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(3) (4)
1
, I mR 2 (5) :
2

1 R 2 R

1
1
1
mR 2 1 2 R mR 2 1 2 mR (6)
2
2
2

. :

a cm R

a cm
(7)
R

(1) , (2) (7) (6) :

1 2

a
1
1
mR m1 g m1a cm (m2 g m2 a cm ) mR cm
2
2
R

m1 g m1a cm m2 g m2 a cm

1
1
macm m1 g m2 g macm m1a cm m2 a cm
2
2

m1 g m2 g
m1 m2 g
1

m1 g m2 g m m1 m2 a cm a cm
a cm
1
1
2

m m1 m2
m m1 m2
2
2

: -

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To - ,
m R
.
,

, x x . ,

.

. w .
(
) .
.
.
:

F m a cm w m a cm mg m a cm

(1)

I I R

1
mR 2
2

(2)

. , : a cm R (3)
( a cm ( ) , ,
R .)
(3) (2) :

a
1
1
1
mR 2 cm R mRa cm macm (4)
2
R
2
2

(4) (1)
. :
1
1
3
mg m a cm mg macm m a cm mg macm m a cm mg macm
2
2
2
3
2g
g a cm 2 g 3a cm a cm
2
3
(4)
.

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zz

L
:

1. zz.
2. .
3. p
r . : L p r mr
S.I. 1kg m 2 / s
,
: L mr m( r )r L mr 2
)

zz .
,
m1 , m2 . ,
.

, L1 m11r1 , L2 m2 2 r2 ,.
, Lv mv v rv .

.
: L L1 L2 ... Lv L m11r1 m2 2 r2 ... mv v rv (1)

1 r1 , 2 r2 ,., v rv . (2)

, (2) (1) :
2
2
2
2
2
2
L m1 r1 m2 r2 ... mv rv L (m1r1 m2 r2 ... mv rv ) L I

, m1r1 2 m2 r2 2 ... mv rv 2 zz.

L , :
1.
2.
3. I ,
zz, . : L I

A.
z

L1

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: L L L
..
43
:
L ( L2 ) ( L1 ) L ( L1 L2 )

 sciencephysics4all.weebly.com

L2

. ,
:

L L L L ( L ) .

( ) L1

L2 ,
.) ,
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).

L2

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. )

L1

L2

L1

L1

.,
:

L2 L12 L22 L L12 L22 (1)

,
..
:. L1 L2 I (2)
(2), (1) :

L L12 L22 L I 2 I 2 L 2I 2 L 2 I 2
L 2 I

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L
L
, : 2 1 45 .
L1
)

.

L1 , L2 ,..., Lv ,

L : L L1 L2 ... Lv

L1 , L2 ,..., Lv ,

. : L L1 L2 ... Lv
:

L1

,


,

L L1 L2 ... Lv .

L2

,
. L L1 L2 ... Lv .

,
, : L ( L1 ) ( L2 ) L L1 L2 .

M R ,
, .

I .
,
m . , ,

, L L L

L L
, :

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2
L L L L I mR L I m(R) R L ( I mR )

: ,

. , R .

L I dt
d ,

dL I d

dL
d
dL
dL

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I
dt
dt
dt
dt

,
.

. , (
),
,
.
L L I11 I 2 2

: I11 I 2 2 :
) .
)

.

K K1 K 2 ..... K v
1
1
1
K m112 m2 22 ....... mv v2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
m1 2 r12 m2 2 r22 ..... mv 2 rv2 K (m1r12 m2 r22 ... mv rv2 ) 2
2
2
2
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1 2
I
2

.


,



:

1
1
2
M cm
I 2
2
2

,
.

F
R ,

.

d

dW F ds (1) ( ds )
, ds Rd

(2)

(2) (1) :

dW F ds dW FRd

FR F ,
.
dW d
,

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,
W , d1 , d 2, ....., d
dW1 , dW2 ,......, dWv . :

W dW1 dW2 ... dWv W 1d1 2 d 2 .... d

,
, :

W (d1 d 2 .... d ) W

( rad )

W .
( )
, (
).
( rad) :
) 2 N , N .
1
) t 2 ,
2
t .
) ( )
( ) ( t ).

f (t ) . ,

! H W W
.
(
)
.

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dt , t

t dt , d F
dW d dW d
dW :
dt
dt

dW
d
P

dt
dt
t .

P
S.I. 1 Nm
1 rad / s , 1 W (Watt ) .


.
,
:

1
2

1
2

W K 2 K1 W I 22 I12
:

.
, -
:
1
1
W I 22 I12
2
2
! W
, ,
W .

(
)
, .. .
,
:

E U K K
,
,
U .
( U 0 ).

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.
(1) (2) , :

E (1) E ( 2) U (1) K (1) K (1) U ( 2) K ( 2) K ( 2)

:

.

