2.

Use of bye pass, sub way, over bridge and fly over
A bypass is a road or highway that avoids or "bypasses" a built-up area, town, or village, to let
through traffic flow without interference from local traffic, to reduce congestion in the built-up
area, and to improve road safety.
If there are no strong land use controls, buildings are often built in town along a bypass,
converting it into an ordinary town road, and the bypass may eventually become as congested as
the local streets it was intended to avoid. Shopping centres and some other companies often are
built there for ease of access, while homes are often avoided for noise reasons.
Sub way are constructed when it is necessary for pedestrians to cross a railway line or a dual
carriageway such as an interstate highway, and they appear at the exits from underground rapid
transit systems, but one would be rarely built to enable people to cross an ordinary city street.

A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road,
for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all
serve unique purposes and apply to different situations.
Flyover is a bridge, road, railway or similar structure that crosses over another road or railway.
An overpass and underpass together form a grade separation.[1] Stack interchanges are made up
of many overpasses.
The first overpass in India was opened on 14 April 1965 at Kemps Corner in Mumbai. a flyover
is a high-level overpass, built above main overpass lanes, or a bridge built over what had been an
at-grade intersection.
3. Difficult driving- Night driving, Hill driving, Driving under special conditions like fog, heavy
rain and snow etc.
Driving at night can be a daunting task for new or even experienced drivers; the highest crash
rates occur at nighttime (6:00PM - 6:00AM). Additionally, traffic fatality rates are three to four
times higher at night than during the daytime.[1] The danger arises from the fact that vision is
severely limited (low lights decrease depth perception and peripheral vision and cause the pupils
to dilate, often blurring vision), glare from the headlights of other vehicles can temporarily blind
you, and it is more likely that people may be driving under the influence or be tired. Glare is
particularly invasive since it can cause temporary blindness, dizziness, and confusion.
1 Clean the windshield, windows, and glass surfaces. This includes the car's mirrors. Any
streaks, road grime, or smudges on the glass scatter light, reducing contrast of objects on the
roadway and consequently can make them appear invisible.

2 Clean the car's headlights. Even small amounts of dirt on the lamp can reduce the light output
by half and restrict your ability to see and be seen.
3 Adjust the car mirrors properly.
4 Have your vision checked regularly
5 Avoid looking directly at the headlights of oncoming traffic.
6 Flip the rearview mirror. You can change the mirror to its night setting by flipping a small
lever at the bottom of the mirror. Lights will still appear in the glass but they will appear much
dimmer and therefore not be as bothersome.
7 Take frequent breaks if you're driving at night for long periods of time. Having a break
reduces fatigue and gives your eyes recovery time.
Mountain Driving
Mountain driving is very different from driving in flat areas. In addition to changing weather, be
prepared for steep hills, windy roads, wildlife, and rocks in the roadway.
When you're driving in mountains, use a lower gear to control speeds while going up or down
long, steep hills.
Don't forget to check your vehicle prior to a mountain trip: brakes, steering, suspension, cooling
systems, tires and the level of fluids. During the trip you should avoid overheating the engine by
not using the air conditioner and driving more slowly.
Rules of driving require special attention: when vehicles meet on a steep, narrow road which is
not wide enough for two vehicles, the vehicle going downhill must yield the right-of-way by
backing up to a wider place or by stopping to leave sufficient space for the vehicle going uphill,
except where it is more practical for the vehicle going uphill to return to a wider space or
turnout.

if your vehicle experiences difficulties traveling up steep roadways, pull off the road at
the first place you may do so safely, or stay in the right lane to allow other vehicles to
pass.
Here are some tips:
o Pay special attention to speed limit and warning signs, such as those warning of
curves, steep hills, or other hazards.
o Watch for bicyclists near the right edge of the road.
o Use a lower gear to control speeds while going up or down long, steep hills.
o Do not coast downhill by shifting into neutral or disengaging the clutch.
hen driving on mountain roads, your most important considerations are:

o Vehicle condition: your brakes, steering, suspension, and cooling systems must be
in good condition.
o Speed: your speed should not be too fast for road and weather conditions. Also,
you should be able to maintain a safe speed on winding mountain roads.

