capricorn, which should start at about 7:30 am since it's
late degrees Sag at 27 degrees. The ascendant moves about 1 degree every 4
minutes (30 degrees in 120 minutes or 2 hours) - 3 degrees takes about 12
minutes or until about 7:30 am. Capricorn will be from about 7:30 am till about
9:15 am (1 hr and 45 min). Aquarius will be from about 9:15 till about 11:00 am (1
hr 45 min). Since the time of birth is right at 11:00 am. The ascendant will be
either late degrees Aquarius or early degrees Pisces with the Sun in the 11th or
10th house. Since this method is approximate this is as far as we need to go.
When calculated by a software program, it comes out to be 2 degrees Pisces,
which was within our range of calculation.
Quiz #10: From memory, what are the signs of short ascension in the northern
latitudes?
1. Sagittarius through Taurus
2. Gemini through Scorpio
The answer is at the end of the lesson.
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Retrogression
When one of the five planets - Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn - are
closest to the Earth in their orbits they are said to be retrograde, or moving
backwards through the zodiac. Of course, they only appear from earth to be
moving retrograde relative to the backdrop of the star constellations, since the
planet's orbits around the Sun are fixed in forward movement. Retrogression
occurs because the planets orbits vary in speed and have elliptical orbits of the
planets around the Sun, which means that they are sometimes close and
sometimes far from the Sun. In their independent orbits around the Sun
sometimes planets will come close to the earth, which is when they appear
retrograde. From a geocentric perspective the planets normally transit in direct
motion through the zodiac from west to east. When they are retrograde, however,
they appear to be transiting from east to west. Please see the following diagram.
During retrogression planets will visibly appear larger and brighter. The most
dramatic example of this was in August 2003, when not only was Mars
retrograde and therefore close to the earth, but this coincided with when it was at
its perihelion--its closest approach to the Sun in its elliptic orbit. Mars gradually
appeared larger because of its closest proximity to earth in some 60,000 years.
To understand retrogression better, and to see this phenomenon of Mars's close
proximity to earth, return to the animated version of our solar system by visiting
www.faustweb.net/solaris, and set the date to August 27, 2003. Notice how close
Mars is to the earth, and to the Sun.
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Here we've only shown eight phases: New Moon, waxing crescent, 1st quarter,
waxing gibbous, Full Moon, waning gibbous, last quarter, and waning crescent.
However, in the Vedic system each day of the lunar month is a different phase or
tithi. There are 15 phases of the waxing or shukla paksha fortnight, and 15
phases of the waning or krishna paksha fortnight. All religious festivals are based
on the lunar calendar, which is determined by the Moon's phases. We will be
revisiting this topic in more depth in the Level 2 course when we discuss the
methods for the timing of important events or muhurta.
Eclipses
Rahu and Ketu are significant for many reasons but especially because they
cause eclipses. An eclipse is the partial or total visual obstruction of a planet
behind another. There are two kinds of eclipses: solar and lunar, eclipsing the
Sun and Moon respectively.
Lunar eclipses occur on the full moon (purnima) and are of three types: total,
partial and penumbral. A total lunar eclipse is when the Moon entirely passes
through the earth's dark shadow or umbra, which means, "shaded area." (Our
word "umbrella" comes from the latin root, "umbra"). A partial lunar eclipse is
when the Moon partially passes through the umbra. A penumbral lunar eclipse is
when the Moon passes outside the umbra in a region called the penumbra, which
means, "almost shaded area." The penumbra receives some partial rays of the
Sun, which makes the penumbral lunar eclipse the weakest of the three types
and is very difficult to detect, even with a telescope. About 35% of lunar eclipses
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are of the penumbral type, while about 30% are partial eclipses, which can easily
be seen with the naked eye. 35% or so are total eclipses, which are the most
dramatic and intense from an astrological point of view.
Why isn't there a lunar eclipses every month on the full Moon? This is because
the Moon's orbit around the earth is at a 5 degrees tilt relative to the Earth's orbit
around the Sun. Only 2-4 times per year is the Moon's orbit within the plane of
the Earth's orbit. The points where the Moon's orbit and the Earth's orbit cross on
the ecliptic or also called the eclipse points, which are equivalent to Rahu and
Ketu.
Solar eclipses occur on the new Moon (amavasya) when the Moon passes
between the Sun and the Earth. They are of three types: total, partial and
annular. A total solar eclipse is when the Moon's dark shadow called the "umbra"
falls on the Earth's surface. From that region of the earth the Sun will appear to
be completely eclipsed by the Moon for a short period of a few minutes. The
shadow will move across a portion of the earth in a narrow band called the path
of totality. It is about 10,000 miles long but only 100 miles or so wide. In order to
see the Sun totally eclipsed by the Moon, you must be standing in the path of
totality.
When only the Moon's faint shadow called the "penumbra" strikes the Earth, we
see a partial eclipse of the Sun from that region. An annular solar eclipse is when
the Moon is too small to cover the entire disk of the Sun. This can happen
because the Moon's orbit around the earth is not round but oval and varies by
about 13% in proximity to the earth. When the Moon is closest to the earth and
crosses the plane of the earth's orbit around the Sun then a total solar eclipse
occurs. When the Moon is farthest from the earth and crosses the plane of the
earth's orbit then annular eclipse occurs. If you are in this path, you will see a ring
or 'annulus' of bright sunlight surrounding the Moon at the maximum phase of the
eclipse.
