Trade Union Training Module For Women (Sinhala)

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Stepping Stones:
Trade Union Women Claiming Political Leadership
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1
ISBN 978-955-1770-18-1
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56$1" iri mgqu." ldi,a h" fld<U 8' Y%S ,xld'
rl;k( 94 112690201" 5632045" 5635800" 5635900
*elaia( 94 11269020a1" 2690192
oaHq;a ;eme,a( wmcsrilanka@gmail.com
www.facebook.com/womenandmediacollective
www.twitter.com/womenandmedia
www.youtube.com/user/wmcsrilanka
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jevlrk w;r ;u jD;a;Sh ;h inkaOfhka n,mE lsug jD;a;Shuh jYfhka
ixOdkh fkdfuka wvq .kqfokqldr n,hla iys;j Y%u fj<|fmd< iy /lshd
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fukau ndOl f;aref.k jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a l=i,;d iy kdhl;aj
jOkh je hqKq lssu fjk ljrodg;a jvd w;HdjYH fohls' f ksid jD;a;Sh
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lsu fjkqfjka n,.ekau iy jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;ajfhka m%cd kdhl;ajh fj;
ldka;djka fhduq lsu hq.fha wjYH;djhls' fuu wjYH;djh is;ays ;ndf.k jD;a;Sh
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<dlr .ekSug jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka n,i;= lsu iy Tjqkaf.a kdhl;ajh
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jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh kexu i|ydjk tu m%Odk mrud:h" my;
wruqKq Tiafia <dlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'
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;nd .ekSf yelshdj jOkhlr .kshs' jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djg mqyqKqlrefjl=
f,i l=i,;d ixjOkhlr .ekSug Wmldrjk Wmfoia iy uQ,Ou m<uqjk
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jkafka flfiao hk ldrKh fukau mqyqKqlrejka iska mqyqKqjg fmr iy
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jD;a;Sh i;s whs;sjdisl ms<sn|j ;ju;a wjfndaO lrf.k fkdue;' tuksid
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inkaOfhka lreKq idlPd lrhs'
yhjeks fudhq,h
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lsu wruqKq lrhs' iEu ldka;djlau tl yd iudk f,i iudcdkqfhdackh
fkdue;ss w;r iuyr wjia:djkays we;e ldka;djkag iudcfha ldka;djla
yeish hq;= wdldrh" l;d l< hq;= wkaou fukau l;d l< hq;= ldrKd ms<sn|j
t<eU.;a w.;s.d mQj ks.uk |f.k tlajru fjkiau f,fyis myiq
ldhhla fkdh yel' f ksid ikaksfok yelshdj" flaj,a lsf yelshdj
iy .kqfokqldr n,h kexu msKsi jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag iqfYaI mqyqKq
ieisjdr meje;auo wjYH jkafkah'
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wjOdkh fhduqlrk w;r jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag ;u whs;sjdisl kd.kq
msKsi wjYH Od;d ixjOkh ms<sn|jo fYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'
wgjeks fudhq,h
wgjeks fudhq,fhka ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdld;ajh Tiafia
foaYmd,khg inkaO jkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j lreKq idlPd lrhs'
fuys jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdld;ajh inkaOfhka f,dalfha fukau Y%S ,xldf
w;S; WodyrKo iu.ska idlPd lrk w;r tys fYaIfhka w;S;fhka wmg
w;aoelS ,nd.; yelafla flfiao hkak ms<sn|j lreKq wjOdrKhg ,lalrkq
,nhs'
tla fudhq,hlg ieis .Kkdjla we;=,;a jk w;r tla ieishla i|yd wju
jYfhka meh ;=kl muK ld,hla .;f' fuu ieis ixOdkh lsf" jD;a;Ssh
i;s ldka;djkag ;u jev fuka neyerj ksoyfia is;=,s jOkh lr.; yels
mirhl fukau ld,h lem l< yels khl tajd ixOdkh lsfuka fuu
mqyqKq w;afmdf;a wruqKq jvd;a fyd`ka iM,lr .; yelsjkq we;'
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mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia iy yekau
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cd,.;u iy n,.ekau
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jD;a;Sh i;sfhka foaYmd,khg
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mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
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fuu w;afmd; ilialr we;af;a jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag mqyqKqlrejka
f,i ish YlH;d Tmakxjd .kq msKsi;a" jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a
kdhl;ajh jOkh lrkq msKsi;ah' uq,a ieisfha mgkau fuys wka;.;
mqyqKq l%ufo ilialr we;af;a jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh
ixjOkh jkq msKsih' kuq;a kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ,eh hq;af;a
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ;=< kdhl;ajh hk ixl,amh flfia .e
we;aoehs hk wjfndaOh we;slr .ksks' f ksid ia;%Ss-mqreI iudcNdjh"
n,h iy kdhl;ajh flf flfia n,mdkafkaoehs fidhd ne,Su w;sYh
jeo.;a f' fyd| mqyqKqlrefjla u hkq fyd| kdhsldjla ug
iqiql jOkhlr .ekSuls' f ksid m<uq jk fudhq,fha uQ,sl
wfmalaIdj jkafka jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag fyd| mqyqKqlrefjla
ug wjYH oekqu imdokhhs' tu oekqu fuu mqyqKq fudhq,h ;=<
imdokhfldg we;af;a jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka fj; ia;%Ss-mqreI
iudcNd ixf;ajh iy kdhl;ajh ms<sn| ye`.Su we;s lrks'
fuu ieisfha wruqK

jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka w;r tluq;=lu iy ;%;ajh we;sjk m mqyqKq
jevigykla wdrN lrkafka flfiaoehs hkak mqyqKqlrejka$jD;a;Sh i;s
ldka;djka oekqj;a lsu'
ia;%SsNdjh" mqreINdjh iy kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j iyNd.slhska ork wdl,am
ieisfha uq,u wkdjrKh lr .ekSu'
ia;%SsmqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh fj; wjOdkh fhduq lrka id:l
kdhl;aj mqyqKqjla is lrkafka flfiao hkak jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka iy
ixOdhlhska oekqj;a lsu'
mqyqKqjl iyNd.sjkakka" mqyqKqlrejka iy ixOdhlhska wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;= lreKq ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,ndu'
12
fudhq,h 1
mqyqKqlrejdg iy ixOdhlhskag Wmfoia

mqyqKqjg fmr iQodk jkafka flfiao@
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka fjkqfjka mqyqKqjla ixOdkh lsf mqyqKqlrejd iy
ixOdhlhska iska jD;a;Sh i;s ksfhda;jhka iu. tlg tl;=" we;sh yels
.eg idlPdfldg ixOdkh lsfuka" jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag ;uka iyNd.s jk
mqyqKq jevigyk ;ukaf.a tlla f,i ye`.Shkq we;' ;dlaIKsl Ihkaj, jeo.;alu"
mqyqKqlref.a olaIlu fukau mqyqKq myiql iy iyNd.sjkakka wmyiq;djhg m;a
fkdjk wdldrfhka mqyqKqj iliau mqyqKq jevigykl id:l;ajhg n,mdhs' f
ksid mqyqKqjg fmr my; lreKq inkaOfhka ixOdhlhska iska wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;=h'
1' tla mqyqKqjla i|yd jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka 20-30 fofkl=f.ka hq;a
lKavdhula f;dard .ekSu iqiqh' f ;=<ska mqyqKqlrejdg iEu
iyNd.sjkafkla iu.u l%shdldj inkaO ug wjia:dj ,ef'
2' tla mqyqKq ieishla i|yd meh 2-3l ld,hla .; l< hq;= w;r" > ieis
ixOdkh fkdl< hq;=h' fuu ieisj, iyNd.sjkakkag l;d lsug iy woyia
yqjudrelr .ekSug wjia:dj ,eu iy;sl l< hq;=h'
3' iEu meh ;=klgu miq kd 10l muK fl ld,hla ,ndu jeo.;ah'
4' mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjkakka w;r wd.l ldrKd u; hd{d lsug" wd.u isys
lsug wjYH msia isk g" Tjqkaf.a wd.l iy ixialD;sl wjYH;dj,g
bv ie,fik m mqyqKqj ixOdkh l< hq;= f'
5' ia;%Ss-mqreI iudcNdjhg ixf mqyqKq wdh;khla fidhd .ekSu jeo.;ajk
w;r tfia wdh;khla fidhd.;a miqj tu mqyqKq wdh;kh i|yd uqo,a f.jd
fjkalrjd .; hq;=h' tfiau k fjka lsf jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag jvd
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;SrKh lsu jeo.;ah' jevuqj i|yd wjYH ksjdvq ,nd .ekSu msKsi wju
jYfhka i;s yhlg fmrj;a mqyqKqj i|yd k
jljdkq we;=,;a le|f ,sms ilid heu l<
hq;= w;r tu ,smshg miqmrula jYfhka rl;k
mKsv u.ska Tjqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh ;yjqre
lr.ekSuo w;HdjYH f' kej; fojk j;djg;a
jevuqjg k y;rlg muK fmr rl;k
weu;=ula Tiafia iyNd.slhskaf.a meKSu
iarlr .ekSu iqiq h'
6' jevuqj i|yd wh jeh iQodk lsf jD;a;Sh
i;s ldka;djkag m%jdykh fjkqfjka h
uqo,la oeug isf k tu uqo,a Tjqka fj;
,nd ug ixOdhlhska iska Wkka h hq;=h'
13
tfiau wu;a fCIa;%fha ffoksl mhg jevlrk llre ldka;djkag

khla jehfldg mqyqKqjlg iyNd.sug fndfyda g wmyiq h yelafla Tjqka
uqyqK fok o;djh ksid h yel' f ksid tjeks ldka;djka i|yd mqyqKqj
ixOdkh lrkafka k" Tjqkaf.a ffoksl jegqm ,nd ug lghq;= lsfuka
iyNd.s jkakdf.a mQK wjOdkh mqyqKqj fj; fhduq lrjd.; yelsh'
7' tfiau ixOdlhlhska iska im;aodhl .dia;= i|yd jehjk uqo, fldmuKo
hkak inkaOfhka l,a;shd oekqj;a im;aodhlhskag f. lsug wjYH
.siq" ,sms iy uqo,a wkque;sh l,ska iQodk lr.; hq;=h'
8' jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh" kdhl;ajh" flaj,a lsu
jeks ud;Dld inkaOfhka oekg mj;sk oekq ugu uek .ekSug mqyqKq
wjYH;d ms<sn|j ilaIKhla lsu jeo.;ah' f ksid mqyqKqjg fmr wod<
Ihka inkaOfhka Tjqkaf.a oekqj;aNdjh iy wdl,am ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Sug
mQj mlaIKhla (pre test) l< yelsh' tfia lsu jeo.;a jkafka f u.ska
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka ;=< oekg mj;sk oekqf we;s wvqmdvq u`.yrjkafka
flfiao hkak ms<sn|j mqyqKqlrejdg iy ixOdhlhskag ukd wjfndaOhla
,nd.; yelsjk nekss'
im;aodhlhska$mqyqKqlrejka f;dard .ekSu iy Tjqka iu. .kq

fokq lsu
1' im;aodhlhska f;dard .ekSf ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh inkaOfhka tu
im;aodhlhd fld;r ixf o hk ldrKh ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su jvd;a
jeo.;a f' Ih ms<sn| m%K;djhg wu;rj .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh" ,sx.sl
ysxikh jeks Ihhka flfrys w.;s.d f,i fkdn,k im;aodhlhska
f;dard .ekSug ks;ru j.n,d hq;=j we;'
2' h ;dlaIKsl Ihka inkaOfhka fYaI{ oekqula wjYH jkg WodyrK
f,i iduQysl flaj,a lsu" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh" m%ckk fi!LHh jeks Ihka
ms<sn| m%K oekqula we;s kS;s{jhla" ffjoHjrfhla jeks jD;a;Shuh
mqyqKqlrejka fhdod .ekSu jeo.;ah'
3' mqyqKqj mj;ajk m<df;ka tu im;aodhlhska fidhd .ekSug yelsoehs
m<uqj fidhd n,kak'
4' ia;%Ss m%Yak inkaOfhka ixf mqreI mdYajfha mqyqKqlrefjdao is;s' f ksid
mqreI iy ia;%S fomlaIfhau msia mqyqKqlrejka f,i fhdod.ekSu jeo.;ah'
5' mqyqKqj ixOdkh lrkakka iska jevuqjg i;s wglg fmrj;a
im;aodhlhska f;dard .ekSu l< hq;= f' Tjqkaf.a f,djka iu. iiod
mqyqKqj mj;ajk k" f,dj iy ia:dkh fjka lsu l< hq;=h' fuys jD;a;Sh
i;s ldka;djkag meKsh yels myiq khla uo w;sYh jeo.;ah'
14
fudhq,h 1
6' mqyqKq jevuqj ixOdkh lrkakka iska

jevigyfka wruqKq" wfmalaIs; m%;sM, iy
mqyqKqlrejka iska ms<smeh hq;= Wmfoia
ms<sn|j l,ska idlPdfldg tu ldrKd
inkaOfhka ,s;j oekqh hq;=h'
7' meKsh yels Ialr;d j<lajd,Su
i|yd mqyqKq wdh;kfha ku" ,smskh"
rl;k wxlh iy ud. is;shula
im;aodhlhska fj; ,nd fokak' tfiau
im;aodhlhskaf.a iy iyNd.sjkakkaf.a
k ,ehsia;=j mqyqKq wdh;kfha fodrgq
ldhd,hg l,a we;sj ,nd ug wjYH
lghq;= imdokh lsfuka im;aodhlhskag fukau iyNd.sjkakkag uqyqK
ug isjk wmyiq;d u`.yeh yel'
8' yishl weu;Su i|yd im;aodhlhskaf.a rl;k wxl ixOdhlhska iska
< ;nd.; hq;= w;r ixOdhlhskaf.a cx.u rl;k wxl im;aodhlhska iy
mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjkakka fj;o ,nd h hq;=h'
9' im;aodhlhska iska jevuqj i|yd fudhq, fyda igyka ms<sfh< lr
we;af;a k tajd l,ska ,ndf.k mqyqKqjg wjYH msgm;a m%udKh uqKh
lr.; hq;=j we;'
10' mqyqKq ieish mj;ajk jD;a;shg iy m%foaYhg wod<jk ixLHd f,aLk" o;a;"
isoa wOHhk" jeks oE /f.k tk f,i iyNd.sjkakka oekqj;a l< hq;= w;r
ta u.ska jevuqjg mQj iQodkula iyNd.sjkakka w;r we;s lsug mshjr .;
yelsf'
11' jevuqf jd;dj ieliSug jd;dlrefjl= m;alr .ekSuo ;j;a jeo.;a
ldrKhls' jevuq jd;djg jevigyfka m%.;sh iy wkd.; jev igykaj,g
jeo.;a hyels lreKq ldrKd we;=,;a h yels neka" jD;a;Sh i;sj,g
fujka jd;d m%fhdackj;a h yelsh'
15
wdik ieliSu iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg ixf mqyqKq myiql

f;dard .eksf wkq.ukh l< hq;= uQ,sl uQ,Ou
1' mqyqKqlrejd$jev igyka ixOdhlhska
f,dikska mqyqKq uOHia:dkh fj;
f.dia mqyqKqj ldhlaIuj islsug
wjYH myiql ;sfoehs uid ne,sh
hq;= f'
2' mqyqKqjg wjYHjk wdldrhg Yd,dj
ilia we;aoehs uid ne,Su iy wjYH
wdldrhg mqyqKq Yd,dj ilialr .ekSu
jeo.;ah' fndfyda g U yevhg" rjqug
fyda jgfi yevhg wdik ilia lsu;a"
wdik fma,s w;r Tn fudn hdug bvlv
;su;a mqyqKqjl b;du jeo.;a lreKls'
3' iEu fokdf.au uqyqKq fmfkk wdldrfhka" Tjqkaf.a lgy`v meye,sj wefik
wdldrfhka iy iyNd.sjkakkaf.a l%shdld odhl;ajh ,nd.; yels wdldrfhka
wdik ieliSu iqiqh'
4' wnd;nj" jhia.;Ndjh" .NKSNdjh" ud;D;ajh iy ia;%Ss-mqreI iudcNdjh
jeks ldrKdj,g ixf wdldrfhka mqyqKq uOHia:dkh f;dard .ekSug j.n,d
.; hq;= f'
5' hlsis wnd; ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK we;s mqoa.,hska iy .NKS ldka;djkag
myiqfjka <dh yels wdldrfha mqyqKq uOHia:dkhla f;dard .ekSu jeo.;a
f' WodyrKhla jYfhka ;gq ;=kla ke`.Sug iy neiSug we;s Wvu ;gqjl
mqyqKqj meje;aug f;dard .ekSug jvd" wnd; jQ wfhl=g mjd myiqfjka
m%fY hyels ;ekl mqyqKqj meje;afuka tu mqoa.,hskag fkd fjkiaj
ie,lSug wmg yelsjkq we;'
6' mqyqKq ld,h ;=< iyNd.slhskag wjYH myiql ms<sn|j l,a;shd uid
ne,Su isl< hq;=h' we;e jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag lsfndk jhfia
<orejka ish yel' f ksid fkajdisl mqyqKq ixOdkh lssf iyNd.s
jkakkag l=vd orejka iskafka k" orejdg iy orejd /ln,d .ekSug ;j;a
jemqr flfkl=g kjd;eka myiql ,ndu iy wdydrmdk iemhSu ms<sn|j
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= f' ldka;djlg ys we;s m%ckk ldhNdrh ksid
wehg ysh hq;= mqyqKqf wjia:d wys fkdug j.n,d .ekSu ixOdkh
lrkakkaf.a hq;=luhs'
7' mqyqKq Yd,dj ;=< wjYH wdf,dalh we;ao hkak;a tfiau m>Klh i lssug
iy mj fmdhska (power point presentation) bm;a ls i|yd myiql
;sfo hkak;a fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' ksh; ia:dkfha oHq;a wen (plugs)
16
8' mqyqKqj mj;ajk ia:dkh iy tys we;s myiql tk kjd;eka" jeisls<s" Yd,dj"
fviala' mqgq hkdfhys ;;a;ajh inkaOfhka l,a;shd lsish oekqula
,nd.ekSu jeo.;ah'
9' fuys m<uqjk ,ehsia;=f we;s mqyqKqjg wod< ,smsjH" mEka" mekai,a" WmlrK"
w;am;s%ld wdh l,a;shd ilia lr.; hq;=j ;sf'
10' tfiau wl riakh we;s g mqyqKqjkakka wmyiq;djhg m;ajk ksid Yd,dj
;=< ksis jd;dY%h ,eug yelsjk wdldrfha iq<x ljq we;aoehs uid ne,Sula
l< hq;=j ;sf' riakh wju lsug Yd,dj ;=< ,s mxld we;aoehs uid
ne,Sulao isl< yelsh' tfia myiql ke;s g tyd fuyd f.khd yels ,s
mxld weKjq ls l< yel'
17
fudhq,h 1
we;aoehs hkak l,ska fidhd ne,Sula lsu jeo.;a f' tjeks myiql fkdue;s
ia:dkhla k myiql we;s fjk;a ia:dkhla fidhd .ekSug fyda tjeks
myiql fjk;a l%u Tiafia <`.dlr .ekSug" WodyrK jYfhka wdik ilialr
we;s wdldrfha Ydj fjkiafldg ksh; ;dlaIK myiql we;s ;ekaj,
m>Kl wdY%s; bm;a ls islsug fyda wu;r ,s.= Nd;d lsu u.ska
Ialr;d u`.yrjd .ekSug mshjr .; hq;= f'
11' we;eg jdhq ilrK hka;%j, l%shdld;ajh wl ;;a;ajhlska mej;Sfuka

iS;, jeh yels ksid" jdhq ilrK hka;%j, l%shdld;ajh ms<sn|j l,ska
oek.ekSu jeo.;ah'
12' h fya;=jla ksid kjd;eka myiql wjYH fkdjk wjia:djl fyda flld,Sk
mqyqKq jevigykl ldka;djkag uqyqK mEug isj we;s wdrlaIdj ms<sn| m%Yak
inkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduqlrka rd;%S ug fmr mqyqKq jevigyk wjika
lsu w;HdjYH ldrKdjls'
13' we;e g jD;a;Ssh i;sj,g iyNd.su inkaOfhka ldka;djkag ish ksjfia
idudlhskaf.ka wNsfhda. t,a,f' tfukau ksjfia j.lSj,g ndOd fkdfjk
fia mqyqKq ieis iji 4'30 g fmr ksu l< hq;=h' ukao ? fnda jQ miq ldka;djka
f.org meKSu ms<sn|j jdyl ldka;djka k Tjqkaf.a iehka we;= mjqf,a
mqreI mdYjh fukau mjqf,a fjk;a idudlhska o wlue;s ug bv we;s neks'
14' fkajdisl mqyqKq jevuq ixOdkh lsf lsfndk jhfia orejka
fkdish;a ;ksju ksjfia oud tkakg ne jhfia <uhska iy Tjqka /ln,d
.ekSug ksjfia myiql fkdue;s jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag mqyqKqj ,ndh
yelafla flfiao hkak inkaOfhka fujeks mqyqKq jevigyka ixOdkh
lsf wjOdkh fhduq lsu b;du;au jeo.;a f' mjqf,a j.lS ksid lsisu
ldka;djlg mqyqKq ,eu w;miq ug bv fkd;eug j.n,d .; hq;=h' f
i|yd l=vd orejka we;s iyNd.slhskag wjYH myiql ie,iSug" mqyqKq ld,h
;=< l=vd orejkag /ljrK myiql wjYHjk iyNd.slhska m%udKh l,ska
oek .ekSug lghq;= lrkak' mqyqKq uOHia:dkh f;dard .ekSf l=vdorejka
r|jd ;ndf.k fkdaofhka .;l< yels ksoyia ia:dk ;sfoehs uid
n,kak' iyNd.sjkakka iu. idlPdfldg
mqyqKq ld,h ;=< orejka /ln,d .ekSug
hlsis flfkl= fhou flfrys wjOdkh
fhduqlsu b;du;a w;HdjYH ldrKdjla f'
fndfyda mqyqKq uOHia:dk ilia h hq;af;a
fuu wjYH;djhka is;ays ;nd f.kh'
15' jevuqj meje;afjk mqyqKq
uOHiaa:dkh myiqfjka fidhd .;
yels iy <dh yels ia:dkhl
;su jeo.;ah' iyNd.slhskag mqyqKq
uOHia:dkh myiqfjka fidhd .ekSu
msKsi ud. igyka we;=,;a is;shula
fyda ud. Ydjka iy <dh yels
nia r: wxl ms<sn|j l,a;shd oekqu
jeo.;a f'
18
17' mqyqKq uOHia:dkh ;=<g meKs miq mqyqKqj mj;ajk Yd,dj fidhd .ekSf
we;sjk wmyiq;d u`.ykq msKsi" mqyqKq uOHia:dkfha m%Odk fodrgqf isg
mqyqKq Yd,dj fj; iy kjd;eka .kakd ia:dk fj; hk Ydk;s B;,j,ska
olajk f,i mqyqKq uOHia:dkhg Wmfoia fokak'
iyNd.sjkakka mqyqKq uOHia:dkh fj; <d jQ miq ms<s.ekSu

1' iyNd.slhska mqyqKq uOHia:dkh fj; <dug fmr jevigyk ixOdkh
lrkakka tu ia:dkhg hd hq;= f'
2. iyNd.sjkakka uOHia:dkh fj; <djQ g Tjqka idorfhka iy WKqiqj
ms<s.kak' fYaIfhkau iyNd.sjkakka tlsfkld ykkafka ke;s ;;a;ajhla

;=< wdrNfha Tjqka ;=< we;sh yels wmyiq;djhka u`. yerug fujeks
WKqiq ms<s.ekSula ufydamld jkq we;'
3' jevigyk inkalrK ks,Odhd ;uka nj iyNd.sjkakkag ykajd fokak'
4' tfukau ksh; iyNd.slhska m%udKh meK we;aoehs uid ne,Sug
inkaldrlhska mshjr .; hq;=h'
5' kjd;eka .ekSu i|yd iy mqyqKq jevigykg ,shdmx lsu wdrN lsf
Tjqka wmyiq;djhg m;afkdjk wdldrfhka th is l< hq;=h' we;e g nr
.uka u,a,lao Tijdf.k ,shdmxh i|yd fmda,sf isug isu is;a ojk
ldrKhla h yels neka ,shdmx lsf f,aLk lsysmhla ieliSsu iy
,shdmx lrk fihg m%udKj;a ;r mqoa.,hska fhdojd lkka th
is l< hq;=h'
6' fndfyda msia r neyer isg meK we;ak m<uqj Tjqkag vdj ksjd .ekSug
wdik myiql imhd isis,a u$f;a meka wdfhka ix.%y lrkak'
7' kjd;eka myiql iys; jevigykla k" iyNd.slhskag wjYH myiql ksis
m ,enqfka oehs iy;sllr .kakd f;la ixOdhlhska mqyqKq uOHia:dkfha
/` ish hq;=h'
19
fudhq,h 1
16' mqyqKqj meje;afjk ld,fha iyNd.slhska i|yd ms<sfh, lrk wdydr

jfgdarej l=uk wdldrfha oehs l,ska fidhd n,d ;SrKh l< hq;=h'
iyNd.sjkakka w;r ksudxYsl mqoa.,hska o ish yels neka Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d
ms<sn|j l,a;nd wjOdkh fhduq lsu iqiqh' tfiau wdydr f;af wd.l
iy O ixialD;sl wjYH;djhka iy ;;a;ajhkag .relrk wdldrfhka th
isl< hq;=j ;sf' WodyrKhla f,iska yska Nla;slhska iskd jevigyklg
.j uia we;=,;a lsu b;du;a wixf l%shdjla f' f ksid ieugu wdydr
jfgdare f;af wd.l iy ixialD;sl ldrKdj,g ixfu jevigyfka
id:l;ajhg fya;=jkq we;'
8' tfiau mqyqKq ld,h ;=< we;sh yels .egj,g i fiug inkalrK
lKavdhf flfkl= mqyqKq uOHia:dkh ;=< .gu /` ish hq;= f'
iudrNl ieish iy wjidk ieish - ixOdhlhska iska wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
1' iudrNl ieish pd;%dkql+,j fmd,a f;,a myka o,ajd cd;sl .Sh .dhkdfldg
islsug leu;s g" ta inkaOj wjYH oE l,a;shd iqodklr .; hq;=j we;'
2' jD;a;Sfha i;sfha m%Odk j.lS orkakkag iudrNl ieishg wdrOkdfldg"
Tjqkag kh" f,dj iy ia:dkh l,ska okajd hjkak' jD;a;Sh i;sj, n,h
ork mqoa.,hskaf.a wdYsjdoh mqyqKq jevigykg ,nd .ekSug k Tjqkaf.a
mqK wkq.%yfhka iy oekqj;alka hq;=j jevigyk meje;au jeo.;ah'
3' ykajdf iy ms<s.ekSf l;dj lsug ixOdhl wdh;kfha j.lsj hq;=
wfhl= kl< yelsh' tu j.lsj hq;= mqoa.,hdg kHdh m;%h l,ska ,nd Tyq
fyda weh ta i|yd iqodk lrkak'
4' tfiau jev igyk wjidkfha iy;sl m;% ,nd fokafka k" tu iy;sl m;%
l,ska iqodkfldg jD;a;Sh i;s iy ixOdhl wdh;kj, kdhl;ajfha
w;aika l,ska ,ndf.k jevigyk ksud lrk ieish iqodk l< hq;=h
5' mqyqKq jevigyk wjidkfha jevuqf ieleiau iy mqyqKqj ms<sn|j
iyNd.sjkakkaf.a woyia oek .ekSu msKsi we.ehS m;%sldjla ,nd h hq;=h'
fulS we.ehS m;%sldf lreKq wkd.; mqyqKq
jev igyka ixOdkh lsu i|yd jeo.;a
jkafkah'
6' ia;=;s l;djla lrkafka k ta i|yd
ixOdhljrhd fyda Tyq$weh iska m;a l<
flfkl= iska isl< hq;= f'
7' mqyqKq ieish ;=< f,dj l<ukdlrKh
i|yd fyda f,dj u;la lsug
(time keeper.) iyNd.sjkakka f.ka flfkl=
m;a lsfuka ksis f,djg mqyqKqj wdrN
lsug" fl f,dj iy wjikajk f,dj
ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lsu hkdhg myiq
jkq we;'
20
fudhq,h 1
iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ke;fyd;a mqyqKqj ,nkakdf.a ldhNdrh