When vehicles meet on a steep, narrow road which is not wide enough for two vehicles,
the vehicle going downhill must yield the right-of-way by backing up to a wider place or
by stopping to leave sufficient space for the vehicle going uphill, except where it is more
practical for the vehicle going uphill to return to a wider space or turnout.

Vehicles often build up speed moving down a steep hill. Use a low gear to help slow your
vehicle down. Don't drive in neutral or with your foot on the clutch. Check traffic through
your mirrors. Be alert for large trucks and buses that may be going too fast. In some
places, you will see a sign warning of a steep hill as shown in this figure. When
ascending on a steep hill, maintain a steady speed by applying more pressure on the
accelerator.
You must drive slowly enough so that your brakes can hold you back without getting too
hot. If the brakes become too hot, they may start to fade. This means you will have to
apply them harder and harder to get the same stopping power. If you continue to use the
brakes like this, they will fade until you cannot slow down or stop at all.

Your vehicle's engine may get overheated when driving on a steep incline for an extended
time. You should avoid overheating the engine by not using the air conditioner and
driving more slowly. Pull off the highway if your vehicle engine is in the red zone (too
hot). If you continue driving, you can cause serious damage to your engine.

Foot Shuffle
1
Keep your right foot on the brake pedal and your left on the the clutch pedal
2
When you need to start moving, bring the clutch up to the point of biting and then quickly
move your rigt foot from the brake to the gas and apply pressure. You should give it more
gas than you normally would on a flat launch.
3
Slowly lift your left foot off the clutch.

Handbrake technique
1
Keep your left foot on the clutch and set the handbrake.
2
When you need to start moving, start applying pressure to the gas pedal with your right
foot.
3
As you start to apply pressure to the gas, slowly lift up the clutch pedal and slowly release
the handbrake. Note that you should give it more gas than you normally would on a flat launch.
Heel-Toe
1
Keep your left foot on the clutch and your right foot on the brake.
2
When you need to start moving, rotate your right foot 90 so your foot is perpendicular to
the gas and brake and you can apply gas and brake at the same time.
3
Apply pressure to the gas pedal side of your right foot while still putting some pressure on
the brake.
4
Slowly let off the clutch with your left foot and give the gas more pressure. Note that you
should give it more gas than you normally would on a flat launch.
5
When you feel you won't roll back, move your right foot totally over to the gas pedal.
Adverse Weather Conditions
Extreme weather conditions can make a difference in your normal driving. That mostly affects
your ability to see, which is very limited in adverse weather conditions such as rain, fog, ice,
snow, and dust.
Among all weather conditions, fog is probably the most dangerous, so if you are driving in foggy
weather, lower your speed and turn on your low-beam headlights. If the fog becomes so thick
that you can barely see, pull safely and completely off the road
But not only cold weather and precipitation can change your driving pattern. You also should be
aware of high temperatures, sun glare and high winds. Reading the following chapter will give
you an understanding of how extreme weather conditions can affect your driving and a car's
functioning.

Driving in Bad Weather and Low Visibility

Sun Glare

Fog

Rain

Reduced Traction

Snow and Ice

Wind

Hot Weather

fog is the most dangerous. Follow these tips:

Use your wipers and defroster as necessary for the best view.

Turn on your low-beam headlights. Do not use high-beamsit can actually decrease your
visibility. High-beams will reflect back and cause a glare.

Slow down. Fog makes it very difficult to judge speedcheck your speedometer to make sure
you have slowed down. Increase your following distance and be prepared to stop within the
space you can see in front of your vehicle. Watch for slow moving vehicles. Check your rearview
mirror for vehicles approaching from behind.
Slow down in patchy fog conditionsbe sure you turn on your vehicle's low-beam headlights. It
is easy to think you can see well enough to proceed through patchy fog. However, you may
suddenly encounter a heavy fog bank and find yourself in a dire circumstance of not being able
to see ahead, behind, or on either side of your vehicle.
If the fog becomes so thick that you can barely see, pull safely and completely off the road. Do
not continue driving until the fog lifts and visibility improves.
Rain
Slow down at the first sign of rain, drizzle, or snow on the road. This is when many road surfaces
are most slippery because moisture mixes with oil and dust that has not been washed away. Turn
on your low-beam headlights. Heavy rainfall can reduce visibility to zero. Pull over and wait for
the rain to subside, or until visibility is restored.
Snow and Ice

