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Classification of Nouns in Three Languages
Classification of Nouns in Three Languages
Introduction......................................................................................4
1. Classification of nouns in the Kazakh, English, Russian
languages..............................................................................................7
1.1 Classification of nouns in Kazakh languages............................................7
1.2 Classification of nouns in English languages.........................................17
1.3 Classification of nouns in Russian languages.........................................25
Conclusion..................................................................................55
Bibliography..............................................................................58
Appendix....................................................................................61
Introduction
Language is a social phenomenon and every language has its own grammar.
For many centuries such famous scholars as B. Illyish, M. Y. Blokh, O. Jesperson
and many others had investigated the problem of parts of speech, that causes great
controversies both in general linguistic theory and in the analysis of separate
languages. And the main question that had interested them was noun as a part of
speech.
The word "noun" comes from the Latin nomen meaning "name." Word
classes like nouns were first described by Sanskrit grammarian Panini and ancient
Greeks like Dionysios Thrax, and defined in terms of their morphological
properties. For example, in Ancient Greek, nouns can be inflected for grammatical
case, such as dative or accusative. Verbs, on the other hand, can be inflected for
tenses, such as past, present or future, while nouns cannot.
In traditional school grammars, one often encounters the definition of nouns
that they are all and only those expressions that refer to a person, place, thing,
event, substance, quality, or idea, etc. This is a semantic definition. It has been
criticized by contemporary linguists as being quite uninformative. Part of the
problem is that the definition makes use of relatively general nouns ("thing,"
"phenomenon," "event") to define what nouns are. The existence of such general
nouns shows us that nouns are organized in taxonomic hierarchies.
In the prevailing Modern English terminology the terms "noun" and
"substantive" are used as synonyms. According to an earlier view, the term "noun"
was understood to cover all nominal parts of speech, including substantives,
adjectives, pronouns, and numerals, thus corresponding to the Russian term.
According to the existence of differences and similarities in English and in
Russian we had revealed in our course paper the morphological features of nouns,
its classification and had done the comparison between English and Russian
languages, which are important for Modern English.
Kazakh languages.
2)
To investigate and compare the classification of nouns in the
English and Russian languages.
3)
To give more understandable and interesting information about
the nouns.
The hypothesis is that there are a lot of similarities and differences between
functions, classification and categories of nouns in English, Russian and Kazakh
languages and that noun have their own morphological and semantically features
in all languages.
During the investigation the following methods of investigation have been
used:
category of nouns in the given work can serve as a subsidiary material for teaching
the English in Kazakh and Russian schools.
The structure of thesis: Introduction, theoretical part,
Conclusion, Bibliography and Appendix.
practical part,
Examples
Common
, , , , , ,
Proper
, , ,
Concrete
, , , , , ,
Abstarct
, , , ,
Animate
, , , , , , ,
Inanimatite
, , , , ,
Material
, , , , , , ,
Collective
, , -, -,
Examples
Simple
, , , ,
United
(< ),
(< )
Combined
, , ,
,
Unite-combined
-, -, , -
Composite Paired
Abbreviation
, , 2106, .., ,
Solid
, , ,
Derivational suffixes
Derivational suffixes are used to form new nouns from other foundations
nouns, verbs, adjectives or numerals. The most commonly used are the following:
- / - These suffixes are appended to the noun form new nouns
denoting a profession, position, occupation, and so on:
letter
secretary
history
historian
song
singer
cure
doctor
animal
hunter
-/~/~/ - These suffixes are appended to the adjective
old
young
old
hard
youth
oldness
hardness
stupid
stupidity
cattle
peasant
head tip
difficult
laborer, servant
poor, poor
cattle breeding
economy
leadership
difficulty
servility
poverty
culture
cautious
attractive
happiness
faith, religion
decency
incivility
carelessness
unpleasantness
misfortune, trouble
atheism
discourtesy
time
desk
road
stomach
letter
taste
Category of number
contemporary
sitting at the same desk
companion, companion
sister
colleagues, partners
friend, acquaintance
In the Kazakh language nouns may take the form of singular and plural
numbers. Singular form coincides with the base, and the plural is formed by the
endings: /~/~/:
/ - joins the basics on vowels and , , , ;
/ - joins the basics of , , , , , ;
/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants , , , .
