Plasticity Models

Plasticity Models
In this document, the expressions for yield surface and plastic potential are based on
a compression positive sign convention.

Mohr-Coulomb
Yield (failure) surface:

fs

I1
1

sin J 2 cos
sin sin c cos
3
3

Plastic potential flow surface:

gs

I1
1

sin dil J 2 cos

sin sin c cos
3
3

For associated flow use dil

Where:

I1 1 2 3

J2

1 2
s x s y2 s z2 xy2 yz2 zx2
2

J 3 s x s y s z 2 xy yz zx s x yz2 s y xz2 s z xy2

1
si i I1
3
1
3

3 3J
3
3
2
2 J 2

sin 1

Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

Hoek-Brown
Yield (failure) surface:

f s 2 cos

mI

J
J 2 c 1 2 sin 3 cos s
3

c 3

0.5

Plastic potential flow surface:

g s 2 cos

m
J 2 c dil
c

I1

J2
s
sin

3
cos

3
3

For associated flow use mdil m , recommended mdil m

0.5

Generalized Hoek-Brown
Yield (failure) surface:

f s 2 cos

m I

J
J 2 c 1 2 sin 3 cos s
3

c 3

Plastic potential flow surface:

g s 2 cos

m
J 2 c dil
c

I1

J2
s
sin

3
cos

3
3

For associated flow use mbdil mb , recommended: mbdil

mb

Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

Drucker-Prager
Yield (failure) surface:

f s J 2 q

I1
k
3

Plastic potential flow surface:

g s J 2 q dil

I1
k
3

For associated flow use qdil q

Cam Clay
Material constants:
M, , , (or N), constant G or (Poissons ratio)

vp

If G is provided then

3K 2G
2G 6 K

If is provided then G

K (3 6 )
2(1 )

User supplied input parameters:

po , p init , q init
N ( )
N ( )
Determine the initial specific volume, vinit, and the equation for the initial Swelling
Line (Unloading-Reloading Line):

vo N ln po
Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

p init
v init vo ln

po

v vo ln po
Yield Function:

p
F q Mp ln 0
p0

1
1 2 3
3

1
2

1 2 2 3 3 1
2

Plastic Potential:

p
P q Mp ln 0
p0
Critical State Line (CSL):

q Mp
Intermediate parameters:

q
p

Hardening/softening rule (increment/decrement in po once strength envelope is

exceeded):

p o

po vvp

Elastic strains:

Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

ve

p
vp
1
q
se
3G
Set of elastoplastic constitutive equations considering an explicit scheme over a
finite time increment (step n to n 1 ),:

p
F q Mp ln 0
p0

Yield function and plastic potential

dF 0

The consistency condition

n 1 n n De e

Hookes law

e p

The additivity postulate

F
p d

The flow rule

n vp

p0 n 1 p0 n exp

Hardening/softening rule

The derivative of the yield function with respect to the stress tensor/vector:
F F p F q

p q
qn
F
M ;
pn
p n

1
q n

The set of constitutive equations presented above can be simplified in one nonlinear
equation with one independent variable, i.e. d , which can be calculated as
F e
D

d
F e F F p0 F
D

p0 vp p

Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

Modified Cam Clay

Material constants:
M, , , (or N), constant G or (Poissons ratio)

vp

If G is provided then

3K 2G
2G 6 K

If is provided then G

K (3 6 )
2(1 )

User supplied input parameters:

po , p init , q init
N ( ) ln 2
N ( ) ln 2
Determine the initial specific volume, vinit, and the equation for the initial Swelling
Line (Unloading-Reloading Line):

vo N ln po
p init
v init vo ln

po

v vo ln po
Yield Function:

p
q2
F 2 M 2 1 o 0 , where
p
p

1
1 2 3
3

1
2

1 2 2 3 3 1
2

Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

Plastic Potential Function:

p
q2
M 2 1 o 0
2
p
p

Critical State Line (CSL):

q Mp
Hardening/softening rule (increment/decrement in po once strength envelope is
exceeded):

p o

po v vp

Nonlinear elastic behavior:

K

vp

p K ve

vp

ve

Integrating the above equation over a finite time increment (step n to n 1 ),

assuming that the change in specific volume is insignificant, results in the following
incremental equation
v

pn 1 pn exp n ve

Assuming an average bulk modulus from step n to n 1 :

p pn 1 pn K ve

pn
ve

vn
e
exp v 1

In case the shear modulus is not constant, i.e. the poisons ration is constant, the
shear modulus can be calculated as
G rK

(3 6 )
K
2(1 )

Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

Set of elastoplastic constitutive equations, in terms of stress invariants, considering

an implicit scheme over a finite time increment (step n to n 1 ),:

Fn 1

qn21
pn 1 pn 1 p0 n 1 0
M2

Yield function and plastic potential

pn 1 pn K ve

qn 1 qn 3G qe

Hookes law

v ve vp

q qe qp

The additivity postulate

F
F
;
vp d
2 pn 1 p0 n 1

p n 1
p n 1

2qn 1
F
F

p
;
q d

M2
q n 1
q n 1

The flow rule

n vp

p0 n 1 p0 n exp

Hardening/softening rule

The set of constitutive equations presented above can be simplified in a nonlinear

set of equations with 4 equations and 4 unknowns

( pn 1 , qn 1 , p0 n 1 , d ) 4 independent unknowns

v d 2 pn 1 p0 n 1 0
g1 pn 1 pn exp

2qn 1

0
g 2 qn 1 qn 3G q d

2
M

2
q

n 1
g3 M 2 pn 1 pn 1 p0 n 1 0

g p

exp
2
0

p
d
p
p

0 n 1
0 n
0 n 1
n 1

4

4 independent nonlinear equations

Phase2 Theory

Plasticity Models

The integration/solution algorithm for a material point starts from an initial state of
stress and hardening parameters ( pn , qn , p0 n , n ) with the introduction of the
increment of strains ( v , q ).
The solution algorithm is based on a Newton iterative technique and follows these
steps, sequentially:

1- Initializing the unknown variables:

pn 1 pn ,

qn 1 qn ,

p0 n 1 p0 n , d 0

2- Calculate the gi functions, and check if they are all close enough to zero. If yes
terminate the process, if not go to step 3 to modify the current values of unknowns.

3- Update the unknowns by solving the linear system of equations presented below,
and then go to step2. The term gi , j represents the partial derivative of the function

gi with respect to the j th variable.

g1,1
g
2,1
g3,1

g 4,1

g1,2
g 2,2
g3,2
g 4,2

g1,3
g 2,3
g3,3
g 4,3

g1,4 pn 1 g1

g 2,4 qn 1 g 2

g3,4 p0 n 1 g3

g 4,4 dpn 1 g 4

After finding the updated state of stress and state variables, i.e. pn 1 , qn 1 , p0 , n 1 ,
the transformation to general state of stress, , is straightforward.

Phase2 Theory