Streets and highways covered with snow, snow pack, or ice are extremely hazardous. They are
most hazardous when the snow or ice begins to melt. The slush or wet surface acts as a lubricant
and traction is reduced. Extreme weather conditions may require special equipment (e.g., tire
chains) and/or special skills by the driver (e.g., slow starts and stops).
Here are some guidelines for driving in snow or icy conditions:

Keep the windows and windshield clear.

Obtain maximum visibility by turning on low-beam headlights and windshield wipers.

Drive slowly and stay farther behind the vehicle ahead. Slow to a crawl on ice. Slow
down as you approach curves and intersections.

Avoid fast turns.

Avoid quick stops.

Shift to low gear before going down a steep hill, but do not downshift at too fast a speed.

If you drive in snowy areas, carry chains in case you find yourself in conditions where
you can't drive without them. Learn how to put the chains on BEFORE you need to use
them.

If you begin to skid, let up on the accelerator and turn the front wheels in the direction of the
skid.
4. Driving on highways: lane selection & lane discipline
Driving on an interstate highway takes skill and knowledge of how this particular type of
roadway is designed to be used. Many people find that they are apprehensive about driving on
interstate highways. Although there is no reason to be nervous about driving on these types of
roads, highways require even more caution and alertness than local streets. Before driving on an
interstate highway for the first time, it is helpful to have a general idea of how these roads
function. Interstate highways are usually composed of two lanes going in each direction but can
sometimes have more lanes to accommodate heavier traffic around metropolitan areas.
Separating the north and south or east and west lanes is a median composed of either concrete
formations or a strip of land. Motorists do not make turns on interstate highways. Instead, drivers
enter and exit interstate highways using exit and entrance ramps that allow vehicles to seamlessly
merge into and out of traffic. All exits and entrances connect to the right lane of the interstate
highway. When an interstate is composed of the normal two lanes, the left lane is designed to be
used exclusively to pass slower vehicles. Knowing these basic facts about interstate highways
can help drivers feel more at ease when driving on these types of roadways for the first time.

How To Proceed
1. 1
To drive on an interstate highway, you will merge left from the entrance ramp into the
right lane. As soon as you drive onto the entrance ramp, turn on your left blinker in
preparation to merge. As you drive down the entrance ramp, alternate between checking
your left side mirror and your blind spot to see if there are other vehicles approaching in
the right lane of the interstate. It is customary for vehicles driving in the right lane to
merge into the left lane to accommodate drivers who are entering the interstate highway.
Once you are certain that there are no vehicles in the right lane, smoothly merge left and
turn off your blinker. Once you are off of the entrance ramp, increase your speed so that
you do not slow the pace of the other drivers.
2. 2
While driving on an interstate highway, it is very important to be aware of a variety of
other drivers. Transfer trucks often use interstate highways to move goods and products
across the country. The drivers of these large trucks often have poor visibility. It is your
responsibility to accommodate large transfer trucks when driving on these roadways.
Many drivers on interstate highways are using the roadways to travel long distances, so
be aware that some of your fellow interstate drivers might be fatigued. It is imperative
that you check your mirrors and your blind spots before you change lanes while driving
on an interstate highway. As always, it is also very important to use your turn signals each
and every time you change from one lane to another. To exit an interstate highway, turn
your right turn signal on before reaching the exit ramp. Merge into the exit lane and begin
to slow your vehicle as you travel down the exit ramp before coming to a complete stop
at the end.
3. 3
Most interstate highways have both a maximum and a minimum speed limit. Make sure
that you drive at a speed that is within these limits. If for some reason you need to stop
your vehicle while driving on an interstate highway, turn your right turn signal on and
slow your speed until you are able to pull off of the interstate. Most interstate highways
have a small strip of pavement or gravel on the right side of the right lane for emergency
stops. Make sure to turn on your emergency flashers while you vehicle is parked on the
side of the interstate highway and always use extreme caution when exiting your vehicle.
After several trips on an interstate highway, you should feel comfortable using these types of
roadways. Just remember that interstate highways are roadways of a much faster pace than the

smaller streets and roads that most people drive on every day and require an even higher level of
driver awareness.