9
Examples:
man
city
mountain
girl
flower
guy
spoon
geologist
Category of possessiveness
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
man
cities
mountains
girls
flowers
guys
spoons
geologists
Singular
Plular
to basics on to basics on
to basics on
to basics on vowels
vowels
consonants
consonants
1-st
-
-/
-/
-/
2-nd -
-/
-/
-/
2-nd -/
-/
-/
-/
3-rd -/
-/
-/
-/
There are four ways of expressing accessories:
1) The subject of supplies and accessories are subject to in the singular
( my boat).
2) The subject of accessories is singular, and the object - in the plural (
my boat).
3) The subject of accessories is in the plural, and the object - in the singular
( our boat).
4) Subject and object accessories are plural ( our boats).
Example of change of noun boat:
1-st.
my boat
our boat
2-nd.
2-nd.
3-rd.
1-st.
2-nd.
my boats
our boats
10
2-nd.
3-rd.
knife
my knife
book
your book
door
his door
throat
Your throat
Category of case
In the Kazakh language, there are 7 of cases: nominative, genitive, dative,
accusative, local, elative and ablative.
Nominative
Nominative answers questions ? who ? ? what?. Nominative case
has no special indicator. Its shape is the same as the stem of the word. The main
functions of the nominative case:
1) The noun in the nominative case serves as a subject:
. - Galymzhan reading a book.
. - My father returned from the city.
2) The noun in the nominative can express a direct object
- I brought luggage.
- Aigul wrote a letter.
3) noun in the nominative form can be used as the definition:
- We live in a stone house.
- I do not have a gold watch.
Genitive
Genitive answers questions are ? whose?, ? what?. An
indicator of the genitive ending is -/~/~/.
-/ - joins the basics on vowels and , ,
-/ - joins the basics on vowels and , , , , , ;;
-/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants and , , , ..
11
For Example:
child
boat
my father
house
girl
hill
bird
Askarov
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
of the child
of the boat
of father
of home
of girl
of hill
of bird
of Askarov
forest
in the forest
ceiling
ceiling
bag
in the bag
Oleg
Oleg
my city
in my town
your father
your father
his school
in his school
his daughter
his daughter
The main function of a noun standing in the form of the dative in a sentence
is addition. Dative case expresses:
1) The direction of motion:
12
- I go to the market
- The father entered the room
2) The target actions
- I wrote a letter to a friend
- He told me
3) Purpose Actions
- It is necessary to go to the store for bread
- They went to the woods to pick berries
Accusative case
Accusative case answers questions ? Who?, ? what?, indicator ending
is - -/~/~.
-/ - joins to the basics in vowels.
-/ - joins the basics for voiced consonants except , , ,
--/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants , , ,
- - joins the names in the personal-possessive form of the 3rd person
steppe
exhibition
teacher
table
book
glass
his head
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
steppe
exhibition
teacher
table
book
glass
his head
Noun in the accusative case is used to express a direct object, if the direct
object - a famous speaker, a particular item. However, if we are talking about an
uncertain subject or direct object logically allocated instead of nominative
accusative is used:
- I bought apples
- I bought apples
- He brought the book
Locative case
Locative case answers questions ? who?, ? from what?,
a? where? Indicator dative ending is /~/~/.
-/ - joins the basics on vowels and voiced consonants except b , , , .
-/ - joins the basics on deaf consonants , , , .
13
lake
in the lake
board
on the board
side
side
dress
to dress
his brother
his brother
his book
in his book
The basic meaning of a noun in locative case is a circumstance of time and
place:
- In the summer I went to visit my
grandmother.
- In our room there are three TVs.
- My brother lives in the city.
Elative case
Elative case answers questions ? from (of) whom ?, ? from (of)
what ?, a? from where? Indicator dative ending is /~/~/..
-/ -- joins the basics on vowels and voiced consonants, except for , ,
, , , , .
--/ - joins the basics on , , , and the names in the personal-possessive form
the third person;
/ - joins to the names on deaf consonants , , ,
For Example:
city
man
house
his friend
ice floe
my mother
letter
Magzhanov
car
On the car
my friend
with my friend
girl
With woman
garage
with garage
spoon
By spoon
Joldasov
with Zholdasova
Names in the form instrumental case is commonly used for the expression
1) Accessory steps:
- Olzhas friends went to a restaurant.
- We learned at the institute with his daughter.