1' jeys wOHdmkfha iyNd.sjkakkag yeoEu muKla fkdj ;u oekqu
mqyqKqjkakd iu fnod .ekSf ldhh o we;' iyNd.sjkakd we;e g
YsIHfhla jk w;r ;j;a wjia:djl oekqu fnod .kakd .=rejrfhl= njg o
m;af'
2' mqyqKqlrejdg idjOdkj ijka foka
il%Ssh iyNd.s;ajhla oelau iyNd.s
jkakdf.a hq;=lu f' f ksid mqyqKqj
isjk w;r;=r wu;r idlPdj,
fkdfhh hq;=h' wka whg ndOd jk
m mqyqKqj meje;afjk w;r;=r
mqoa.,sl l;dnfya fhu mqyqKqlrejd
iy wka wh wmyiq;djhg ,la lrhs'
3' m%udo fkd mqyqKq ieis wdrN lsu
i|yd ksh; f,djgu meKSu jeo.;ah'
4' mqyqKq ieishg wod< lreKq muKla l;d lsug j.n,d .ekSu;a wkjYH whqka
l;d fkdlr isu;a iyNd.sjkakdf.a hq;=luls' tfiau wka wh l;d lrkg
Tjqkag .reire oelau;a fydka ijkau;a jeo.;a f'
5' mqyqKqj w;r;=r wka;cd, ixjdohkays fhu" f*aianqla ne,Su fyda mqyqKqjg
wod< fkdjk m m>Kl Nd;fhka je<lSu iyNd.sjkakdf.a hq;=luls'
6' wka ck lKavdh iy mqoa.,hska Wmydihg ,lajk mo" fh" NdIdj fyda
ixfla; Nd;d fkdlsug j. n,d.; hq;= w;r wka wh wmyiq;djhg m;ajk
wdldrfhka Tjqka ysjg iy ydiHhg ,la lsfuka o je<lsh hq;=h'
7' mqyqKq meje;afjk ld,h ;=< wka whf.a woyia iu. .eula we;sjQ g"
Tjqkaf.a woyiaaj,g myr fok wdldrfhka fkdj .re ire whqka is;a
fkdfok f,i ;u fjkia woyia fnod .ekSug j.n,d .kak'
8' wka wh wNsnjd hk m mqyqKqj ;=< wdm;Hhla we;sj lghq;= fkdlrkak'
tfiau lKavdh ye`.Su iy tluq;=lu | jefgk whqka fkd yeisu
jeo.;ah'
9' we;e mqoa.,hska ;=< w;ska lg jidf.k l;d lsf mqre we;' f ksid w;ska
lg jid fkdf.k fl<ska uqyqK n,d l;d lsfuka ikaksfokh hqKqlr .;
yel'
10' h m%Yakhla we;s g w; Wiaid ;ukag m%Yakhla ke`.Sug f,djla wjYH nj
mqyqKqlre fj; okajkak'
21
mqyqKqlref.a ke;fyd;a im;aodhlhdf.a ldhNdrh iy hq;=l

1' mqyqKqlrejd tk im;aodhl;ajh imhkakd jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka
iu. iqyo;ajfhka iy ;=relka lghq;= l< hq;=f' ukao mqyqKqjl
id:l wid:lNdjh ;SrKh lsug mqyqKqlrejd iy iyNd.sjkakka w;r
f.dvkef.k ;%YS,S nj n,mdk neks'
2' mqyqKqlrejd foaYlfhl= fkdj myiqldrlfhla ^Facilitator) f,i lghq;= l<
hq;=h' uq ieish ;=<u > foaYk meje;au fkdl< hq;= w;r iyNd.slhd
l%shdld f,i iyNd.s lrjd .ekSug idlPd iy lKavdh l%shdldrl mqyqKq
ieis ;=<g we;=,;a l< hq;=h' fuu lKavdh l%shdldrl iy ixjdo" mqyqKq
ieisfha wruqK olajd WmdhYS,Ssj fufyhjd .ekSu mqyqKqlrejdf.a j.lSuhs'
3' mqyqKqlrejd fyd| ikaksfolfhl= h hq;=h' ;u woyia wka wh fj;"
n,mEula l< yels whqka fnod .ekSug Tyqg fyda wehg yels h hq;=h'
tfiau fYaIfhka wjOdrKh l< hq;= lreKq iyNd.sjkakd fj; ,ndh hq;af;a
flfiao hkak ms<sn|j mqyqKqlrejd fyd`ka wjfndaOlr .; hq;=f'
4' mqyqKqlrejd fyd| kslaIlfhl= h hq;=h' mqyqKqj w;r;=r iyNd.sjk wh ;u
ieish iu. iso@" fjk;a l;dj, kshef,ao@" ke;sk kskaog je we;so@
hkd jYfhka uis,af,ka iskd .;sh mqyqKqlrefjla ;=< ;sh hq;=h'
5' mqyqKqlrejd fyd| ijkafokafkl= u wksjdhh f' wka whf.a woyiaj,g
ijka fkd l,am u; idlPdjg nka fkdfldg mj;ajkq ,nk mqyqKqjlska
hym;a m%;sM,hla ,nd.; fkdyelsjkq we;' wka whf.a woyiaj,g .re lrka
tu woyia iy fhdackd Okd;aul f,i ndr.ekSfuka mqyqKqlrejd id:l;ajhg
m;af'
6' mqyqKqf f;are.; fkdyels .egmo iy mdNdIs; jpk Nd;d lsfuka
je<lsh hq;=h'
7' mqyqKqlrejd mqyqKq ieish wdrN lsug fmr th ixOdkh lrk wdh;kfha
wruqKq iy b,lal lKavdhf wfmalaIdjka y`kd.; hq;=h' mqyqKqj wdrN
lsug fmr mqyqKqlrejd iska jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka" Tjqka kshef,k
jD;a;Skays mj;sk ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .eg wdh inkaOfhka ;udg
wjYH miq f;dr;=re talrdYS lr.; hq;=j ;sf' iyNd.sjkakkaf.a iudc"
foaYmd,k" iy wOHdmk miqu ms<sn|j hlsis oekSula mqyqKqlrejd iska ,nd
.ekSu jeo.;ah' WodyrK jYfhka we ludka; Yd,dj, jevlrk ldka;d
jD;a;slhska" ixl%uKsl fialdjka iy .=re jD;a;sh wd O lafIa;%j,g
wod< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .eg inkaOfhka mqyqKqlrejd ;=< fYaI oek
.ekSula$yeoEula ;su w;HdjYH ldrKhls'
8' yels iEu gu ir, ni Wmfhda.S lr.ekau jeo.;a f' tf,iu flfhj,
(abbreviations)f;areu myod ulska f;drj .ska .gu Nd;d lsfuka je<lsh
hq;=h'
22
fudhq,h 1
9' jhs fnda" uhs fld<" fyda *a,sma pd Nd;fha meye,s w;awl=re Nd;d
lsu jeo.;ah'
10' fuhg wu;rj mqyqKqlrejd mqyqKq w;afmd; iy wu;r oekq iys; f,aLk
lshjd fydka iQodk h hq;=h' ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh hkq b;d ixf
Ihls' f ksid iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|j mqyqKqlrejd ork u;hg fjkia
m%;sreoaO woyia iyNd.sjkakka iska bm;a lsug bv we;' tjka
wjia:djl mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjkakka Wmydihg fyda wmyiq;djhg m;ajk
fkdjk wdldrfhka bjis,sjka;j" iqyoYS,Sj iy ;ldkql+<j mqyqKqlrejdf.a
u;h bm;a l< hq;= w;r mqyqKqlrejd ;u woyia iyNd.s jkakka u;
nf,ka megug W;aidy fkdl< hq;=h' tfiau mqyqKqj ;=< h h ixl,am
inkaOfhka we;sjkakd jQ l,am u;jdo u`.yer tajd inkaOfhka ;elSula
fkdfldg isu o fkdl< hq;= w;r mqyqKqlrejd iska tu l,am u; iy
iuq;Ska idlPdjg ,lafldg ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|j ksjer
tl;ajhlg meKSug Wo l< hq;= f'
11' ieish w;r;=r ld,fha iyNd.sjkakkag m%Yak
weiSug" woyia iy u;jdo bm;a lsug
mqyqKqlrejd iska f,djla fjka l< hq;=h'
12' mqyqKqj w;r;=re iyNd.sjkakka iska wik ,o
m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re miq wjia:djl mjikafka k
tlS m%Yak tl;=fldg ,shd ;eh yelss fjku
ia:dkhla fjkal< hq;= f' fjku *a,sma pd
tlla f.k fkdokakd m%Yak fuys ,shkak
^Parking Lot& hkqfjka kfldg fjku
ia:dkhla ta i|yd fjka lsu iqiq h'
13' iEu ieishlau wdrN lrkgu" tu ieisfhka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wruqKq fudkjdoehs bm;a lrkak'
14' mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjk wh ;u woyia jD;j m%ldY lsug msùla we;sjk
iy tjeks mirhla ksudKh lr.; yels m ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy
kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j mqyqKqlrejdf.a RKd;aul$Okd;aul w;aoelS wjxlj
ia;r l< hq;=h'
15' iyNd.sjk whg Yajdihlska hq;=j ;u u; m%ldY l< yelsjk m mlaI fyda
foaYmd,k u;jdohkag mlaI.%dyS fkdjQ mirhla mqyqKqlrejd iska
f.dvke.sh hq;=h' mqyqKqlrejd h foaYmd,k mlaIhla fpkh l<fyd;a tlS
mlaIfha flfkla iyNd.slhska w;r iskafka k Tyq fyda weh bkamiqj ;u
u;jdo bm;a lsug ue,sjkq we;'
23
16' jD;a;Sh i;s ksfhda;hska hkq jeys m%cdj f' jeys wOHdmkfhaa
iyNd.sjkakka mqyqKqlrejd f.ka foaYkhla weiSug fyda m>Kl bm;a
lsula muKla n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdf' jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka jeyshka
ksid Tjqka h oekq ugul isk nj u;l ;nd .ekSu wjYH f'
jeysfhda ksrka;rfhka ;ud bf.k .kakd foh ixjdohg iy m%Yakhg
Ndckh lr;s' tfiau Tjqka ;=< ld,hla ;siafia uq,a nei.;a u;jdo" Yajdi"
taldlD;s iy jkdl we;' fndfydag jD;a;Sh i;s iudlhska Tjqka oekqj;a
fldgila h hk ye`.Sfuka ish yels nekaa Tjqkaf.a wNsudkh yE,ajg m;a
fkdjk wdldrhg mqyqKqj isl< hq;=h' tfiau mqyqKqlrejd bm;a lrk u;hg
reoaO u; we;s mqoa.,hskag tu u;jdo ksoyfia m%ldY lsug yels mirhla
mqyqKqlrejd iska ysl< hq;=h'
17' we;e iyNd.sjkakka jemqr l;d lrk w;r we;e msia l;d fkdlr
fyda wvqfjka l;d lr;s' iuyr mqoa.,hska inflda,h fyda ,ecdj ksid
l;d fkdlr isug W;aidy lrkjd h yel' wvqfjka l;d lrk iy l;d
fkdlrk whg l;d lsf Yla;sh we;s lrk m mqyqKqlrejd iska Tjqkag
woyia m%ldY lsf wjia:d Wml%uYS,Sj ilid h hq;af;ah' woyia ,shd oelaug
iEu wfhl=gu wjia:djla ,nd fuka o ieuf.a mQK iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .;
yel' fYaIfhkau l;d lsug mels,Sula we;s whg l;d lsf wjia:d ,nd h
yels iQlaIu l%ufo mqyqKqlrejd oekf.k ish hq;=h'
18' mqyqKqlrejd iyNd.sjkakkaf.a k . wdh oek .ekSuo jeo.;a f' f ksid
ixOdkh lrk wdh;kh iska iyNd.s jk msfia k m%oYkh l< yels
l%uhla ieliSu jvd;a m%fhdackj;a f'
19' mqyqKqjg wod< Ih inkaOfhka jemqr f;dr;=re ,nd.; yelafla fld;ekska
o hkak ms<sn|j mqyqKqlrejd oekish hq;=f' mqyqKq ieishg wod< ld,Sk o;a;"
ixLHd f,aLk" w:l:k" fyda f;dr;=re jevuqj wjidkfha fnod yeu
W;h' tfiau jemqr oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd IhdkqnoaO f;dr;=re ,nd.;
yels fmd;am;a" mqoa.,hska iy wka;cd, fj wv inkaOfhka oekqj;a lsu
o iqiq f'
20' fuu mqyqKqf Nd;d lrk h h ixl,am jgyd.; yelsu myiq lrkq
msKsi fhda oYk" PdhdrEm" ;%" isoa wOHk" m%fndaOk l%Ssvd" kdgH fyda
ckl;d wdh fhdod .; yel' > f,djla mqyqKqlrejdg tlu bhjlska
ijka f we;sjk WodiSk nj u yeug iy mqyqKqjg we;=,;a Ihka ;=<
we;s ne?re .;sh u`. yrjd Ydl fyda udkisl vdj ixisjk m%fndaOk
l%Svd (Ice Breaking Exercises) mqyqKqjg we;=,;a lsu mqyqKqlrejdf.a j.lSuls'
fYaIfhka jd wdydrfhka miq jevigyk mj;ajk g jemqr iuQy
l%shdldrl iy m%fndaOk l%Svd we;=,;a l< yelsh'
21' iEu w;a ud;Dldjla wjika jQ miq iyNd.sjkakkag bm;a lsug m%Yak
we;aoehs uid tu m%Yakj,g ksjer ms<s;=re ug yels;dla W;aidy lsu
w;HdjYH f' we;e m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re mqyqKqlrejd fkdokafka k"
24
22' fuhg wu;rj mqyqKqlrejd mqyqKq w;afmd; iy wu;r oekq iys; f,aLk
lshjd fydka iQodk h hq;=h' ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh hkq b;d ixf
Ihls' f ksid iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|j mqyqKqlrejd ork u;hg fjkia
m%;sreoaO woyia iyNd.sjkakka iska bm;a lsf je yelshdjla we;'
tjka wjia:djl mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjkakka Wmydihg fyda wmyiq;djhg m;a
fkdjk wdldrfhka bjis,sjka;j" iqyoYS,Sj iy ;ldkql+,j mqyqKqlrejdf.a
u;h bm;a lsu l< hq;=f' tfiau mqyqKqlrejd ;u woyia iyNd.sjkakka
u; nf,ka megug W;aidy fkdl< hq;=h' mqyqKqj ;=< h h ixl,am
inkaOfhka we;s jkakd jQ l,am u;jdo u`.yer isug jvd jeo.;a jkafka
mqyqKqlrejd iska tu l,am u; yd iuq;Ska idlPdjg ,lafldg ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|j ksjer tl;ajhlg meKSug Tjqkag Wo lsu h'
23' mqyqKqlrejd iyNd.sjkakkaf.a weig wei yuqjk whqka (Eye contact) uqyqK
n,d lreKq bm;a lsu l< hq;=h' tfiau mqyqKqlrejd iEu iyNd.s jkafkla
flfrysu wjOdkh fhduq jk m udrefjka udrejg weia inkaO;djhka ;nd
.; hq;af;ah'
24' mqyqKqlrejd mqyqKqlrefjlau fkdjk w;r we;e g iyNd.slfhla o f'
ukao iyNd.s jk whf.a oekqu ;=<ska kj oekqu <dlr .ekSug wehg$Tyqg
yelsjk neks' tfiau fkdaofhka iy wdYajdofhka hq;=j mqyqKq ieis
meje;aug mqyqKqlrejd Wkka h hq;=h'
25
fudhq,h 1
th wjxlj m%ldY lsu iqiqh' tfiau tu m%Yakhg ms<s;=re ;sh yels fmd;am;a
ms<sn|j i|yka lsu iy mqyqKqf fjk;a ieishl tu m%Yakj,g W;a;r fidhd
Tjqka fj; ,nd hyels k ta ne m%ldY lsu o W;h'
25' iyNd.sjkakka ieisfha lghq;=j,g iafPdfjka iyNd.slrjd .ekSug

mqyqKqlre Wkka h hq;=h' WodyrK f,i h l%shdldrlul igyka ,sug"
mqyqKq wNHdihl Wmfoia lshug Tjqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh ,nd.; yel' tys
WpdrK fodaI fyda jHdlrK fodaI we;su inkaOfhka iss; lror lr.; hq;=
ke;s nj lSfuka iyNd.sjkakkag iafPd bm;aj,g bv i,ik mirhla
ksudKh l< yel'
26' tfiau ksh; f,djg mqyqKqj mgka f.k kshu lr.;a f,djg mqyqKqj
wjika lsu jeo.;ah' ks;ru kHdh m;%fha ld, igykg wjOdkh fhduq lsu
iy iyNd.sjkakka wkjYH wdldrfhka kHdh m;%hg wod< fkdue;s lreKq
ldrKd olajk g" Wml%uYS,Sj Tjqkaf.a wjOdkh kHdh m;%fha wruqKq iy
f,dj fj; fhduq lsug mqyqKqlre iu;a h hq;=h'
iduQysl$lKavdh l%shdldrl
1' fuu w;afmdf;a ia;r lr we;s iuQy l%shdldrl fndfyduhla ksudKhfldg
we;af;a jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka w;r iduqysl yeS jOkh lsu iy
lKavdh ye`.Su jOkh lsu fmroe lrf.kh' kdhl;ajhg <dug
lKavdhula ;=< tlg jev lrkafka flfiao h ldrKdj, fmd
tl;djhkag mefKkafka flfiao hkak iyNd.slhska iska bf.k .;
hq;=h'
2' tfiau lKavdh l%shdldrlj, ksudK;aulNdjho" iNdjho ;nd
.kska jD;a;Ssh i;s ldka;djka kdhl;aj ixl,amh inkaOfhka w;ska
is;Sug fmd<Ujhs' iEu l%shdldrlulau ir,j iy taldld fkdjk whqka
ilialr we;af;a jD;a;Ssh i;s ldka;djkag tu l%shdldrl Nd;d lrka ;u
ifydaor jD;a;Ssh i;s ldka;djka myiqfjka mqyqKq lrkq msKsih'
3' yqfola foaYk meje;aug jvd nqoa l,nkh we;s lrk idlPd ud.
fhka ixjdohg ,la lsu" ienE f,dalfha isoa wOHhk iy l;dkaor u.ska
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka uqyqK fok .eg ms<sn|j idlPd lsu" N+ld
rx.k" ;%" fhda oYk" ldgQka" .S;" l%Svdjka fyda fmdaiag hkd jYfhka
jQ O mqyqKq Wmdx. fhdod .kska taldld .;sh u yrjka" kSri fkdjk
wdldrfhka fulS lKavdh l%shdldrl ilid we;' tfiau iudkd;au;djh
iy m%cd;ka;%jdoh biau;= jk wdldrfhka ishqj ta ms<sn|j wjfndaOh
,efnk wdldrfhka l%shdldrl ilia lr we;'
4' lKavdh l%shdldrl ;=<ska iyNd.sjkakd kdhl;aj .=Kdx. bf.k .kshs'
fYaIfhka iduQysl ;SrKj,g t<u inkaOfhka fuu lKavdh
l%shdldrl jeo.;a f'
5' fndfyda ud;Dld lKavdh l%shdldrl Tiafia idlPd lsuo jeo.;ah'
jD;aa;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh jOkh lsf lKavdh l%shdldrl
u.ska ikaksfok yelshd iy l=i,;d ixjOkhg u mEfok neka iEu
26
fudhq,h 1
iyNd.slfhlau h wjia:djl bm;a lsulg fhduq lrk wdldrfhka ieis

fufyh u iqiqh'
6' lKavdh l%shdldrlj,g wjYH Wmfoia l,ska iliafldg uqKh lr.kak'
ke;fyd;a *a,sma pdj, meye,s wl=ka ,shd ilia lr.kak'
7' iEu lKavdh idlPdjlau fufyh ug flfkl= (moderator) m;alr
.kakd f,i iEugu Wmfoia fokak' lKavdh idlPdj fufyhjkakd iska
lKavdhf iEu flfklau idlPdjg iyNd.s lr.; hq;= nj;a wjOdrKh
lrkak'
8' lKavdh idlPdj fufyhjkakdf.a N+ldjg iEu iyNd.sjkafkla iskau
bm;a h hq;= nj;a idlPd fufyhf l=i,;djh l%udkql+,j jOkh
lr.ekSu wjYH nj;a wjOdrKh lrkak' lKavdh idlPdjla fufyh f
l=i,;djh ;=<ska .kqfokqldr n,h f.dvk`.d .;yels nj;a myod fokak'
9' lKavdh idlPdj ;=< lreKq jd;d lsug jd;dlrefjl==
(note taker) m;alr .; hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrkak'
10' iNdjlg fydaa fjk;a msilg bm;a lsu i|yd *a,ama pd u; ,shkd g"
meye,s w;a wl=frka ,shk f,i oekq fokak'
11' idlPdf ud;Dld iy lKavdhf wxl ma,s*a pdys oeh hq;= nj mjikak'
12' lKavdh idlPdf jd;dj iNdjg bm;a lsug flfkl= (presenter)
m;afldg .; hq;= nj mjikak' bm;a lrkakdf.a N+ldj iEu
iyNd.sjkafkla iskau l%udkql+,j isl< hq;= ldhhla nj wjOdrKh
lrkak' f u.ska iNdjla bfha l;d lsf l=i,;djh ixjOkh lr.;
yels nj;a inflda,h ;=rkalr f.k bm;a f yelshdj jOkhlr
.; yels nj;a myod fokak'
13' h fkdf;afrk ;ekla we;ak
mqyqKqlrejdf.ka uik f,ig;a"
is;a .kakd whqka lKavdh l%shdldrl
bm;a lrk f,ig;a Wmfoia fokak'
WodyrK f,i kdgHdkqidrfhka"
l fyda .S; u.ska" fyda kdgHhla
wdldrfhka fyda m%Yak bm;a l<yels
nj mjikak'
27
mqyqKqlrejd iy iyNd.sjkakka fmdf wkq.ukh l< hq;=

wdpdrOu
1' cd;s" wd." l=," ia;%S mqreINdjh ms<sn| jk
taldlD;s Nd;fhka je<lSu (Stereotypes)
2' foaYmd,k mlaI fyda fjk;a ck lKavdh
iy mqoa.,hska Wmydihg ,lajk mo" fh

fyda ixfla; Nd;d lsfuka je<lSu'
3' mqyqKqjg ndOd jk m cx.u rl;k Nd;d
fkdlsug j.n,d .ekSu'
4' hula ,shk g ks;ru meye,s w;awl=ka
,sug Wkka u'
jevuqf wruqKq ykd .ekSu

1' mqyqKqjlg mefKk we;e fokd fndfyda g wdh;kfhka kshuhla ,enqKq
ksidfjka mqyqKqjg meKshd h yels w;r jevigyfka wruqKq ms<sn|j
oekSula o fkd;sh yel' f ksid wdrNfhau jevuqfjka bgqlr .ekSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk uQ,sl wruqKq fudkjdoehs uikak'
2' iyNd.slhska iska bm;a lrk ,o wruqKq ieugu fmfkk ia:dkhl w,jd
;nd tajd jevuqj wjika fjk;=re m%oYkh lrkak'
3' jevuqj wjika jQ miqj islrk
we`.ehSf iyNd.sjkakka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wruqKq iy mqyqKqj isl<
wdh;kfha wruqKq bgq we;aoehs uYkh lrkak'
iyNd.slhska iy mqyqKqlrejka ykd.ekSu

jD;a;Ssh i;sfhka foaYmd,khg m%YaG u Wfoid mqyqKq lsu islrkq ,nk uq,a
wjia:df isgu Tjqka ;=< kdhl;ajh ms<sn| msula iy wd;au Yajdihla we;s
l< hq;=h' tfiau iyNd.slhska n,h iy kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka ork u;jdo"
woyia t<smsg ksoyfia m%ldYlrk jgmsgdjla f.dvke.Sug;a" wfkla jD;a;Sh i;s
ldka;djka iu. ifydaor;ajfha ne`fuka fydka Y% ug;a fuu ieisfhka bv
m%ia:d jr f' fuu wNHdih iyNd.sjkakkaf.a u;jdo inkaOfhka uYkh
lsug;a wjia:dj i,ihs' fuys m%Odk jYfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka jD;a;Sh
i;s ldka;djka ;=< ;ud kdhsldjlah hk wd;au wNsudkh we;s lsuhs' tfiau
mqyqKqj wdrNfhau jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka w;r ;%;ajh iy ifydaor;ajh
we;sjk m tlsfkld y`kd.ekSu jeo.;ah' kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j jD;a;Sh i;s
28
fudhq,h 1
ldka;djka ;=< we;s u;jdo" tAldlD;Ska hkdh oek.; yels wdldrfhka fuu
y`kd.ekSu l< yels f'
y`kd .ekSf l%ufoh

wfmalaIs; wruqKq
1' iyNd.slhska w;r tluq;=lu iy ;%;ajh f.dvke.Su'
2' ia;%SsNdjh iy mqreINdjh ms<sn|j iyNd.slhska ork wdl,am fudkjd oehs
oek.ekSu'
3' kdhl;ajh iy n,dNsjOkh inkaOfhka wNHka;r msula we;slsu iy
ldka;d foaYmd,k kdhsldjka ljqrekaoehs hk oekSu we;s lsu'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH iyNd.slhska .Kk
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhska ixLHdj
1
kd 20 hs
ishu iyNd.sjkakka iy mqyqKqlrejka
f,dalfha iy ,xldf foaYmd,kfha by<
ugj,g meKs ldka;djkaf.a k iy
mska;+r" *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a"
mEka" nq,afvda.a la,sma" udl mEka
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
2 hs
29
mqyqKqlrejd iska
ms<smeh hq;= Wmfoia
1' f,dalfha foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha by<g meKs ldka;d kdhsldjka
15 fofkl=f.a muK msx;+r tl;= lr.kak' tlu mska;+rfha hq.,hla ^folla&
ilid .kak'
2' fuu foaYmd,k kdhsldjkaf.a mska;+r l,jfldg iyNd.slhska w;r fnod
fokak'
3' tlu kdhsldjf.a mska;+rh ,enqKq fofokd tlsfkld fidhd .kakd f,i
Wmfoia fokak' ^my; wdldrfhka mska;+r lg, idod .; hq;=h& fuu mska;+r
,ehsia;=jg we;=,;a lsug mska;+r 15la fuu fmdf;a weKq wxl foflys
we;=,;afldg we;'
4' tfia tlu mska;+rh we;s wfkla mqoa.,hd hq.,hla f,iska ykd.efkhs'
Tjqka fofokd ;u ;uka ykdf.k ^f i|yd kd myla muK iEfya&
iNdjg ykajd fokq ,nhs'
5' mqyqKqlrejkago iyNd.slhska iu. fuu l%shdldrlug iyNd.s ;ud ljqo
hkak ykajd h yelsh'
6' fuys mqyqKqf Ihg wod<j ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j
iyNd.slhska ork wdl,am oek.; yels m my; i|yka m%Yakj,g hq.,hla
jYfhka ms<s;=re fidhk f,iska b,a,d ish yel'
7' WodyrK jYfhka jD;a;Sh i;s idudl ldka;djf.a ku" /lshdj" jev lrk
wdh;kh" jD;a;Sh i;sh ms<sn| f;dr;=re bm;a lrk w;ru kdhl;ajh
inkaOfhka iyNd.sjkakka ork woyia oek .ekSug fujka m%Yakhla
fhduq lrkak'
30
,enqKq foaYmd,k mska;+rh

ku '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
jD;a;Sh i;sh$jD;a;Sh i;sj, kshekq ld,h ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
/lshdj$;k;=r ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Tnf.a m%foaYfha uka;%Sjh ug Tng wjia:djla ,enqfKd;a"
ldka;djkaf.a ;;a;ajh k`.disgqu inkaOfhka Tn .kakd mshjr
folla ,shd olajkak'
ke;fyd;a
Tn weu;sjhla jqjfyd;a ldka;djka fjkqfjka f.k tk kS;s
ixfYdaOk fudkjdo@''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ksoYkh ( fuu hq.,hg ,e we;s ldm;a bkard .dka iys; ldm; k

f wdldrfha ms<s;=re f.dkq h hq;=h'
uu bkard .dka jf.a'

ud ykd.;a ifydaohf.a
ku YdLd jkakskdhl' weh
fmd tlai;a jD;a;Sh i;sfha
le|jqldkshhs' weh fiajh
lrkafka llre wud;HdxYfha'
weh ;u m%foaYfha uka;%Sjh njg
m;a fuka miqj ldka;djkag
tfrys ysxik uevmeje;aug
fYaI ldka;d tallhla msysgqjk
nj;a orejka /ln,d .kakd
uOHia:dk iEu fiajd ia:dkhlu
msysgqjk nj;a lshhs'
uu;a bkard .dka jf.a'

ud y`kd.;a ifydaohf.a ku
fiamd,s r;akdhl' weh ck;djd
j;= llre ix.ufha iudldjla'
weh fiajh lrkafka je,s
wud;HdxYfhahs' weh m%foaYfha
uka;%Sjh jQ g ldka;djkag
iajhx /lshd jHdmD;shla we;s
lrk nj;a" je,s ludka; wdY%s;
/lshdj, kshq;= ldka;djkag
fjku Y%du jegqma l%uhla
mssysgqjk nj;a lshhs'
$$ fuu mska;+r ieliSf mska;+r fyda ldm;a oekqu iy fkdaoh okjk

wdldrfhka o l< yel' WodyrK jYfhka foaYmd,k mlaIj, ,dxPk Nd;d
lsu tk w,shd" w;" frdaoh" iSkqj jeks ,dxPk fol ne.ska ilialr wfkla
iudk ,dxPkh we;s mqoa.,hd fidhd .ekSu isl< yelsh'
31
fudhq,h 1
Tnf.a m%foaYfha uka;%Sjh ug Tng wjia:djla ,enqfKd;a" ldka;djkaf.a

