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Muharram - the first day of the then current Arabic year, not from the exact date of the Hijrat on
the 12th of Rabiul Awal i.e. it was 16 years old at its introduction. The Bengali year bears close
resemblances in all its detail with the Hijri year so far as its origin is concerned. The Bengali year
was introduced antedated like its progenitor the Hijri year when the later was 998 years old in
1584 A.D. after 28 years of Akber's ascent to the throne of Delhi (1556 A.D). As in the case of
Hijri, the Bengali year began to be counted and made effective not from when Baishakh exactly
started but the 1st of Muharram of 963 Hijri (the year of Akbor's ascent to the throne of the
Mughal empire (14.02.1556) did not come into consideration, instead the year and the Hijri
month were effected while introducing the Bengali year keeping the Hijri year and date in tact
giving antedated seniority of 963 years i.e. the Bengali year was made 963 B.S. at the start
instead of counting it as 1 (one) B.S.
It is common knowledge that the Bengali year was introduced for the purpose of collecting rent
effectively and easily following harvesting season when the peasantry would be relatively sound
in financial position. Whatever be the motive behind introduction of the Bengali year, whatever
commercial instincts came to play in its initiation, the net profit of the Bengalis is that they could
be proud of having possessed a year and Calendar of their own. In keeping as it was with the
harvesting season it initially came to be known as 'Fasali Sone' (the harvesting calender).
Introduced though the 'Fasali Sone' was in other Subas (provinces) during the reign of Akbar,
they came to an end with the end of the mughal rule. But the Bengali year came to sustain and
sustain it did though Bengla had to sustain subjugation under several dynastic and colonial rules.
During the reign of Akbar, Bengal came under the mughal rule. Complications were however,
noticed in rent administration. In those days crops were paid as rent and as such particular month
need to be fixed for collection of rent in keeping with the harvesting season. But the Hijri 'Sone'
then effective being lunar year, the same month did not occur in the harvesting seasons, for a
lunar year consists of 354 days whereas a solar one of 365 days. For example, we had to observe
the Edul Azha in February this year (2002) but in March in 1999. The remedy to the problem
necessitated the evolving of a solar calendar out of the lunar one then in currency.
Akbar entrusted the royal astrologer Amir Fatehullah Seraji to do the job. With the arduous
exercise of his intellect, scholarship and acumen he could innovate the 'Fasali Sone' in keeping
with the harvesting season to facilitate effective collection of land tax. This 'Fasali Sone' was
christened as 'Bangla Sone' accordingly as it was introduced in Suba-e-Bangla (the province of
Bengal).
Originated though it was in the Hijri year, the Bangla Sone (the Bengali year) is a remarkable
departure from the parent Hijra, for the Hijra is a lunar year while the 'Bangla Sone' is a solar
year. This departure, basic and preponderating, has caused a difference in the peace of movement
of the two types of years. The result is that the Hijra has outstripped the solar year by 14 years
i.e. the 'Bangli Sone' is now 1409 and the Hijra 1423, though they both began their journey form
the same point of time, i.e. July 16, 622 A.D. The solar year, we know, consists of 365 days 5
hours 48 minutes 46 seconds while the lunar year spans over 354 days 8 hours 53 seconds. This
shortage of nearly 11 days in the lunar years has hastened the movement of the Hijri by 14 more
years than the Bangla Sone. Thus it is established that the Bengali Calendar is a conglomerate of
the lunar and solar years the Hijri and Gregorian Calendars reaping the harvest of both the
systems to our benefit.
The Bengali Calendar was further modified and deflawed by a Committee headed by the
celebrated scholar Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah under the auspices of the Bangla Academy in
1967 AP. The Committee made the following recommendations in consideration of the different
problems and their solutions with reference to our culture and tradition in the context of the
involvement of rural life due to changes of months and seasons.
(a) The first five months of the year from Baishakh to Bhadra will be of 31 one days' duration
each.
(b) The remaining seven months of the year with effect from Aswin to Chaitra will consists of 30
days each.
(c) The 366th days after each fourth year will constitute what is known as a leap year which shall
occur in the month of Falgaun corresponding to the month of February of the leap year in the
Gregorian Calendar called as the English Calendar in popular parlance. Falgun will, therefore,
have 31 days in the leap-year.