Plural
-/~/~/ -/~/~/
16
2nd
2nd
3rd
-/
-/
-
-/
-/
-
17
Excisions
of
have
properties
at
different
levels. They have formal properties, like what kinds of morphological diffixes or
suffixes they can take, and what kinds of other excisions they can combine with,
but they also have semantic properties, i.e. properties pertaining to their
meaning. The definition
of nouns
on
the
top
of this page
is
thus
formal definition. That definition is uncontroversial, and has the advantage that it
allows us to effectively distinguish nouns from non-nouns. However, it has the
disadvantage that it does not apply to nouns in all languages. For example
in Russian, there are no definite articles, so one cannot define nouns by means of
those. There are also several attempts of defining nouns in terms of their semantic
properties. Many of these are controversial, but some are discussed below.
In traditional school grammars, one often encounters the definition of nouns
that they are all and only those excisions that refer to a person, place, thing, event,
substance, quality,
or
idea,
etc. This is
semantic
definition.
It
has
to:
John is no fool.
If I had a car, I'd go to Marakech.
The first sentence above doesn't refer to any fools, nor does the second one
refer to any particular car.
The British logician Peter Thomas Geach proposed a very subtle semantic
definition of nouns. He noticed that adjectives like "same" can modify nouns,
butno other kinds of parts of speech, like verbs or adjectives. Not only that, but
there also doesn't seem to exist any other excisions with similar meaning that can
modify
verbs
and
adjectives.
Consider
in
the
following examples.
Bad:
John
and
Given that, in general, all passengers are persons, the last sentence above
ought to follow logically from the first one. But it doesn't. It is easy to imagine, for
example, that on average, every person who travelled with National Airlines in
1979, travelled with them twice. In that case, one would say that the airline
transported 2 million passengers but only 1 million persons. Thus, the way that we
count passengers isn't necessarily the same as the way that we count persons. Put
somewhat differently: At two different times, you may correspond to two
distinct passengers, even though you are one and the same person. For a divcise
definition of identity criteria, see Gupta.
Recently, the linguist Mark Baker has proposed that Geach's definition of
nouns in terms of identity criteria allows us to explain the characteristic properties
of nouns. He argues that nouns can co-occur with (in-)definite articles and
numerals, and are "prototypically referential" because they are all and only those
parts of speech that provide identity criteria. Baker's proposals are quite new, and
linguists are still evaluating them.
Proper nouns and common nouns
Proper nouns (also called proper names) are the names of unique entities.
For example, "Janet", "Jupiter" and "Germany" are proper nouns. Proper nouns are
usually capitalized in English and most other languages that use the Latin alphabet,
and this is one easy way to recognise them. However, in German nouns of all types
are capitalized. The convention of capitalizing all nouns was deviously used in
English, but has long fallen into disuse.
All other nouns are called common nouns. For example, "girl", "planet", and
"country" are common nouns.
Sometimes the same word can function as both a common noun and a proper
noun, where one such entity is special. For example: "There can be many gods, but
there is only one God." This is somewhat magnified in Hebrew where EL means
god (as in a god), God (as in the God), and El (the name of a particular Canaanite
god).
The common meaning of the word or words constituting a proper noun may be
20
unrelated to the object to which the proper noun refers. For example, someone
might be named "Tiger Smith" despite being neither a tiger nor a smith. For
this reason, proper nouns are usually not translated between languages, although
they may be transliterated. For example, the German surname Kndel becomes
Knodel or Knoedel in English (not the literal Dumpling). However, the translation
of
placenames
and
the
names
of
monarchs,
popes,
and
non-
include "committee," "herd" and "school" (of herring). These nouns have slightly
different grammatical properties than other nouns. For example, the noun phrases
that they head can serve of the subject of a collective dedicate, even when they are
inflected for the singular. A collective dedicate is adedicate that normally can't take
a singular subject. An example of the latter is "surround the house."
Good: The boys surrounded the house. Bad: *The boy surrounded the house.
Good: The committee surrounded the house.
Concrete nouns and abstract nouns
Concrete nouns refer to definite objectsobjects in which you use at least
one of your senses. For instance, "chair", "apple", or "Janet". Abstract nouns on the
other hand refer to ideas or concepts, such as "justice" or "hate". While this
distinction is sometimes useful, the boundary between the two of them is not
always clear. In English, many abstract nouns are formed by adding noun-forming
suffixes ("-ness", "-ity", "-tion") to adjectives or verbs. Examples are "happiness",
"circulation" and "serenity".
Nouns and pronouns
Noun phrases can be replaced by pronouns, such as "he", "it", "which", and
"those", in order to avoid repetition or explicit identification, or for otherreasons.