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A partial or total eclipse of the Sun or Moon only occur about four days of the
year when the Sun or Moon are within approximately 18 degrees of Rahu and
Ketu.
Exercises
1) Subtracting the Ayanamsha
Please visit www.achernar.btinternet.co.uk/fm.html and go to the tropical
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ephemeris of the year that you were born. Find the month and day that you were
born along with all the planet's positions. The far left column will give the day of
the week. In your notebook, write down each of the planet's degrees and sign.
Now subtract the approximate ayanamsha of 23 degrees from each of the
planet's degrees, thereby determining the sidereal degree and sign. For example,
see the following calculations:
Tropical positions - 23 degrees = Sidereal Positions
Sun: 14 Scorpio 23 = 21 Libra
Moon: 10 Virgo 23 = 17 Leo
Mercury: 28 Libra 23 = 5 Libra
Venus: 8 Libra 23 = 15 Virgo
Mars: 25 Capricorn 23 = 2 Capricorn
Jupiter: 9 Pisces 23 = 16 Aquarius
Saturn: 24 Aquarius 23 = 1 Aquarius
North Node: 18 Sagittarius 23 = 25 Scorpio
South Node: 18 Gemini 23 = 25 Taurus
An easy way to do this in your head, if the planets degrees are less than 23
degrees in any given sign, is to add 7 degrees and go back a sign. For example,
if a planet is at 11 degrees Gemini then add 7 degrees and go back to Taurus.
The sidereal position would be 18 degrees Taurus.
For extra credit, go for more of a challenge by determining the exact Lahiri
ayanamsha of the year and month you were born.
Use the following dates for the ayanamsha as a starting point:
January 1st 1940 - 23 degrees 01 minutes
January 1st 1950 - 23 degrees 09 minutes
January 1st 1960 - 23 degrees 18 minutes
January 1st 1970 - 23 degrees 26 minutes
January 1st 1980 - 23 degrees 34 minutes
Use these approximate figures:
4 minutes 11 seconds per 5 years
1 minute 40 seconds per 2 years
50 seconds per 1 year
4 seconds per month
Use this more precise ayanamsha to subtract from the degrees and minutes of
the planets listed in the ephemeris.
2) Let's Get Animated!
Please visit www.faustweb.net/solaris. This website allows you to zoom in and
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out with the solar system. It also allows you to fast forward or rewind to any date
in time and see the heliocentric view of the planets.
First, identify the six planets from the center of the screen outwards - Sun,
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, and Mars. Next, observe one month of time with
the Moon making one rotation around the Earth. Also, observe one year of time
with the Earth making one rotation around the Sun. Now, zoom out so that the
screen includes Jupiter and Saturn. Zoom out some more so that the screen also
includes Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.
Now, rewind back to the day that you were born and see what the heliocentric
perspective of your chart looks like. It takes about 1 minute to rewind 3 years, so
if you're 45 years old it will take about 15 minutes. Once you get the day of your
birth, use the diagram below to identify the planets in the respective signs. If you
draw an imaginary line on the screen from the Earth to a planet, and then refer
back to the diagram, you will see what sign the planet is in. For instance, in the
diagram Saturn is in Aries, Jupiter is in Sagittarius, Venus is in Virgo, Mercury is
in Scorpio, Mars is in Cancer etc. The Sun and Venus are conjunct in Virgo. Look
at your own date of birth and try to figure out where the signs are. See if you can
identify conjunctions, oppositions etc.
3) Geocentric Drawing
In your notebook, make a geocentric drawing, based on the diagram below, that
shows all the positions of the planets in your natal chart. For instance, if you have
Mars in the 1st house, place Mars on the eastern horizon, or left middle; if you
have the Sun in the 11th house place it at the top, to the left of the zenith in the
10th house.
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Homework Assignments
1) Look Mom, No Computer!
Calculate your own natal chart by hand, by completing the approximate
calculation steps outlined on pages 24-26. Start by putting away your chart and
create this without referring to it at all. Next, either draw the north Indian or the
south Indian chart in your notebook - whichever you feel more comfortable with.
Next, enter the planets and their degrees that you calculated in exercise 1 above.
Lastly, complete the steps for both the general and refined methods for
calculating the ascendant degrees. Afterwards, check and see how accurate you
were.
Calculate your own natal chart by completing the approximate calculation steps
outlined in this lesson. Start by drawing either the north Indian or the south Indian
chart and entering the planets and their degrees from exercise 1 above. Next,
complete the steps for both the general and refined methods for calculating the
ascendant degrees. If you have a copy of your natal chart, put it away. Create
this without referring to it at all. Afterwards, check and see how accurate you
were.
For extra credit, repeat the above steps and approximately calculate the chart of
the other person that you've already calculated by computer. You'll need to also
repeat exercise 1 to get the planetary degrees.
For double extra credit! Choose someone whose chart you have never seen just work from their birth data. Afterwards, verify how accurate you were by
calculating the chart by computer.
Quiz Answers
8. All the above
9. The precession if the equinox moves 1 degree in 72 years. To move from 0
degrees Aries in 285 A.D. to 24 degrees Pisces it would take 6 x 72 or 432 years.
285 + 432 = 717. The correct answer is 717 A.D.
10. The signs Sagittarius through Taurus are short in the northern latitudes, and
long in the southern latitudes. Please memorize this.
11. False. It appears to be moving toward the western horizon, not the eastern
horizon.
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