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5 Concept of Mathematics
5 Concept of Mathematics
Answer :
1
,
2
2x
n,
n,
2 k,
I,
i.e., x
(n, k
I)
k k
I.
2
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
Example : Solve the equation 3 cos2x 10 cos x + 3 = 0.
Solution : Assume cos x = y. The given equation assumes the form 3y2 10 y +3 = 0.
1
, y2
3
3.
Consequently, cos x
Answer :
1
3
arccos
arccos
2 n (n
1
3
2 n, n
1.
I.
I)
cos 3x
, or tan 3x
cos 3x
Hence, 3x
Answer :
n; x
12
1.
,n
12
, n
I.
Example 2 :
Solve : 6 sin2 x sin x cos x cos2 x = 3
Solution :
6sin2 x sin x cos x cos2 x 3 (sin2 x + cos2 x) = 0.
Removing the brackets and collecting like terms, we get 3sin 2 x sin x cos x 4 cos2 x = 0.
Since the values x
n are not roots of the equation and cos x 0, we divide both sides of the equation by cos2 x :
3 tan2 x tan x 4 = 0,
Whence tan x = 1, x
and tan x
Answer :
4
,x
3
arctan
4
3
n , arctan
4
3
n,
k,
I.
k (n , k
I)
cos
and
a
b2
sin
a2
b 2 and substituting
3
Example :
2
sin x
sin x cos
cos x
cos x sin
2 n (n
Answer :
1, or sin x
4
I)
2 n (n
1,
2 n (n
I)
I)
1
2
Consequently, x
( 1) k
( 1) k
k (k
k (n, k
I) .
(n
I ).
(n
I ).
2 sin x cos 3x
x
sin x 0
cos 3x
1
(sin 8x sin 4x ),
2
3x
n,
2
n
k, x
I
k
,k
4
n,
Answer :
(n, k
I)
1 cos 2 x
2
1 cos 4 x
2
cos 2x cos 4x
0.
(b) cos x = 0, x
n,
k, n
, n
I.
I.
The set of the solutions of equation (b) is a subset of the set of solutions of (a) and, therefore in the answer we
write only roots of equation (a).
Answer :
(n
I)
x
2
Solution :
2 cos x 1 0
cos x (1 cos x) = 0
cos x
1
2
Answer :
2 n (n
2 n (n
I)
I)
SOLVING EQUATIONS WITH THE USE OF FORMULAS FOR DOUBLE AND TRIPLE ARGUMENTS
Example 1 :
Solve : sin 2 x
2 cos x.
Solution :
Using formula, we obtain
2 sin x cos x
2 cos x
It is impossible to divide both sides of the equation by cos x since it would lead to the loss of solution which are
roots of the equation cos x = 0.
We transfer
2 sin x cos x
cos x
2 cos x
2 sin x 1
2 cos x( 2 sin x 1)
x
x
2
( 1) k
n,
n
k, k
I
I
5
Answer :
n, ( 1) k
k (n, k
I)
Example 2 :
Solve the equation
2 sin
x
x
cos 2 x 2 sin
sin 2 x
2
2
cos 2 x sin 2 x
Solution :
The given equation is rewritten as
2 sin
x
(cos 2 x sin 2 x )
2
cos 2 x sin 2 x.
x
cos 2 x
2
x
cos 2x 2 sin
1
2
Answer :
x
cos 2 x cos 2 x
2
cos 2 x or 2 sin
, ( 1) k
cos 2 x 0
x 1
sin
2 2
2 k
(n, k
( 1) k
2 k, k
I.
I)
t2 1
2
sin x cos x
t 1
t2 1
or t 2
2
(t 1)2 = 0 or t = 1,
2t 1 0
sin x
cos x
2
cos
2 n, n
I, x
2 n, n
cos x sin
sin x
2 n , 2 n (n I )
2
(b) Equation of the from a sin x + b cos x + d = 0,
Where a, b, and d are real numbers, and a, b 0, can be solved by the change
Answer:
1
2
cos x
2
2
6
x
2 , sin x
2 x
1 tan
2
1 tan 2
cos x
2 tan
x
2
x
1 tan
2
+ 2 n (n
, x
I).
a2
b 2 as well.