For example, in the sentence "Janet thought that he was weird", the word "he" is a
pronoun standing in place of the name of the person in question. The English word
one can replace parts of noun phrases, and it sometimes stands in for a noun. An
example is given below:
John's car is newer than the one that Bill has.
But one can also stand in for bigger subparts of a noun phrase. For example,
in the following example, one can stand in for new car.
This new car is cheaper than that one.
In linguistics,
grammatical
category characterized by
the
number
exdivssion
of
is
quantity
morphological
through
inflection
number
with
an
extensive
system
of
measure
words.
The word "number" is also used in linguistics to describe the distinction between
certain grammatical aspects that indicate the number of times an event occurs, such
as the semelfactive aspect, the iterative aspect, etc. For that use of the term, see
"Grammatical aspect".
Semantic vs. grammatical number
All languages are able to specify the quantity of referents. They may do so
by lexical means with words such as English a few, some, one, two, five hundred.
However, not every language has a grammatical category of number. Grammatical
number is excised by morphological and/or syntactic means. That is, it is indicated
23
24
nouns),
which
name
something that
can't
be
counted
(water,
air, energy, blood); and collective nouns, which can take a singular form but are
composed of more than one individual person or items (jury, team, class,
committee, herd). We should note that some words can be either a count noun or a
non-count noun depending on how they're being used in a sentence. Whether or not
a noun is uncountable is determined by its meaning: an uncountable noun
redivsents something which tends to be viewed as a whole or as a single entity,
rather than as one of a number of items which can be counted as individual units.
Singular verb forms are used with uncountable nouns. Uncountable nouns are
substances, concepts etc. that we cannot divide into separate elements. We cannot
"count" them. For example, we cannot count "milk". We can count "bottles of
milk" or "liters of milk", but we cannot count "milk" itself. We usually treat
uncountable nouns as singular. We use a singular verb. Countable nouns are easy to
recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count
pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens.
1.3 Classification of nouns in Russian languages.
Nouns are words that describe person, place, thing, animal or abstract idea.
For example, in the sentence:
My father drives a car.
Nouns are 'father' and 'car'.
In Russian language nouns are modified according to number, gender and
case. Number can be either singular or plural, gender can be masculine, feminine
25
or neuter and there are 6 cases in Russian language. In English language you can
easily create plural of a noun by adding 's' as suffix. In Russian language things are
not as easy as you will see later in this text.
In Russian language every noun has a gender. There are rules to determine
grammatical gender of a noun but there are also exceptions to these rules. Gender
of a noun will determine how to modify the noun for a certain grammatical case. It
is not the only role of a noun's gender, but for now since this is a section about
nouns let us just consider this role of noun's gender.
Cases are something that is probably the most complicated concept of the
Russian language to the student that speaks only English. Old English had cases,
but in contemporary English language you can notice cases and declension mostly
in personal pronouns. In English you can see the changes in personal pronoun 'I',
that is changed to 'me', 'my' or 'mine' according to it's role in the sentence. Cases
are exactly that. When a noun has a different role in a sentence, that role is
indicated by a change in the noun.
In Russian language there are six cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive,
Dative, Locative and Instrumental. To be able to properly use a noun in a sentence,
you will have to know all variants of a noun for all cases in singular, and in plural.
That is in total twelve different forms of a single noun. Like I said, cases in
Russian language are probably the most complicated aspect of the Russian
language.
Gender
First thing first. How can I know what is the gender of a noun in Russian
language? You must check the ending of a noun in nominative singular.
Nominative singular is the form of a noun that is listed in dictionaries. You can
think of a nominative singular as the basic form of a noun. Here are the rules, but
remember there are exceptions.
26
description
When you look up a word in a dictionary, you will see the
Russian translation in nominative singular.
The nominative case indicates the subject of a verb:
My mother lives in London.
In this sentence 'mother' is the subject and is therefore in nominative
Genitive
singular.
The genitive case indicates the possessor of another noun:
My father's car is stolen.
In this sentence 'father's' indicates the owner of a car so in the Russian
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
singular.
Prepositional
The prepositional case indicates a location:
I live in Moscow.
In this sentence 'in Moscow' determines the location so in the Russian
language this word will be in prepositional singular.