;;a;ajh k`.disgqu inkaOfhka Tn .kakd mshjr folla ,shd olajkak'
$$ ;j;a WodyrKhla f,i w;S;fha Y%S ,xldf iQ /kshka" fidajhka

iy f,dalfha jdih l< /kshkaf.a k ,ehsia;=jla Wmfhda.Sfldg f.k
wfkla /k fidhd .kakd f,i b,a,d ish yel' fuf,i kdhl;ajh fy
mqoa.,hskaf.a k ;uka fj; wdfrdamKh lsfuka h wNsudkhla Tjqka ;=<
we;s lsu o l< yelsh'
$$ ykd .ekSf ldm;a foaYmd,k jYfhka jeo.;a f' fjd my;ska we;s jpk
fyda mska;+r fhdod ielish yel'
1' reoaO mo ( m%cd;ka;%jdohtaldm;sjdoh"
wdKavq mlaIhmlaIh"
nyq;rhiq;rh"
Okjdohiudcjdoh"
md,lhdmd,s;hd
2' iudk mo ( rgrdcH"
rgjeishdmqrjeishd"
rcqrcqrefjda"
Pkaoh-leue;a;
3' hq., mo ( ue;s-weu;s" lshq-flre" ,s-meks,s"
4' /kshka iy fidajhka f.a k (
wkq,d" iq.,d" l,HdKs" iq.kald" fidaud"
la,sfhdamerd ^Cleopatra Bma;=j&"
yefImaiq ^Hatshepsut-Bma;=j&"
t,sfin;a" fkm ^Nefertiti- Bma;=j&"
5' b;sydifha is foaYmd,k jYfhkao lshfjk fmj;=ka hq.,hkaf.a k (

id,sh-wfYdalud,d"
frdaaysKSw;=,"
rdOd-l%sIaKd"
.dKs;%d"
la,sfhdamerd-cq,shia iSi
5 kug bfhka foaYmd,ksl jYfhka jeo.;a fYaIK moj,ska ykajd u
WodyrK f,iska"
m%cd;ka;%jd m%md
ksNS; ksfrdaId
wNsudkj;a wfYdald
ck;djd chka;s
idOdrK i|ud,s
ksoyia ksu,d
6. Pkao oekaula f,i yskajd u WodyrK jYfhka(

zrejkaje,af,ka fiamd,sld jeu ukdmfhka kjuq'Z
zIKhg uer n,hg tfrysj .d,af,aZ
ziq.=kd iqN wkd.;hlg wiaidf,af,a ud.%Z
32
iyNd.sjkakka iu. islrkq ,nk ykd.ekSf ieish wjidk jQ miq"

mqyqKqlrejd iy jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka mqyqKq ld,h ;=< ms<smeh hq;=
wdpdrOu moaO;shla ieliSu jeo.;ah' m%dfoaYSh iNd ieishla ;=< fuf,i ms<smeh
hq;= wdpdrOu moaO;sh ilikafka hehs Wml,amkh lr mqyqKqlrejd iska
m%dfoaYSh iNdf iNdm;s iy f,aljre fofofkl= iyNd.sjkakka w;ka
m;a l< hq;=h'
>>
tfia klrk ,o iNdm;sjrhdg iyNd.s jk idudlhskaf.a Pkao uiSu

;=<ska fuu wdpdrOu ilik f,i Wmfoia fokak'
>>
fuf,i m%cd;ka;%jdj idlPd ud.fhka wdpdrOu moaO;shla ieliSu

;=<ska mqyqKqj meje;aug ys;lr mirhla ksudKh lr .ekSug bv ,efnk
nj mjikak'
>>
fuu wdpdrOu moaO;sh ilia lsf iyNd.slhska tl`. jk ;s moaO;shg

wkqj l< hq;= oE iy fkdl< hq;= oE we;=,;a wdpdrOu *a,sma pd fld<
foll ,shd bm;a lrk f,ig k lrk ,o f,aljre fofokdg Wmfoia
fokak'
>>
fuu wdpdrOu ,ehsia;=j mqyqKqj wjidk jk f;lau fmfkk ;ekl w,jd

;nkak'
>>
h flfkla tu ;s .ska .gu lv lrkafka k tlS wdpdrOu ,ehsia;=j

fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsu mqyqKqlrejdf.a j.lSuhs'
>>
m%Odk wdpdrOu iNNd.slhskaf.ka u;= fkdjkafka k mqyqKqlrejd tu

,ehsia;=j imQK lsug Wo l< hq;=h' my; i|yka wdldrfhka *a,sma pd
foll fuu wpdrOu jd;d l< yelsh'
lrkak
f,djg mqyqKqj i|yd
mefKkak' km;d mqyqKqj i|yd
mefKkak'
cd;s" wd." l=," ia;%S-mqreINdjh
ms<sn| jk taldlD;s Nd;d
lsfuka j<lskak'
wka woyia j,g .re lrkak'
weyqlka fokak
tla wjia:djl tla wfhl= muKla
l;d lrkak'
mqyqKqjg ndOd fkdjk m cx.u
rl;kj, Yoh ksy`vj ;nkak'
fkdlrkak
m%udo mqyqKqj i|yd
fkdmefKkak'
wka ck lKavdh iy mqoa.,hska
wmydihg fyda Wmydihg ,lajk
mo" fh fyda ixfla; Nd;d
fkdlrkak'
wka wh ysjg ,la fkdlrkak'
wka wh l;d lrkg ndOd
fkdlrkak'
wka whg ndOd jk m mqyqKqj
meje;afjk w;r;=r mqoa.,sl l;d
nfya fkdfhfokak'
mqyqKqjg ndOd jk m cx.u
rl;k Nd;d fkdlrkak'
33
fudhq,h 1
mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjk ld,h ;=< ms<smeh hq;= wdpdrOu moaO;sh
34
fudhq,h 1
weKqu 1
mqyqKq i|yd fhdod .kakd WmlrK ,ehsia;=j - workshop checklist
wxlh
whs;uh
m%udKh
jevuqjg fmr my;

i|yka oE iqodk
lr.;af;aoehs ,l=Kq lrkak
*a,sma pd$fmr igyka

fmd;a (flip charts)
jK lsysmhlska hq;a
mukka udl mEka
(Marker Pens)
nq,afvda.a la,smaia (Bull Dog
clips)" w,afmfk;a;s, (clips),
weKq lgq" kagia weK
binder clips, gem clips,
file clips, plastic clips, and
pins, (tacks) and push pins
udialsx fma^MaskingTapes)
jeyq m" fif,da fma
(Cellotapes)" blue tag
jevuqj i|yd m>Kl
wdY%s; bm;a ls
(powerpoint presentation)
;sfk
- ,emafgdma m>Klh
-
(Lap Top)
nyqldh udOH WmlrKh
(Multimedia projector)
m>Kl ;srh (Screen)
yis wjYH;djhla jqjfyd;a
Nd;d lsug *a,EIa v%hs
(Flash drive/Pen drive tlla
f.k hEu'
m>Klh i|yd Nd;d l<
yels Yo ldYk hka;%
^Computer speakers)
35
jevuqj i|yd fhdod

.kafka ksol hka;%hla
k zksol oYk hka;%h
Ôveread projector)
ksol fld, ÔHP sheet)
ksol fld, u; ,shk
mEka ÔHP pen)
jhs fnda ^md
lrkafka k&
jhs fnda i|yd mdg

;=kl udl mEka iy jhs
fnda ulkh (whiteboard,
whiteboard pens and
whiteboard eraser)
l ,E,a," yqKq lE,a,"
ulkh ^Blackboard, chalk
and eraser)
Yd,dj ;=< mqyqKqj
meje;aug YojdyskS
WmlrK wjYH jkafka k
ta i|yd fmdah uhsla
(Podium Mike)
md lrk hka;%j,g iy
.e,fmk m ,s wen iy
jh flda
(various compatible plugs/
or a wire code)
jevuqf idlPd m.;
lrkafka k m.;
lrk leim iy wjYH
myiql ^Tape recorder and
cassets)
iyNd.slhskag iy
jevuqjg wjYH hyels
w,jk lvodis, mekai,a,
mekai,a W,alrKh iy
ulkh
(pencils, pencil sharpener,
sticky pads and eraser)
36
fudhq,h 1
iyNd.slhskag wjYH mEka,

,sms jH, Pdhd msgm;a
fld, iy iq ysia ,shk
lvodis& (pens, writing pads,
photocopy paper packet
and blank sheets yd*aISia)
mdg %iag,a lvodis"
jK ldm;a
(colour cards/Flash Cards)
l;=r iy .
(Pair of Scissor, gum and
glue stick)
mkalaprhla ke;fyd;a
fmdxh (punch machine)
iafgma,rhla, iafgma, lgq
iy iafma, lgq .,jkh
(Stapler, Stapler Pins and
stapler pin remover)
.Kl hka;%h
^Calculator)
iyNd.slhskaf.a meKSf
kdu f,aLkh iy w;aika
f,aLk ms<sfh, lsu'
m%jdyk .dia;= f.ug
;sfk tu f. i|yd
k we;=,;a lrk ,o
,ehsia;=j ilia lsu iy
ykd.ekSu myiqjk msKsi
k ,shd me<e| .ekSug
wjYH ld
(Name Tags for participants)
37
im;aodhl .dia;=
fldmuK oehs oekf.k
im;aodhl w;aika we;=,;a
l< yels f. ,ehsia;=j"
fpla m;a fyda uqo,a
PdhdrEm .ekSu iy udOH
m%pdrh wjYH k leurdj
im;aodhlhska ish
ud;Dldj inkaOfhka
jk igyka l,a;nd ,nd
fokafka k uqKh lr.;a
wjYH msgm;a m%udKh
iyNd.slhskaf.a iy
im;aodhlhskaf.a k
iy Bf,a yye oek.kq
msKsi kdum;% r|jkh
(visiting cards bowl)
wdh;kfha nekrh
(organizational banner)
t,a,kafka k tu nekrh
iy ta i|yd wjYH kQ,a iy
weKq lgq
wjYH jkafka k
idm%odhsl fmd,af;,a
myk" cd;sl .Sh" bmkao"
.sks fmh" u,a ieris,s
wdh
meye,sj lgq iajk
uqyqK;la we;s Trf,daiqjla
^Clock with visible face &
minute hands)
fl f,dj i|yd fl
lEu iy u
^Drinks and snacks for a
break)
jevuqj wjidkfha iy;sl
m;% m%odkh lrkafka k
ta i|yd uqKh lrk ,o
iy;sl m;%
(Certificates)
38
jevigyfka ku$f;audj
ixOdkfha ku iy ia;r
fudhq,h 1
weKqu 2
foaYmd,k kdhsldjkaf.a mska;+r iy ia;r - m<uq wNHdih
1916 wfm%a,a 17 isg 2000 Tlaf;dan 10

olajd j;a h'
f,dalfha m%:u ldka;d w.ue;sksh'
;=kaj;djlau Y%Ss ,xldf w.ue;sksh
isudfjda
nKavdrkdhl
Sirimavo
Bandaranaike
njg m;a h'

^1960-1965" 1970-1977" 1994-2000&
1917 fkdjen 19 isg 1984 ckjd 31

olajd j;a h'
bkahdf m%:u ldka;d w.ue;sksh
bkahdf ;=kajk w.ue;sksh
bkard .dka
Indira Gandhi
1947 iema;en ui 28 jk k Wm;

,eh'
1996 isg 2001 olajd nx.a,dfoaYfha
w.ue;sksh h'
j;udkfha w.ue;s OQrh orkafka o
wehhs' ^2014&
Isla yiskd
Sheikh Hasina -
1925 Tlaf;dan 13 isg 2013 wfm%a,a 08 10

olajd j;a h'
1979- 1990 olajd tx.,ka;fha m%:u
ldka;d w.ue;sksh'
hlv .eyeKsh f,iska ykajk ,'
ud.% ;ep
Margaret Thatcher
39
1953 cqks 21 isg 2007 foien 27 olajd

j;a h'
1988 isg 1990 olajd;a 1993 isg 1996
olajd;a fojrla mdlsia:dkfha w.ue;sksh

h'
fnkdis N+f;da
Benazir Bhutto
1944 uehs ui 21 jk k Wm; ,eh'

1990 isg 1997 olajd wh,ka;fha
m%:u ldka;d ckdm;s h'
f frdkaika
Mary Robinson

,eh'
2006 isg 2010 olajd ,s rf m%:u
ldka;d ckdm;s h'
fI,a neIf,
Michelle Bachelet
1967 cqks ui 21 jk k Wm; ,eh'

2011 wf.dia;= 5 jkod isg ;dhs,ka;fha
w.ue;s OQrh ork w;r weh ;dhs,ka;fha

m%:u ldka;d w.ue;s jk w;r ,dnd,u
w.ue;sksh o fjhs'
ka.ala Iskdj;%d
Yingluck
Shinawatra
40
fudhq,h 1

,eh'
2010 cqks 24 jeksod isg 2013 cqks 27 jk
f;la iaf%,shdf w.ue;s OQrh oerE

w;r weh iaf%,shdf m%:u ldka;d
w.ue;s h'
cq,shd .s,
10
Julia Gillard
1954 cq,s ui 17 jk k Wm; ,eh'

2005 fkdjen 22 jkod isg cuksfha
pdkai,jh jk w;r cuksfha rdcH

kdhsldjl ysjQ m%:u wjia:dj fuh h'
11
wka.,d fl,a
Angela Merkel
1898 uehs 03 isg 1978 foien 08 olajd

j;a h'
1969 BY%d,fha m%:u ldka;d w.ue;s jQ
w;r f,dalfha ;=kajk ldka;d w.ue;s
h'
f.da,avd uh
Golda Meir
41
1953 fmnrjd ui 19 jk k Wm;

,eh'
2007 foien 10 jkod isg
12
wdckakdf ckdm;s njg m;a h'
13
l%siakd t,sfifn;a
Christina Elizabeth
t,ka fcdkaika
Ellen Johnson
Sirleaf
14
1938 Tlaf;dan ui 29 jk k Wm;

,eh'
2006 ckjd 16 jkod isg ,hshdf
ckdm;s njg m;a h'
wm%sld uyoamfha m%:u ldka;d ckdm;s
h'
t,ka fcdkaika iska wysxidjdj
ldka;djkaf.a wdrlaIdj iy whs;Ska
fjkqfjka f.k hk ,o wr.,h
fjkqfjka 2011 fkdfn,a idu ;Hd.
fhka o ms ,nk ,'
1945 cqks ui 19 jk k Wm; ,eh'

1990 Pkaofhka ch.%yKh l< o 2010
fkdjen 13 jkod jk f;la ,sg
cqkagdf ksjdi wviaishg m;ah'
weh 1991 fkdfn,a idu ;Hd.fhka
ms ,nk ,'
15
42
wjqkaidka iqls
Aung San Suu Kyi
,aud refima
Dilma Rousseff
1947 foien ui 14 jk k Wm;

,eh'
2011 ckjd 1 jkod isg n%is,fha
ckdm;s njg m;a h'
n%is,fha m%:u ldka;d ckdm;s h'
fudhq,h 2
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
iy
kdhl;ajh
43
yekau
fuu ieisfhka uQ,slju n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka
;=< ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wod< ixl,am inkaOfhka oekqu jOkh
lsuhs' tfiau tu ixl,am ms<sn|j ;sfnk oekqf h wvqmdvq we;af;a
k tu wvqmdvq u`.yerug l%shd lru;a fuu fudhq,fha wruqKhss'
we;e msia ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh f;aref.k we;af;a ldka;djkag
muKla wod< Ihla f,ighs' kuq;a ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh ldka;djkag
iSudjQ Ihla muKla fkdj mskag o wod< mska ms<sn|j o l;d
lrk Ihls' f ksid ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh hk ixl,amh ms<sn|
oekqu we;slr .ekSu h flfkl=g kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug
b;du;a jeo.;a f' ukao ldka;d kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka uq,a nei.;a
tAldlD;Ska" w.;s.d u;jdo iy wkkH;d iSudlrKhka oel.;
yelafla ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh ;=< u ksid neks' mqreIhska iy
ia;%Skag kS;sfhka iudkd;au;djh ys jqj;a ;ju;a ksjfia" jevfmdf<a
iy uquy;a m%cdj ;=< ia;%SsmqreI wiudkd;au;ajh l%shd;aul jkafkah'
f ksid ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh" kdhl;ajh iy uQ,sl whs;Ska
<dlr .ekSu i|yd ndOd muqKqjk iudch ;=< uq,a nei .;a iDKd;aul
wdl,am" idm%odhsl pd;%" iudc jkdl fukau kshuhka ms<sn|j
wjfndaOh ,ndu fuu fudhq,fhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= f' wruqKq
44
wfmaCIs; wruqKq
jD;a;Sh i;s iy ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh ieish ;=<ska my; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'
fudhq,h 2
$$ jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka w;r ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh inkaOfhka

oekqj;aNdjh we;s lsu iy Tjqkag kj oekq iNdrhla ,nd u'
$$ ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh iy iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh w;r we;s inkaO;djh
ms<sn|j wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu'
$$ jD;a;Sh i;s iy ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wod< uQ,sl kHdhka iy ixl,am
ms<sn|j oekqu m%jOkh lsu we;=j ldka;dj hgm;alr ;sfnk iudc
fm<U iy ;Hdjka ykd .ekSu'
$$ w;am;a lr.;a oekqu ;=<ska ldka;d kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j uq,a nei.;a jer
wdl,am ksjer lsu fukau kdhl;ajh ms<sn| we;s ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh
taldlD;s" iudch iska ia;%Sskag iy mqreIhskag ,nd we;s iudc jkdl
ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'
uQ,sl wruqKq
Objectives
Yd,df wdik
ieleiau
Room Arrangement
jD;aa;Sh i;s ldka;djka w;r

ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh"
iudcdkqfhdackh" ldka;d kdhl;ajh
iy taldlD;Ska inkaOfhka uQ,sl
wjfndaOhla ,nd u'
U wdldrfha yevh iys;j wdik
ieliSu
wjYH ,shlsh,s
iy w;am;%sld
Materials and
Handouts
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wod< ixl,am

we;=,;a m;%sld
l%ufoh
Methodology
mj fmdhska" iuQy l%shdldrl"

m%fndaOk l%Svd" m%Yak iy W;a;r"
fhda oYk" ;%
45
wjYH iydhl
WmlrK
Training Aids
jhs fnda" udl mEka"

*a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a"
yd*aIS" mEka" udialska fma"
l;=re" nq,afvda.a la,smaia"
u,a hd fm%dfclagrh
ld,h
Duration
meh 5
ieisfha
wka;.;h
Session Plan
iaa;%S mqreINdjh
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh
iudcdkqfhdackh
taldlD;Ska
iaa;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wod<
ixl,am
46
m<uq ieish
ia;%SNdjh iy mqreINdjh" Yrh yd ine` fjkia md,kh
f,dj iEu flfklau Wm;skau ,nk" Yah jYfhka iEu ;ekgu iudk
jQ ia;%S-mqreI jYfhka jQ j oHd;aul fjki jkafka ia;%SmqreINdjhhs'
ia;%SmqreINdjh fjk;a k .Kkdjlska ykajkq ,nk w;r fuh ,sx.fNaoh"
,sx.sl;dj" ia;%S mqreI;dj" ,sx.sl;ajh iy mq;sNdjh hkqfjka o yekaf' kEu
;eke;af;l=g ia;%S fyda mqreINdjh iajNdlj ,ef' fuf,i f,dj iajNdlj
W;am;a;sfhka ,efnk ,sx.h u; mokj iudh ldhhka" j.lS" kdhl;ajh meju
;=< ldka;djka ks;e;skau widOdrKhg ,laf' f ksid ,sx.fNaoh yd inkaO
wfkl=;a ixl,am jk ,sx.sl;ajh" ,sx.sl keUqrej" iudcdkqfhdackh" ixialD;sh"
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh hk ixl,am inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh i;s iudldjka oekqj;a
lsu fuu ieisfha wruqKhs' m<uqj iyNd.s jkakka ;u ia;%SNdjh ms<sn|j olajk
u; iy woyia oek .ekSu jeo.;a f' ukao ;u ia;%Ss;ajh inkaOfhka iDKd;aul
wdl,am we;s g kdhl;ajh jOkh lsu wmyiq jk w;r ia;%Ss;ajh ke;fyd;a ;ud
Wm;ska ,enQ ,sx.h ;=<ska f,dalh fjkia lsf yelshdj we;s nj fmkau fuu
ieisfha wruqKhs'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
1 hs
kd 20
*a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka"
nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
3 hs
ia;%SNdjh iy mqreINdjh ms<sn|j
iyNd.sjkakka orK u;jdo ykd .ekSu'
47
fudhq,h 2
yekau
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ Tng kej; bmf jrula ,enqfkd;a Tn leu;s ia;%shla ugo@ ke;fyd;a
mqreIfhla ugo@ Tn ia;%S;ajh fyda mqreI;ajh f;dard .ekSu inkaOfhka
fya;= folla olajkak@ hkqfjka jhsfnda mqjref fyda fydka fmfkk
;ekl ,shkak'
Tng kej; bmf jrula ,enqfkd;a Tn leu;s

ia;%shla ugo@ ke;fyd;a mqreIfhla ugo@
Tn iska ia;%S;ajh fyda mqreI;ajh f;dard .ekSu
inkaOfhka fya;= folla olajkak@
$$ fuys mqyqKqf Ihg wod<j iaa;%SNdjh iy mqreINdjh inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh
i;s iyNd.slhska ork u;jdo iy wdl,am oek.; yels m by; m%Yakhg
hq.,hla jYfhka ms<s;=re fidhk f,i b,a,d ish yelsh' my; wdldrfha
ksoYk ms<s;=re iudlhskaf.ka ,eug we;s yelshdj jeh'
ksoYk rE igyk
udf.a jD;a;Sh i;s
ifydaoh i|ud,d"
kej; bmf jrula
,enqfKd;a ia;s%hl kej;
bmug leu;s nj weh
lshkjd' ujla ug yelshdj
we;af;a ldka;djkag muKla
ksid;a" ys;=fjd;a ldka;djlg
kEu fohla l< yels hehs
Yajdi lrk ksid;a
ldka;djla ug weh leu;shs'
udf.a jD;aa;Sh i;s

ifydaoh ksu,d" kej; bmf
jrula ,enqfKd;a mshl=
kej; bmug leu;s nj lshkjd'
weh mjikafka mjqf,a .eyeKq
whg mska iska wdrlaIdj
ie,issh hq;= ksid;a" mskag
? fnda fyda uyu`. hEug
we;s ksoyi ksid;a"
jD;a;Sh i;s kdhlfhl= ug
yelsjk ksid;a msfhl=
ug leu;s njhss'
$$ fuu wNHdih ;=<ska ,efnk ms<s;=re *a,sma pd foll my; wdldrfhka

jd;d lrkak' fujka wNHdihl ,eh yels Wml,ams; wdoY fya;= my;
j.=f olajd we;'
48
.eyekshla ug leu;s wehs @
;h inkaOfhka ;ksju ;SrK .;

yels ksid
.eyekshlg fndfyda g ;ksju j;a
ug yels mirhla ke;s ksid iy
mska iska wdrlaIdj ,ndh hq;= ksid
wdrlaIdj ms<sn| hla ke;sj leu;s
;ekl ksoyfia hd yels ksid
ksjfia Wfoa isg ? jk;=re jev lsug
wjYH fkdjk ksid
u moh ,eh yelafla .eyekshlg

muKla ksid
kEu jevla l< yels bjiSula we;s
flfkla ksid
jdyfha oEjoao ug fyda lkHdNdjh

.ek h ug is fkdjk ksid
orejka fydka f,dl= uy;a l< yelafla

.eyekshlg ksid
.eyekshlg kEu kdhl;aj
;;a;ajhlg <d ug yelshdj we;s
ksid
rf kdhlhd ug mjd myiq ksid
fudhq,h 2
msfhla ug leu;s wehss @
ord .ekSf yelshdj jemqr we;af;a

