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State of The Art of Small Scale Biomass Combustion
State of The Art of Small Scale Biomass Combustion
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Content
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Dual-fuel boilers
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Classification of different
small-scale
biomass combustion system
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Biomass fuels
Non-wood
fuels
Wood fuels
Automatically
fed systems
Manually fed
systems
Tiled stoves
Stoves
Boilers
logwood
briquettes
logwood
briquettes
logwood
briquettes
Tiled stoves
Stoves
pellets
pellets
Boilers
pellets
wood chips
Automatically
fed systems
Dual fuel
boilers
Boilers
straw pellets
corn
miscanthus
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State-of-the-art:
Capacity range:
Usually 15 to 70 kW
Fuels used:
Downdraft boilers
(show a more stable combustion than in over-fire boilers (old technology))
Features:
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Microprocessor
controller
Suction of smoke
when opening door
Types:
Storage room
Secondary combustion
(cyclone combustion chamber)
Source: [Frling GmbH (A)]
Draught regulation by
combustion air fan
Very low emissions
(improved mixing)
Automatic control
typically with lambda (O2)
sensor
Downdraft boiler
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Efficiency [%]
Year
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State-of-the-art:
Proven automatic fuel feeding (screw conveyors, agitators) with burnback protection
Micro-processor controlled
(load and combustion control similar to pellet boilers)
Air staging (primary and secondary combustion zone with separate air
feed)
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Explanations:
1 storage container
4
2 feeding screw
3 combustion
chamber with
radiation plate
4 heat exchanger
with turbolators
and cleaning
system
5 ash container
5
2
1
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State-of-the-art:
Fully automatic operation (only ash box emptying once or twice a year)
Load control by regulation of the fuel and primary air feed guided by the feed
water temperature
Air staging (primary and secondary combustion zone with separate air
feed)
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State-of-the-art (continued):
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1) underfed burners
Underfed
burners
2) horizontally
fed
Horizontally
fed burners
burners
overfed burners
Overfed3)burners
Source: [Van Loo et al., 2002]
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Retort furnaces
(only in combination with
underfed burners)
Grate furnaces
(only in combination with
horizontally or overfed
burners)
Fixed grate
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Step grate
Hinged grate
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Explanations:
1 . fuel container
2 . stoker screw
3 . primary combustion chamber
with primary air addition
5 . secondary combustion
chamber
6 . heat exchanger with cleaning
device
7 . bottom ash container
3
8
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feed water
Efficiency: up to 103%
(according to type test by BLT
Wieselburg)
depends on return
temperature and excess O2
Nominal capacities:
8, 10, 15 and 20 kW
return
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105
O2 content = 6%
O2 content = 8%
O2 content = 10%
O2 content = 12%
100
95
90
85
80
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
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16
106
14
104
12
102
Efficiency [%]
Fine particulates
[mg/MJ]
10
8
6
4
100
98
96
94
92
90
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Explanations:
1 process control system
2 fan
3 chamotte
4 combustion chamber
for firewood
5 pellet burner
6 isolation
7 secondary combustion
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chamber
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State-of-the-art:
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Guntamatic POWERCORN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Furnace doors
Step grate primary air
Combustion chamber
Fill level indicator
Spiral jet secondary air
Reaction pipe
Cleaning cover
Vibrating mechanism
Tube bundle heat exchanger
Induced draught fan
Cleaning of heat exchanger
Smoke pipe
Lambda probe
Flue gas sensor
Cleaning/ grate drive
Ash auger
Removable ash container
Menu-guided control
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Hargassner AgroFire:
fan
heat exchanger
with automatic
cleaning system
secondary combustion
chamber
moving grate
(step grate)
automatic ash
removal system
Source: [Hargassner GesmbH (A)]
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Emissions - overview
Mg
200
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(500)
180
163
160
140
120
100
87
73
80
60
40
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20
0
CO
TOC
NOx (NO2)
field measurements
dust
limiting value
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Mg
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300
250
CO [mg/MJ]
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200
150
100
50
0
1996 - 1998
1999 - 2001
2002 - 2004
2005
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60
50
Dust [mg/MJ]
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40
30
20
10
0
1996 - 1998
1999 - 2001
2002 - 2004
2005
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NOX emission
700
80%
600
70%
wood
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500
400
300
200
100
0
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
SRC
60%
waste wood
50%
kernels
straw
40%
whole crops
30%
energy grasses
20%
10%
0%
0,01
0,10
1,00
10,00
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700
160
NOx emissions
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0.3
800
140
120
100
80
Fuel: chipboard
NOx emissions
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60
40
20
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
0
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
Explanations: Source: [Hesch et.al., 2011, Hesch et.al., 2011 (submitted)], measurements performed
in a moving grate furnace (nominal boiler capacity: 150 kWth), air staging and flue gas recirculation
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above grate applied, temperature in the primary combustion chamber for all tests: 1,000 C
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1.000
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softwood
hardwood
bark
waste wood
straw
100
1.000
10.000
100.000
concentration of aerosol forming elements in the fuel (K+Na+Zn+Pb)
[mg/kg (d.b.)]
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alkalimetal sulfate
alkalimetal chloride
alkalimetal carbonate
oxides
non-carbonate carbon
100%
wt% (d.b.)
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
full load
50%
load
full load
50%
load
full load
50%
load
modern logwood
boilers
full load
full load
old
stoves
modern
stoves
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1,000
R2 = 0.85
PM1 [mg/MJ]
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100
10
statistic significance: p<0.05
10
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
CO [mg/MJ]
Explanations: mean values from test runs performed with different old and modern
residential heating systems (modern pellet boiler, modern wood chip boiler, modern
logwood boiler, old logwood boiler, modern stove, old stove, modern tiled stove)
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chimney duct
Secondary
combustion zone
Heat exchanger
tubes
Fuel inlet
Primary air
inlets
Fuel feed
Scheme of the grate used for simulations
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CFD based combustion design (2) particle and flue gas temperatures [C]
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T [C]
T [C]
Particle temperatures
Visual observation
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H2O
CO
Volatiles
CO2
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H2 O
volatiles
CO
CO2
Contours of release rates at a vertical cross section through the grate axis; x= 5cm
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Dual-fuel boilers (wood pellets / wood chips and wood pellets / firewood)
For non-wood fuels only a few manufacturers offer solutions but they
are available on the market. Emissions and ash related problems are
generally higher for non-wood fuels
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The influence of the fuel itself (N, ash and alkali metal contents vary) is
of great relevance the technologies have to be adapted to the fuels
used
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