With masculine nouns you must always bear in mind that accusative case for
animate nouns(people, animals or other beings) is the same as genitive form. For
other nouns it is same as Nominative form. Also, knowing the general guidelines
can help in learning all the forms more easily. Rules are divided in rules for
singular and rules for plural nouns.
Singular
In this table you can see endings for transforming a masculine noun to a
certain case in singular.
case
N
G
D
A
I
P
endings
-
-
N or G
-
-
exceptions
-
-
-EM
28
animate
, , , , soft sign
N
G
D
A
I
P
Plural
Case
In this table you can see endings for transforming a masculine noun to a
certain case in plural.
case
N
G
D
A
I
P
endings
-
-
-
N or G
-
-
exceptions
-/-
-/-//-
GENITIVE
Default ending for a noun in plural is -, but there are exceptions.
- if the noun ends on , , , or soft sign , use -
- if the noun ends on , use -, unless it is accented. Than use -.
- if the noun ends on , use -
- if the noun ends on or , use -
- if the noun ends on , discard .
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
cdefault
Case
, ,
, , , ,
,
N
G
D
A
I
P
Singular
In this table you can see endings for transforming a feminine noun to a
certain case in singular.
case
N
G
D
A
I
P
endings
-
-
-
-
-
-
Let's take a look at the exceptions.
GENITIVE
- behind , , , , , and use -.
- if the noun ends on or , use -
30
exceptions
-/-
-
-
-/-
-/-
-
DATIVE
- if the noun ends on - or -, use -
ACCUSATIVE
- if the noun ends on -, use -
- if the noun ends on -, add no ending
INSTRUMENTAL
- if the noun ends on - or the noun base ends on , , or use -, unless
ending is accented
- if the noun ends on -, use -
PREPOSITIONAL
- if the noun ends on - or -, use -
cC standard
N
G
D
A
I
P
Plural
ase
In this table you can see endings for transforming a feminine noun to a
certain case in plural.
cCase
endings
exceptions
N
-
-
G
-/-/-
D
-
-
A
Nom
-/-
I
-
-
P
-
-
Let's take a look at the exceptions. I should mention one problem with this
rules. In case noun ends on , there are several endings to use in genitive and
accusative depending on the character before .
31
NOMINATIVE
- if the noun ends on - or soft sign , or the base part of the noun ends on , , ,
, , and , use -
GENITIVE
- if the noun ends on -, noun in genitive can end on soft sign -, - or -
- if the noun ends on soft sign , use -
DATIVE
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use -
ACCUSATIVE
- if the noun is not animate, accusative is same as nominative
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use - or -
INSTRUMENTAL
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use -
PREPOSITIONAL
- if the noun ends on - or on soft sign , use -
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
c standard
N
G
D
A
I
P
Singular
Case
In this table you can see endings for transforming a neuter noun to a certain
case in singular.
cCase O endings
N
-
G
-
E endings
-
-
32
endings
-
-
D
A
I
P
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Remember that behind , , and you cannot use soft vowels - and -.
Use - and - instead.
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
cCase
N
G
D
A
I
P
O endings
E endings
endings
Plural
In this table you can see endings for transforming a neuter noun to a certain
case in plural.
cCase
N
G
D
A
I
P
O endings
-
-
-
-
-
E endings
-
-
-
-
-
-
endings
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bear in mind that often between two consonants - or - is inserted. You can see
that in declension of word in genitive plural.
See the table below as an illustration for the rules.
cCas O endings
E endings
e
33
endings
N
G
D
A
I
P
Every noun in Russian must be selected for one of six categories when they
are used in a sentence. To indicate which category has been selected by the
speaker, the endings of the noun are changed. This means that each (declinable)
noun has up to six different forms, differing only in the final letter or two on the
end.
Fruit is cheap in summer. Fruits cheap letom.We eat a great deal of fruit. We
eat a lot of fruit.
However, to refer to various types of fruit used plural fruits:
On the table there are apples, plums and other fruits. On the table, apples,
plums and other fruits (fruit species).
There is a relatively large group of nouns, which is represented only by sema
multiplicity receiving expression in the corresponding morphemes in the forms of
coordination of adjectives, verbs and pronouns. Some of these nouns is the same in
both Russian and English. This is primarily nouns denoting paired or composite
objects:
scissors - Scissors
trousers - pants
spectacles - sunglasses
scales - scales
tongs - tongs
Nouns in Russian and Kazakh languages are the most numerous category of
words with common semantic and grammatical features and are the names of
objects in the broadest sense of the word. Appeal to this part of the speech is
dictated by special (if not the most important) role of this part of the speech in the
Kazakh language in comparison to Russian.