.eyekshg ksid
,iaikg ieriS ye| me<| iqkaor f,i
ish yelafla .eyekshlg ksid
$$ fuu lreKq jd;d lsug iyNd.sjkakka w;ka fofofkl= m;a lrkak'

$$ ia;%SNdjh iy mqreINdjh inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh i;s idudlhska olajk
woyia iy u;jdohka fudkjdo hkak oek .ekSfuka miq" ia;S%;ajh ms<sn|j
h flfkl= fj; iDKd;aul wdl,am we;ak tajd fjkia l< hq;= nj myod
fokak'
$$ .Dyh" jevlrk ia:dkh iy iudch ;=< ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,sfhys ldka;d
odhl;ajfha jeo.;alu inkaOfhka wjOdrKh lrka ia;%S mqreINdjh hkq
Ydl fjkial muKla nj fmkajd ug yels l%shdldrl ykajd fokak'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
2 ia;%sh iy mshd rEmhg ke`.Su'

kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
*a,sma pd" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka
mdg ;=klska
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( nqoa l,nkh$
lKavdh l%shdldrl
1 hs
ia;%shf.a iy mqreIhdf.a fN!;sl
fjkial ykd.ekSu
$$ ia;%S mqreINdjh ke;fyd;a ,sx.fNaoh iy ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh hk ud;Dld

fydka u;l ;nd.ekSu i|yd O l%Svd yd fkdaoh okjk l%ufo
Wmfhda.Slr .ekSu Tiafia islrkak'
49
$$ f i|yd iyNd.sjkakka ms,a follg fnod" f,a ;rhla wdldrfhka mEk

tlsfkld fj; Ndr foka lKavdhula f,i ldka;djlf.a iy mqreIfhl=f.a
rEmh ksudKh l< hq;= njg Wmfoia fokak' ;u msf,a iEu flfklau fuu
rEmh ksudKh lsug odhl h hq;= nj mjikak'
$$ fufia ta ta ms<g ,enqKq ia;%S rEmh fyda ms rEmj, ;sh hq;= ndysr Yr
w.mij, lsis wvqjla ke;sj ksrej;a f,i ;sh hq;= njg Wmfoia fokak'
$$ ;jo fuu ia;%S rEmh fyda ms rEmh ;%hla wdldrfhka weù fjkqjg"
wjg mirfhka fyda mqyqKq ldurh ;=<ska tl;= lr.;a jH ;=<ska ksudKh
l< yels nj;a mjikak'
$$ *a,sma pd folla f.k tla fld,hl ia;%sh hkako" wfkla fld,fha mqreIhd
hkqfjkao ,shd fld, fol ;a;sfha w,jkak' bkamiq lKavdh fol fmda,s
folla f,i ;nd ;rhla wdldrfhka ;%h ksu lrk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
$$ lKavdh fol iska ;% fol we| wjika jQ miq my; rEmfha we;=,;a jpk
hq., ne.ska ;kd" tajd ksh; ia:dkhkays w,jk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
iudk wjhj l mdkq;a" wiudk wjhj r;= mdkq;a ,l=Kq lrk f,i
lshkak'
ysi" fldKavh" weia" kdih" lg" lK

uqyqK /jq,
fn,a,
Wrysi
mshhqre iy ;k mqvq
mmqj
w; je,g
kdNsh
Worh
w.Arndyqj bls<sh
fhdAksh
YsYAkh iy jDIK

fldaI
l,j
oKysi
ll=,
j<lr
mdoh
50
50
ueKslA lgqj
w;a, iy we`.s,s
$$ tfiau fndfyda fofkla ,sx.sl;ajh fyda ,sx.sl wjhj ms<sn|j l;d lsug
ue,slula iy ,ecdjla olajhs' ldka;djf.a Yrh md,kh lsug we;s
ixialD;sl ;yx" ldka;d Yrhg tfrysj we;s ia;%S IK" n,y;aldrfhka
.e .ekau we;= Yrhg tfrysj we;s ysxiko" Yrh yd inej ldka;djla
yeish hq;= wkaou ms<sn|j we;s u;jdo fukau fjd ldka;d kdhl;ajh
Tmakexu flfrys n,mdk wdldrh ykd .ekSu wd ish foa inkaOfhka
n,mdk fya;= f;are .ekSug k ia;%Ss mqreINdjh fyj;a ,sx.fNaoh hk
ixl,amh ukdj ykd .; hq;=h' f i|yd ia;%Ss Yrfha iy mqreI Yrfha we;s
fjkial yeoEu wjYH f'
$$ ia;%shlf.a iy mqreIfhl=f.a m%ckk moaO;sfha mska;+r my; oelaf'
m%ckk l%shdj,sh ;=< ia;%shl iy mqreIfhl= w;r we;s j oHd;aul
fjkial fiau ia;%Ska iy mqreIhskaf.a whs;sjdisl fukau ksoyi u; mok
jQ iudc fjkial fudkjdo hkak WodyrK wdY%s;j ia;r lrkak'
$$ WodyrK jYfhka ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhskaf.a m%ckk moaO;Ska ms<sn|j
fydka yeoEf" we;e rgj, mj;sk ixialD;Ska ;=< mqreIhskaf.a
,sxf.akasfha fmriu bj;a lsu ke;fyd;a iqkak;a lsu lrkq ,nk w;r"
we;e ixialD;Skaj, ia;%Skag ia;%S ,sxf.akash fokh ke;fyd;a ia;%S
pufokh lrkq ,ef' mqreI ,sxf.akasfha fmriu bj;a lrkqfha myiqfjka
frda. wdh fkdje<f iy ,sx.sl ;Dma;sh je jYfhka ,nd .ekSf
mrud:fhka jqjo" ia;%S ,sxf.akasfha fldgila fyda tys ndysrj msysgd we;s
bkash fldgia imQKfhkau bj;a lrkq ,nkafka thskA ia;%Ska yslauh
yels hehs hk Yajdih fya;=fjks' rEm igyka foflys fmkajd we;s ia;%S
m%ckl moaO;sh ;=< N.uKsh wO jYfhka fyda imQKfhka bj;a lsu"
N.uKsh iy fhdaksh jgd we;s uyd f;d,a fyda l=vd zf;d,a hq., muKla wO
jYfhka fyda imQKfhka bj;a lsu" fhdaks jrh mgq lsu fyda wdjrK
uqdjla ilia lsu wdh ;=<ska ia;%Skaf.a ,sx.sl;ajh md,kh lsu i|yd
fujeks idm%odhsl is;a ieliS we;' ia;%shlf.a Yrh md,kh lrk fujka
idm%odhsl is;a l%shd;aulj mej;Su fya;=fjka ,sx.sl ixl+,;d" fokdld
,sx.sl ixi.h" h<s h<s;a we;sjk fhdaks ud. fyda uq;%d ud. wdidok iy
ore m%iQ;sfha O ixl+,;d we;su jeks wjodk rdYshlg ia;%Syq uqyqK
fo;s' tfiau ia;%Skag ,sx.sl ;fha ffu:qk rifha Wp wjia:dj fyj;a
iQr;dka;hg m;aug yelshdj ,ndfok N.uksh lmd oefuka Tjqkaf.a
,sx.sl;ajh md,khg ,laf' fuh ia;%Skaf.a iy .eyekq <uqkaf.a udkj ysl
W,a,x>kh lsula fukau ia;%Skag n,mdkq ,nk iqfYaIS ,sx.sl iy m%ckk
fi!LHh .egjla f,i cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<sf.k we;'
51
51
fudhq,h 2
$$ Ydl wiudk;djhka r;=mdka ,l=Kq l< miq fuu fjkial idlPdjg

Ndckh lsu jeo.;a jkafkaa jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka w;r ;u Yrh yd
ine whs;Sska fudkjdo@ Yrh fj; ndysr iudcfhka wdfrdamKh lr we;s
jkdl iy ixialD;sl ;yx fudkjdo@ hkak wjfndaOlr .ekSu myiq
lrkq msKsi h'
rEm igyk 1( ms m%ckl moaO;sh
^rEm igyka Wmqgd .ekSu(

;reK m%cdf ,sx.sl yd
m%ckl fi!LH iy whs;Ska
fmr igyka f.dkqj&
.=o ud.h
uQ,dY%h
mqria;s .%ka;sh
l+m .%ka;sh
.=oh
Y=l% kd,h
jDIK
jDIK fldaIh
uQ;%d ud.h
YsIaKh
fmriu
YsIaK uqKavh
uq;% jrh
Tyqf.a ,sx.sl iy m%ckl

wjhjhkaf.a fmkqu
52
fudhq,h 2
rEm igyk 2( ia;%S m%ckl moaO;sh
frdau l+m
N.uksh
uyd fhdaks f;d,a
uq;% jrh
iq fhdaks f;d,a
fhdaks jrh
.=oh
53
$$ f,dalfha ldka;djka tl iudk wx.j,ska hq;= jqjo ,sx.sl wjhjhkays

l%shdld;ajh ms<sn| n,mEu rka rgg" cd;sh fyda wd.u jeks ixialD;sl fya;=
wkqj fjkia fjkafka flfiao hkak mqyqKqlrejd lkHNdjh" <oehka ueu
iy ,sx.pu fokh jeks WodyrK fhdod .kska myod fokak'
tk Ydlj iudk ,sx.sl wjhj iys;j Wmk .eyekqka w;r mjd
fjkial we;s lrk iudc iy ixialD;sl fya;= we;s lrkafka
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh ksid nj myokak'
$$ fndfyda g ldka;djkaf.a Yrh md,kh lrk lkHdNdjh hk ixl,amh
fuys idlPdjg .kak' ukao Y%S ,xldj jeks rgl ldka;djkaf.a
,sx.sl moaO;sh yd nekq ;Hdu; fukau Yajdihka ksid ldka;djka jdyh
;=< mSvkhg ,lajk neks' fndfyda fofkla Yajdi lrkq ,nkafkaa lkHdjla
k m<uq ,sx.sl ixi.fha rerh msgh hq;= njhs' tfy;a lkHdmg,h iy
lkHdNdjh inkaO we;af;a flfiao hkak uid ne,Sf m<uq fhdaks
ixi.fha rerh msgu lkHdNdjfha i,l=Kla fkdf' ukao we;e
ldka;djka lkHdmg,hla fkdue;sj Wmk w;r" fndfyda ldka;djkag
Tjqkaf.a m<uq fhdaks ixi.fha rerh msgula is fkdjk neks'
$$ lkHdmg,h hkq ldka;djkaf.a fhdaks jrh wv jYfhka wdjrKh lrkq
,nk b;d ;=kS mg,hls' lkHdmg,h O yevhkaf.ka iy m%udK j,ska
hqla; h yels nj;a lkHdmg,h fkdue;sj h flfkla bmh yels nj;a
my; rEm igyk Wmfhda.S lrf.k myod fokak' f ksid .Dyia: ;fha
lkHNdjh inkaOfhka ldka;djka mSvkhg m;a lsf widOdrK nj
fmkajd fokak' mSvkh we;s ;ekl j;ajkg h flfkl=f.a wd;au
wNsudkh ySk hkq we;'
lkHdmg,hkaf.a iajNdjhka iy O
wdldrhkag msysgd we;s lkHdmg, rEm igyk
54
ms
lvy~ fjkiau
.eyekq
jhi wjqre 10-17;a w;r ld,fha u,ajrhg meKSu
W.=rewegh t<shg
oHdudk u
mshhqre jeu
/jq, jeu
,sx.sl m%foaYj," mmqf
iy lsys,sj, frdaul+m
jeu
Y=l%dKq msgu
,sx.sl m%foaYj, iy lsys,sj, frdaul+m jeu

udislj Timau
oreM, ork jhfia isk ia;%shla iEu uilg jrla
tk k 28lg jrla x j.fha n msglsu ke;fy;a
nkSyrKh
jhia.;jQ l, jhi wjqre 50 muK Timau
k;ru fyj;a wd:jyrKh
$$ fuu ieisfhys" Wmf;a ia;%S fyda mqreINdjh ;SrKh lrk l%shdj,sh yeoEu
jeo.;ah' ukao ms orejka fkdue;su inkaOfhka fndfyda iudchkays
ia;%sh fodaIdfrdamKhg ,lajk neks' kuq;a msNdjh fyda .eyekqNdjh
;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka mqreIhd iska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk XY hk Y=l%dkq
fya;=fjks' ia;%shlf.a n iy mqreIfhl=f.aa Y=l%dKq tl;=fuka l,,hla
ksudKh f l%shdj,sh tfia ke;fyd;a th ms l,,hla o ke;fyd;a
.eyekq l,,hla o hkak ;SrKh f l%shdj,sh my; rEm igyk Wmfhda.Slr
.kska myokak'
$$ ,sx.sl l%shdj,sfha mqreIhdf.ka msgjk x j.fha
Y=l%dKqjla iu. ia;%S nh tla jqfjd;a ia;%S
l,,hla ksudKh jk nj;a mqreIhdf.ka msgjk
y Y=l%dKqj iu. ia;%S nh tla jqjfyd;a mqreI
l,,hla ksudKh jk nj;a ia;%SNdjh fyda
mqreINdjh ;SrKh lrk fydafudakh mshd u;
/f|k nj;a my; pl%h Wmfhda.S lrf.k myod
fokak'
55
fudhq,h 2
$$ ms orefjl= iy .eyekq orefjl= bm jehg m;aj" uy jk;=re isjk

Ydl fjkial my; j.=f oelaf' fuu j.=j idlPdjg Ndckh lrkak'
tfia idlPd lsfuka miq" ia;%S mqreINdjhg wh;a jkafka Ydlj we;sjk
fjkial muKla nj;a" ndysr fjkial iudch iska wdfrdamKh lrk ,o
fjkial nj;a myod fokak' fuu ieish ;=<ska ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh hk
ixl,amh idlPd lsu i|yd m%fYhla ilid fohs'
.eyekq X X
ms X Y
Y=l%dKq
56
.eyekq orejka
ms orejka
X X
X Y
fojk ieish
yekau
m<uq ieisfha mska iy .eyekqka w;r Ydlj mj;sk j oHd;aul fjkial
fukau tajdg fya;=jk idOl wm iska ykd .;af;uq' ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska w;r
mj;sk iudh jYfhka ksKh flfrk fjkial iy in|;d ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
ke;fyd;a iudcNd ia;%SmqreINdjh hkqfjka yekaf' ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh
iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh ;=< bf.k .kakd fohla jk w;r" ld,h" ixialD;sh"
ia;%S mqreINdjh wkqj fjkiajkakla nj fmkau;a ta wkqj ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh jOkh lsu flfrys n,md we;s wdldrh ms<sn|j;a
idlPd lsu fuu ieisfha wruqKhs'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
3 ia;%sh iy mshd we wdhs;a; yd

ixialD;sl ,laIK j,ska ieriSu
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
*a,sma pd" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka mdg
;=klska
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( nqoa
l,nkh$lKavdh l%shdldrl
1 hs
ia;%shf.a iy mqreIhdf.a Ydl wjhj yd
nekq ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iy ixialD;sl
wdfrdamKhka ykd .ekSu
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ m<uq wNHdifha ;%hg k`.k ,o ms iy ia;%Ss ksrej;a rEm we wdhs;a;
fukau iudc" ixialD;sl ,laIKj,ska ieriSu fuu wNHdifha wruqKhs'
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh iy ixjOkhg wod< ixl,am jvd fydka u;l ;nd
.ekSu i|yd mqyqKqlrejd iska O l%Svd yd l%shdldrl Wmld lrf.k
fkdaockl wdldrfhka fulS ixl,am myod u l< hq;= jkafkah'
57
57
fudhq,h 2
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh" iudcdkqfhdackh iy kdhl;ajh
$$ ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska fofldgiu is k 20 fofkla muK l,jf f.k

lKavdh folla ilikak' fjku *a,sma pd folla f.k tla fld,hl
.eyekshf.a ksrej;a rEmho" wfkla fld,fha mshdf.a ksrej;a rEmho
;a;sfha w,jkak'
$$ lKavdh folla jYfhka my; wdldrfhka .eyekshf.a iy mshdf.a
k.ak rEmj,g we wdhs;a;" wdNrK we;= ixialD;sl iy iudch iska
wdfrdams; ,laIK j,ska irik f,ig;a jK .kajk f,ig;a Wmfoia fokak'
fulS wNHdih is lrkqfha ishu we me<" .eyeksh iy mshdf.ka
wfmalaIs; phdjka ia;%SmqreI iudcNdh ,laIK nj fmkau i|yd h'
$$ tfiau lKavdhf mqoa.,hska fofofkl= ms iy .eyekq f,iska klr"
kshu mshd iy kshu .eyeksh f,iska ieriS bhg tk f,ig o Wmfoia
h yel' f i|yd wjYH we me< /f.k tk f,i iyNd.sjkakkag
l,a;shd Wmfoia ug mqjk' fuys my; wdldrfha mska;+rhla fyda ieriSula
fndfyda g oel.; yelsjkq we;'
$$ msfhl=f.a fyda .eyekshlf.a rEmj, we;s iudc
ixialD;sl wx. ,laIK iy fhdod .kakd jK
kslaIKh lr my; m%Yak iyNd.sjkakka iu.
idlPdfldg ia;%Ska flfia h hq;=o iy mqreIhska
flfia h hq;=o hkak ms<sn|j we;s taldlD;Skaj,g
wNsfhda. lrka nqoa l,nkh lrkak'
1. iudch iska ia;%sh fj; wdfrdamKh lr we;s
Ydl ixialD;sl ,laIK fudkjdo@
2. iudch iska ia;%sh iy mqreIhd fj; ,nd we;s wdNrK fudkjdo@
3. iudch iska ia;%sh iy mqreIhd fj; ,nd we;s jK fudkjdo@
4. iudch iska ia;%sh iy mqreIhdg ,nd we;s we wdhs;a; fudkjdo@
5. iudch iska ia;%sh iy mqreIhdg ,nd we;s ;dlaIKsl fuj, fudkjdo@
6. iudch iska ia;%sh iy mqreIhdg ,nd we;s iudc m%;srEmh l=ulao@
7. mqreIhd flfia h hq;=o ia;%sh flfia h hq;=o inkaOfhka ,e we;s
iSudlrKhka ke;fyd;a taldlD;Ska fudkjdo@
8. ia;%Ska w;r mjd fjkial fmkakq lrk ixialD;sl ,laIK" we yd
wdNrK ;sfo@ tfia k tajd fudkjdo@ tfia fjkial we;s lrkafka
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh kue;s iudh jYfhka wdfrdams; foa ksid fkdfo@
58
58
4( Wmf;a isg jhia.; jk;=re mska iy .eyekqka

fj; wdfrdamKh lrk iudc" ixialD;sl ,laIK
fudkjdo@
f,dj
kd 30
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
wjYH jH
;=klska
l%ufoh
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( nqoa l,nkh$lKavdh
l%shdldrl
wjYH myiqldrlhska ixLHdj 1 hs
wNHdifha wruqK
iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sfha ia;%sh iy mqqreIhd
fj; iudcfhka wdfrdamKh lrk fjkial yd
,laIK ykd .ekSu
ms;DuQ,sl iudch" ixialD;sh" iudcdkqfhdackfha
tacka;hka ykd .ekSu
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ iyNd.sjkakka lKAvdh ;=klg fnod" *a,sma pd fld, 3la ,nd fokak'
$$ my; m%Yakj,g lKavdhula jYfhka ms<s;=re fidhk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$ Wmf;a isg wjqre my olajd ld,h ;=< .eyekq orejkag iy ms orejkag
mjq, ;=< wdfrdamKh lrk ,laIK fudkjdoehs idlPd lrk f,i m<uq
lKavdhug Wmfoia fokaak'
$$ wOHdmk ;h ;=< isjk iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sfha ms orejka iy
.eyekq orejka fj; iudch iska wdfrdamKh lrk ,laIK fudkjdoehs
idlPd lrk f,i fojk lKavdhug Wmfoia fokaak'
$$ jeuy,a jhig m;ajQ g tk jdy ;hg t<efUk iy /lshdjla lrk
jhfia iudch ;=<ska bf.k .kakd pd;% fukau yeis rgd fudkjdoehs
idlPd lrk f,i f;jk lKAvdhug Wmfoia fokaak'
59
59
fudhq,h 2
wNHdih
$$ my; i|yka wu;r ia;r lshjd n,d iyNd.sjkakka iska bm;a lrk ,o
f;dr;=rej, i;H wi;H;djh uid ne,Sug;a" Tjqkaf.a oekSf h wvqmdvqjla
we;ak tajd ksjer lsug;a mqyqKqlrejdg mshjr .; yel'
$$ iudcdkqfhdackh iy ixialD;sh hkafkys ksjpk ,nd fokak' bkamiq fujka
m%Yak iyNd.slhskaf.ka uikak'
mS;DuQ,sl iudcfha n,mEug Tn ,lajQfha flfiao@ Tn l=vd ld,fha wfmalaId
lrk ,o ;;a;ajhg Tng <dug tlS mS;D uQ,sl iudc jHqyhka iy u;jdo
n,mdk ,oafoao@
Tnf.a jD;a;Sh ;h mS;D uQ,sljdoh fya;=fjka n,mEug ,lajQfhao@
iaa;%SmqreINdjh u; jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< Tnf.a u;jdo lsish kl m%;slafIam
;sfo@
$$ bkamiq iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sfha wdfrdamKh lr .kakd jkdl"
wdpdrOu yd iudc mphka Tiafia mqoa.,hska mS;DuQ,sl iudchlg
iudcdkqfhdackh jk wdldrh myod fokak' ixialD;sh iy iudch ;ks
mqoa.,hdf.ka fjka l< fkdyels fohla njg m;ajk wdldrh myokak'
$$ ldka;djkag ixialD;sh iy wd.l uOHia:dk iska we;s lrk ,o ;Hd
u;jdo fudkjdo hkak inkaOfhka .%y lrkak'
$$ Tnf.a ;fha Wmf;a isg j;udk ;;a;ajh olajd <d f ia;%S mqreI
iudcNd in|;dj, n,mEu flfia isjQfhao@ ta wkqj Tn iudcdkqfhdackh jQ
wdldrh ,shd olajkak'
$$ fuu wNHdih ;ks mqoa.,hska iska ksu lrkakehs b,a,d iskak' fuu
wNHdih uq,a kfha ksulsu jeo.;a jkafka iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ia;%SmqreI
iudcNd miqu ykd .ekSug bka bvlv ,efnk ksidfjks'
$$ fuu j.=j fjku uqKh fldg iyNd.slhska fj; ,nd ug lghq;= lrkaak'
60
60
<ud ld,h
Childhood
kj fhdjqka h
Adolescent
;reK ld,h
Early adulthood
(career/work days)
jdyhg t<efUk ld,h

Stage of building a
family
ud l=vd oehlaj
is ld,fha uf.a
;d;a;d lsjd (
mqx .Ekq <uhs
yeisfrkak kE
fufyuhs'
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
uu lla f,dl=
jqkd' wjqre
10la ;r jqkdu
biafldaf,a .=re;="
mjqf,a jeuy,a wh
iy oy mdif,a
jeys Woh
ug lsjd ( f,dl=
.Ekq$ms <uhs
yeisfrkak kE
fufyuhs'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
uu Yaj oHd,hg$
Wiia$;D;Sh
wOHdmkhg .shd(
ldka;djlg b
meje;aula ;sfhkafka
f Ihka bf.k
.;af;d;a lsh,d
lsjd'
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
uu jdy fjk jhig

wdjd' lido nk
mshd$.eyeksh f
jf.a fjkak k
lsh,d ug iudcfhka
fm<Uula ;snqKd'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
mqx ms <uhs
yeisfrkak kE
fufyuhs'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ug ,enqKq
fi,a, nvq
fjd h'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
uf.a whshdg
,enqKq fi,a,
nvq fjd h'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ud l< l%Svd
fjd h'
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ud f;dard.;a
fkdaodxY fjdh'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
f,dl= .Ekq$ms
<ufhla hg
fjd bf.k .kak
kE
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ud lsh jQ fmd;a
fjd h'
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ud bf.k .;a
Ihhka
fjd h'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
uu /lshdjla
f;dard .kakd
ld,fha ud oek
.;a;d( ldka;djla
$mqreIfhla hg
.e,fmk /lshd
fjd hs lsh,d'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
/lshdf msfhla
.Ekq flfkla
yeisfrkak kE
fufyuhs lsjd
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
ud riaidjg inkaO
jD;a;Sh i;shlg
nef|kak ys;=jd'
f.or wh ug fufyu
lsjd'
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
fudhq,h 2
uf.a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjfha ldYkh
uu jdy jqkd'
jdyfha iudc pd;%
bgq l<d' ta wkqj my;
pd;% bgq lsug isjQjd'
1.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
|$iehd f jf.a
ldhhka yd N+ldjka
l< hq;= hehs ud bf.k
.;a;d
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
<uhs ,enqKd' f.a fodr
lghq;= inkaOfhka
|$iehd ;SrK
.; hq;af;a fjd
inkaOfhka lsh,d
oekuq;=l ,enqKd'
1.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2.'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3.''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
4''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
61
w;am;%sldj 1
m%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re iy ksjpk(
1' Wmf;a wdfrdams; ia;%SmqreI iudcNdh ,laIK iy
iudcdkqfhdackh
we wdhs;a; j,ska fkdirik ,o w; Wmka ms orefjl= iy .eyekq orefjl=f.a
mska;+r folla my; oelaf' fuu A mska;+rh foi n,d .eyekq orefjl=o ms
orefjl=o hkak ;SrKh lsu wiSre nj;a" B mska;+rfhaa .eyekq orejkag frdai mdg
fukau ms orejkag ks,a mdg we wkaojd we;s w;r ia;%SmqreI iudcNdh f,i
jKhka wdfrdams;lr we;s nj;a fmkajd fokak' ta wkqj weu" wdfrdams; jKhka
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ;=<ska we;s lrk ,oaols' fuu jK f;aau fndfyda g
islrkq ,nkafka foudmshka isks' f wkqj orefjl=f.a iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh
werfUkafka ksjiska jk w;r zzfrdai mdg .Ekq mdgZZ hehs is;ka ms orefjl= we;s
oe f' kuq;a fuu jK fnu meKsfha ta ta jKj,g wh;a f;areu;a iu.sks'
rEmh A:
ia;%S-mqreINdjh (Sex)
rEmh B:
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh (Gender)
ks,a mdg we;s wyi wkka;h' uy uqyqo wkka;h olajd fjk fl<jrla ke;s
fohls' f ksid ks,a mdka ksoyi hk woyi ;yjqre f'
ks,a mdg Wodrnj iy n,h ksrEmkh lrhs'
tfiau frdaimdg wyxil nj" iqkaor nj fnd<| nj iy lreKdj hk ,laIK
wdfrdams; h'
.%Sisfha ms orejka hCI n,mEj,ska wdrlaId lsu msKsi ks,a mdka irik
,o nj lshef'
tfiau f lkHd ujf.a (Vergin Mary)a mdg o ks,amdg ksid hqfrdamfha ms
orefjda ks,amdka irikq ,enQy'
62
lrdnq eu wdYs%; ia;%SmqreI iudcNd jHjydrhka

ksrej;aj Wmk udkjhd ixialD;sl fuj,j,ska irikqfha iudch nj fmkajd ug
WodyrK rdYshla we;' ukao bkahdj jeks rgj, mqreIhska lrdnq oeu isl< w;r
j;udkfha ,dis;d wkqjo mqreIhska lrdnq ouk nj fmkS hk ksidfjks' tfy;a
.eyekq orefjl= Wmka g l=vd ld,fhau lk f pd;%h fndfyda iudchkays
we;' tfiau fou< ldka;djka kdifhao lrdnqjla m<k w;r j;udkfha fudaia;r
wkqj weys neu iy kdNsh flaka lr f.ko lrdnq oeu m%lgj ;sf' f wkqj lk
fyda kdih wdY%s;j we;s ieris,s ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh wkqj we;s jQjls' tfiau fuh
rka rgg" ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg fjkia f'
fi,a, nvq iy ia;%SmqreI iudcNd Nd;hka

l=vd orejka bm <udhg md ;nk g ms iy .eyekq orejkag Odldrfha
fi,a, nvq foumshka iska ,nd foa' fndfyda g foumshka iy kEoEhsska iska
ia;%S iy mqreI N+ld fjka jYfhka fNaokh lrk ,o fi,a, nvq fyda is;=re
nvq , .ekSu ;=<ska .eyekq orejka fukau ms orejka o fjkia wdldrfhka
iudcdkqfhdackh f' fndfyda g .eyekq orejkag iqkaor fndakslalka ,nd fok
w;r ms orejkag ,nd fokafka fi,a, ld" wyia hdkd" fi,a, ;=jlal="
fi,a, igkalrejka iy O hkaf;%damlrK jeks oEh' l=vd ld,fha fndakslalka
63
fudhq,h 2
17 jk Y;jIfha muK jk f;la <uqkag mdgla fkd;snQ w;r frdai u,a

j,ska Wmka iqkaor <shka hk woyiska .eyekq orejka frdai mdka irik
,'
ks,a mdg frj, , wl jQfhka ms orejka ks,a jKfhka o" .eyekq
orejka frdai jKfhka o irik ,'
zfijkahlg fmnekaodZ" zwehf.a frdai fofldmq,aZ" zfrdaiu,la jeks wef.a
uqyqKZ jeks fh .S; yd lj, tkafka fujka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd fn
ksidfjks' .eyeksh fnd<|h mshd t;rh hk iudc taldlD;Ska we;sug
fuu fnj, n,mEu fya;= h'
ke,u" kEu" fi,a, f.or ye,s j<xj,ska n;a bu jeks oE l%Svdjka f,iska
lrk .eyekq orejka hdka;%sl fyda ;dlaIKsl oekqu inkaOfhka Wkkajla
fkdoelaug fmd<Ujka iudcdkqfhdackh lsug fufia ia;%SmqreI iudcNd
jYfhka fNaokh lrk ,o fi,a, nvq fya;= f' tfiau ;=jlal=j,ska fj ;eug"
rhska iy kdhlhska ug we;s udkisl;ajh f.k fok fi,a, nvq Tiafia ms
<uqka iudcdkqfhdackhg ,laf' fujeks fya;+ka u; ms <uqka h fkl orejka
ke,u" lEu msiSsu jeks lsish mqoa.,fhl= i;= h hq;= iudc l=i,;djhka iy
j.lSfuka neyerj iudcdkqfhdackh f' f ksid j.lsj hq;= jeyshka f,i
ms orejkag ;=jlal= jeks wmrdO udkisl;ajhg fmd<Ujk fi,a, nvq fuka
je<lS ish hq;=jd fukau .eyekq iy ms orejka iudk jk l=i,;d Tiafia
bf.k .ekSug fmd<Ujk fi,a, nvq ,ndug lghq;= lsuo jeo.;a f' .eyekq
orejkaf.a kdhl;ajh je hqKq lrk fi,a, nvq ,nd uo fuys jeo.;a f'
.eyekq orejkaf.a fi,a, nvq
64
ms orejkaf.a fi,a, nvq
.eyekq orejka . fldKavhlao ms orejka fldg fldKavhlao we;sj isu idudkH