3 3 tan 2
x
2
x
2
4 tan
4 tan 2
tan
1
2
x
2
2 tan
4
1 tan 2
8 tan
x
2
x
2
1
2
x
2
x
,
2
5 5 tan 2
1 0
2 tan
Answer : 2 tan
x
2
2 n, n
2 tan
1
2
x
1
2
2 n, n
Solution :
The given equation can be written as
(sin 2 2x cos 2 2x) 2
2sin 2 2x cos 2 2x
sin 2x cos 2x ,
4x
Answer :
1
2
sin 4x = 2
sin 4x = 1
2 n,
2 sin 2x cos 2x = 2
(n
8
I)
7
3.
MULTINOMIAL THEOREM
n r 1
Cr
(1 x n 1 ) r (1 x )
= coefft of xn in
coefft of xn in (1 x)r
(n 1)(n 2).......(n r 1)
1. 2 . 3.....(r 1)
n r 1
Cr
RESULT-2 : The total number of ways to divide 'n' identical things among 'r' persons when each gets at least one
thing is
n 1
Cr
1=
= coeff of xn r in (1 x)r
RESULT-3 : The total number of selections of 'r' things from 'n' things where each thing can be repeated as many
times as one can is
n r 1
Cr .
1
(1 x ) n
(r 1)(r 2).....(r n 1)
(n 1)!
coefft. of xr in (1 x)n
n r 1
Cr
RESULT-4 : Number of ways of dividing n identical things into r groups such that no group contains less than m
things and more than k (m < k) things is coefficient of xn in the expansion of (xm + xm + 1 + ..... + xk)r
RESULT-5 : The number of ways of selecting r things out of n things of which p are alike and are of one kind, q are
alike and are of second, s are alike and are of third kind and so on, is
= coefficient of xr in
[(1 + x + x2 + ..... + xp) (1 + x + x2 + ..... + xq) (1 + x + x2 + ..... + xs) .....]
RESULT-6 : The number of ways of selecting r things out of n things of which p are alike and are of one kind, q are
alike and are of second kind and rest (n p q) things are all different is :
= coefficient of xr in
[(1 + x + x2 + ..... + xp) (1 + x + x2 + ..... + xq) (1 + x)n p q]
RESULT-7 : The number of ways of selecting r things out of n things of which p are alike and are of one kind, q are
alike and are of second kind, s are alike and are of third kind when each thing is taken at least once :
= coefficient of xr in
[(x + x2 + ..... + xp) (x + x2 + ..... + xq) (x + x2 + ..... + xs) .....]
RESULT-8 : The number of non-negative integral solutions of the equation x1 + x2 + ..... + xr = n is n + r 1Cr.
RESULT-9 : The number of terms in the expansion of
(a1 + a2 + a3 + .... + an)r is n + r 1Cr.
8
An important Expansion :
(1 x)
n 1
C2 x 2
C1x
n 2
C 3 x 3 ...
n r 1
Cr xr
... , n
N and | x | 1
a1 x a 2 x 2 ....) (b 0
where c n
a 0b n
b1x b 2 x 2 ......)
c 0 c1x c 2 x 2 ......
0.
4.
We have (1 x ) n
C0
C1 x n C 2 x 2 .... n C r x r ....
n
n
Also, (1 x )
C0 x n
n
Let us denote
C1 x n 1
Cn 1 x n 1
Cn x n
C 2 x n 2 ....
C r x n r .... n C n 1 x
Cn
C0 x n
C1 x n
C2 x n
C1x C 2 x 2 .... C r x r
C0
.... C n
1x
..... C n x n
Cn
C0, C1, C2,....,Cn are called the binomial coefficient and have the following properties:
1. In the expansion of (1 + x)n the coefficient of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal.
The coefficient of (r + 1)th term from the beginning is nCr. The (r + 1)th term from the end is (n r + 1)th term
from the beginning. Therefore, its coefficinet is nCn r.
But nCr = nCn r
Hence the coefficient of terms equidistant from the beginning and end are equal.
2. The sum of the binomial coefficient in the expansion of (1 + x)n is 2n.
Putting x = 1 in
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1 x + C2 x2 + ..... + Cr xr + .... + Cn xn, we get
n
C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Cn = 2n or
3.
Cr
2n .
r 0
The sum of the coefficient of the odd terms is equal to the sum of the coefficient of the even terms and each is
equal to 2n 1 i.e., C0 + C2 + C4 + ...... = C1 + C3 + C5 + ..... = 2n 1
Putting x = 1 and 1 respectively in the expansion.