.
( U 0 ).
.
(1) (2) , :
0

E (1) E ( 2) U (1) K (1) K (1) U ( 2) K ( 2) K ( 2)

U (1) K ( 2 ) (1)

L
2

L
2

L
2
2

,
,
.

, L M
:
L
U (1) mgh U (1) mg (2)
2

1 2
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2
1
mL2 ,
12
2 : ( 2 )

Steiner.
2

mL2 mL2
mL2 3mL2
1
L2
L

cm m mL2 m
12
4
12
12
12
4
2
4mL2
mL2
(4)

12
3

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(2) (3) (4) (1) :

mg

L 1 2
3g
mL2 2
3g
3g L 2 2
mgL

3
2 2
L
L

: -

.

.

. ,

.

1
I mR 2 .
2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) U ( ) ( ) U
U ( ) ( ) mgh

1
1
2
m cm
I 2 (1)
2
2

. : cm R

cm
R

(2)

(2) (1):
2

2
1 2 1 2 cm
1
11
1 2 1 2 cm

2

mgh m cm

mR 2 cm gh cm
R
gh cm R
2
4
2
22
2
4 R
R2
R

1 2 1 2
3 2
4 gh
2 2 1 2
2
2
cm
gh cm
cm gh cm
cm gh cm
4 gh 3 cm

2
4
4
4
4
3

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4gh
3
:

cm

U mgh

(

.

1 2 1
2
I m cm
2
2

U 0

h .
:
0

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) U ( ) ( ) U
1
1
2
( ) ( ) U m cm
I 2 mgh (1)
2
2
. : cm R

cm
R

(2)

(2) (1):
2

2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2
1
12

2
R 2 cm2 gh cm
cm gh
m cm

mR 2 cm mgh cm
2
10
2
5
R
2
25
R
7 2
5 2
2 2
7 2
cm cm
gh cm
gh h cm
10
10
10
10 g

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! ,
.
.
:
.
h
.

m
R (r R) ,
,
.


,
.
:

2R
R

, (

w .
,
. :

F m

2
R

mg m

2
R

m(

g ) (1)

, .
:
0 (2)

(2) (1) :

0 m(

g ) 0 gR

,
,
. :

gR min gR (3)
h

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min gR
.
. ,
.
0

( ) ( 0) ( ) ( ) U ( ) ( ) U
U ( ) ( ) U mgh

1
1 2
2
m min
Imin
mg 2 R (4)
2
2

. : min min r min

min
r

(5)

(5) (4):
2

mgh

2
1
1 2 min
1
1 2 2 min
2
2
mgh

mr
mg 2 R
m min

mr

mg
2
R

min
2
5
r2
2
25
r

mgh

1
1
1 2
1 2

2
2
m min
m min
mg 2 R mgh min
min
g 2 R m
2
5
5
2

1 2
1 2
5 2
2 2
7 2
gh min
min
g 2 R gh min
min
g 2 R gh min
2 gR (6)
2
5
10
10
10
(3) (6):

gh
h

7 2
7
min 2 gR gh
10
10

gR

2 gR gh

7 gR 20 gR
27gR

gh

10
10
10

27R
10

.
:

dK .

dt

:
dK .
F cm
dt
dK .

dt

5: DOPPLER
, , .

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p = p

.
,
:

K ( ) K ( ) K1 K 2 K1 K 2
,
.

. .
,
:

K ( ) K ( ) E .
E . ,
. () ,

K ( ) K ( )

1 2 m1 m 2 1 2 ,
.

1 2 .

m1

( )

m2

1
m1

( )

2
m2

(
). ,

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p1 p2 p1 p2 p1 p2 p1 p2 m11 m2 2 m11 m2 2
m11 m11 m2 2 m2 2 m1 1 1 m2 2 2 (1)
. :

( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
m112 m2 22 m11 2 m2 2 2 m112 m2 22 m11 2 m2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2

m112 m2 22 m112 m2 22 m112 m112 m2 22 m2 22

m1 12 12 m2 22 22 m1 1 1 1 1 m2 2 2 2 2

(2)

(1) (2) , :
m1 1 1
m2 2 2
1
1

1 1 2 2 (3)

m1 1 1 1 1 m2 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2

(3) 2 :

1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 (4)
(4) (1) :

m1 1 1 m2 2 2 m1 1 1 m2 1 1 2 2
m1 1 1 m2 1 1 2 2 m1 1 1 m2 1 1 2 2
m11 m11 m21 m21 2m2 2 m11 m21 2m2 2 m11 m21

m1 m2 1 2m2 2 m1 m2 1 1 m1 m2 1
m1 m2

2m 2
2 (5)
m1 m2

(3) 1 :

1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 (6)
(6) (1) :

m1 1 1 m2 2 2 m1 1 2 2 1 m2 2 2

m1 1 2 2 1 m2 2 2 m11 m1 2 m1 2 m11 m2 2 m2 2
m11 m1 2 m11 m2 2 m2 2 m1 2 2m11 m2 m1 2 m2 m1 2

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2

m2 m1
2m1
2
1 (7)
m1 m2
m1 m2

:
.
1 1
.