Nd;h f,i ie,l=j;a fldKavh iu. nekq iudc wdl,am ld,h;a iu. fjkia
h' fldKAvh lemSu ixlr f ,laIKhla fkdj .eyekq iy ms hk fomlaIhu
fldKavh fldgg lemSu ld,h;a iu. isjQ fjkils' w;S; ld,fha fldKavh ne|
we;s mskaf.a mska;+r wm oel we;' tfiau j;udkfha;a fldKavh nk mqreIfhda
is;s' .= jr,i fyda ls;=,a ?k fuka laj we;s fldKavh we;s ia;%Skaf.a w,xldrh
lhka iska jKkd lrkq ,enQjo mskaf.a fldKavh tfia jKkd fkdlsu
fya;=fjka . fldKavh w,xldrfha ,laIKhla f,i ldka;djka fj; wfrdamKh
h' kuq;a kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka jeo.;a jkafka fldKavh .u fyda flu
fkdj ;sfnk fldKavh mSrd ms<sfj,lg fmkS isu muKs'
we me< yd inkaO ia;%SmqreI iudcNd wdl,am

we me< hkak ia;%SmqreI iudcNd ixfla;hls' WodyrK jYfhka orefjla
bmkq .i orejdf.a ,sx.h l=ulao hkak oek .ekSug hqyqiq f' w;S; ld,fha
kakUq ldurfhka t<sfha isk ksjeishka wik ,oafoa irulao@ lndhlao@
hkqfjks' wE; w;S;fha .e .eyekqka froao iy yegh ye| is w;r" mska
irulska ieriqKs' fmdfydi;a ldka;djka Ti fyda idh ye w;r" weu hkak
iudc ugug wkqj fjkia jkakla njg m;ah' tfiau uq,a ld,fha l,siu hqfrdamSh
ixialD;sh uq,alrf.k mska iska wk ,oafoa jqjo miqj ldka;djkao l,siu weù
idudkH fohla njg m;a h' 1970 oYlh muK g ,xldf ldka;dfjda ks.jqu
ke;fyd;a fldg .jq yeùg mgka .;ay' tfiau weu hkak cd;sfhka cd;shg"
ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg fjkia jkafka th ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjfha n,mEug
,lajk neks' uqia,s ldka;djlf.a weu fndfyda g isxy, ldka;djlf.a wefuka
fjkia fjkafka f ksidh' tfiau weu hkak mSvkfha fldgila f,iska fhdod
.kska ldka;djf.a ksoyi iSud lrk wjia:do olakg we;' WodyrK jYfhka
;f,hsndka md,k ld,fha we*a.ka ldka;dj Tf isg mdoh olajd imQKfhkau
uqyqK wdjrKh jk f,i nqld f,da.=j me<ù wksjdh jQ w;r f Tiafia ldka;dj
65
fudhq,h 2
fldKavh iu. ne`Kq ia;%SmqreI iudcNd wdl,am
ysxidjg m;alrk l%ufohla f,i weu fhdod .kakd ,' tfiau Y%S ,xldf jqjo"
fndfyda uqia,s ldka;djka modj m<k w;r" o< ldka;djka fndfyda g k<f,a
;s,lhla ;nhs' f ksid weu hkak iudcfhka iudchg fjkia jk w;r th
foaY.=Kh wkqj fukau ia:dkh wkqjo fjkia jkakls' f ksid .eyekqka iy mska
ye| me<ù l< hq;=jkafka flfiao hkak ;SrKh lr we;af;a fndfyda g iudh
n,mEu u; nj f wkqj fmkS hhs'
2' wOHdmkh ,nk jhfia isjk iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh ;=<

wdfrdams; ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdh ,laIK
ixialD;shla fkdue;sj Wmk orejka fj; uq,skau iudch iska ixialD;sh
wdfrdamKh lrhs' m%:ufhka mqoa.,hska ksjfia iudcdkqfhdackh jk w;r bka
miqj iudcdkqfhdackh jkafka mdief,a iu jhia lKavdh ;=<ska" .=rejreka
f.ka" bf.k .kakd Ih ud,dfjka iy i;s iud. wdh u.ska f' tfiau lkg
wefik" weig oDYH jk udOHhka fj;ska fj<| oekaj,ska fukau fjk;a fyd|
hehs ks; foaj,ska h' ;jo idys;H" kj l;d" l yd .S; jeks l,d udOHhka o
f*aia nqla jeks iudc cd,hka o fulS iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh islsug odhl f'
l=vd orejkag lshug fok <udl;dj, fndfyda g ldka;dj yeugu mshdf.a
66
tfiau mdie,a Ih Odrdjka ;=< mjd .Dy oHdj .eyekq orejka iska yodrk Ihla
njg;a ;dlaIK Ih fndfyda g ms <uqka iska yodrk Ihla njg;a m;a
we;' f ksid ms orejka .Dyfha wjYH lghq;= oek.ekSu hk jk l=i,;dj
fkdue;sj iudcdkqfhdackh jk w;r uQ,sl ;dlaIK oekqu ke;sj .eyekq orejka
we;s oe f' tfy;a ia;%SmqreI iudcdkqfhdackh inkaOfhka hqKq u; iy woyia
ork mdGYd,dj, fulS fNaokh olakg fkdue;' tfiau ms orejka iy .eyekq
orejka we;soe lsf ms orejka ;o" Yla;su;a oro~q is;a we;a;ka lsug iu;a
wdl,am iudch ;=< we;' WodyrK f,iska ms <ufhl= ye`vqfjd;a ,ecd keoao
.Ekq <ufhla jf.a w`vkak hkd jYfhka jQ m%Yak
fyda fh ms orejka inkaOfhka Nd;d lrkq
,nhs' ms orejka uq fudf,dla njg m;a lrkq
fjkqjg Tjqka ;o is;a we;s r mqoa.,hska njg m;a
lrhs' tfiau mdie,aj, we;s fkdaod;aul m%xi.j,
bm;a lrk k:k" l%Ssvd wdh ia;%S mqreI jYfhka
fNaokh we;' WodyrK f,i yskefya
fndakslald weia kgjd n, n,d
.S;h .eyekq orejkaf.a k:khla
njg m;a f' ;jo l,f."
kegq" f.dh lemSu wdh .eyekq
orejkaf.a kegq jk w;r ,S fl<s
wdh fndfyda g ms orejkaf.a
kegq njg m;af' f ish k;k
67
fudhq,h 2
/ljrKh ;=<ska ;u ;h .,jd .kakd p; njg m;af' WodyrK f,i <udl;dj,

tk iskavfr,a,d l;dj" ysu l=udf.a l;dj" f. l=udrhdf.a l;dj wdfhka biau;=
jk ldka;d p; yeugu mshdf.a wdrlAIdfjka ;h .,jd .kakd ia;%S p;
njg m;af' f ksid l=vd oehka iajlSh kdhl;ajh iy wNsudkh l=vd ld,fha
isgu kxjd .ekSu fjkqjg msgia;r n,f.hl msysg n,dfmdfrd;a;= f' fujeks
<ud l;dkaor ;=<ska .eyekq orejkaf.a kdhl;aj .;s.=K biau;= fkdlrk w;r"
ms <uqkaf.a r p; fndfyda l;dj, biau;= ug bvlv imhd we;' tfiau
l=vudjre yeugu kmqre" ck .eyekqka f,iska fndfydauhla l;dkaorj,
ia;r f' wfkla w;g rcfha uqs; fyda fmdf;ys mjd uq,a ld,fha ldka;djkaf.a
iy mqreIhskaf.a N+ld fukau ldhhka fNaokh lr ;snqfka ldka;djka .Dyfha
ldhhka i|yd;a mska msgia;r f,dalh yd nekq ldhhka i|yd iSud lrks'
idud w;= .dkakSh" wur fi,a, lrkafkah" uj lEu msikakSh" ;d;a;d mqj;am;
n,kafkah wd jYfhka jQ mska;+r iy ia;r lsj,ska <ud ukig fok mKsvh
jkafka mshd f,dalfha isjk oE olska /lshdj lrkafkla f,ig;a ldka;dj .Dyh
;=<gu lghq;= lrkakshla f,ig;ah' ldka;dj f,dalfha yd ;ud wjg jgmsgdf
isjk oE olska foaYmd,k {dkh w;am;a lr.; hq;= flfkla njg fyda fmdf;ka
mKsv ,nd fkdKs' f ksid l=vd ld,fha mgka f;dr;=re oek.ekSu iy ;SrK
.ekSu inkaOfhka we;s ldhh ldka;djkaf.ka wE;a lsug fujka mKsv fya;=
fjkjd ksielh'
wx.hkays ldka;d iy ms jYfhka fNaokh lrk ,o N+ld .ej ;sf' fjd

fkd oekqj;aju <ud ukfia ;ekam;a jk w;r tajd Tjqkaf.a iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh
flfiaoehs hkak ;SrKh lsug fya;= mdol f' tfiau .eyekq orejka u,ajr f
O ixialD;Skaj,g wh;a msia fjkia fjkia pd;% jd;% wkq.ukh lr;s' fuu
iudc is;a ;a w;rg" u,ajr jQ oehg mska fkdfmkajd isu" iq<x fkdjk
ljr ldurhl iskakg ie,eiau" ms,S lEu ûia" ud" lrj, jeks oE& cd;s fkd
isu fyda ;=k my fkdod lEu u" levm;lska uqyqK ne,Sug bv fkdu" fr kekaod
flfkla f.kajd kel;g kEu wdh we;=,;a jk w;r f iEu pd;%hla ;=<skau
.eyekq <uqka iy ms <uqka yeish hq;= wkaou ms<sn|j Tjqyq iudcdkqfhdackhg
,la fj;s'
3' jeuy,a jhig m;ajQ miq isjk iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh ;=<

wdfrdams; ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh ,laIK
mdie,a fhays fukau ;=re iud." iudc cd," iujhia lKavdh iy jevlrk
ia:dkj, mqoa.,hska iudcdkqfhdackhg ,laf' mska iska l=uk /lshd l< hq;=o"
.eyekqka iska l=uk /lshd l< hq;=o wd jYfhka wdl,am iy fm<U we;s
lsug iujhia lKavdhys n,mE fya;= f' WodyrK f,i id;a;= fiajfha fhfok
fyo ks,Odka fndfyduhla fokd ldka;djka jk w;r rcfha m%jdyk fiajdjkays
fldkafodia;r iy hre ;k;=re ish,a,lau mdfya orkafka mqreI mdYaj isks'
jdy f oEjeoao ,nd .ekSu" |f.a m;%;dj uek ne,Sug lkHdNdjh mslaiSu
hkd iudc fm<Uj,g ms mdYajhka fhduqlrkq ,nkafka iudcdkqfhdack
l%shdj,sfha n,mEu u;h' ;jo we;e rgj, mjqf,a knqj wdrlaId lsu hk iudc
kshuh wkqj hka ia;%S IKhlg ,lajQ fyda ,sx.sl w;jrhlg ,lajQ ldka;djka
iy oehka mjqf,a mska iska >d;kh (Honour Killing) lrkq ,nhs' ;u ujf.a
woyiaj,g uq,a ;ek we;s ksjil we;s oe jk ms orejka |f.a woyiaj,g ijka
fokafkl= njg m;a ug we;s bvlv jeh' ldka;d woyiaj,g .re lrk mirhl
yefok jefvk mshd jevlrk ia:dkfha ldka;djkaf.a woyiaj,g .re lsug
fm<fUhs'
ksjfia" jevlrk ia:dkfha iy fmd iudcfha ldka;djf.a woyia iy u;jdo
fndfyduhla hgm;a f' fuhg fya;= jkafka Tjqka ye jevqkq mirh ;=< ldka;djla
yeish hq;= wkaou ms<sn|j we;s wkkH;d iSudlrKh ke;fyd;a taldlD;Ska
f' iuyr ia:dk ldka;djkaf.ka ms .sho Tjqkaf.a y`v fkdweiS hdug fya;=j
l=ulao hkak fidhd ne,sh hq;=h' l=vd ld,fha ldka;djkag fok Tjoka .S; iy
wdmaf;damfoaY ;=<ska ldka;djf.a y~ hgm;a lsug fya;= we;s nj" ueoaog mek
jeyshka iu ys le;hs f - fydoaog Kq weUq,a ouk mou bf.k .kska
f jeks .S; j,ska oHdudk jk w;r lg we;s mq;hs - rej we;s jhs jeks ck
jyr ;=<ska o ksrEmkh jkafka lgy~ u.ska ;u woyia f,dalhd bfha fkdhj
m%ldY lsug .eyekq orejkag jvd jefhka ms orejka in, .ekah hq;= njhs'
f wdldrfhka ck jyf tk O m%ia:dj msre iy wdmaf;damfoaY u.ska h
68
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
4( kshu .eyeksh iy kshu mshd hkak tl

jpkhlska ia;r lrkak
kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
;=klska
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( nqoa l,nkh$
lKavdh l%shdldrl
3 hs
ia;%shf.a iy mqreIhdf.a p; ,laIK ms<sn|j
iyNd.slhska olajk woyia uYkh lsu
Tiafia ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska w;r mj;sk
iajNdl fjki tk j oHd;aul fjki
iy iudh ks;h jk ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
w;r mj;sk fjkial ;jrg;a ykd .ekSu'
69
fudhq,h 2
mqoa.,fhl= iudcdkqfhdackh lsf n,mE we;s l< yel' tfiau ckudOH iy

fj<| oekaj, ldka;d p;j,ska ksrEmkh lrkafka fndfyda g .Dyia: l%shdj,
muKla ksr;jk tk lEu msiskakshka" fr fidaokakshka hkdka muKla jk
w;r mqreIhska /lshdjg hk" hdka;%sl$;dlaIKsl jevlrk" ndysr iudch iu`.
taldnoaOjkakka f,isks' f ;;a;ajh l%u l%ufhka fjkia fjka meje;=ko ;ju;a
udOHh ;=< olakg we;af;a idm%odhsl wdldrfhka .eyekq" ms N+ld fnuls' iudc
mKsv Tiafia fndfyda msia iudcdkqfhdackhg ,laf' tfiau wd.u iy ixialD;sh
N=la;sù inkaOfhka mkjd we;s ;yxj, we;s widOdrKh fmkaug yels
lu WodyrKhla jkafka ls,s ms<sn|j mj;sk Yajdih ksid ldka;djkag wd.l
isoaOia:dkj,g is fia we;= ug we;s ndOlhs' Y%S ,xldjg oka; Od;+ka jykafia
jevu lrug fyauud,d l=uho uq,a we;s w;r Od;+ka jykafia jevujd we;af;a
wef.a ysi ;=< i`.jdf.k nj b;sydi fmd; mf;ys i|ykaf' tfiau ch Y%Sudfndah
jevujk ,oafoa ix>;a;d fufyKshhs' tfy;a ch YS% uyd fndafha Wvuj jkaokd
lsug tys hEug fyda o<od ud,s.df m;a;smamqjg ke`.Sug ldka;djkag ;ykh'
tfiau ldka;djka ls,s hehs mj;sk ;Hd Yajdih ksid Tjqkag ms;a uKavm
we;=,g hEugo fkdyelsh' tfiau jekaoUq ldka;djla fyda orejka ke;s .eyekshla
wiqN ks;a;la fia ie,lSugo iudch yqre ;sf' fjd ish,a,u mS;DuQ,sl l%uhg
iudcdkqfhdackh u ksid we;s jQ iudc is;a;a" pd;% iy yqremqreh'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy kdhl;ajhg wod< ixl,am jvd fydka u;l

;nd .ekSu i|yd mqyqKqlrejd iska O l%shdldrl Wmfhda.S lrf.k
fkdaockl wdldrfhka fuu ixl,am myod u l< hq;=h'
$$ iyNd.slhska fofldgilg fnod lKavdh folla ilikak'
$$ fjku *a,sma pd folla f.k tla fld,hl .eyeksh hkqfjkao wfkla
fld,fha mshd hkqfjkao ,shkak'
$$ fydka ,shfjk mEka follao ;nkak'
$$ .eyeksh iy mshd hk jpk gq muKska ;udg we;sjk m<uq woyi
;;amr lsysmhlska ;ks jpfkka ,shd lKavdhf wfkla whgo tfia ,shk
f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$ fuu l%shdldrlug kd 10 la ,nd .eyeksh iy mshd inkaOfhka
jevigykg meKs whf.a woyia kshe`hla f,iska f.k ia;%sh iy mqreIhd
fj; iyNd.slhska iska we;s jkdl fiau w.hka fudkjdo hkak
ms<sn|j .%yhl fhfokak'
$$ h iDKd;aul wdl,am ia;%SNdjh inkaOfhka olajd we;ak" ldka;d
kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug ndOd muqKqjk tu iDKd;aul woyia ksjer
lsug mqyqKqlrejd ls%hd l< hq;=f'
$$ fndfyda mqyqKq jevigykaj, fuu l%shdldrlu lrk g my; j.=f i|yka
wdldrhg .eyeksh iy mshd inkaOfhka .%y ug bv we;''
$$ fuys mqyqKqlrejd" ia;%sh iy mqreIhd ms<sn|j lshejqK fuu ,CIKj,ska
iajNdjfhkau tk W;am;a;sfhka fok N+ld iy iudch iska fok ,o p;
,laIK fudkjdo hkak uid ne,sh hq;=h'
$$ my; wdldrfhka *a,sma pdj, fjk fjku ;Sre foll ,shd we;s oE
ldka;djka inkaOfhka muKla i;H fo" mska inkaOfhka muKla
i;H fo ke;fyd;a fofldgigu i;H fo hkqfjka iyNd.slhska iu.
idlPd lrkak'
70
70
.eyeksh
t;rhs
lvji
olaIhs
kdhlfhla
cjimkakhs
Yla;su;a
;d;a;d flfkla
uqo,a yn lrhs
kmqrehs
ksNS;
fnhs
,iaikhs
,cdYS,shs
lreKdjka;hs
wdorKShhs
wrmsueiqodhlhs
ixfhs
wud flfkla
yeùg olaIhs
fnd<|hs
ug isgqhs
BIHd iy.;hs
fudhq,h 2
mshd
$$ fndfyda g ia;%sh inkaOfhka iqkaorhs" ,iaikhs" lreKdjka;hs" jeks .;s

,CIK;a mqreIhd inkaOfhka t;rhs" Yla;su;a" jeks .;s ,CIK;a bm;a
jk w;r fuu wkkH;d p; ,laIK iSudlrKh idOrKSlrKh l<
fkdyels nj my; m%Yak idlPdjg .ekSu Tiafia is l< yel'
$$ my; m%Yak wid iyNd.slhska iu. idlPdfldg p; ,laIK hkak tla
,sx.hlg muKla iSud fkdjQ fjkia l< yels foda,kh jk fohla nj;a ikd:
lrkak'
1. ksNS; .eyekqka Tng uqK .eiS ;sfnkafkao@
2. Tnf.a ;fha Tng ,cdYS,Ss mska yuq ;sfo@
3. jevlrk olaI .eyekqka uqK .eiS ;sfo@
4. Tn ,iaik mska oel ;sfo@
5. ldka;d kdhsldjka .ek wid ;sfo@
6. lreKdnr mshjreka oel ;sfo@
7. kmqre ujreka oel ;sfo@
8. .=K hym;a iehka iso@
9. ll;ajhla we;s .eyekqka uqK .eiS we;so@
10. wrmsueiafuka lghq;= lrk ms oel we;so@
$$ by; ish m%Yak j,g ms<s;=r T ksid ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh yev.eiau wkqj
O p; ,laIK .eyekqkag iy mskag iudch iska wdfrdamKh lr we;s
nj fmkajd fokak' fuys iyNd.slhska ,shd we;s woyia tlsfkl .%yfldg
fuf,i .eyeksh iy mshd fj; wdfrdamKh lr we;s .;s.=K iudch iska
we;s l< ks;hla nj;a p; fyda .;s ,laIK ia;%S fyda mqreINdjh u; tk
71
71
,sx.sl fjki u; mok fkdjk w;r mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg fjkia jk

nj;a fmkajd fokak'
$$ iudch iska wdfrdamKh lrk ,o ish ,laIK fyda jkdl fjkia
l< yels nj;a .eyekqkag iy mskag ,e we;s Ydl fjkial iy
j oHd;aulj ysj we;s ud;D;ajh fyda mS;D;ajh jeks j oHd;aul
ldhNdrhka fjkia l< fkdyels nj;a fmkajd fokak'
$$ fidaud foah jeks ldka;djla fkdhj ;u iehd i;=rdf.ka wdrlaId lsug
r:fhka ug mekSsfuka fmkS hkafka ksNS; ldka;djka b;sydifhaa is
njhs' tfukau isudfjda nKavdrkdhl" ud.% ;ep jeks ldka;d kdhsldfjda
w;S;fha fukau j;udkfha o isk nj;a j;udkfhao tjka ldka;d
kdhsldjka rdcH md,kh lrk wdldrh;a wjOdrKh lrkak'
WodyrK bm;a lrkak'
$$ ia;%Ska iy mqreIhskaf.a ,sx.sl fjki mok lrf.k mjrd we;s j.lS" /lshd"
N+ld iy wfmaCId wdh iudcfhka iudchg fjkia f' tfiau ldka;dj iy
mqreIhd yeish hq;= wkaou ms<sn|j we;s wdl,am fukau wfmalaId iudcfhka
iudchg fjkia f' fufia iudch iska ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska fj; mjrd fokq
,en we;s ;;a;ajh zia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhZ f,i yekaf'
72

j oHd;aulhs
Wmf;a ;SrKh f
j oHdf fldgils
ia:dkfhka ia:dkhg fjkia
fkdjk fmd Ou;djla fia ms<s
.efkk Yajhgu fmd fohls'
iaa;sl f'
ia;%SmqreINdjh ;=<ska
mqreIhska iy ia;%Ska w;r we;s ,sx.sl

fjkial ie,ls,a,g .kshs
ish .eyekqkag tl iudk jk w;r

ish mskag tl iudk f'
tu ksid fjkia l< fkdyel'
ksoiqkla f,i l,,hla ioyd wjYH
Y=l%dKq ksmoh yelafla msfhl=g
muKs' ta i|yd wjYH n
ksmoh yelafla .eyekshlg muKs'
orejka ys l< yelafla iy
orejkag uls h yelafla

.eyekshlg muKs'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh$
iudcNd ia;%SmqreINdjh
iudch iy ixialD;sh iska ksudKh lrhs
iudcdkqfhdackh iu bf.k .kS'

ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ ldhhka
iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sh ;=< bf.k .kshs'
iudc oHdf iy udkj oHdf fldgils'
ld,h" ixialD;sh" rg" ia:dkh" iudch"

cd;sh" l=,h" mka;sh" wd.u" mjq, wd
p,H;d wkqj fjkia f'
.;slh'
fjkiajk iqh'
ta wkqj ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh hkak

iudcfhka iudchg" ia:dkh iy mirh
wkqj fjkia f'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ;=<ska mqreIhska iy

ia;%Ska w;r mj;sk n, in|;d ie,ls,a,g
.kshs' fuh ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhskaf.a
Ydl fjkial fmkakq lrk ,sx.fNaoh
hk ldrKfhka fjkia f'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh fya;=fjka iudch

iska ks; N+ld" in|;d" mqoa.,
wkkH;d" uQ,sl iudc ixia:d iy jHqyhka
;=<g ls|d nei we;s wdldrh fukau
Yajdi yd mphka" mska yd .eyekqka
yeish hq;= wkaou wdh inkaOfhka
we;s wfmalaIdjkao" iudh jYfhka iy
ixialD;sluh jYfhka p; ,laIK"
fjkial fukau in|;djhkao .%y lrhs'
ish .eyekqka w;r mjd tl iudk ke;'
jhi" ixialD;sh" im%odh" wdodhu hkdhg

wkqj ldka;djka w;r mjd fjkial mj;S'
ish mskago tl iudk fkdf'
iar jQ fohla fkdjk ksid
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh fjkia l< yels

fohls' msfhl= iy .eyekshl hk
fofokdgu .=re jD;a;sh fyda bxfkare
jD;a;sh l< yel' tfukau fofokdgu
orejka /l n,d .ekSuo l< yel'
73
fudhq,h 2
ia;%S-mqreINdjh$,sx.fNaoh
f;jk ieish
ldka;d kdhl;ajhg iy n,dNsjOkhg ndOd lrk ia;%SmqreI
iudcNd tAldlD;s
yekau
wdl" iudh" ixialD;sl" kS;suh iy foaYmd,k hk lafIa;%hka ;=< ia;%Ska iy
mqreIhska iska bgq l< hq;= N+ld" jD;a;Ska" j.lS" wfmaCId" yeis rgdjka fukau
idrOu ms<sn|j iudch iska ilia lrk ,o taldlD;Ska ke;fyd;a wkkH;d
iSudlrKhka fndfyda g ilia we;af;a ia;%shg ksoyia mqrjeisfhla f,i j;aug
we;s whs;shg ndOd muqKqjks' fuu taldlD;Ska iudch ;=< uq,a nei.;a Yajdi iy
wdl,am u; mok jk w;r we;e iudc idrOu > ld,hla ;siafia idm%odhka
fia mej; ths' ldka;dj yeish hq;= wkaou" we` me<` wdfhka ierish hq;=
wdldrh ms<sn|j idys;H" Tjoka l" wdmaf;damfoaY iy m%ia:d msre hkdh f.dvke.S
we;af;a ia;%Skaf.a ksoyia ldYkhg fiau wehg kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug ndOd
muqKqjk wdldrfhks'
ia;S%kag tfrysj ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sfha (CEDAW)

5' ^w& j.ka;sh wkqj taldlD;Ska u.ska ia;%S whs;sjdisl W,a,x>Kh f' fuu iuq;shg
wkqj ,sx. fNaoh fyda ia;%Skag iy mqreIhskag mej we;s rd.; ldhNdrhka wkqj
tlsfkl mdYajfha Wiia my;a nj r|d mj;S hk woyi u; mok jQ u;" pd;% iy
fjk;a jHjydrhka wfydais lsf woyi we;sj ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhskaf.a iudchSh
iy ixialD;sl phdrgdjka yev.eiau l< hq;=h' fuu ieisfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafka ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska inkaOfhka f.dvke.S we;s u; iy taldlD;Ska ia;%Ska
n,i;= lsug fukau Tjqkaf.a kdhl;ajh f.dvke.Sug n,md we;s wkaou idlPd
lrka mj;sk iDKd;aul wdl,am fjkia lsug u`. fmkauh' wm j;ajk iudc
jgmsgdj ;=< .eyekq <uqka iy ldka;djka yeish hq;= wkaou iy Tjqkaf.a ;;a;ajh
my; fy,k taldlD;s ldka;d n,dNsjOkh inkaOfhka .eg u;= lrhs'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
74
5( ldka;dj iy mshd ia;r lsug we;s

taldlD;Ska" f,an,a iy wkkH;d iSudlrKhka
ykd .ekSu'
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
;=klska
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh(
nqoa l,nkh$lKavdh l%shdldrl
3 hs
wNHdifha wruqKq
taldlD;Ska" f,an,a iy wkkH;d

iSudlrKhka ldka;d kdhl;ajh iy
wNsudkh flfrys we;slrk n,mEu
wjfndaOlr .ekSu'
fudhq,h 2
iudc jHqyhka" mS;DuQ,sl wdl,am"

idm%odhsl mS;DuQ,sl n,rgdj wdrlaId
lsug ys we;s nj ta;a;= .ekau'
ldka;djf.a n,h iy wNsudkh kexu
i|yd fuu ksfYaOkd;aul iSudlrKhka
fukau ;Hd u; bj; oeh hq;= nj
wjfndaO lru'
mqyqKq
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh y;rlg fnokak'
$$ wdl" iudh" ixialD;sl iy foaYmd,k lafIa;%hka ;=< ia;%Ska yd
mqreIhskaf.a phdjka" N+ld inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;Ska fudkjdoehs fidhd
n,d bm;a lrk f,i iyNd.slhskag Wmfoia fokak'
$$ fuys .S;" l" kdgH" ;%m" cd;l l;d" m%ia:d msre" wdmaf;damfoaY" ckm%sh
fg,skdgH" fj<| oeka" O ixialD;sl jHjydrhka" kjl;d iy <udl;d
fmd;a hkdh weiqre lrf.k fjdfhys mska iy .eyekqkag reoaOj we;s
f,an,a" taldlD;Ska fudkjd oehs mYS,kh fldg tajd f i|yd Wmfhda.S
lr.; yel'
$$ taldlD;Ska ksid tla mdYjhla ^,sx.sl fjki wkqj .;a l, mqreIhska iy
ia;%Ska f,iska& widOdrKhg ,lajk nj;a" wfkla mdYjhg jdis ie,fik
nj;a WodyrK iys;j fmkajd fokak' WodyrK f,i .eyekshla weh
hq;af;a flfiao hkak ms<sn|j idys;H l;dj, iy merKs cd;l l;dj,
lshefjkafka YdLdjl fuka ,eis .ukska hd hq;= njhs' kuq;a fufia .eyeksh
iska weo hd hq;af;a flfiao hkakg idm%odhslj ms<s.;a u;jdoh wNsfhda.
hg ,la l< .S;hla f,i iQ ieg nrKska ierisS,d - kd lmkd jeys jysk
ff,a - YdLd f;dfuda meKs ,dfika ug tkakg nE ksikaif,a hkak
fmkajd h yels nj lshkak' tfiau .eyekshla iskdish hq;af;a flfiao hkak
idys;Hfha fmkajd we;af;a iskd fkdufika oika olajd hkqfjks'
f wkqj flfkla wk m<k foa" yeish hq;= wkaou ms<sn|j we;s taldlD;Ska
75
iudcfhka iudchg" ia:dkh" ld,h iy mirh wkqj fjkia jk nj;a