Meaningfully nouns in the Kazakh and Russian languages are divided into
common nouns / own concrete / abstract, animate / inanimate, real collective.
Certainly the grammatical behavior of these nouns in different languages being
compared.
I wonder if in Russian animation category / inanimate more grammatical,
formal, the Kazakh language to animate include nouns
denoting people, proper names, nicknames, and names of animals and birds.
By inanimate nouns are others.
Nouns in the Kazakh language peculiar category number, possessive, case.
38
Category kind in the Kazakh language is formally absent, but the words are
generic semantic differences, which, unlike the Russian language is not
grammatically decorated. For example: . (My sister
is in the third grade).
Basic syntactic function of the noun in both languages the same - to be a
member of any proposal. And in the Russian and Kazakh languages category
reflects the number of quantitative relation between objects and naturally
associated with a noun. Fundamental differences, this category does not.
Nouns in the Kazakh language is peculiar category of possession, which is
designated not only possessive pronouns, but that is especially true for
agglutinative languages, possessive endings. It allows you to express in one word,
and the possession of the person and the owner.
For example the word "my head" formant indicates that the object
belongs to the first person. Depending on the phonetic rules, person and number
category Accessories expressed different variants endings. This category, by their
very nature, requires special attention in the comparative study of Russian and
Kazakh language.
In the Kazakh language, unlike Russian, there are 7 cases. Their names,
meanings and functions basically the same as Russian. Nouns in the Kazakh
language are not the category of gender, so there is no agreement between nouns
and adjectives, nouns and numerals. With the decline of combinations of these
parts of speech case endings are added to a noun.
The special features of the Kazakh language, compared with the Russian,
include vowel harmony; a special set of possessive forms; lack of grammatical
categories of gender; lack of prefixes; polysemy and homonymy most of the
words. These and other features define the linguistic status of a noun (and other
parts of speech) in the Kazakh language.
2.2 The system of classification of nouns in 3 languages.
39
geographical names (the Pacific Ocean, Britain, the United States, London,
the Great Lakes); names of buildings, streets, businesses, and so on. n. (the
Kremlin, Trafalgar Square, the Economist).
Proper names are written with a capital letter. In contrast to the Russian
language in the English names of the days of the week, months and nationalities
also written with a capital letter: Sunday, Tuesday, April, November, an American,
a Russian and so on.
Common nouns in the English language are divided into countable
(Countable Nouns) uncountable (Uncountable Nouns).
Countable nouns denote objects that can be counted. They have singular and
plural forms.
For Example:
a book - three books,
a day - two days.
Countable nouns can be used as an uncertain and with the definite article: a
book - the book.
In the plural, they can use pronouns many, few, a few, and cardinal
numbers:
I have not many English books. I do not have too many books in English.
I have few English books. I have a few books in English.
I have a few English books. I have a few books in English.
Countable nouns can be concrete (Concrete Nouns) - a cat, a desk, a student
- and the abstract, or abstract (Abstract Nouns), - a month, a night, a song, a talk.
Uncountable nouns denote objects and concepts that can not be counting. In
this regard, they are generally not used in plural. Uncountable nouns are not used
with the indefinite article and cardinal numbers and combined with pronouns
much, little, a little, some, any.
Will you have tea or coffee? - What do you like tea or coffee?
Do you like much sugar in your tea? - You like to put more sugar in your
tea?
43
46
Noun in English, Russian and Kazakh languages other than the basic
properties of meaning and form, is characterized by the ability to operate in a
speech in a sentence. Of course normative grammar is known that the main
function is to be a noun-verb, and object management, whereas, for example, the
main function is the production of the verb, that is, the assignment of the content of
the statements to the reality expressed in the sentence, and the main function of
adverbs is characteristic of a predicate or determination .
Noun in a sentence can perform the following functions:
1) subject to:
The night was very dark. .
Heat is the energy of the movement of molecules.
.
2) the name of the part of the predicate:
His father was a miner. .
Heat is a form of energy. - .
3) Additions (direct, indirect and prepositional):
The Soviet industry has given the miner ( ) the coal
cormbine ( ).
.
Uranium can be produced from thorium ( ).
.
4) Definitions:
Have you any laboratory experience?
?
The atomic reactor is encased in a jacket of steel.
.
5) The circumstances:
walked back slowly into the room. .
Bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. ,
.
It is interesting to note that many Russian linguists pay attention to the
interaction between the noun and pronoun. This fact is noted in his time AA
Potebnya "Pronouns, except some words do not mean relations and
communications, and events and perceptions, but they do not indicate the means of
features taken from the circle themselves perceptions and attitudes through the
47
speaker, then there pointing. "By its grammatical form and subject pronouns
correlation can be nouns (I, you), adjectives (my, this), adverbs (here, there, so). In
other words, the signs of division into names and pronouns and nouns,
adjectives ... from a logical point of view ... crossed "- emphasizes
V.M.Zhirmunsky.
On the relationship with the pronouns concept exists, action, object,
attribute, quantity, location N.Yu.Shvedova writes, commenting on this link as this
is necessary: the language "created a very harmonious and stable organization of
words, as free from naming function and the function expression of all kinds of
dependencies to be judgmental, specially designed for global signifying concepts
of physical and mental world and those meanings that conceptual fasten different
levels of language and thus give it the quality of the natural integrity. "
Nouns that call people and animals (animate), answer the question who?
Other nouns (inanimate) answer to the question what?
Nouns that answer the question who?
(Wolf, lynx, tortoise, Misha, butterfly, girl, protein.)
Nouns that answer the question what?
(Maple, ball, apple, wind, board, pen, pencil case)
Nouns in a sentence answers the question of who? or what? - Is the subject
and is the main idea in a sentence.
Fluffy snow hid quilt clearing. Here raced cowardly hare.
Nouns that respond to the offer to other questions - this minor sentence.
They are designed to offer connotation.
Flashed in the sun bright red fox fur coat.
Homogeneous parts of the sentence in the text are expressed mainly nouns
and verbs, which gives our speech accuracy, clarity and a sense of forward motion.
Most of the text of nouns and pronouns, because the first man gave names of
objects, things that he saw, and then describe their actions. Verbs occupy third
place in the text. For the author, it is important to show movement, development.
48
Man found words for all that they found in the universe. But this is not
enough. He called every action and condition. He defined the word properties and
qualities of all that surrounds it. Dictionary reflects the changes occurring in the
world. He captured the experience and wisdom of the ages, and not behind,
accompanied by life, the development of technology, science, and art. It can be
called any thing and has the means to express most of abstract and generalized
ideas and concepts. What an immense and inexhaustible sea - human speech! (S.
Marshak.)
Nouns used in a speech in the literal and figurative sense. Nouns can have
not just one but several meanings. Figurative meaning is one of the meanings of an
ambiguous word. All values are ambiguous word something similar, have
something in common. People watch the world around us, carefully eyeing the
individual subjects, and compare them to notice the similarities. On the basis of
this similarity, the name of the object is transferred to another, that is, the word is
used in a figurative sense.
Appointment sensible slovarya- explain what the words mean. About
ambiguity can be found in the Dictionary.
Housing, - neuter,. Room for housing. Landscaping homes.
5) Synonyms in speech are used for a more accurate expression of thought,
for the expression of emotional color, as a means of overcoming the repetition of
the same word.
Home, house, apartment, living space, shelter, shelter, angle, with the roof
(over the head); housing (colloquial.); Blood (lips.); roof (set.) / untidy,
inconvenient den, den, lair (colloquial.) / dark, close (colloquial).
Opposites in speech are used to contrast images, the sharp opposition of
signs and phenomena.
FRIEND - ENEMY
Faithful friend - the worst enemy. Guilty if I do not know, now let this trial
friends and enemies.
49
With the exception of the Kazakh language, where there is no birth - nor
female, neuter male nor middle; accordingly, no declination it is not observed.
But the usual classification register writing remains the same: the division
into a common noun and a proper name is absolutely around the same as the
Russian system. remains Askar, a wonderful word "y" - "right": writing
capital letters will be kept in the translation of proper names and abbreviations.
We turn to the morphological properties of the noun in the Kazakh language.
Actually attributes nouns bit: the type of composition and type of word
formation.
By type of nouns are divided into two types:
1. Simple ( ), which, in turn, are divided into two
subspecies:
Indigenous ( ). These words can not be broken into its
constituent parts and accordingly, they consist of single morpheme - root. Most of
these monosyllabic words and short - , , , , ;
including three ascent problems and a re-entry problem (From a scientific paper on
spacecraft). The accuracy of offshore tanker unloading operations is becoming
more important as the cost of petroleum products increases (From a scientific
paper on control systems).
