Material Mechanics SE2126

Homework assignment 1, 2014

NS

Problem 1
The stiness parameters of a uniaxial glass fiber reinforced composite laminate
are: EL = 39 GP a, ET = 8.5 GP a, GLT = 4.5 GP a, LT = 0.28. The relationship between stresses and strains in the L, T- coordinate system is defined
by:
2
3 2
32
3
"L
1/EL
LT /EL
0
L
4 "T 5 = 4 LT /EL
1/ET
0 54 T 5
0
0
1/G
LT
LT
LT

The stresses and deformations in the x, y - coordinate system that is rotated 20

degrees with respect to the L , T - coordinate system are now investigated.
Apply the general coordinate transformation for the compliance matrix that is
defined in Eq. (5.42) on the Material mechanics book to determine the plane
stress compliance matrix Sps in the x , y - system as well as the plane stress
stiness matrix Cps = Sps1 . It is recommenced to use Matlab for the numerical
computations.

Solution
The transformation between a coordinate system L,T and another coordinate
system x,y that is rotated an angle is given by the transformation matrix L
(5.14) [1].
2 2
3
c
s2
2sc
2sc 5
L = 4 s2 c2
sc sc c2 s2
Where c is cos( ) and s is sin( ).

Transformation of the compliance matrix is given by equation (5.42) [1]. The

stress stiness matrix is given by the inverse of the compliance matrix.
0

S ps = L
0

SL

Cps = S ps1
1

For the numerical computation, MATLAB is

obtained:
2
0.0431
0.0138
0
S ps = 4 0.0138 0.1136
0.0455
0.0137
2
3.3415
0.5053
0
0.9645
Cps = 4 0.5053
0.8123
0.1849
For the MATLAB code, see Appendix.

used and the following result is

3
0.0455
1
0.01375
GP a
0.1955
3
0.8123
0.18495 GP a
0.7132

Problem 2
A thin walled circular pipe with radius a and wall thickness t is loaded by a
axial force F and a torsional moment M . Hence, the material is exposed to a
normal force z and a shear stress z' , where cylindrical coordinates r, z, ' are
used to describe the stress and strain state s in the pipe.
a. Determine the relationship between F , M and

, z' respectively

b. Express the yield criteria in terms of z and z' using von Misess and
Trescas hypotheses respectively. It is assumed that the uniaxial yield
stress is s . Make a figure of the two yield criteria in a diagram with z
on the x - axis and z' on the y - axis
c. It is assumed that the yield criterion is satisfied for a certain combination of
z , z' . The material is thereafter exposed to further plastic loading. Determine the ratios between the plastic strain increments using von Mises
and Trescas flow rule respectively.

Solution
a. Thin walled circular pipe loaded with combined tension and torsion
z

F
2at

M
2a2 t
b. In the absence of internal and external pressure through the pipe, the radial
normal stress and the tangential normal stress in the pipe are zero. r = 3 =
' = 0. The other two principal stresses are
r
z' =

1,2

2
+ z'

According to Tresca, yielding occurs when the maximum shear stress in the
material reaches a critical value: max( i
j ) = s (i, j = 1, 2, 3), where s is
the uniaxial yield stress [2].
Trescas criterion implies
2
z

2
+ 4z'
=

2
s

According to von Misess yielding occurs

when the second invariant of theistress
h
2
2
2
1
= s2
tensor reaches the critical value: 2 ( 1
2) + ( 1
3) + ( 3
2)
where s is the uniaxial yield stress [2].
von Misess criterion implies
2
z

2
+ 3z'
=

2
s

Both models predict an elliptic yield locus in ( , ) stress plane. The yield stress
in shear is therefore Equation (7.17).
s
svM = p
(3)

sT =

Figure 1: The yield locus for thin walled circular pipe.

3

c. In metal plasticity, the assumption that the plastic strain increment and
deviatoric stress tensor have the same principal directions is encapsulated in a
relation called the flow rule [4]. If the plastic strain is parallel to the normal of
the yield surface, the flow rule is denoted as an associative flow rule.
d"p = d

@f
@

Where d > 0 is a hardening parameter and the function f is the plastic

potential.
According to von Misess yield criterion, yielding occurs when
f(

ij )

e ( ij )

=0)

2
r

2
'

2
z

r '

' z

z r

2
2
2
+ 3r'
+ 3z'
+ 3zr

The plastic increments using von Mises flow rule is:

d"pr = d
d"p' = d
d"pz = d
d
With

'

p
z'

@f
1
=d p
(2
vM
@ r
2
e

@f
1
=d p
(2
vM
@ '
2
e
@f
1
=d p
(2
vM
@ z
2
e

')

'

z)

'

r)

@f
3z'
= 2d p
vM
@z'
e

= 2d"pz' = 2d

= 0, the ratios between the plastic increments for von Mises is

p
d z'
z'
=6
,
d"pz
z

d"p
'
d"p
z

1
2,

d"pr
=
d"pz

1
2

According to Trescas yield criterion using the principal stresses, yielding occurs
when
f ( ij ) = e ( ij )
s = 0 )| 1
2 |
s =0
8
9
s
2
<
=
z
'
z
'
2

