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Em306 Lab Manual Jan 2014
Em306 Lab Manual Jan 2014
Em306 Lab Manual Jan 2014
ENVIRONMENT
Student Name
Student ID
Semester / Year
EM306| Thermodynamics II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SN
Content
Page
1|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
Objective
To study the cooling effects and to determine the cooling power of the cooling coil
To study the dehumidification effects and to determine the cooling power of the cooling coil
To study the heating effects and to determine the heating power of the heaters
Design and conduct experiments to achieve the above objectives. Students should run the radial fan at
selected air speed and choose the selected processes. Additionally, students should also record the air
temperature and relative humidity at the inlet and outlet of the coil and the differential pressure
reading across the orifice when a steady state is reached.
2|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
Experiment 2 Title: General Observation of Cooling Tower and Relationship between Cooling
Load and Cooling Range
Objective
To observe the processes within a forced draught cooling tower
To investigate the relationship between cooling load and cooling range
Introduction / Instruction / Procedure / Guideline
Observation of Forced Draught Cooling Tower
1. Perform the general start-up procedures and observe the forced draught cooling tower proves.
2. As the warm water enters the top of the tower, it is fed into channels from which it flows via
water distribution system onto the packing. The channels are designed to distribute the water
uniformly over the packing with minimum splashing.
3. The packing surfaces are easily wetted and the water spreads over the surfaces to expose a large
area to the air stream.
4. The cooled water falls from the lowest packing into the basin and then is pumped to the simulated
load in the load tank.
5. During the process, some water is lost due to the evaporation. Thus, "make-up" water must be
supplied to keep the amount of water in the cooling system constant. The make-up is observed
flowing past the float-controlled valve in the load tank.
6. A droplet arrester, or mist eliminator is fitted at the tower outlet to minimize loss of water due
to escape of droplets of water (resulting from splashing, etc.) which is entrained in the air stream.
This loss does not contribute to the cooling, but must be made good by "make-up". The droplet
arrester causes droplets to coalesce, forming drops that are too large to be entrained and these falls
back into the packing.
7. The fan drives the air upward through the wet packing. At air outlet, the air leaving the cooling
tower is almost saturated, i.e. Relative Humidity is ~100%. The Relative Humidity at the air outlet
is much higher than the Relative Humidity at the air inlet. The increase in the moisture content of
the air is due to the evaporation of water into steam and the "latent heat" for this account for most
of the cooling effect.
8. When the cooling load is switched off and the unit is allowed to stabilize, it is found that the water
leaves the basin at temperature close to the wet bulb temperature of the air entering. Wet bulb
temperature is lower than the dry bulb temperature and this varies according to the local
atmospheric conditions (i.e. pressure and relative humidity).
9. With no load, the water would be cooled to the incoming wet bulb temperature. However, the
condition cannot be achieved since the work done by the pump transfers about 40W to the water.
3|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
:
:
:
2.0 LPM
Maximum
0.0 kW
2. After the system stabilized, record a few sets of the measurements such as temperatures, orifice
differential pressure, water flowrate and heater power, then obtain the mean value for calculation
and analysis.
3. Without changes in the conditions, increase the cooling load to 0.5 kW. When the system
stabilized, record all data.
4. Similarly, repeat the experiment at 1.0kW and 1.5kW.
5. The tests may be repeated:
i. At other water flow rates
ii. At other air flow rate
Plot a graph of cooling load vs. cooling range. Analyze the relationship.
4|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
Experiment 3 Title: End State Properties of Air and Steady Flow Equations
Objective
To determine the end state properties of air and water from tables or charts
To determine energy and mass balances using the steady flow equation.
Based on experience conducting previous experiment of cooling tower, design and conduct an
experiment of a modern evaporating system. The experiment should determine the end state
properties of air and
. Student also needs to show the calculations to draw up energy and mass
balances.
The cooling tower unit should be prepared, start and allow stabilizing under following suggested
conditions:
Air flow
= Maximum
Cooling load
= 1.0kW
After the conditions have stabilized, observe and examine the processes of the water system
and air system of the cooling tower.
5|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
Objective
To investigate the effect of condensing and evaporating temperatures on the refrigeration rate and
condenser heat output.
To determine the compression ratio and its effect on system performance
Introduction / Instruction / Procedure / Guideline
1. Ensure that the unit is air free by venting the air from the condenser.
2. Adjust the condenser cooling water flow, to the maximum and Evaporator cooling water flow, to
1.5LPM. The pressure at which the condenser stabilizes will depend upon the water inlet
temperature.
3. Allow the temperature and pressure readings to stabilize. Then, record all the system parameters.
4. Reduce the condenser cooling water flow rate to increase the condenser pressure by
approximately 0.1 kgf/cm2.
5. Allow the unit to stabilize and again record all of the system parameters.
6. Repeat for increasing condenser pressures to the minimum readable value on the condenser water
flow meter is reached.
6|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
Attachment:
General Introduction (Air Conditioning Unit AC01)
Air-conditioning is a widespread feature of building engineering, designed to make the
occupants feel comfortable and at ease. The main functions of an air-conditioning system include
heating and cooling, and humidifying and dehumidifying in order to create the desired indoor air
conditions.
The SOLTEQ Air-Conditioning Unit (Model: AC 01) includes all the components found in airconditioners installed in buildings. It additionally has a complete refrigeration unit, enabling the
system to cover most of the spectrum of experiments in the field of refrigeration and air-conditioning
engineering.
COMBINED TEMPERATURE /
HUMIDITY TRANSMITTER
AT 1
RH 1
T
AT 2
RH 2
AT 3
RH 3
AT 4
RH 4
AT 5
RH 5
RADIAL FAN
DP
PRE-HEATER
EVAPORATOR
RE-HEATER
DIFFERENT
PRESSURE
MANOMETER
ORIFICE
STEAM
HUMIDIFIER
a 0.0592
Air Mass Flowrate, m
DP'
v1
Efficiency
Q
100%
P
7|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
1
9
2
3
10
11
5
12
6
13
14
7
15
1. _______________________
9.
________________________
2. _______________________
10. ________________________
3. _______________________
11. ________________________
4. _______________________
12. ________________________
5. _______________________
13. ________________________
6. _______________________
14. ________________________
7. _______________________
15. ________________________
8. _______________________
8|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
m 0.0137
x1
v ab
m a 0.0137
x
v ab 1
Where,
x
v aB
= humidity ratio of the mixture
2.
3.
4.
5.
(0.08kW)
9|Page
EM306| Thermodynamics II
Condenser Pressure
Evaporator Pressure
Condenser Water Flowrate
Evaporator Water Flowrate
Condenser Temperature
Condenser Water Inlet Temp.
Condenser water Outlet Temp.
Evaporator Temperature
Evaporator Water Inlet Temp.
Evaporator Water Outlet Temp.
PT 1 ( Abs Bar)
PT 2 ( Abs Bar)
FT 1 (LPM)
FT 2 (LPM)
T 1 (oC)
T 2 (oC)
T 3 (oC)
T 4 (oC)
T 5 (oC)
T 6 (oC)
10 | P a g e
EM306| Thermodynamics II
11 | P a g e