As a part of speech, the noun is also characterised by a set of formal features
determining its specific status in the lexical paradigm of nomination. It has its
word-building distinctions, including typical suffixes, compound stem models,
conversion patterns. It discriminates the grammatical categories of gender, number,
case, article determination, which will be analysed below. Subject and the verb in
the following sentence: The poor creature was laming. (Not: The tree was laming.)
The human selectional base underlies the connection between the nouns in
the following combination: John's love of music (not: the cat's love of music).
The phenomenon of subclass selection is intensely analysed as part of
current linguistic research work.
Conclusion
In this thesis work we had investigated the similarities and differences of
noun in English, Russian and Kazakh languages. We had chosen this theme
because we were interested in it and also it is one of the most important part of
speech in teaching grammar in all modern languages. Nouns play great role in the
persons speech as it expresses name of things, events, and phenomenon.
Noun it is part of speech, indicating the subject matter and expresses
categorical grammatical meaning of objectivity in private grammatical categories
53
of animate / inanimate, gender, number and case. Nouns are called objects in a
broad sense, i.e. not only concrete objects of reality, their totality or components,
but also living beings, as well as the operation and status in abstraction from their
manufacturers, and the number of properties in abstraction from their carriers.
Therefore, the values of the object is this abstract grammatical meaning inherent in
any and all nouns.
During this analysis we had found that The classification of nouns in these
three languages is similar; all three languages has two numbers: singular and
plural. The meaning of singular and plural seems to be self-explanatory. As English
plurals end in -s. But in Kazakh and Russian, there are more endings to make
plurals. Some nouns are always singular as in English. These are nouns that
designate substances (oxygen, copper), products (cheese, fish), a block of objects
(furniture), some actions (hunting, clearing up), feelings (love, health), some
vegetables and berries (potato, carrots).
The case system in Russian and Kazakh languages is more developed
comparing with English. In English there are only two cases: common case and
genitive case. But in Russian and Kazakh languages case system there are six and
seven cases: Nominative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Locative and Instrumental.
The case system in Russian does two things. First, it marks the grammatical
functions of nouns which are indicated by word order in English, that is, the
subject, object and indirect object of the sentence. (This means that these nouns are
free to be ordered almost anywhere in the sentence since their function is clearly
indicated by their form.) Second, cases mark certain adverbial functions such as
the time, manner, and means of carrying our an action, which are marked by
prepositions in English, e.g. by hand, on Friday, with enthusiasm This function
leads to the case system being associated with prepositions. Remember: in Russian
all prepositions are associated with a case which is attached to their objects. Since
only nouns can express case, this means that only nouns may be objects of
prepositions.
54
55
Bibliography
1. Beard, R. (1992). Number. In W. Bright (ed.) International Encyclopedia of
2. Corbett, G. (2000). Number. Cambridge University Press.
3. Deutschbein. M. System der neuenglischen Syntax, 1928; G. urme. A
Grammar of the English Language. London-New York, 1931.
4. Francis. W. N. The Structure of American English. New York, 1958, p. 234; see
also: R. Qurk. The Use of English. London, 1964, p. 74.
56
58
Appendix
Category of Nouns:
/ Type
//Examples
, , , ,
/ Common , , , , , ,
, , ,
Michle, London, Cyprus, George
59
, , ,
/Concrete
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
/Animate
, , , , , , ,
girl, boy, bird, pig, animal
, , ,
/
Inanimatite
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
,
/Collective
Composition of Nouns:
//
Examples
/Type
60
,
,,
,
//Simple
, , ,
,
Union, review, rock,
man, doctor
//C
omposite
/
/
Unite-combined
(<
),
(<
)
/ (< ),
/United
(< )
Bracelets
(<forearm), belt
(<lumbar belt)
, ,
/ , ,
/Combined
, ,
, ,
//Paired
-, , -,
eyes, sunglasses,
shoes
//Abbreviat , ,
ion
, ,
2106, .., ,
61
//Solid
butter, outerwear,
great hundred,
weather
Cases of nouns:
//case
//Nominative
//description
My mother lives in London.
. - .
.
- .
//Genitive
//Dative
-
62
-
//Accusative
//Instrumental
He shot it with the gun.
-
.
-
.
2)
:
-
.
-
.
- .
//Prepositional
I live in Moscow.
- .
-
.
-
.
63
64