+ z'
1,2 =
:
;
2
2
2

2
z

z '

2
'

2
+ 4z'

1/2

=0

The plastic increments using Trescas flow rule is:

d"pr = 0
d"p' = d

@f
1
= d p (2
T
@ '
e
4

'

z)

1/2

=0

d"pz = d
d
With

'

p
z'

@f
1
= d p (2
T
@ z
e

= 2d"pz' = 2d

')

@f
8z'
= 2d p
T
@z'
e

= 0 the ratios between the plastic increments for Trescas is

p
d z'
z'
=8
,
d"pz
z

d"p
'
d"p
z

1,

d"pr
=0
d"pz

Problem 3
A uniaxial tensile test and a shear test have been performed on a certain metallic
material. The uniaxial yield stress was found to be exp sexp , and the yield
stress in shear was found to be exp sexp . Based on the experimental findings
determine:
a. the parameters

and

in the Drucker - Prager yield criterion.

b. formulate the non - linear equation system that is needed to determine the
parameters s and f in the Gurson - Tvergaard yield criterion.

Solution
a. The linear Drucker-Prager model is given by [3].
vM
e
h
s

tan( )

denotes the hydrostatic stress given in terms of principal stress h = 13

p
is a material parameter related to the shear yield stress s = 3sexp .

exp
s .

Using yield stresses from shear and tensile tests we can obtain tan( ), which is a
parameter that depends on the adhesive material and characteristic sensitivity
of yielding to hydrostatic stress [3].
vM
e

tan( ) = 3

"p

exp
e

3sexp
exp
s

3sexp

1 )

1
3

exp
s

tan( )

= arctan 3

"p

3sexp
exp
s

#!

b. A yield criterion for porous metallic material was developed by Gurson (1977)
and was later modified by Tvergaard (1981) and it is donated as the GursonTvergaard yield criterion [1]. The non-linear equation system can be expressed
as,

2 !
( sexp )2
3 h
3f
f ( ij ) =
+ 3f cosh
1+
=0
2
2 s
2
s

2 !
(sexp )2
3 h
3f
f ( ij ) =
+ 3f cosh
1+
=0
2
2 s
2
s
where f denotes the volume fraction of voids and
voids).

the yield stress (without

Appendix
% Homework a s s i g n m e n t 1 M a t e r i a l Mechanics ( SE2126 ) N i r a n k a r Singh .
% Part 1 .
clc
clear all
format s h o r t
E L=39e9 ;
E T=8.5 e9 ;
G LT=4.5 e9 ;
v LT = 0 . 2 8 ;

%[GPa ]
%[GPa ]
%[GPa ]

% Compliance matrix i n L T system .

S=[1/ E L v LT/E L 0 ;
v LT/E L 1/E T 0 ;
0 0 1/G LT ]
% T r a n s f o r m a t i o n matrix L with 20 d e g r e e r o t a t i o n
% Matrix ( 5 . 1 4 ) i n MatMek book , 2D c a s e .
c=c o s d ( 2 0 ) ;
s=s i n d ( 2 0 ) ;
L=[ c 2 s 2 2 s c ;
s 2 c 2 2 s c
s c s c c2 s 2 ] ;
% P l a i n s t r e s s c o m p l i a n c e e matrix S p s i n X Y system .
S p s=i n v (L ) S i n v (L)
% P l a i n s t r e s s s t i f f n e s s matrix C ps .
C ps=i n v ( S p s )
%
%% Part 2 b , an i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e ( tau , Sigma ) s t r e s s s p a c e
x=[ 1:0.01:1];
Y1=s q r t (1 x . 2 ) / 2 ;
Y2=s q r t (1 x . 2 ) / s q r t ( 3 ) ;
h o l d on
g r i d on
p l o t ( x , Y1,
, x , Y2)
p l o t ( x, Y1,
, x, Y2)
x l a b e l ( \ sigma z )
y l a b e l ( \ t a u z \ phi , r o t a t i o n , 0 )
l e g e n d ( T r e s c a s , von Mises )

t i t l e ( Y i e l d l o c u s f o r a whin w a l l e d c i r c u l a r pipe )
axis ([ 1.1 1.1
0.7 0 . 7 ] )
s e t ( gca , Xtick , [ 0 ] , Ytick , [ 0 ] ) ;

References
[1] Material Mechanics by Peter Gudmundson, Department of Solid Mechanics,
KTH Engineering Sciences
[2] http://www.solid.iei.liu.se/Education/TMHL55/TMHL55 autumn 2008/Odeno Klarbring/Kap5.pdf
[3] http://www.npl.co.uk/upload/pdf/elastic-plastic-materials-manual.pdf
[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow plasticity theory