fmkajd fokak'
$$iudcfha fjkial iy in|;d iudch fukau ixialD;sh iska ksudKh

lsug fuu taldlD;s odhl jk w;r ldka;djkag iy mskag iqiq oE
fudkjdo ;SrKh lsugo odhl f' fuu taldlD;sj, n,mEu iudc ;;a;ajh"
ia:dkh wkqj fjkia h yels nj mjikak' tfiau taldlD;s uq,skqmqgd oeu
iudh wjYH;djhla nj;a fmkajd fokak'
$$my; j.=f olajd we;s iudcfha nyq,j Nd;d jk taldlD;Ska fuu ieish
;=< Nd;d lrka bka ldka;djf.a m%.ukh iy kdhl;ajh f.dv ke.Su
fjkqfjka we;slrk ,o ndOd fudkjdo hkak .%y lrkak' tfiau fuu
taldlD;sj, we;s ;Hd u; m%udKh fldmuKoehs ,l=Kq lrkak'
taldlD;Ska
w:h iy ia;r
ldka;djf.a yeisu inkaO md,kh iys; iudh tAldlD;s
ueoaog mek jeyshka iu.
ksjfia ldka;djkag ;u woyia
ys le;hs f
m<lsu inkaOfhka we;s
ksoyi j<lk taldlD;s we;=,;a
fydoaog Kq weUq,a ouk ;ru
.S;hls'
bf.k .kska f
fmlksh
fkdolajd
ldka;dj yeish hq;= wdldrh
i weo fnd,g
olajd
iy iskdish hq;= wdldrh flfiao
fkdmj ;;
ilajd
hkak ms<sn|j mj;sks WmfoaY
iskd fkdufika oika olajd
lhls'
lg we;s mq;hs - rej we;s jhs
jl f.ka ll;ajhla
n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk njg we;s
taldlD;shls'
nd, ld,fha mshd hgf;a;a jdy
ndf,H mS;= jxfYa
jQ miq ;reK mq;=ka hgf;a o
ksIafG;a mdKs
ldka;dj j;a h hq;= njg
.%dyiH fh!jfKa
we;s merKs nuqKq u;hls'
mq;%dKx Nd; fm%af;a
ldka;djg lsis kl ksoyi fyda
kNf;a ia;%S iaj;%dka; ;d
iaj;ka;%;dj fkdh hq;= nj ka
lshefjhs'
ldka;djf.a wOHdmkh" kdhl;ajh iy oekqu inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;s
.Ekqkaf.a kqjK ye f .
wOHdmkh iy oekqu ms<sn|
fCIa;%fhys ldka;dj wjudkhg
,lalrk wdmaf;damfoaYhls'
ldka;dj Pkao whs;sh ,eug iqiq ke;' th ldka;djkaf.a Pkao whs;shg
W!rka bfha uq;= is lsuls'
tfrysj fvdkfuda fldiu
bfha lshjqKq ms u;hls'
76
wu,d la .kafka mq;=ka yokagd - mq;=ka

rcqka lrkagd
mqf;la rc lrug ke;fyd;a

foaYmd,khg heug ujf.a we;s
wfmalaIdj .ek we;s .S;hls'
ldka;dj foaYmd,khg iqiq nj

lshk iqNjd fhuls'
jdyh iy m;sj; inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;s
wjir l,a ryia
;ek
ldka;djka m;sj; wdrlaId
fkdlrk krl .eyekq f,i
.eyekq ljqreo jrfo fkdnef|k
f,an,a lrka is ry,a ud ys
iska ldjH fYaLrfha ,shk ,o
lhls'
leys .Eks fydgq .Eks .;a;d jf.a
jdy f h krl .eyekshla
fjkqjg ta yd iudk krl
.eyekshla ,eu ms<sn|j we;s
wdmaf;damfoaYhls' fujkakela
mska inkaOfhka fkdfhfoa'
.eyekqkaf.a msk l=Kq uq,af,a
j| .ekSf.a ore fifkyi jf.a
ys .ukla
f.diska
f.g wd l,g
if;diska
fkdweKjd
odiska
kqU u mh fidaojka fjfiiska
mefKk l,
hyk
ifjk
iq ;=kq isys,a
.s lka
wnrKsk
u,ska iqjka iefoj
isjk
lsu fkd ug odi
wehs jqfka ug jOl
nd
nd
fudhq,h 2
f;d,a, mojk w; f,dj wdKavq flf
ldka;djl msfhl= iu
jdyfha jdikdj <dlr
.ekSug yelshdj we;s
;eke;a;shla nj fuhska lshefjk
w;r fujekakla mska
inkaOfhka fkdlshhs'
orejka fkd,ef j.lSu
ldka;djg muKla megu iy
orejka ke;s ldka;djkag ore
fifkyi fkdue;s njg we;s
taldlD;shls'
jdyh ;=< ldka;djkag
mshdf.a mh fiaug kshu
lrk ldka;djf.a ;;a;ajh my;
fy,k taldlD;shls'
,sx.sl ixi.h lsug ldka;dj
msis ,iaikg ish hq;= njg
Wmfoia fok taldlD;shls' kuq;a
,sx.sl;ajh inkaOfhka mskao
tfia msisj ish hq;= njg we;s
l ,nh'
jdyfha ldka;dj mqreIhdf.a
ish l;jHka bgq l< hq;= hhs
mj;sk wfmalaId iys; kk
.S;hls' f ;=<ska ldka;djf.a
wNsudkhg ydks muqKqjhs'
77
Tn yevldrhs lgldrhs
fidl fjkak fyd|d
meKs ri lEu j .d,d
lxid fndkak fyd|d
iqrf,dj fmak iem .dj
ud w;a ykak tmd
kqT je;s,d Wvql=rej
ihfka bkak fyd|d
ys Wjo
WrKd
fkdlshd f;mq,a
oreKd
jvj is;
lreKd
je,s;a fkdis;j fo;ek
irKd
ys kE ygo .=re
mj;sj f,iska fufylre
,sx.sl ixi.fha mshd

fjkqfjka kEu fohla lsug
ldka;dj ie meye ish hq;= nj
lshfjk kQ;k .S;hls'
jdyfha ixjdofhka fyda fmr<d

m%Yak lsu fkdlr | yeish
hq;= wkaou .ek lshfjk lhls'
jdyfha ldka;dj fufyldhla

f,i ish hq;= nj lshfjk
lhla jk w;r f ;=<ska
ldka;djf.a wNsudkhg ydks
muqKqjhs'
iehd |f.a fohd h'
| iehd flfrys foaj;ajfhka
ie,lsh hq;= njg we;s merKs
;%mhl kuls'
ldka;djf.a p;h iy iudc ;;a;ajh inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;s
ind k jxl .;d
ish .x.d weo fj .,hs iEu
if lGuhd jkd
jkhlau .ia fld< iys;h iEu
.eyekshlau wjia:dj ,o g
in;afhda lf mdmx
jrfoys nef|a'
,Nudkd ksjd;fla
cd;sh
<uhska w;r Nd;d jk
.Ekq cd;sh crd
.f,a .y,d urd
odmsh
ldka;djka iy .eyekq orejka
wjudkhg yd ysxikhg ,la lrk
ms cd;sh W;=
cd;sh
fhuls'
u,a ;shd,d jeo
mqodmsh
.eyekqka Yajdi fkdl<
kd ,;d
mqIafma
hq;= udhldhla njg we;s
ia;%S kd ,;d
mqIafma
taldlD;shls'
I f>dar kd. I
l,;d
iQls o meKss tys
ojgd
l<;d yegla isjq
udhf
nTd uej
ia;%S
f,daflg nUd uej
ia;%S
isis jk Wjk b iq .; yels k
.eyekqkaf.a rEmh yd Yrh
ksis mql=, h ilhqre ;sir ;k
inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;s
uqyqK i| jeksh' bk b;d isyska
h' Wl=, lr;a; frdaohla fuks'
mshjqre yxihka fuks'
78
wkkag
ek.kag
wd,h l< uq;a mKg

mK fia"
Yajdfia
ia;%S cd;s kE
kekaohs f,a,shs jf.a
lkakg ri wyr ;o nv.skak
kskaog hykdj ;o ksu;g
kekaodg f,a,s fld;ek;a mej;=fka
fj;
we;
ke;
yefokd .fya .eg u,a fm;s foflka

ksid fkdksid ;ks .ufkys o
kgkd kegq jhkd fnr mfoka
wefrkd f. .Eksf.a ms<sfj,ska
oefka
oefka
oefka
oefka
.eyekqka lm njg we;s

taldlD;shls'
.eyekqka Yajdi l< fkdyels

njg we;s taldlD;shls'
kekaod yd f,a,s iod;ksl i;=rka
fudhq,h 2
udh yeg y;r f,dj yeu

jEh lsis;a fkdlru yels
jdyh wid:l jkafka

ldka;djf.a meje;au u; njg
we;s taldlD;shls'
uqyqo le| jqj;a yekao l==vud wf;a k l=vud yeu gu kmqre

.eyekshla njg we;s taldlD;shls'
orefjda nv.skafka
l=vudf.a ie,ls,s jf.a
.Eks;a yqUy;a tlhs
.eyekshf.a yev rej u;
.eyekqka Yajdi fkdl< hq;=
hd ke;s le,fhys .jhkaf.a f.drh
.eyeksh m;sj; fkdrlsk njg
we;s taldlD;shls'
yshd ke;s f.or fydr ys
lrorh
,shg fyd| wdNrfKa fyd| l,a

tug jia;= ;snqK;a f.dv uv
lsug ,shf. ke;s k
lshdj
hdj
lshdj
.eyeksh yeugu fyd| l,a.;

lsfukq;a$meje;afukq;a ish hq;=
nj lshefjk taldlD;shls'
lfrda," flfrda, Wn, ;Kav

we,a ydf,a n; mskaghs fnd, mskaghs
we,a, ue,a, fld< .| mdkd fld<
.Ekqkaghs fnd, .Ekqkaghs
mskag fyd| wdydr iy

.eyekqkag oa;Sh >kfha wdydr
u ms<sn|j;a mska f.a W;=
nj;a yjk rnka mohls'
., fydo k wUrk ly
uj fyd|k j m;sj;
uj krl k j;a krl njg

we;s taldlD;shls'
ula fo@
fkdrlSo@
79
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
6( ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wod< ixl,am

ykd.ekSu
kd 20 hs
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
*a,sma pd" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" mEka" w`.,a 4x3
ldm;a
iyNd.s;aj l%u foh( nqoa l,nkh $
lKavdh l%shdldrl
3 hs
taldlD;Ska" f,an,a" wkkH;d iSudlrKhka"
ldka;d kdhl;ajh iy wNsudkh flfrys we;s
lrk n,mEu wjfndaO lr .ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a ishu iyNd.sjkakka w;r fnod ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdjhg
wod< my; ixl,am ysia ldm;aj, ,shk f,i b,a,d iskak'
,sx.sl;ajh
,sx.sl keTqrej
ia;%Sjdoh
mS;DuQ,sl iudch
iudcdkqfhdackh
taldlD;Ska
ixialD;sh
$$ iyNd.slhska ;sfofkla tlg tl;=fldg talrdYs ms<s;=re ,sug Wmfoia
fokak'
$$ kd 10 lska miq ldm;a tl;=fldg iyNd.slhska iska we;s w:l:khkays
jer ksjerNdjh uid n,d my; 1 jk weKqf we;s ksjer w:l:k
,nd iEu ixl,amhlu ksjer f;areu meye,s lr fokak'
80
w;am;%sld 2 ( ixl,am w:l:k

,sx. fNaoh$ia;%S fyda mqreINdjh Sex
ia;%S-mqreI jYfhka fjkiafldg ie,lSu Sex -discrimination

ia;%S-mqreINdjh mok lrf.k" /lshdf" wOHdmkfha fukau im;a iy
m%;s,dNj,g m%fYh ,nd.ekSf .eyekqkag iy mskag fohdldrfhka ie,lSu
fyj;a fjkiafldg ie,lSuhs' ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska fj; mejfrk fjkia jQ ia;%S mqreI
N+ldjka fyda j.lS" Tjqka ;=<ska m%ldYh hq;= hehs Wml,ams; ,laIK" phdjka"
,sx.sljrKhka" ye|-me<| isk wdldrhka" bgq lrk ldhhka hkd ljrla fyda
fjd mqreIhska iy ia;%Ska w;r jk fuu fjkialj,g fndfyda iudchkays
wiudk fukau mok rys; w.hka wdfoaY lrkq ,ef' ;jo ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh
u; mokj l%shdldrl" oekqu w;am;a lr .ekSu" im;a lrd m%fYh hkd foaj,a
flfrysjk md,kh fukau ;SrK .ekSf wjia:d u; iSudjka o mek ;sf'
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh Gender
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh jkdys ,sx.sl fjkial i|yd fokq ,nk iudh$ixialD;sl
w:h iy jkdl f' fuh ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg fukau ld,fhka ld,hgo
fjkia h yelsh' ldka;dj iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh hkq tl iudk w:hka
fkdf' ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh iudc" wdl" foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh wkqj fjkia f'
msfhl= iy ldka;djla u iu`. inkaO iudc .=Kdx." ie,ls,a, iy wjia:d
fuhska oelaf' mska iy ldka;djka w;r" ms <uqka iy .eyekq <uqka w;r
fukau ldka;djka Tjqfkdjqka w;r mj;ajk in|;d fuhg we;=<;a f' h ksYa;
ikaoNhla ;=< ldka;djl fyda msfhl= ;=< ;sh hq;=" bv fok iy wfmaCId lrk
foaj,a ia;%SmqreI iudc Ndjh u; ;SrKh f'
ia;S%mqreI iudcNd inkaO;d Gender relations
.eyekqka iy mska w;r;a" .eyekqka iy .eyekqka w;r;a mska iy mska w;r;a
mj;sk ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ inkaO;djka ia;%S mqreI iudcNd
inkaO;d f' mqreIdm;s ixl,amjdohla iy moaO;shla ksid iEu ;eklu ia;S%
mqreI iudcNd inkaO;d wiudk fukau iy OQrdj,suh f'
,sx.sl;ajh Sexuality
ia;s%hl iy mqreIhl= w;r mj;sk ,sx.sl phdj" ,sx.sl ls%hdldrl" m%ckk fi!LHh
yd ineKq ish,a, udkj ,sx.sl;ajh f,i yekaf' ,sx.sl;ajh" ia;%SmqreI iudcNd
wkkH;d yd N+ld" ,sx.sl keUqrej" lduql;ajh hk lreKq wdjrKh lrk ;
ld,h ;=<u we;s m%Odk ukqIH ,laIKhls' f wkqj .eyekshl iy mshl= w;r
mj;sk yevyqrelfuys fjkial" yeis ,di" yelshdjka" is;k m;k wdldrh"
81
fudhq,h 2
Wm;skau ;SrKh jk ia;%Ska iy mqreIhskaf.a Yrj, we;s j oHd;aul fjkihs'
fukau ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn| w;aoelS ,eu iy m%ldY lsu" is;=,s" uk#l,ams;hka"

wdYdjka" Yajdihka" yeS iy wfmaCId" wdl,am m%ldY flfrk wdldrh" idrOu"
phdjka" mqre" lduql;ajh" yeis ,di" ;Dma;sh ,eu" ,sx.sl yeS" ,sx.sl
inkaO;d iy m%ckkh hk f ish,a, ,sx.sl;ajh f,i ie,lsh yelsh' Bg ffcj"
ufkda oHd;aul" iudc" wdl" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl" iodpdrd;aul" kS;suh"
fM;sydisl" wd.l yd wOHd;al idOlj, wka; l%shdj,sfha n,mE we;s f'
,sx.sl keUqrej Sexual orientation
,sx.sl inkaO;dj, yjq,alrefjl= f,i tla ,sx.hlg wh;a wfhl=g jvd fjk;a
wfhl=g je leue;a;la oelauhs' ,sx.sl je leue;a; hkqfjkao yekafjk
,sx.sl keUqrej ;=<ska fy<sjkafka mqoa.,hskag ;u ,sx.sl fyda fm%Audka; nj iy
,sx.sl keUqrej md,kh l< yelsh hkakh' f wkqj Iu ,sx.sl" iu ,sx.sl fyda
oa,sx.sl hk ;;a;ajhka ;SrKh jkafka mqoa.,fhlaa ;=< mj;akd ,sx.sl keUqrej
u;h'
ixialD;sh Culture
iudchl fyda iudchla ;=< j;a jk lKavdhul jk l%uh yd in|;d oyd
olajk woyia" Yajdi yd iu;hka ms<sn| iqfYaIs rgdj ixialD;sh hkafkka woyia
flf'
iudcdkqfhdackh Socialisation
h mqoa.,fhla iudcdkqfhdackh jkafka ;ud olsk" ks;r wdY%h lrk wdh;k iy
mqoa.,hska f.ks' iudcdkqfhdackh lrk m%Odk tacka;hska f,i mjq, uQ,sl jk
w;r wOHdmk wdh;k" wd.l wdh;k" rdcH" wdKavqj" foaYmd,k mlaI" n,mE
lKavdh" ckudOH" /lshd ia:dkh yd iu jhia lKavdh wdh wfkla tacka;hska
jYfhka yekah yelsh'
ia;%Sjdoh Feminism
ia;%S ,sx.slhska iy mqreI ,sx.slhska hk fofldGdYhgu foaYmd,ksl iudcuh iy
wdl iudkd;au;dj ysh hq;=h hk Yajdih u; mok jQ O kHdhka fukau
mphka iaa;%Sjdoh f,i yekaf' ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh lvu fyda ksfYaOkh
u uiqug ,lalrka mqoa.,sl yd iudc in|;d ugfuka ta i|yd ms<sh fidhk
iudh jHdmdrhla jYfhka f.dvke`.S we;s kHdhka iuQyh ia;%Sjdoh jYfhka
ykajkq ,ef'
ia;%Sjdhd Feminist
ia;%Sjdoh fjkqfjka fmkS isk kEu mqoa.,fhla ka woyia lrhs' fuhg .eyekq
ms fomlAIfhau mqoa.,hska wh;a f'ia;%S;ajh Femininity
82
mS;Djdoh$mqreIdm;H Patriarchy
wdl" foaYmd,ksl" iy ixialD;sl hk Ih m:h ;fha fndfyda Ihhka
;=< ia;%Ska wNsnjd mqreIhska wdm;Hh oeuhs' mska .eyekqkag jvd Wiia hehs
ie,flkakd jQ;a" Ok im;a u; ;Ska .ekSf ls%hdj,sh ;=< mskag .eyekqkag jvd
md,k whs;shla ysjkakd jQ;a iudc iy ixl,amjd moaO;shls' mS;Djdoh ft;sydisl
ks;hls' tys ixhq;sh iajNdjh fukau me;su ta ta wjia:djka iy ld,h wkqj
O h yel'
mqreI;ajh Masculine
mqreI ,sx.slfhl= u iu. neKq iudch iska ksudKh lrk ,o ia;%SmqreI
iudcNd ,laIK iy N+ld fufia yekaf'
ms iy mqreIjd mej;= uid ne,Su Men and masculinities
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg wod<j mqreI mdYajfha N+ldj wjfndaO lr.ekSu fuys m<uq
ldh f' iudch iska ms phdjka ms<sn|j ms<s.kq ,nk mqreIjd jkdlu fiau
m%;Ska ms<sn|j uYkh lrka mskag yd ms <uqkag ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh
ikd: lsu i|yd jQ ;u idOkSh ldhNdrhka ykd.ekSug fukau w.h lsug
wkqn, uo fuhska woyia flf'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh wkqj tAldlD;s Gender stereotypes
wm inkaOj isk ixialD;sh u; mokj mqreIhskaf.a iy ia;%Skaf.a wdlD;Ska
ms<sn| iu; ixl,amhka yd ;a;rEm .Kkdjla wmf.a ixcdkkh ;=< mj;S' hgy;a
my;a Ndhdjka" m%pKav iajdmqreIhska" jxl fyda mdm l;d lrk ldka;djka"
mska .Dy uQ,slhka yd mjq,g n; imhkakkaa" ms f.dka yd .=jka kshuqjka"
iajhx m;Hd.fha fhfok wdishdkq ujreka" z.S .enrZ wm%sldkq ldka;djka"
zrdpdrj;a iq ldka;djka" ldka;djka hkq ;ldkql+,j is;sh fkdyels iq fohg
mjd y~kakshka" mska Yla;su;a yd ksy~ ;eke;a;ka hkd jYfhka jQ iu;
ixl,amhka yd ;a;rEm .Kkdjla fuu taldlD;sj,g wh;a h yelsh'
.eyekq <uhd Girl
ia;%S ,sx.sl orefjl= z.eyekq <uhdZ f,i ykajhs' z.eyekq <uhdZ hkak wjqre 18
jvd wvq jhfia ia;%S ,sx.sl orefjl= inkaOfhka tlai;a cd;Ska iska Nd;d lrk
fhu f'
83
fudhq,h 2
ixialD;sfhka ixialD;shg iy iudcfhka iudchg fjkiaug bv we;s idudkHfhka

ldka;djka inkaOj fhfok ia;%S ,sx. wdfKsl ,laIK iy N+ldjka fufia
yekaf' h ixialD;shla ;=< ldka;djla yeish hq;=" is;sh hq;=" fmkS ish hq;=
wdldrh;a ldka;djka iy .eyekq <uqkag fhda.H" mrudoYS nj ;SrKh lrkq ,nk
phd" .=Kdx. iuQodh ms<sn|j wfmalaId lrk foaa ia;S%;ajh f'
weKqu ( mQj Ih oekqu kslaaIKh

Sex ia;S% mqreINdjh ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Employment jev igyka tall ldhd,h ( '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

Perceptions and views u;jdo iy wdl,am
Place a cross in the box next to each appropriate answer or write your answer in the
space provided
tla tla fhda.H ms<s;=rg bfhka we;s fldgqfjys l;sr i,l=Kla igyka lrkak'
ke;fyd;a imhd ;sfnk bvlfvys Tf ms<s;=r ,shkak'
ke;
1' I am uncomfortable with the term gender"
T
No
ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh kue;s moh ud wmyiq;djhg m;alrhs
Yes
2'Gender is important for development
ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh ixjOkh inkaOfhka jeo.;a fjhs
3' I am interested in gender, but it is not related to my work
ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn|j ud Wkka jk kuq;a th uf.a
ldhhkag wod< fkdfjhs'
4' Gender is mainly a field for women
ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh m%Odk jYfhka ldka;djkagu wod<
lafIa;%hls'
5. I am not sure of the difference between gender" and
Women".
ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh iy ldka;djka hk mo fol w;r
fjki ms<sn|j ug meye,s wjfndaOhla ke;'
6. A woman is complete if she can bear children
ldka;djla imQK jkafka orejka yslsug yelsfuks'
7. Women's emotions often get in the way of their work
ldka;djkaf.a ye`.Snr nj Tjqka jev lsf ndOdjls'
8. A family needs a man as its leader/ head of the household/

breadwinner
mjq,lg" kdhlfhl=$.DyuQ,slfhl=$wdodh Wmojkakl= f,iska
msfhl= wjYH f
9. Women and girls invite trouble by the way they dress
ldka;djka iy .eyekq <uqka wk-m<k wdldrh ys;u;du
lrorj,g w; jekSuls'
10. Do you think there are professions not suitable for
women? If so, name those? ldka;djkag fhda.H ke;s jD;a;Ska
;sf hehs Tn is;kafkao @ tfia k tajd fudkjdo@
...................................................................................................
11. Do you think men and women have equal professional
capabilities?
mqreIhskag fukau ldka;djkag o iudk jD;a;Sh yelshdjka
we;ehs Tn is;kafkao@
84
T
Yes
T
Yes
ke;
No
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
T
Yes
T
Yes
ke;
No
ke;
No
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
10] 20] 30] 40] 50] 60]
T
Yes
T
Yes
T
Yes
ke;
No
ke;
No
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
ke;
No
T
Yes
fudhq,h 2
12. If you were the president of Sri Lanka, what is the quota
you would allocate to appoint women ministers to the
Cabinet?
Tn ckdm;s OQrhg m;ajqjfyd;a wud;H uKav,hg ldka;d
weu;sjhka ishhg fldmuK m%udKhla m;a lrkafkao@
13. If you are a female, would you like to see your husband
engaged in cooking? Tn ldka;djla k Tnf.a iehd wdydr
msiSf ldhhkays kshef,kjd olskakg Tn leu;so@
14. If you are a man, would you like to see your wife working?
Tn mqreIfhl= k | /lshdjla i|yd hkjdg leu;so@
15. If you are a male, and your government granted you three
months' paternity leave to look after the child, would you
accept it and engage in child rearing?
Tn mqreIfhl= k Tnf.a <s|d /l n,d .ekSug rch iska
Tng udi ;=kl mS;D ksjdvq m%odkh l<fyd;a Tn leu;so@
15. Have you worked in an organization with a gender
equality focus?
ka fmr ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh iy iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|
fYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrk ixOdkhl Tn fiajfha
kshqla;j isfhao@
ia;S%mqreINdjh ms<sn| fYaIs; oekqu
16. Do you know what CEDAW" stands for?
CEDAW hk fl kdufhka ykajkafka l=ulahs Tn okakjd o
@ ms<s;=r T k meye,s lrkak'
.
17. What does CRC" stand for? Specify.
CRC hk fl kdufhka ykajkafka l=ula oehs Tn okaakjd o@
okakjd k meye,s lrkak'
.
18. Do you know what GBV stands for? Specify.
GBV hkq l=ulaoehs Tn okaakjd o@ meye,s lrkak'
.
19. Do you know when International Women's Day is? If so,
when?
cd;Hka;r ldka;d kh ljodoehs Tn okakjdo @
tfia k ta ljodo@ .......................................
20. Do you know when the International Violence Against
Women's Day is? When?
ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r kh Tn
okakjdo@ tfia k ljodo@ ..................................
ke;
No
85
21. Do you know the International Girl Child Day? When?