5. Public relations and dealing with police

6. Fire Hazards
Vehicle fires or car fires are dangerous types of incidents. Many drivers do not know their true
risks for these kinds of accidents and, unfortunately, many vehicles are vulnerable to fire threat.
Here are some of the major steps that experts recommend to prevent a car fire, including
preventative maintenance of your vehicle and other ways to limit your risk on the road or at
home
Drive safely. One element of car fires is when they happen as a consequence of a road accident.
Limiting reckless driving will help to protect drivers and passengers, as well as your vehicle.
2
Keep fire safety devices handy. Keep fire extinguishers, smoke detectors and other resources in
your vehicle in order to help prevent a car fire. Some of these may be different from the items
that you keep in your home, so look carefully at the newest and best options for auto fire safety.
3
Keep the vehicle clutter-free. Paper trash and other kinds of debris can cause a car fire to spin
out of control, so be sure to keep the interior of your vehicle free of paper and trash.
4
Do not transport flammables. Avoid carrying containers of gasoline in your vehicle. Similarly,
keep other flammables out of your vehicle in order to lower your risk of a fire on the road.
5
Install aftermarket parts correctly. Poor installation of parts can also cause a car fire.
6
Check the fuel lines and tank. Bad fuel lines can lead to a flareup and improper conditions for
the gas tank can also raise the risk of fire.

Look for cracked fuel lines, bad fuel injectors or any other part that may allow for a fuel
leak. These are usually more common in older vehicles, so go over your classic car
thoroughly to help prevent these sorts of disasters.

7. Maintain the car's battery.

8
Garage your car in a secure location. Make sure that your vehicle is safe when it is off the road
to avoid the kinds of fires that happen in cases of vandalism or arson.
7. First Aid
First aid kits are a necessity in cars. Not only are they useful for minor sports injuries with your
children, but they are crucial for more serious wounds sustained in a car accident. Emergency
kits are available readily packed, but it may be less costly to pack your own. Additionally, a
customized first aid kit allows you to accommodate the needs of your own family. When you
pack a first aid kit for your car, remember these important steps.
1
Purchase a bag or container that will hold your first aid items. Select something that has
clear compartments so you can see what you need and easily access smaller items. You may even
want to mark some of the pockets to remind you where items are stored. Additionally, choosing a
waterproof bag or container would be ideal.
2
Remember the basics when packing your kit, such as:

an assortment of adhesive bandages

gauze pads

safety pins

adhesive tape

antibiotic

antiseptic and hydrocortisone creams

insect sting relief pads

cotton balls

cotton swabs

Vaseline

pain relievers

digital thermometer

tweezers

scissors

a needle

hand sanitizer

saline solution

3
Include children's versions of the above, if applicable. Such as baby and children's pain
relievers, prescribed medications, Benadryl spray, a syringe or medicine cup for administering
medications, and baby wipes.
4
Don't forget the items for more concerning injuries. These items should include hot and cold
packs, disposable synthetic gloves, a disposable mask, a suction bulb, anti-diarrheal medication,
eye wash, and plastic bags for disposing unhygienic items.
5
Consider adding an easy to comprehend first aid manual to the items in your car's first
response kit.
6
Add personal items that your family is bound to need. Examples include baby products,
allergy and asthma medications, motion sickness medication, and an Epi-Pen.
7
Pack an emergency blanket and water close to your first aid kit, if you have the room.
8
Make room for a lite stick, flashlight, and call police flag, just in case you get stranded on
the side of the road. A prepaid emergency cell phone can also be included.
9
Arrange all your items in an organized fashion. Put small items in accessible pockets around
the edges of the bag or box. Pack the larger items in the center of the container, but stand them
up side by side so you can see them immediately. Slide the manual in an outside compartment.