. 1 2 m1 m2 m
(5) (7)

2m 2
m m2
2m
mm
2m
2
1 1
2 1 2
2 1
1 1
mm
mm
2m
m1 m2
m1 m2

2m1
m m1
2m
mm
2m
1
2 2
1 2 1
1 2
2 2
mm
mm
2m
m1 m2
m1 m2

, , ,
.
. 2 2 0
(5) (7)
0

2m 2
m m2
m m2
1
2 1
1 1 1
1
m1 m2
m1 m2
m1 m2
0

2m1
m m1
2m1
2
1 2
2 2
1
m1 m2
m1 m2
m1 m2

( m1 m2 m ) 2
2 0 , :

m1 m2
mm
1 1 0
1 1
mm
m1 m2

2m1
2m
2m
1 2
1 2 1
1 2
mm
2m
m1 m2

, 2 ,
, 1 ,
2 , .

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)
2
m 2 ( 2 0 )
1 , m1 , 1 (

m2 m1 ). :
m2 m1
m1 m2
m2
m m2
1 1
1
1 1
m1 m2 1
m1 m2
m2

m1
1 0
m2

m1
1
m2
0 1
1
1 1
m1
0 1
1
m2

1 1
m
m1
2 1
m2
m2
20
2m1
1
1 2
1 2
2
1 2
m1
m1 m2
0 1
m1 m2
1
m2
m2
2

2 0

, ( x )

( y ) .


( x x ).
H
, y
( y y ).

x2 y2 ( x ) 2 y2 x2 y2
.

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: .
. :

1
1
K K m 2 m 2
2
2
, ,
:

y y , =a a
a .

1 2 m1 m 2

1 2 .

1 2 ,
.
:

p ( ) p ( ) p1 p2 p1 p2

m11 m2 2 m11 m2 2
:

K ( ) K ( ) E
E .

1
1
1
1
m112 m2 22 m11 2 m2 2 2 E
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
m112 m2 22 m11 2 m2 2 2
2
2
2
2

E .

)
1 2 m1 m 2

1 2 .

V , :

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( )

1
m2

m1

( )

m1 m2

V
K ,
.
:

p ( ) p ( ) p1 p2 p m11 m2 2 (m1 m2 )V
m11 m2 2
m1 m2
:
V

K ( ) K ( ) E 1 m112 1 m2 22 1 (m1 m2 )V 2 E
E .

2
2
1
1
1
m112 m2 22 (m1 m2 )V 2
2
2
2

E
.

A)
.
) x y .

.
) :

p x , ( )
p

p ( ) p ( ) x , ( )

p y , ( ) p y , ( )

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K ( ) K ( ) E
E
.
:

m1 m2 , 1 2
, . :
) .
) .

Vy
m1

Vx

m2

p x ( ) p x ( )

p p
p y ( ) p y ( )
x :

p x p x m11 m1 m2 Vx V x

m11
m1 m2

p y p y m2 2 m1 m2 V y V y

m2 2
m1 m2

V :

V 2 Vx2 V y2 V Vx2 V y2

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x .
,

Vy
Vx

)
m1 m2.

1
1
m112 m2 22
2
2

m1 m2 .

1
m1 m2 V 2
2

:
1
1
1
. . m112 m2 22 m1 m2 V 2
2
2
2

, ,
, ,
. :
)

M

( ).

.

:

1
I ( ) Ml 2
3

1
L L ml I ( ) m l ml Ml 2 m l
3

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)

M

( ).

.
:

1
I ( ) Ml 2
3

:
1
I ( ) I ml 2 Ml 2 ml 2
3

L L ml I ( ) ml 1 Ml 2 ml 2
3

DOPPLER
Doppler ,
,

.
.
:
) Doppler ,
. ( )
) .
.

.


.

.
,
f

(1)

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fs

(2)

fs

(2) (1) :

/ fs

fs

: f

fs

fs

(+) (-)
.

-
.

s
.


.


.

.
(). t t

x s s .
.
x s s .
. x s s (1)
: f s

fs

(2)
:
fs

1
1

fs

(3)

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(2) (3) (1) :

fs

s
fs

(4)

fs

,
: f

(5)

(4) (5) :

f s
f
f
s

fs

s
( f f s ).
:

f
s

f s

f
s

f s

(-) (+)
.


:

f
s

f s

:

.

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