.eyekq <uhska i|yd fjkajQ cd;Hka;r kh Tn okakjd o @
tfia k ta ljod o@
22' ,xldf idudkH fmd kS;sh wkqj jdyjk jhi lSho@
T
Yes
ke;
No
23' Y%S ,xldf oKav kS;s ix.%yhg wkqj ,sx.sl ixi.hg leue;a; h yels jhi lSho@
24' <ud w;jr iy ysxik jd;d l< yels yis weu;= wxlh l=ulao@
25' Y%S ,xldf oKav kS;s ix.%yhg wkqj ,sx.sl w;jrhlg (sexual Harassment )
h yels Wmu isr ovqju wjqre lSho@
26' ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh (gender) hkq l=ula oehs w:l:kh lrkak'
27' ia;%SmqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh (gender Equality)hkq l=ulao@
28' iuidOdrK;ajh (gender equity) hkq l=ulao@
86
fudhq,h 3
Y%uh" ldka;dj
iy
jD;a;Sh i;sh
87
yekau
Y%S ,xldf wdlh f.dvkxjk iy jeu foaY ksuh Wmhk Y%u
fj<|fmd< ;=< ldka;d ksfhdackh b;d by< w.hla .kS' ixl%uKsl
fiajh" we ludka;h iy f;a ludka;h hk m%Odk foaY ksuh
Wmhk wxY ;=fkys fiajd imhkakkaf.ka nyq;rh ldka;dfjda fj;s'
tfy;a ldka;djkaf.a /lshd hqla;sh mskaf.a /lshd hqla;sh fuka
fo.=Khla f' wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iy ldka;djkag tfrys ish
wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha 11 jk j.ka;sh wkqj
fiajd kshqla;s flaIa;%fhys ia;S%kag tfrysj we;s ish fjkial ;=rka
lsug ish mdYajhka ne` is' tfy;a ;ju;a Y%u fj<|fmd< ;=<
iqYd, wiudk;d iy ldka;djkag tfrys widOdrK ;;a;ajhka olakg
,ef' ;ju;a Y%u fj<|fmd< ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh fyda ia;%S
mqreI iu idOdrK;ajh ms<sn| oekqj;aNdjh jOkh fkdu fuhg
tla fya;=jls' tfiau fndfyduhla rdcH wdh;k" mqoa.,sl wdh;k"
nexl= yd jD;a;Sh i;sj, kdhl;ajh fyda ;SrK .kakd ;k;=re
orkafka mqreI mlaIh jk w;r ldka;djkaf.a wOHdmk iy jD;a;Sh
iqiqlj,g i,k m fmd iudch" Y%u fj<|fmd<" iy jD;a;Sh
i;s ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh fyda ia;%S-mqreI iu idOdrK;ajh
inkaOfhka jk ms<s.ekSu fyda lemu we;s ke;' f fya;= ksidfjka
ldka;dj Y%lhska jYfhka mskag jvd widOdrKhg ,laf' tfukau
ldka;djkag /lshdf iu wjia:d kd .ekSf uxfm;a jr lrk"
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g neù iy ;Ska ;SrK .ekSf jHqyhkag tlau b;d
jeo.;a f' tfy;a jD;a;Sh i;s inkaOfhka lrk ,o Yaf,aIK
wkqj" ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;sj,g neùg ue,slula olajk nj;a"
Tjqka jD;a;Sh i;sj,ska ;ukag w;ah yels jdis iy Wmldr ms<sn|j
fkdokakd nj;a fy<s we;' f ksid jD;a;Sh i;s" ldka;d idudlhska
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ne`f jeo.;alu ms<sn|j Tjqka ixf lsug
iy oekqj;a lsug uykais h hq;=j we;' ukao jevlrk ia:dkfha
iy jD;a;Sh i;sfha ldka;djkaf.a odhl;ajh iy kdhl;ajh we;su
jevf,dalh ;=< idOdrK;ajh <dlr .ekSug odhl;ajh fok neks'
fuu fudhq,fha wruqK jkafka jevf,dalh ;=< ldka;djka uqyqK fok
.eg" tu .egj,g ms<s;=re fiug jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ixOdkh
f jeo.;alu iy jD;a;Sh i;s lghq;=j, kshe,Sug fukau jD;a;Sh
;hg wod< ;SrK .kakd uKav,j,g m;aug ldka;djkag we;s
ndOl fidhd ne,Su fiau tAjd ch .; yels wdldrh ms<sn|j fidhd
ne,Suhss'
88
wfmaCIs; wruqKq
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh" Y%uh iy jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d iyNd.s;ajhg

wod< uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| oekqu jOkh lsu'
ldka;d idudlhska Y%u fj<|fmd< ;=< iy ksjfia Wiq,kakd jQ j.lS"
jev rdcld fukau j.lS jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdld;ajhg n,mdk wdldrh
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd oDIafldaKfhka uid ne,Su'
;ukag jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< l%shdldj iyNd.sug mj;sk ndOl ldka;djka
iska ykd .ekSu iy tu ndOl ch.; yelafla flfiao hkak l;sldjlg
Ndckh lsu'
ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;sfhka ,efnk jdis inkaOfhka wjfndaOhla
,ndu'
uq,sl wruqKq
Objectives
wdik
ieleiau
Room
Y%uh iy ldka;dj inkaO ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd

udkhka ykd .ekSu" jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ldka;d
iyNd.s;ajfha iy l%shdld;ajfha jeo.;alu ms<sn|j
wjOdrKh lsu'
U wdldrfha yevh
Arrangement
wjYH
,shlsh,s
Y%uh iy jD;a;Sh i;s inkaO w;am;%sld
Materials and
Handouts
w:l:k iy mdNdIs; joka iys; w;am;%sldj
l%ufoh
mj fmdhska bm;a ls" iuQy l%shdldrl"

m%fndaOk l%Svd" m%Yak iy W;a;r" fhda oYk" ;%
Methodology
wjYH
iydhl
WmlrK
Training Aids
ld,h
Duration
jhs fnda
udl mEka" *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" yd*aIS"
mEka" udialska fma l;=re" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" u,a
hd fm%dfclagrh
ieisfha
wka;.;h
Session Plan
Y%uh iy ldka;dj
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd ;%s;aj N+ld iy Y%u fNaokh
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy jD;a;Sh i;sh
jD;a;Sh i;s iyNd.s;ajhg we;s ndOd
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;d kdhl;aj jOkhg we;s ndOd
meh 4 hs'
89
fudhq,h 3
fuu fudhq,fhka my; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'
m<uq ieish
Y%uh iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu" Y%u fNaokh iy ;%s;aj
N+ld
ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhskaf.a ,sx.sl fjki u; .Dyh" jevfmd< yd fmd iudch iska
Tjqka fj; mjrd we;s j.lS" /lshd" N+ld fukau wfmaCId hkdh ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjhhs' mskaf.a iy ldka;djkaf.a /lshd fNaokh is we;af;a iudch
iska mjrkq ,enQ fuu j.lS iy N+ld u; mokj h' iuyr /lshd i|yd
fodrgq ;ju;a ldka;djka fj; jr ke;' mskag jvd fjkia iqfYaIS m%Yakj,g
jevlrk ldka;dfjda uqyqK fo;s' fuu m%Yak fndfyduhla ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh
iu. ne we;' ukao .Dyh ;=<ska mgka .kakd ia;%SmqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu
u;" ldka;djka jevlrk ia:dkfha o fjkialj,g Ndckh jk wjia:d olakg
we;s neks' f ksid ldka;djkaf.a rdcld ;h iy .Dy ;h iunr lrkakdjQ
wjYH;djhla jk <ud /ljrK uOHia:dk jevlrk ia:dkh ;=< ia:dms; lsug
wjYH mshjr .ekSug jD;a;Sh i;sj,g n,mE l< yel'
fuu ieisfha wruqK jkafka Y%uh iy ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh
i;s ldka;djkag ukd wjfndaOhla ,nduhs' ldka;dfjda idudkH ;fha m%ckk"
ksIamdok iy m%cd l<ukdlrK hk ;%s;aj N+ldjka is lr;s' ia;%Syq" ore m%iQ;sfha
isg orejka /ln,d .ekSu we;= .Dyh yd ne`Kq f.ula ke;s" Y%uh yd ld,h
lemjk f.afodr kv;a;= lsu" wdydr msiSu wd m%ckk ldhhka iss lr;s' tfiau
j;=r f.k tau" or fiu jeks mjqf,a m%cdj iska iduQyslj mfNdackh lrk oE
fidhd .ekSu" orejkaf.a we;= mjqf,a idudlhskaf.aa fi!LHh iy wOHdmkh jeks
im;a iemhSu fukau kv;a;=j iy;sl lsu wdh o m%ckk N+ldjg we;=,;a f'
ksIamdok N+ldj hkq wdl jkdlula we;s" ;SrK .ekSug yels ksIamdok
lghq;=j, ksr; uhs' j;udkfha ldka;dfjda fndfyduhla m%ckk ldhhka bgq
lrkau ksIamdok ldhhkag odhl fj;s' ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh wkqj h flfkla
,nd.kakd iudc ;;a;ajh" wOHdmk ugu iy W.;alu wkqj ldka;djka ;u
ksIamdok ldhfhka m%;s,dN ,ef ;;a;ajh fjkiaug ,laf' we;e ldka;djka
.=rejhka" ffjoHjhka" kS;s{jhka jYfhka O jD;a;Skays fhfok w;r we;e
ldka;dfjda fndfyda g jegqmla" wdodhula fkd,nk f.j;af;a" f.dmf<a iy
mjqf,a lghq;=j, kshef,;s' tfiau Ialr m%foaYhkays j;ajk ldka;djkag ojfia
> ld,hla c,h yd or fiu jeks m%cdj kv;a;= lrk lghq;= i|yd .; lsug
isfuka ksIamdok ldhhl kshe,S uqo,a Wmhd iajlSh wdl n,h Yla;su;alr
.ekSug Tjqkag we;s yelshdj wvqf' f ksid ldka;djkaf.a wdl n,dNsjOkh we;s
lsug k m%ckk ldhfha nr mska iy .eyekqka w;r fnhdf idOdrK;ajhla
we;s h hq;=h'
;uka j;ajk m%foaYfha fyda fjk;a ;ekl m%cd ixjOkh i|yd iafPdfjka
uey;a fjka bgq lrk jev m%cd ldhNdrh hkqfjka yekaf' mjqf,a iy m%foaYfha
90
W;aij" ixialD;sl yd wd.l lghq;=j,g iyNd.S u" Y%uodk" urKdOdr i;sh"

f.d i;sh jeks fmdf m%cdf hqKqjg iafPdfjka" jegqma fyda f;k fkd,nd
lrk lghq;= m%cd lghq;= f,i y`kajdh yelshs' ksjfika mndysrj ldka;djkaf.a
;;a;ajh k`.d isgqug iy kdhl;ajh f.dvke.Su inkaOfhka fulS m%cd N+ld
jeo.;a f' .f i;sfhka wdrN fmd foaYmd,kh lrd hEug m%cd ldhNdrfha
bgqlrk N+ldjka jeo.;a f' fuu m%cd N+ldj" m%cd l<ukdlrK N+ldj iy
m%cd foaYmd,k N+ldj hkqfjka wkq fldgia follg fnfohs' m%cd foaYmd,k
ldhhkaj,g ld,h fidhd.ekSu ldka;djka iska isl< hq;= w;r" bka m%cdj ;=<
n,h iy ;;a;ajh f.dvkxjd .ekSug yelsf' fuuska ldka;djkag foaYmd,k
kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug iy ;SrK .ekSf jHqyhkag f;a m;aug msgqn,hla o
imhkq we;'
fudhq,h 3
ia;%S mqreINd N+ld fnu iy Y%u fNaokh hkq l=ulao@

mska iy .eyekqka w;r olakg ,efnk N+ld yd Y%u fNaokh rka
rgg fjkia f'
kuq;a fndfyda wdishd;sl rgj, idm%odhsl N+ld fnu u; hka
.eyekq orejka yd ms orejka jevlghq;= fyda ldhhka bf.kSf
tlsfkldg fjkia whqka iudcdkqfhdackhg ,laf m%;sM,hla f,i
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd ,sx.sl fn" taldlD;Ska fukau w.;s.d u;jdo
ksid idm%odhsl jYfhka we;e ldhhka .eyekqkaf.a jev f,i;a ;j;a
ldhhka mskaf.a jev f,i;a ie,lSug mqrej we;'
f wkqj idm%odhsl iudchkays ndysr iudch yd neKq lghq;= fiau
wdoh bmhSf lghq;= mskaf.a jev f,i;a" orejka n,d yod .ekSu
we;= .DySh lghq;= ldka;djkaf.a jev f,i;a ie,flhs' f ksid .eyekqka
iy mskaf.a YlH;d ksis whqka Nd;d lsug fukau ldka;djkag
wdl iajdk;ajh we;slr
.ekSug ndOd muqKqjhs' fuf,i
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u;
iudcdkqfhdackh f rgdjka
u; mokj ldhhka fnu
ia;%S-mqreIiudcNd Y%u fNaokh
k f'
tfy;a fuu N+ld fnu
;dlaIKfha hqKqj iy iudc
;;a;ajh iu. iudcfhka
iudchg fjkia fjka ;sf'
kQ;k iudcfha c, myiql
we;s ;ekaj, j;ajk ldka;djka
j;=r iemhSu jeks ldhhkag
91
wvqfjka f,dj .;lrk w;r" ,sh fyda bkaOk myiql we;s m%foaYj,
or fiug ld,h .;lsug isjkafka ke;' f wkqj j;afmdfydi;al
iys; fukau ;dlaIKsl fuj, we;sj j;a jk m%cdj lEu msiSu" fr
fiaau" fr f,Su" mska fiau hkdh hka;%dkqidrfhka islrhs'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu iy Y%u fNaokfhka wjdis iy.;
;;a;ajhka we;s jkafka we;e jev zmskaf.a jevZ hkqfjka o ;j;a
jev z.eyekqkaf.a jevZ hkqfjka o f,an,a lsfuks' f ksid mska lEu
msiSu" orejka /ln,d .ekSu jeks jk iy iudc l=i,;dj,ska ySkj
j;ajk w;r" ksjfia levqkq Kq ;ekla ms<silr lr .ekSu" jdyk
meou jeks l=i,;d fkdue;sj ;j;a ldka;dfjda fldgila j;a fj;s'
kuq;a f ;;a;ajh iudcfhka iudchg fjkiah' f jkg fndfyda
iudcj, ldka;dfjda jdyk meou lrk w;r" mqreIfhda lEu msiSu iy .Dy
l<ukdlrKh jeks ldhhkag yjq,a fj;s'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH iyNd.slhska
.Kk
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
92
1 ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd Y%u

fNaokh ykd.ksuq'
kd 10 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka iy
mqyqKqlrejka
meh 24 j.=j iy mska;+r
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
1 hs
ldka;djla iska lrkakd jQ nyq
ldhhka ykd .ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ fuu mska;=rh mdol lrf.k ldka;djka iska Wfoa isg ? jk ;=re bgqlrk
ldhhka m%udKh iqYd, nj myod fokak'
$$ my; meh 24 j.=j mdol lrf.k idukH ;fha ;u ksjfia mska iy
.eyekqka ^jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;dj& iska islrkakd jQ jev iy ldhhka
fudkjdo hkak ;ks mqoa.,hska jYfhka fjkafldg tlS iyNd.slhdf.a ;h
w<,d tu j.=j imQK lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$ fuf,i iyNd.slhd iska msrjQ j.=j uYkhfldg" jD;a;Sh i;s
ldka;djkaf.a ffoksl k phdj ms<sn|j m%:ufhkau mqyqKqlrejd iska
wjfndaOhla ,nd.; hq;=h'
93
fudhq,h 3
$$ my; mska;+rh ie,ls,a,g f.k fujka ;;a;ajhka iudch ;=< oel ;sfo@
fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;u ksjfia ;sfo@ hkak mqyqKqlrejd iska
iyNd.slhskaf.ka m%Yak l< hq;=h'
Tnf.a meh 24 f.jkafka flfiao@
f,dj
1'
2'
3'
4'
5'
6'
7'
8'
9'
10'
11'
12'
13'
14'
15'
16'
17'
18'
19'
20'
21'
22'
23'
24'
.eyeKsh
5'00 fm'j
6'00 fm'j
7'00 fm'j
8'00 fm'j
9'00 fm'j
10'00 fm'j
11'00 fm'j
12'00 fm'j
1'00 fm'j
2'00 m'j
3'00 m'j
4'00 m'j
5'00 m'j
6'00 m'j
7'00 m' j
8'00 m'j
9'00 m'j
10'00 m'j
11'00 m'j
12'00 m'j
1'00 fm'j
2'00 fm'j
3'00 fm'j
4'00 fm'j
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH iyNd.slhka .Kk
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhska
ixLHdj
wNHdifha wruqK
94
mshd
2 ia;%SmqreI iudcNd Y%u fNaokh ykd.ksuq'

kd 20 hs
*a,sma pd" mEka" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka yd
ldka;djf.a ;%s;aj N+ld ksrEmkh flfrk mska;+r
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
1hs
ia;%SmqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu iy Y%u
fNaokh ms<sn|j iyNd.slhska oekqj;a lsu'
ia;%Ska iy mqreIhskag iudch iska mjrdfokq
,en we;s N+ld" rdcld" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
u; jQ fNaokh fya;=fjka fomCIhgu ysjk
wjdis yd wiudk iudc ;;a;ajhka y`kd .ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ lKavdh y;rlg fnod my; m%Yak y;rg ms<s;=re ,ehsia;= .;lrk f,i
Wmfoia fokak'
fudhq,h 3
1' mskaf.a jev hkqfjka ksji wdY%s;j idudkH ;fha olakg

,efnkafka fudkjdo@
2' .eyekqkaf.a jev hkqfjka ksji wdY%s;j idudkH ;fha olakg
,efnkafka fudkjdo@
3' mskaf.a jev iy /lshd hkqfjka fmd iudcfha fukau jevlrk
;h wdY%s;j olakg ,efnk wfmalaId" taldlD;Ska fudkjdo@
4' .eyekqkaf.a jevZZ iy /lshd hkqfjka fmd iudcfha fukau jevlrk
;h wdY%s;j olakg ,efnk wfmalaId" taldlD;Ska fudkjdo@
$$ fuys jejYfhka mska iska lrkq ,nk /lshd fudkjdo@
$$ ,ehsia;= .;lrk ,o N+ld iy /lshd fn we;s moku l=ulao hkak idlPd
lrkak'
$$ tla tla fNaokh ;=<ska tla ,sx.hlg isjk jdis iy wjdis idlPd lrkak'
$$ fujeks fnulg mok we;af;a ,sx.fNaoh iu. neKq ia;%SmqreI iudcNd
taldlD;Ska iy wdl,am i .eyekqkaf.a yd mskaf.a l=i,;d fyda m%K;ajh
fkdjk nj meye,s lr fokak'
$$ iyNd.sjkakka iska bm;a lrk ,o lreKq we;=,;a fujka
j.=jla fndfyda g Tng oel.; yels
jkq we;'
95
ksji ;=<
ldka;djkaf.a
jev$ldhhka
$wfmalaId ms<sn|j
olakg ,efnk
fn
lEu msiSu
ksji ;=< mskaf.a

jev$ldhhka
$wfmalaId ms<sn|j
olakg ,efnk
fn
iudch ;=< mskaf.a

/lshd$wfmalaId
ms<sn|j olakg
,efnk fn
iudch ;=<
ldka;djkaf.a
/lshd$wfmalaId
ms<sn|j olakg
,efnk fn
rEmjdysksh keru
ksji msis lsu
m;a;rh ne,Su
fr fiau
ksjfia le ` .sh
;eka ms<silr lsu
ldka;d i;shg
hEu
mdie,a ixjOk
i;shg hEu
mkai,a hEu
orejkag lEu
leu
ksjfia we;s jdyk

fyda hkaf;%damlrK
iu .kqfokq lsu
lvms,g f.dia ;=rka

yuqu
foaYmd,k /,sj,g
iyNd.s u
f.d i;shg yd
is,a wdrlaIl
lgqjg hEu
uqo,a yn lsu
fyd| .DyKshla
u
fldkao mk we;s
msfhl= u$.Dy
uQ,slhka u
.Eksg <uhskag
lkak wkak
fokak ne ksyd
fudlgo@
yrld ndk wdndka
lsu'
ksjig isl;
f.k tau
fydoaog Kq weUq,a
n,k ;ru bf.k
.kska f
hre$fldkafodia;r
;k;=re ish,a,u ms
mdYajhkag h'
;em,alrejka$h
kshdul ;k;=re
ish,a,u ms
mdYajhkag h'
fmofrejka yd jvq
ldlhska f,i
jemqru iskafka
mska h'
foaYmd,fka
.Ekqkag fyd|
uh' .eyekqkaf.a
kqjK ye fh'
.=re jD;a;sh
ldka;djg jvd
fyd|h
fyo jD;a;sh
ldka;djg jvd
fyd|h
ms<s.ekSf
ks,Odkshka
jemqru
ldka;djka h'
by; ,ehsia;=j Wmfhda.S lrf.k" my; m%Yak k`.ka ldka;djka iy mska

,sx. fNaoh u; mok fkd" ldhhka fnod yodf.k .Dy ;h iy rdcld
h$iudc ;h ;=,kh l< hq;= nj fmkajd fokak'
1' lEu mSiSu" f.a fodr msis lsu" fr fiau" orejkag lEu leu iy orejkag
mdv lshdu" ia;%S-mqreI hk fomCIhgu l< fkdyels o@
2' ksjfia lEu msiSu fndfyda wjia:djkays ldka;djkag mejreko fydag,aj,
jD;a;Sh ugka fldalshka f,i jev lrkafka mqreI mdYjhhs' .Dy
ugfuka we ueiSu ldka;djka iska isl<o we ueiSf jHdmdl
wdh;k fndfyda g mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nkafka mqreIhska isks' fuhska fmkS
hkafka ia;%SmqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu fyda fjkalsu mok rys; nj
fkdfo@
96
3' .=re iy fy jD;a;Skays jemqr ia;%Ska ksheKo mqreIhskao tu lafIa;%j,

jevlrk w;r" g fmr ldka;djka flakaSh lrf.k ;snQ rEm ,djkHh jeks
lafIa;%hkays mska /lshd lsu ;=<ska fmkakq lrkafka ia;%SmqreI iudcNd
N+ld fnu mok rys; nj fkdfo@
5' ksjfia lghq;= lsu" orejka /ln,d .ekSu iy lEu msiSu wd ldhhkays
ksr;u ia;%S mqreI fNaohla fkdue;sj iEu fokdu oek.; hq;= jk
l=i,;djhka fkdfo@
6' foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha ldka;djka f,dj mqrd bhg tka isk ksid lsisu
lafIa;%hla .eyekq iy ms jYfhka fNaokh fkdl< hq;= fkdfo@
7' ksjfia jevrdcld mska iu. fnodf.k islsfuka ldka;djkag ;u m%cd
foaYmd,k ldhhkag" tk jD;a;Sh i;sj, kdhl;aj ;k;=re fynug
iy m%cd foaYmd,khg t<eu l< yelsu fmd iudcfha m%.;shg bjy,a
fkdjkafkao@
.eyekq orejka iy ms orejka iudcdkqfhdackfha bf.k .kakd ia;%SmqreI
iudcNd ,sx.sl fn" taldlD;Ska iy w.;s.d u;jdo ksid idm%odhsl
jYfhka we;e ldhhka .eyekqkaf.a jev f,i;a ;j;a ldhhka
mskaf.a jev f,i;a ie,lSug mqre we;' ndysr iudch iu. neKq lghq;=
mskaf.a jev f,i;a" .DySh lghq;= ldka;djkaf.a jev f,i;a ie,lSfuka
.eyekqka yd mskaf.a YlH;d ksis whqka Nd;d lsug ndOd we;sf' fuf,i
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh u; iudcdkqfhdackh f rgdjka u; mokj ldhhka
fnu ia;%S mqreIiudcNd Y%u fNaokh nj myod fokak'
idudkHfhka ksji" jevm< yd fmd iudch hk lafIa;%hkays ldhhka
fnf moku f,i iudchka iska Nd;d lrkafka mqreIhska iy ia;%Ska w;r
j oHd;aul fjkial fj;ska mekk`.sk fjkia m%ckl N+ldjka nj;a tu
fnf idOdrK;ajhla fkdue;s nj;a WodyrK iys;j fmkajd fokak'
ia;%SmqreI iudcNd N+ld fnu wkqj hka iudch ;=< /lshd fNaokhka
isu iy /lshd f;dard.ekSf n,mE we;s fuka tla fldgila wjdis iy.;
;;a;ajhg m;ajk nj myod fokak'
ksjiska mgkaf.k iudch olajd ysfok ia;%SmqreI iudcNd Y%u fNaokh
ksid tla mdYjhlg ^,sx.sl fjkig wkqj ia;%S fyda mqreI& wjdis iy.;
;;a;ajhka we;sjk nj myod fokak' WodyrK f,i ishu hre iy
fldkafodia;r /lshd ms mdYjh fj; ,efnkafka fuu ia;%SmqreI
iudcNd Y%u fNaokh ksidh' kuq;a ixj; rgj, ldka;djkao hre
/lshdjkays fhfok nj myod fokak'
97
fudhq,h 3
4' fjk;a rgj,a .;fyd;a hre" fldkafodia;r" fmofre" ;eme,alre"

jvq" h kshdul" jeks lafIa;%j, ldka;djka jevlrk ksid ia;%SmqreI
iudcNdjh u; mok jQ fnula fya;=fldg f.k /lshdj,g n|jd .ekSu
widOdrK ;;a;ajhka ksudKh fkdlrkafka o@
fuf,i ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ Y%u fNaokh fya;=fjka" mqreIhska

m%Odk jYfhka mjq, kv;a;= lrkakka iy .Dy uQ,slhska f,io ia;%Ska" .DyKshka
yd jeu jqjfyd;a oa;Shsl Wmhkakka f,io i,lk ksfYaOd;aul Wml,amkhka
we;slr .ekSug fukau ksji ;=<;a iudch ;=<;a wiudk n, in|;d we;s lsug
fuu fNaokhka fya;=jk nj fmkajd fokak'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH iyNd.slhka .Kk
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhska
ixLHdj
wNHdifha wruqK
3 ldka;djla iska is lrk ;%s;aj N+ld ykd.ksuq

kd 15 hs
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
;%s;aj N+ld j.=f msgm;a
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh$nqoa l,nkh
1 hs
ldka;djka iska islrkq ,nk ;%s;aj N+ld
^ksIamdok" m%ckl yd m%cd N+ldjka& iy Y%u

fNaokh ms<sn|j okqu ,nd.ekSu'
m%cd md,k$foaYmd,k ldhNdrfha ldka;djka
fhf jeo.;alu wjfndaO lr .ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ m%ckk ldhh iy ksIamdok ldhhg odhl jk ldka;djka m%udKh je w.hla

.kakd w;r ldka;djka iska md,sfka;=j" m<d;a iNd fyda m%dfoaYSh iNd jeks
m%cd md,k ldhfha kshe,Suo ;u jk jgmsgdj ta i|yd W; jk whqka idod
.ekSf jeo.;aluo myod fokak'
$$ j;udk iudch ;=< ldka;dj .Dyhg mndysrj jegqma Wmhk /lshdjka iy
jD;a;Skaj, fhfok ksid iudcfha hymeje;au fiau mjqf,a iyjkh fjkqfjka
ksjfia lghq;= mjqf,a idudlhska yeu fokdu tl;= iyfhda.fhka bgqlr
.;hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrkak'
$$ my; j.=f msgm;a iEu iyNd.sjkafkla fj;u ,nd ;u ksji wdY%h lrf.k
my; lghq;= islrkafka ljqo hkak mqrjk f,ig Wmfoia fokak' ;udg wod<
fkdjk l%shdlrlj, wod< fkdf hehs ,shk f,i oekq fokak'
$$ tfiau ;uka iska lrk wfkl=;a l%shdldrl fuu j.=f i|ykaj fkdue;sk
tajd tl;= lrkak' fuu wNHdih wdrN lsug fmr fuu ixl,amj, f;are
iy ksjpk ,nd fokak'
98
98
fofokdu iska
iudkj
jemqr
kshef,kafka ljqo@
.eyekq
jemqr
kshef,kafka
ljqo@ ms
m%cd md,k$
foaYmd,k
ldhh
ksIamdok ldhh
fudhq,h 3
Wfoa f;a yeu