9. Recovery from police: accident cases

Recovery in a Personal Injury Case

Your Recovery Can Be Your Monetary Losses, Pain, and Suffering : If you are
injured in an auto accident, slip or fall at someones premises, or are bitten by a dog or
other animal, you may be entitled to recover special and/or general damages.
o Special damages include lost wages, medical expenses, hospital charges, loss of
earning capacity, and other losses that cause you monetary expenses or losses.
Such damages are recoverable damages which are reimbursable to you.
o General damages are typically sought for pain, suffering, discomfort, anxiety,
trauma, loss of enjoyment of life, and other non-monetary losses due to an injury.
General damages are also recoverable damages.

What To Do In An Automobile Accident : If you are involved in a motor vehicle

accident there are a number of things you should do.
o If you are injured or might be injured, immediately call the police and report the
accident.
o Even if you do not immediately experience any pain, you may still be injured,
since often people do not feel any pain from an injury due to the shock and rush
of adrenaline one experiences immediately following an accident.
o If you are lightheaded due to the accident, call the police.
o To preserve the scene of the accident for a subsequent investigation, try not to
move your vehicle until the police come to the scene. Take photos of your vehicle
and any other vehicles involved in the accident.
o Take photos of the scene of the accident with a camera or cell phone or ask
someone to take them for you if you are too injured to do this yourself. Take the
photos of the streets or intersection where the accident occurred, including photos
of any traffic signs or signals.
o Take photos of any visible injuries, such as bruises, fractures, and other signs of
injury.
o Ask all other drivers for their: A) drivers license. B) automobile registration, and
C) automobile insurance information. Write down all of the information on each
drivers license, registration, and insurance documents. Write down the type and
make and license number of any vehicles involved in the accident.

o If you need an ambulance, tell the emergency personnel who have arrived at the
scene of the accident that you need an ambulance. Even if you are not sure if you
were injured, it is very important to talk to the emergency personnel so they can
determine if you need an ambulance or at least note your discussion in the event
you later find an injury resulting from the accident, so this can be included in your
claim for damages.
o If you were injured in the accident, it is very important to see a medical doctor as
soon as possible after the accident. Consulting a medical doctor following the
accident is important for two reasons: 1) It documents your injuries; and 2) It
enables you to obtain a professional diagnosis of your injuries, so you can obtain
a prognosis for your injuries and gain the needed treatment to help you recover
from them.
o Once you have seen your medical doctor, call Seifer, Murken to assist you
through the recovery process.

What to Do In Other Types of Personal Injury Cases. If you are involved in a slip and
fall, are bitten by a dog, or experience any other type of personal injury, here are the
things you should do many of them the same as you would do in an auto accident:
o If you are injured, might be injured, or feel lightheaded, immediately call the
police and report the incident, since there is the possibility of criminal fault, such
as reckless endangerment.
o Even if you do not immediately experience any pain, you may still be injured,
since often people do not feel any pain from an injury due to the shock and rush
of adrenaline one experiences immediately following an accident.
o If you are lightheaded due to the incident, get medical attention.
o As much as possible, preserve the scene of the incident for a subsequent
investigation. For example, dont move any furniture or objects you might have
slipped on in a slip and fall case.
o Take photos of the scene of the incident with a camera or cell phone or ask
someone to take them for you if you are too injured to do this yourself. For
example, take a photo of the walkway, porch, or room where the slip and fall
occurred; take a photo of the dog that bit you.
o Take photos of any visible injuries, such as bruises, fractures, and other signs of
injury.
o Ask the owner of the property or animal involved in the incident for their home
owner or other insurance information.

o If you need an ambulance, tell the emergency personnel who have arrived at the
scene of the incident that you need an ambulance. Even if you are not sure if you
were injured, it is very important to talk to the emergency personnel so they can
determine if you need an ambulance or at least note your discussion in the event
you later find an injury resulting from the accident, so this can be included in your
claim for damages.
o If you were injured in the incident, it is very important to see a medical doctor as
soon as possible after the incident. Consulting a medical doctor following the
accident is important for two reasons: 1) It documents your injuries; and 2) It
enables you to obtain a professional diagnosis of your injuries, so you can obtain
a prognosis for your injuries and gain the needed treatment to help you recover
from them.
o Once you have seen your medical doctor, call Seifer, Murken to assist you
through the recovery process.