These recommendations voiced the need of the hour and of life and having been implemented
they have brought in adjustment and correspondence of the different important dates of the
Bengali Calendar with those of the Gregorian one that is in vogue in the country. Now the
Bengali New Year (the 1st of Baishakh) correspondences with April 14, the Shahid Day
(Martrys, Day on 21st February) with 9th Falgun, the Independence Day (26th March) with 12th
Chairtra and the Victory Day (16th December) with 2nd Paush.
As has been told before the BS (Bangabda) was made effective since 1556 A.D., the year Akber
ascended the throne of the Mughal empire. The various calendars like Lakshmanabda,
Bikramabda, Jalali Sone, Sekender Sone, Shakabda, Guptabda etc. were then in use in the
subcontinent. These different calendars were used in different parts of the empire making it
necessary for a uniform calendar in all parts of the sub-continent and to cater to this necessity the
'Fasali Sone' came into being but they were not uniformly practiced in the vast territories of the
empire. The calendar that was innovated at Akber's instance is, indeed, a unique conglomerate of
the three partners in the calculation of the year in the sub-continent-the Bengali months, the Hijri
Calendar and the Gregorian Calendar. This found general and spontaneous acceptance in Bengla
but not so in other parts of the empire leaving it out of use there as many of the calendars
mentioned above and practiced earlier in Bengal went out of vogue and ceased to exist. The
different calendars that were used in Bengal clearly appeared to have been named after particular
area, ruler, dynasty etc; but the 'Bangabda' is named after the whole land and relates with the
entire populace. It is our own. It is inextricably weaned with our culture and life, its acceptance
and continuity pointing to the essential democratic ideal that our people cherish so ardently in
their mind they accept and give currency to what serves the interest of the entire nation, not the
parochial interest. We cannot but take pride in the facility of this democratic ideal. A legacy of
the rich Bengali, Roman, British civilizations and at the top of all the Islamic civilization, the
Bengali Calendar is, no doubt, our proud possession. The 'Bangla Sone' (BS) is proudly adorned
with Shakespearean beauty, rather it is creditably crowned with Shakespearean success as having
derived from different sources it has been wholly and solely our own in the way the greatest
dramatist of the world has done by the skillful handling of his source materials.
Indian calendar
Years are counted from the Saka Era; 1 Saka is considered to begin with the vernal
equinox of C.E. 79. The reformed Indian calendar began with Saka Era 1879, Caitra
1, which corresponds to C.E. 1957 March 22. Normal years have 365 days; leap
years have 366. In a leap year, an intercalary day is added to the end of Caitra. To
determine leap years, first add 78 to the Saka year. If this sum is evenly divisible by
4, the year is a leap year, unless the sum is a multiple of 100. In the latter case, the
year is not a leap year unless the sum is also a multiple of 400. Table 5.1.1 gives the
sequence of months and their correlation with the months of the Gregorian calendar.
30* Caitra 1
March 22*
2. Vaisakha
31
Vaisakha 1
April 21
3. Jyaistha
31
Jyaistha 1
May 22
4. Asadha
31
Asadha 1
June 22
5. Sravana
31
Sravana 1
July 23
6. Bhadra
31
Bhadra 1
August 23
7. Asvina
30
Asvina 1
September
23
8. Kartika
30
Kartika 1
October 23
9.
Agrahayana
30
Agrahayana 1
November
22
10. Pausa
30
Pausa 1
December
22
11. Magha
30
Magha 1
January 21
Phalguna 1
February 20
12. Phalguna 30
* In a leap year, Caitra has 31 days and Caitra 1 coincides with March 21.
Approx.
Duration
deg min
1. Vaisakha
23 15
30.9
Apr. 13
2. Jyestha
53 15
31.3
May 14
3. Asadha
83 15
31.5
June 14
4. Sravana
113 15
31.4
July 16
5.
143 15
Bhadrapada
31.0
Aug. 16
6. Asvina
173 15
30.5
Sept. 16
7. Kartika
203 15
30.0
Oct. 17
8. Margasirsa 233 15
29.6
Nov. 16
9. Pausa
263 15
29.4
Dec. 15
10. Magha
293 15
29.5
Jan. 14
29.9
Feb. 12
12. Caitra
30.3
Mar. 14
353 15
Approx. Greg.
Date