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Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
Foundation Engineering-I
Introduction
CHAPTER One
I NTRODUCTI ON
Every building consists of two basic Components
o The super structure
o The sub structure (Foundation)
The basic function of foundation is to transmit
o the dead load (weight of walls, partitions, floors, roofs, and other permanent
structures)
o Super imposed load (Live loads) eg. People, furniture, machines etc.
o wind load
From a building to the soil on which the building rests in such away that
a) settlements are with in permissible limits, without causing cracks in the super
structure
b) the soil doesnt fail by the shear failure criterion
Generally foundation is therefore, that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the
ground to which the loads are transmitted. The foundation should be sufficiently strong to
prevent excessive settlement as well as differential settlement. Differential settlement may be
caused by
i)
weak sub soils
ii)
Shrinkable and expansive soils (clay)
iii)
frost action
iv)
movement of ground water and uplift pressure
v)
Excessive vibration, slipping of strata on slopping etc.
Foundations serve the following purposes:
1. Reduction of load intensity
- by increasing the area of contact, so that the total load divided by the total area
(intensity of load) doesnt exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.
2. Even distribution of loads
- Foundations distribute the non uniform load of the superstructure evenly to the sub
soil.
3. Provision of level surface
4. Lateral stability
- It anchors the super structure to the ground, thus imparting lateral stability to the
super structure.
5. Safety against undermining
- provides structural safety against undermining (scouring) due to burrowing animals
and flood water.
6. Protection against soil movements
- minimizes cracks in the super structure due to expansion or contraction of sub soil
because of moisture movement in some problematic soils.
Lecture Notes
Introduction
Df
1. SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
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Introduction
a) Single
footing
b) Stepped
footing
c) Slopped
Footing
Wall
Footing
Wall
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Introduction
Wall
Steps
(Offsets)
Footing
e) Stepped footing
Cased Piles
Standard pile
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Introduction
a) Rectangular footing
b) Trapezoidal footing
Wall
Column
Column
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Introduction
Footing of wall
STRAP BEAM
Adjoining wall
Figure-3: Strap footing
1.4 Mat (raft) Foundation
- A raft or mat is a combined footing that cover the entire area beneath a
structure and support all the walls and columns
- Mat foundation will be used when:
o the allowable soil pressure is low
o the building loads are heavy
o use of spread footing covers more than the one half the area.
-
Deep foundations are those in which the depth of the foundation constructed by ordinary
methods of open pit excavations or deep drilling excavation. Deep foundations are of the
following types.
1. Pile foundations- more commonly used.
2. Pier foundation
3. Caisson or well foundation
Arba Minch University/ Engineering Faculty/ Civil Engg Dept
Lecture Notes
Introduction
- Piles used for building foundation may be of four types; based on the function
they serve.
Used to transfer load through water or soft soil to a suitable bearing stratum.
Such piles are used to carry heavy loads safely to hard strata. Multi-storey
buildings are invariably founded on end bearing piles, so that the settlements
are minimized.
Loose soil
Loose soil
Hard strata
Fig 5 End bearing pile
Side friction
Introduction
Lecture Notes
Introduction
Well cap
Top plug
Top plug
steining
Sand filling
Curb
Curb
Bottom plug
Fig-9 Well foundation
-
wharves = landing stage where ships may moor for loading/ unloading
dock= artificially enclosed body of water where ships are admitted for
loading, unloading or repair
In black cotton soil and other expansive type of soils, building often cracks
due to relative ground movements. This is caused by alternate swelling and
shrinkage of the soil due to changes in its moisture content.
I. Strip or pad foundation:
For medium loads, strip foundation (for walls) and pad foundation (for
columns) may be provided with care.
Lecture Notes
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Introduction
Wall
Floouring
Plinth beam
Plinth
beam
Flouring
Plinth protection
Sand
Plinth
protection
Sand
30
30
Mooram
Sand
Mooram
60 -90cm
60 cm
Sand
Fig10 Simple sand fill
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Introduction
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