(1 x ) n
C0
C1 x C 2 x 2
C 3 x 3 .... C n 1x n 1 C n x n ,
we get C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + ..... + Cn 1 + Cn = 2n
and C0 C1 + C2 C3 + .... + (1)n Cn = 0
Adding and subtracting these two equations, we get C0 + C2 + C4 + .... = C1 + C3 + C5 + .... = 2n 1.
n
4.
1 . C1 + 2 . C2 + 3 . C3 + .... + n . Cn = n .
we have (1 x ) n
C0
C1x C 2 x 2
2n 1
r . n Cr
or
n . 2n 1
r 0
C 3 x 3 .... C n
1x
n 1
Cn xn
C1 2 C 2 3 C3 ..... n C n
1.
2.
Cr
n r 1
r
Cr 1
Cr
n
r
n 1
Cr
that is, r. n C r
n . n 1C r
and
Cr
r 1
n 1
Cr 1
n 1
9
3.
n.
4.
5.
6.
n 1
Cr
Cr
n
(n r 1) n C r
n 1
Cr
Cr
Cr
Cx
7.
C0
C1
8.
C0
C 2 .....
9.
2n 1
C0
Cn
Cy
x
n
y or x y
C 2 .....
n
C1
Cn
2n
C3 ........ 2 n
2n 1
C1 ..... 2 n 1C n
2 2n
x2
(c) 2
2 2
(1
=.
1
2
(d) 1
(a) 1
Sol. (
2 x 1) 51 vanishes then
2 x 1) 51 [(1
x)102
we get (1
A0
)102
x ) 2 ]51
A1x A 2 x 2 .....(say)
A0
Put x = 1,
A1 A 2 ..... 0 (given)
1
0
1
[Note : The sum of the coefficients (not the binomial coefficients) in any expansion can be obtained by substituting
all the variables equal to one]Answer (a)
5. RESULTS RELATED TO A POINT AND A STRAIGHT LINE
(i)
Y
ABOVE
BELOW
P(x1, y1)
O
A point P (x1, y1) will lie above or below this line according as
L(x 1 , y1 )
L( x 1 , y1 )
0 , P lies above the line and if
b
b
where L(x1, y1) = ax1 + by1 + c.
That is, if
ax 1 by1 c
is positive or negative.
b
0 , P lies below the line,
(ii) The perpendicular distance of the point P(x1, y1) from the given line
Y
P(x1, y1)
L
N(h, k)
Q(x2, y2)
10
ax1 by1 c
L( x1 , y1 )
a2
b2
(iii) Coodinates of foot of perpendicular N(h, k) from the point P(x 1, y1) on the line L (x, y) = 0 may be given by
h x1
a
k y1
b
ax1 by1 c
x1
y2
y1
L( x1 , y1 )
a
b
a 2 b2
(iv) Coordinates of the image of Q(x2, y2) of the point P(x1, y1) in the line mirror L(x, y) = 0 may be given by
x2
2(ax1 by1 c)
2L( x1, y1 )
a2
b2
P(x1, y1)
M
O
PM
QM
ax1 by1 c
ax 2 by 2 c
L
Q(x2, y2)
X
L(x1 , y1 )
L( x 2 , y 2 )
L( x1 , y1 )
L( x 2 , y 2 )
If L( x1 , y1 )
L( x 2 , y 2 )
0 , both the points lie to the same side of the given line.
0 , the points lie in opposite sides of the given line.
Thus,
b1c 2
y
b 2 c1
c1a 2
provided a1b 2 a 2 b1
c 2 a1
a1
a2
1
,
a 1b 2 a 2 b1
b1
.
b2
b1c 2 b 2 c1 c1a 2 c 2 a1
a1
That is the point of intersection of the lines is a b a b , a b a b , provided
a
1 2
2 1 1 2
2 1
2
If
a1
a2
b1
b2
c1
, then the straight lines L1 and L2 are parallel and distinct.
c2
If
a1
a2
b1
b2
c1
, then the straight lines L1 and L2 are coincident.
c2
b1
.
b2
11
(2) Angle between two Straight Lines :
L2
Y
L1
If the slope of two straight lines be m 1 and m 2 then the acute angle ( ) between the lines is given by
tan
m1 m 2
1 m1m 2 .
m1m 2
Thus, for the lines given above by equation (i) and (ii), we get
(a) angle ( ) between them tan
a1b 2 a 2 b1
a1a 2 b1b 2
a1
a2
b1
b2
b1b 2
0.