lEu ms<sfh, lsu
<uhskag lEu leu fyda lEu T;du
j<x mska fiau
fr ueu
f.or fodr msis lsu
<uhska mdie,g /f.k hEu
<uhskaf.a mdie,a jevg Wo lsu
ksjfia whf.a fi!LHh fiajd iemhSu
fr fiau
hm;a jQjka yd f,v jQjka /ln,d .ekSu
orejka fiau yd kEu
.DydY%s; i;=kag lEu u
<orejkag uls u
fj<| fmdf<ka nvq , .ekSu
ksjig j;=r f.ktau
or fyda bkaOk fiu
uqo,a yn lsu
uqo,a md,kh yd ho lsu
iS iEu
f.dh isgqu
f.dvke.s,s blsu
fr u
brekq fr w;ajehd lsu ûeiSu&
foaYmd,k /iaj,g iyNd.s u
f.d i;shg hEu
ldka;d i;shg iyNd.s u
jD;a;Sh i;s ksfhdackh
Pkaoh b,a,Su
urKdOdr i;shg iyNd.s u
mdie,a ixjOk i;shg hEu
frms<s we wdhs;a; , .ekSu
ksjfia levqKq `kq ;eka w;ajehd lsu
mkai,a hEu
u.S m%jdykh
m%dfoaYSh iNdjg f;a m;au yd iyNd.su
f.j;af;a u,a jeu
m%ckk ldhh
l%shdldrl
99
ksjpk
;%s;aj N+ldj$nyq ldhh nr (Triple Role)
nyqldhh nr hkq ia;%Ska idudkHfhka tlsfklg fjkia ia;%SmqreI iudcNd
ldhhka ;=kla bgq lrk neka Tjqka mskag jvd > ld, f,djla yd lka
lv" je k ixLHdjla jev lsuhs' tu ldhhka ke;fyd;a N=ldjka jkafka
m%ckk" ksIamdok iy m%cd ldhhka f'
ia;%SmqreI iudcNd Y%u fNaokh (Gender-based division of labour)
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjhg wkqj iudcdkqfhdackh f rgdjka u; mokj ldhhka
fnu isf' .eyekqka iy mska w;r Y%u fNaokh ;SrKh jkafka" Tjqka jdih
lrk iudc" foaYmd,k" ixialD;sl mirhg wkqj jk w;r" m%ckk" ksIamdok yd
m%cd ldhhka ljqreka" l=uk f,djl" fldmuK f,djla" flfia" l=ula lrkafkao
hkak by; lS iudcdkqfhdackh u; mokj fn hkq ,nhs'
m%ckk ldhNdrh (Reproductive Role)
orejka yslsu iy /ln,d .ekSu" bjq msyq lsu" or" j;=r wdh /ialsu" f.a
fodr msis lsu" mjqf,a fi!LHh we;= fkdfhl=;a .Dyia: lghq;= fuhg we;=<;ah'
udkj j.hdf.a meje;au i|yd fuu lghq;= w;HjYH jk w;r ta i|yd fndfyda
Y%uh;a" ld,h;a jeh f'
ksIamdok ldhNdrh (Productive Role)
wdodh Wmhd.ekSu i|yd ksmehq fyda fiajd ldhhkays ksr;u ksIamdok
ldhNdrhhs' ^WodyrK( f.d;eka" ksIamdok ludka;" iajhx /lshd fyda fjk;a
jD;a;Skaj, kshe,Su wdh& ia;%SmqreI fomlaIhu ksIamdok ldhkays fhfo;s' tkuq;a
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjfha n,mEu ksid ldka;djkag iy mskag mejfrk ldhhka
fukau j.lS w;r wiu;djhka olakg ,ef' ldka;djkaf.ka bgqjk jevfldgi
woDYH jk w;r fndfyda g ix.Kkh fkdf'
m%cd l<ukdlrK ldhNdrh (Community Managing Role)
m%cd ixjOkh i|yd ldka;djka uey;a iafPdfjka bgq flfrk jev fuhg
wod< jk w;r ta i|yd mk" f;k wfmalaId fkdlrhs' tjekakla ,efnkafkao
ke;' udkj j.hdf.a meje;au Wfoid ish mjqf,a iy ck iuQyfha Wjukdjka
imqrd .ekSu msKsi bgqlrk ldhNdrh jvd;a iaridr lr.ekSu wruqKq lr.;a m%cd
ixjOk lghq;= tk fi!LH" ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=" wOHdmk myiql" c, myiql
iy ixialD;sluh ixjOkh fjkqfjka flfrk lghq;= bgq lsu fuu.ska wfmalaId
flf'
100
m%cd foaYmd,k N+ldj$m%cd md,k ldhNdrh (Community Politics Role)
fudhq,h 3
m%cd md,k ldhNdrh hkq m%cd ixOdk fukau cd;sl foaYmd,k ugka bgq
flfrk fufyhq" l<ukdlrK iy md,k lghq;= inkaO jevfldgia woyia
flf' fujeks jev iy j.lS bgqlsu Wfoid fndfyda g f;k" mk fyda
ukd ,ef' tfia;a ke;sk tu ks,;," j.lS bis,Su fYaI md,k fukau n,;,
oef f.!rjh iy n,h iys; iajNdjhla orhs'
101
fojk ieish
1' jev f,dalfha ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .eg iy jD;a;Sh i;sj,
l%shdld;ajh
jevlrk ldka;djka ish rdcld ;fha fkdfhla widOdrKhka fiau
fjkialj,g f.dre jk nj o;a; iy mfhaIK u.ska ;yjqre lr we;' tfiau
w;S;fha mgka llre wr.,j, ldka;djkaf.a .eg m%uqL;ajh ,nd we;af;a
ldka;djkagu iqfYaI jQ wjYH;d rdcld ;h ;=< ;yjqre h hq;= ksidfjks'
ud;D wdrlaIKh" m%iQ;s ksjdvq" ,sx.sl w;jrj,ska jev lsf ksoyi" meh wgl
fiajduqrh" jevuqrhka w;r flh wd whs;Sska ldka;djka fj; ,enqfka llre
wr., ;=<ska jk w;r tu wr., fufyhjk ,oafoa jD;a;Sh i;s isks' jD;a;Sh
i;s ;=<ska ldka;d ixf iduQysl .siq we;s lr.; yels w;r" fulS .siq ;=<ska
jevlrk ;fha iudk wjia:d" iu jevg iu jegqma" m%iQ;s ksjdvq iy foumsh
ksjdvq" <ud wdrlaIKh" fi!LHh /ljrK we;s lsug mdol f' tfiau jevlrk
ia:dkfha .NKS ldka;djkag fjkial lsu iy fiajd ia:dkfha ,sx.sl w;jr
jeks oE je<elah yels ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djfha fldkafoaisj,g fukau llre
.siq flfrys n, l< yels jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d ksfhdackh yd kdhl;ajh
jeo.;a f'
ldka;djkaf.a rdcld ;h ;=< i` ke;s m%Yak rdYshla ;ju;a we;s w;r fuu
ieisfha wruqK jkafka fuu .eg ykd.ekSu;a" jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ldka;djka
iyNd.s f jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lsu;a h' tfy;a ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;sj,g
iyNd.s jkafka wvq jYfhks' jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a m%Yak flfrys ixf hehs
hk Yajdih ;ju;a ldka;djka ;=< we;s fkd;su fuu wvq iyNd.s;ajhg tla
fya;=jls' fmd iudcfha jD;a;Sh i;s inkaOfhka we;s u;h jkafka l,yld
iy jev jck fufyhjkakkah hk ksfYaOdkd;aul wdl,amhhs' f ksid jD;a;Sh
i;sj,g neù ms<sn|j mjqf,a Wohf.ka wlue;a; m%ldY h yel' ;jo jD;a;Sh
i;s ldka;djka fjkqfjka bgqlrk ldhhka ms<sn| m%pdrh jkafka wvqfjks' f
ksid jD;a;Sh i;shlska i|d .; yels Y%uh yd wEkq ldka;d .eg ms<sn|j fuu
ieisfha wjOdkh fhduq fjhs'
102
4
kd 20 hs
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
1 hs
jev f,dalh ;=< ldka;djka uqyqK fokakd jQ .eg
ykd.ekSu
fudhq,h 3
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH iyNd.slhka .Kk
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$
iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh y;rlg fnokak'
$$
jD;a;Sh ;h ;=< ldka;djla jQ ksidu isjk widOdrKl" ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh mok lr.;a ysxikhka iy fjkial fudkjdo hkak
idlPdfldg .eg .ila ksudKh lrk f,i tla lKavdhulg Wmfoia
fokak'
$$
ldka;djka jemqr fiajfha fhfok ixl%uKsl fiajh" we ludka;h iy
f;a ludka;h wdY%s;j ldka;d Y%lhska uqyqKfok .eg idlPdfldg"
ta ta lafIa;%hg wod<j .eg .ila ksudKh lrk f,i wfkla lKavdh
;=kg Wmfoia fokak'
$$
ldka;djka Y%u fj<|fmd< iy rdcld ;h ;=< uqyqKfok .eg
iyNd.sjkakka iska ksis whqka wkdjrKh lr ke;a;" mqyqKqlrejd" oekqu
jOkh lsug Wmld jk w;a m;%sld fyda m>Kl bm;a ls l,ska ilia
lr.; hq;=h'
103
103
Y%uh" ldka;dj iy .eg .i
fuys my; i|yka jkafka jevf,dalh ;=< ldka;djka uqyqK fok .egj,ska
iuyrls' fuu .eg .i ksudKh lsf my; .eg we;=,;a jkafkaoehs uid
ne,sh yel'
Y%u iQrlEu iy wvq jegqma ,eu'
fiajd ld,hg i,k m jegqma jOlhka je fkdu'
jevlrk ldka;djka u`. f;df" jevmf<a" fmd m%jdykfha
Odldrfha ,sx.sl ysxikj,g iy w;jrj,g ,lau'
llre ldka;djka ksrka;r Y%u iQrdlEug ,lau'
> fiajduqr ksid fi!LHuh .egj,g uqyqK ug isu'
ud;D;ajh iu. neKq wdrlaIdj fkdue;slu'
jD;a;Sh iu. neKq O frda. ;;a;ajhkag ksrdjrKh u'
wu;a lafIa;%fha jevlrk ldka;djkag ,nd fok ffoksl jegqma b;d
wju ugul mej;Su'
ukaofmdaIKfhka iy kSrla;sfhka fm<Su'
wu;a lafIa;%h ;=< iudk jevg iudk jegqma
fkd,eu'
ixOdkh ug fukau iud.uhg wejeis ksoyi fkdue;s
u'
ixl%uKsl fiajfha l=gkhg yd ,sx.sl ysxikhkag
,lau'
fndre /lshd fmdfrdkaj,g /ju ksid ldka;djka
,sx.sl fiajhg fukau l=gkfha ka;hska njg m;au'
104
105
fudhq,h 3
meh wglg jvd jevlsug isu iy wu;r fiajhg w;sld, fkdf.u'

ksjdij, jevlrk whg u;a fiajd ld,hla fyda myiql fkdue;su'
jevlrk ia:dk wdY%s;j msis jeisls,s iy ikSmdrlaIl myiql
fkdue;su'
yis wk;=re iy rlaIKh ms<sn| .egj,g uqyqK mEu'
ixl%uKsl fialdjkag iy .Dy fialdjkag fiajd fldkafoais we;=,;a
kS;Hdkql+, .siq fkdue;s u'
ixl%uKsl fiajfha ysyer ls iy jOysxid meK'
ixl%uKsl fiajfha whq;= f,i fiajfhka myls'
ixl%uKsl fiajfha .uka n,m;% r|jd .ekS yd /lshdf uQ,sl whs;Ska
wys'
ixl%uKsl fiajfha fiajd fhdaclhd iy tackaislre iska lrk /jj,g
f.dre '
Y%u wdkhk iy Y%u wmkhk forgj,a w;r oa-mdYal .siq we;slr
fkd.ekSu iy l%shd;aul fkdu'
f;a ludka;h wdY%s;j jevlrk ldka;djka nr bis,Su fya;=fjka Tjqka
> ld,Sk frda. ;;a;ajhkag ,lau'
iudc wdrlaIK iy iqNidOk myiql fkdue;su'
rd;S% jevuqrhkays ldka;djkaf.a wdrlaIdj i,ik u;a l%ufohka
fkdue;su'
f,vu fyda wnd; ;;a;ajhkg ,lajQ g Y%du jegqma jeks iudc
wdrlaIKhkays msysg fkd,eu'
we;e jD;a;Ska wdY%s;j jD;a;Sh i;s fkdue;su fukau jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<
ixOdk .;ug bv fkdu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;djka kdhl;aj ugj,g meK fkdisu'
jD;a;Sh fukau .Dy ;h iunrj mj;ajd .ekSug wjYH jd iq/l=
uOHia:dk fyda kuHYS,Sj jevl< yels
ld, rduqjla fkdue;su'
mS;D ksjdvq fkdue;su iy mS;D ksjdvq
b;d iS; u'
widOdrK fiajd we.ehqj,g ,lau
fiau Wiia ,ef ia;%S ixf
fkdjk we.ehq l%u Nd;d lsu'
jevlrk wdh;kj, ,sx.sl w;jr
je<elaug hdka;%Khla fkdue;s
fuka ldka;d Y%lhskag b;d
wi;=gqodhl ;;a;ajhka hgf;a
jevlsug is ;su'
2' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .eg ch.ekSu iy jD;a;Sh i;sj, n,mEu

cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkh iska jevf,dalh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh
/lSu inkaOfhka t<solajd we;s .re;ajhla iys; /lshd kHdh m;%fha (Decent
work Agenda) wruqKq idOkh ug k" ia;%skag iy mqreIhskag jevlsug
hym;a jev mirhla ys h hq;=h' hym;a jev mirhl uQ,sl .=Kdx.h jkafka
ia;%S-mqreI iudkNdjh iys; jevlrk ia:dkhla uhs' fujeks .re;ajhla iys;
/lshd hkafkys uQ,sl w:h wkqj my; ;;a;ajhka idOkh h hq;=h'
/lshdf iu wjia:d iy iu ie,ls,s ;yjqre h hq;=h'
iudk jev i|yd iudk jegqma ,eh hq;=h'
wdrlaIs; iy fi!LH imkak mirhl jev lsug we;s whs;sh ;yjqre
h hq;=h'
iudc wdrlaIdjkag iu m%fYhla ;yjqre h hq;=h'
iud.ufha ksoyig iy iuq; flaj,a lsug iu wjia:djla ;sh hq;=h'
w:j;a /lshd jOk wjia:d ,nd .ekSf iudkNdjh ;yjqre h hq;=h'
/lshdj fukau .Dy ;h iunrj mj;ajd .ekSf ms .eyekq
fofldgigu idOdrKh bgq h hq;=h'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;djkag iudk f,i
iyNd.s f whs;sh ;yjqre h hq;=h'
by; .re;ajhla iys; /lshd fldkafoais h jD;a;shla ;=< ;yjqre lr .ekSug
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g l< yels ldhNdrh w;suy;ah' ;ksj kd.; fkdyels whs;Ska"
iuq; flaj,a lsu yryd jD;a;Sh i;s u.ska kd.; yelsh' fuys jD;a;Sh i;sj,
ia;%S ksfhdackh fld;r o fukau ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,shg ldka;djka fld;r
odhl jkafka o hkak fidhd ne,Su fuys b;d jeo.;ah' fndfyda ldka;djka ;ju;a
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ne`fuka ;ukag w;ah yels jdis ms<sn|j oekqj;a ke;' f
ksid iyNd.slhska w;r jD;a;Sh i;s inkaOfhka oekqu jOkh lsu b;du
jeo.;a f'
106
5
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
1
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ne`fuka ldka;djkag
w;ah yels jdis inkaOfhka oekqj;a lsu'
fudhq,h 3
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhka ixLHdj
wNHdifha wruqK
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ f,dj mqrd jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d ksfhdackfha wvqu o;a; wdY%fhka myod
fokak'
$$ ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s j,ska ,eh yels iqfYaI jdis fudkjdoehs ms<sn|j
nqoa l,nkh lrkak'
$$ fuys ,efnk ms<s;=re *a,sma pd tll jd;d lrkak'
$$ my; j.=j Wmfhda.s lrf.k" iyNd.slhska iska f.kyer olajk lreKqj,g
kj lreKq tla lrkak'
$$ ka by; i|yka wdldrfhka iyNd.slhska iska ia;r jYfhka olajd we;s
jevf,dalh ;=< olakg ,efnk .egj,g i fiug yd jD;a;Sh ch.%yK
,nd .ekSug jD;a;Sh i;sh odhl h yelafla l=uk wdldrfhkao hkak
idlPd lrkak'
107
107
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g nefuka w;ajk jdis

jD;a;Sh i;shla ;=<g ixOdk.; jQ msia tfia ixOdk fkdjQ msig jvd
je jegqma Wmhhs'
ixOdk fkdjQ jD;a;slfhl=g jvd ixOdk.; jD;a;slfhl=g /lshdf
wdrlaIdj jeh'
fi!LHh wdrlaIdj" Y%du jegqma" f. iys; ud;D ksjdvq" f,v ksjdvq"
oka; yd wlaIs fiajdjka" <ud /ljrK fiajd wd m%;s,dN ixOdk.; jQ
fiajlhskag ysf'
fiajd fhdaclhdf.a w;a;fkdau;sl ;SrKj,g tfrysj iduQysl wdrlaIdj ysf'
jevlrk f,djka" /lshdf udre iy Wiia l< hq;= mmdh
iduQysl .siqj, ,shd oelau ksid jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ixOdk.; jQjkag
je wdrlaIdj ,ef'
fiajd fhdaclhdf.a widOdrK /lshd fldkafoais j,ska wdrlaIdj ,ef'
fiajlhskaf.a udkj ysl lv inkaOfhka tk meKs,s
inkaOfhka mshjr .; yelsh'
iudk jevg iu jegqma ,nd .ekSug iy ldka;djkaf.a ;;a;ajh
k`.disgqug wjYH mshjr .ekSug uey;a h yelsh'
jD;a;Sh i;s idudlhskag jD;a;Sh WmfoaYkh iemhSug yelsh'
cd;sh" cd;sl;ajh" ,sx.fNaoh" ,sx.sl keUqrej" fyda wnd;nj wdh mok
lrf.k widOdrKhg yd ysyerhg ,lafuka wdrlaIdj ie,iSug jD;a;Sh
i;sj,g yelshdj we;'
;u idudlhskag jD;a;Sh i;s uska wOHdmk iy mqyqKqj ,ef wjia:d
i,id fohs'
iduQysl l%shdldrl ;=<ska iduQysl wdrlaIdj i,idug jD;a;Sh i;sj,g
yel'
- uq,dY%h( Promoting gender equality booklet 1 within unions, ILO, 2002
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ my; we;s j.=jg zZ fyda zke;Z hkqfjka ms<s;=re ,enqKq miq" mqyqKqlrejd
tu ms<s;=re ixikaokhfldg j.=f we;s ishu m%ldY i;H njg o;a; iy
jd;d weiqfrka myod fokak'
108
108
jD;a;Sh i;s iy ldka;djka ms<sn|j my; i|yka lshukaj,g Tn tl

jkafkao@
jevlrk ldka;djkaf.a m%udKh f,dalh mqrd jefjka mej;=K

o ta yd iudkj jD;a;Sh i;sj,g iyNd.s jk ldka;djka m%udKh
je fkdue;'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;djka ;ju;a ksfhdackh jkafka wvqfjks'
jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;ajh ;=< ldka;djka ksfhdackh jkafka
b;du;a w,am jYfhks'
f,dalfha jD;a;Sh iudl;ajh ;=< ldka;djka 39] la ksfhdackh
jqj;a" ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ;SrK .kakd uKav,j,
ksfhdackh jkafka 1] la muKs'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ;ju;a <dlrf.k
fkdue;'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh inkaOfhka we;s ndOl
bj;a lsug jD;a;Sh i;s iska mshjr .; hq;=h'
ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;s ;fha iEu wxYhlu tk iudldjla"
l%shdldkshla iy kdhsldjla jYfhka fmkSish hq;=h'
ke;
fudhq,h 3
lshuk
3' jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ldka;d ksfhdackh je ug bvfkdfok ndOl
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ fydka ,shefjk udl mEka 4la iy *a,sma pd 4la ,ndfokak'
$$ ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrlys kshe,Sug we;s ndOl fudkjdo hkak
idlPd lrk f,i 1 iy 2 hk lKavdhj,g Wmfoia fokak'
$$ jD;a;Sh ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;aj iy ;SrK .kakd jHqyj,g
m;aug we;s ndOl fudkjdo hkak idlPd lrk f,i 3 yd 4 lKavdhj,g
Wmfoia fokak'
$$ lKavdh y;f idlPd jQ lreKq lKavdhf tla mqoa.,fhl=g bhg
meK bm;a lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$ tlS *a,sma pd fmfkk ;ekl w,jkak'
$$
mqyqKqlrejd iska iyNd.slhska oela jQ lreKq ldrKd ixjdohg Ndckh

fldg my; ,ehsia;=f lreKq wkdjrKh we;aoehs uid n,kak'
109
109
ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrlj, kshe,Sug iy ;SrK .kakd jHqyhkag

m;aug bvfkdfoka mj;sk ndOl
ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;sj,ska w;ah yels jdis inkaOfhka oekqj;a
fkdisu fyda t;r we.hSula fkdoelau'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g tlafuka ;u fiajd fhdaclhdf.a m<s.ekSj,g ,laf hehs
fyda /lshdj ke;sf hehs hk fhka miqu'
ldka;djkag .Dyia: ldhNdrhka mej we;s ksid jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrl
j,g f,dj fkdue;s u'
orejka /ln,d .ekSf myiql fkdue;s u iy /lshd wdY%s;j fyda tjka myiql
fkdue;s fuka ldka;djkag we;s m%ckk ldh i|yd je wjOdkh ug isu
fukau tu ksid wehf.a m%cd l<ukdldr ldhNdrh flfrys ndOd meKu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g inkaO ug fyda kdhl;aj ;;a;ajhka ,nd .ekSug
ldka;djka ;=< Yajdih wvqu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ldka;djka tl;= u ms<sn|j wd.l" ixialD;sl nehdjka
iy im%odhkaj, n,mEug ,lau'
jD;a;Sh i;s ldhhkaj,g iyNd.s u inkaOfhka mjqf,a idudlhskaf.ka
fyda iehdf.ka frdaO;d t,a, u'
mqreI uQ,sl iajNdjhla .;a jD;a;Ssh i;s ixialD;sh fyda l%shdldrl ksid
ldka;djka bhg meKSug ue,slula oelau'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, mqreI mlaIfha m%;smlaI wdl,am fyda yeisu ldka;d
iyNd.s;ajh wffOhg m;a lrkakla u'
ldka;djkaf.a ldhNdrh" yelshdjka ms<sn| mj;sk taldlD;Ska iy wkkH;d
iSudlrKhka
ldka;d Y%lhskaf.a wjYH;d ms<sn|j jD;a;Sh i;s ixf fkdu'
jD;a;Sh i;s idudl .dia;= f.ug mam;a ldka;d llrejkag we;s
fkdyelshdj'
mskag jvd ldka;djka fndfyduhla jev lrkafka wu;a fCIa;%hkays u
ksid Tjqka ixOdk.; lsug wmyiq u'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g inkaO ug fkdyels whqka kS;suh ndOdj,g uqyqK ug
isu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, we;s wdrlaIs; kS;s Odk fukau jHqyhka ia;%Ss ixf
fkdu ksid ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh iy ldka;d kdhl;ajh wNsjOkhg ys;lr
fkdu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ;k;=re iy m;a fndfyda g islrkafka mska w;r
;sfnk wu;a in|;d ;=<ska u ksid ldka;djkag ;k;=re fyda m;a ,nd
.ekSug fkdyels u'
- uq,dY%h( Accompanying report on The Role of Trade Unions in Promoting Gender Equality
110
110
2
kd 15 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
1 hs
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d kdhl;ajh iy
iyNd.s;ajh jefuka ldka;djkag
w;ah yels jdis ms<sn|j oekqj;a lsu'
fudhq,h 3
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh follg fnokak'
$$ fydka ,shfjk udl mEka 2la iy *a,sma pd 2la ,ndfokak'
$$ jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ldka;d kdhl;ajh je lrkafka flfiao@ hkak ms<sn|j
lKavdhu iskao" jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d iudl;ajh je lrkafka
flfiao@ hkak ms<sn|j B lKavdhu iskao idlPd lrk f,i A yd B
lKavdhj,g Wmfoia fokak'
$$ lKavdh foflys idlPd jQ lreKq lKavdh iska k lrk ,o mqoa.,hska

fofofkl=g bhg meK bm;a lrk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
$$ tu *a,sma pd fmfkk ;ekl w,jkak'
$$ mqyqKqlrejd iska iyNd.slhska oelajQ lreKq ldrKd ixjdohg nkafldg
my; ,ehsia;=f lreKq wkdjrKh we;aoehs uid n,kak'
111
A lKavdhu
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d iudl;ajh je
lrkafka flfiao@
jD;a;Sh i;s iska ldka;djkag iqfYaIs jQ
m%uqL;d iy wjYH;d ykd.ekSu'
ldka;djkag fmdf yd fm!oa.,slj
n,mdk jD;a;Sh .eg iy m%Yak
ykd.ekSu'
ldka;djka n|jd .ekSug fYaI l%shdud.
.ekSu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ne`fuka we;sjk jdis
.ek oekqj;aNdjh je lsug mshjr
.ekSu'
ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh <dlr
.ekSu Wfoid jD;a;Sh i;s iska .kakd
,o Okd;aul mshjr iy id:l jQ isoa
ms<sn|j m%pdrKh ,nd foka jD;a;Sh
i;sj, m%;srEmh f.dvke.Su'
ldka;djkaf.a rdcld ;h iy .Dy
;h iunr lsug wjYH fYaI wjYH;d
ie,ls,a,g f.k jD;a;Sh i;sfha fiajdjka
mq,a lsu'
ldka;djka ixOdkh lsug iy n|jd
.ekSug fYaI jHdmdr h;a lsu'
ldka;djka oekqj;a lsf fYaI
wOHdmksl jevigyka ksrka;rj fukau
l%udkql+,j h;a lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrl fj; je
msilg <du msKsi udOHh iy fjk;a
l%u ;=<ska m%pdrh lsu'
ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;s ms<sn|j olajk
woyia .ek ilaIKhla lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g neù ms<sn|
ldka;djkaf.a Yajdih we;s lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d iyNd.s;ajfha
jeo.;alu ms<sn|j ms mdYajh" iehka"
mjqf,a idudlhska yd m%cdj oekqj;a lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrl inkaOfhka
m%pdrhla ,nd u'
ud;D wdrlaIKh" ,sx.sl w;jr je<elau
jeks ldka;d ixf mqyqKq meje;au'
kdhl;aj mqyqKqj jeks ldka;djkaf.a
is;a weo.kakd Ihka jD;a;Sh i;s
idlPdj, fhdod .ekSu'
112
112
B lKavdhu
jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;d kdhl;ajh
je lrkafka flfiao@
ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<
oDYHudk ;;a;ajhla ,nd u'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;SrKj,
ldka;djkaf.a u; iy woyia
ie,ls,a,g .ekSu'
jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;aj ;k;=re
inkaOfhka ldka;djkag fldagdjla
,ndu'
ldka;d jD;a;Sh i;s idudlhskag
l%udkql+,j ilik ,o kdhl;aj
mqyqKqj ,ndu'
ikaksfok yelshdj" .kqfokq lsf
iy iduQysl flaj,a lsu ms<sn|
mqyqKq ,ndu'
ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;ajh
inkaOfhka olajk woyia
oek.ekSug u; uiqula islsu'
ldka;djka iy mska w;r
kdhl;ajh .ek l;sldjla we;s lsu'
kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka ia;%S-mqreI
jYfhka Yaf,aIKh lrk ,o o;a;
,ndu'
ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;s ms<sn|j
wOHhk lsu i|yd wOHhk lj
(study circles) we;s lsu'
ldka;d kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j we;s
w.;s.d u; iy taldlD;s fjkia
fldg iqNjd u; we;s lsug mshjr
.ekSu'
ldka;d jD;a;sh i;s idudlhka
n,i;= lsu i|yd fiajl wOHdmk
l%u ilia lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< iy fmd iudh
foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh ;=< ldka;djka
wvqu ms<sn| mfhaIK islsu'
ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh
ms<s.ekSu inkaOfhka m%;sm;a;s
jD;a;Sh i;sfha jHjia:djg we;=<;a
lsu'
w;a m;%sld
Y%uh" ldka;dj iy jD;a;Sh i;sh hk ieishg wod<j jeo.;a jk

ksjpk
NdKav iy$fyda fiajd ksIamdokh lrk udkj l%shdld;ajh zY%uhZ f,i .efkk
w;r fndfyda wjia:dj, f;khla ,efnk jev inkaOfhka fhfoa' zwoDYHudk
Y%uhZ hk moh f;khla fkd,o m%;sksIamdol Y%uh ^WodyrK jYfhka idudkHfhka
ia;%Ska iy .eyekq <uqka iska" mrmrdf meje;au i|yd islrk .Dy lghq;= iy
kv;a;= jev& iy wvq mhla ,efnk wu;a jev inkaOfhka fhfoa' fuf,i
fohdldrfhau jev" rgl cd;sl wdodh fyda ho moaO;sfhys igyka fkdf' c,h
iy or /f.k tAu" mjqf,a mfydackh i|yd uQ,sl lDIsldl ksIamdok j.dlsu
iy ilialsu" iy orejka /ln,d .ekSu we;= .DydY%s; jev fuu woDYHudk
Y%uhg wh;a f'
jD;a;Sh i;s (Trade unions)
ia;%S-mqreI hk fomdYajfhau fiajlhskaf.a wdl iy iudc ;;a;ajh iduQysl
l%shdldrl ;=<ska wdrlaId lsu iy m%jOkh jD;a;Sh i;s tfia;a ke;ak fiajl
ixOdkhkays m%Odk wruqK fjhs' wxl 87 yd 98 hk iuq;sj,ska lsis fjkialulg
Ndckh fkd jD;a;Sh i;s msysgqug iy tajdg tl;=ug we;s whs;sh ;yjqre lrhs'
wdKavqj" fiajH ixOdk" iu tlaj iudc ixjdoh mj;ajdf.k hdug yelsjk
m jD;a;Sh i;s iska cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha m%Odk fldgialrejkaf.a
ff;%mdlaIsl ixhq;sh imQK lrhs' jD;a;Sh i;s iy tys iudlhska iska fiajH
ixOdk iu. mj;akd inkaOh Wmfhda.S lrf.k jevlrk ia:dkfha iu jegqma"
iu wjia:d iy iudk ie,ls,s m%jOkh l< hq;=h' fjkial lrkakd jQ mphka
iy m%;sm;a;s ykdf.k tajd ke;s lsug W;aidy lsu jD;a;Sh i;sj, m%Odk
mrud:h h hq;af;ah'
ixOdkh fkdjQ fiajlhska$wix; fiajlhska (Unorganized worker)
jD;a;Sh i;shl idudlhska fkdjk fiajlfhl= fufia ykajhs'
uls f flh (Breastfeeding breaks)
jevlrk ldka;djkag orefjl= bm uq,a i;s 26la hk;=re ;u orejdg uls f
myiql i,id u fYaIfhkau kS;sfhka wdrdlaIdlr we;' wxl 183 orK îxfYda;&
cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha ud;D;ajh iq/lSf iuq;sfha 3 jk j.ka;shg wkqj
lsfok ujla /lshdjg kej; meKs miq ujf.a fyda orejdf.a fi!LHhg wys;lr
113
fudhq,h 3
Y%uh (Labour)
fyda wka;rdodhl jevj, fkdfhoh hq;af;a h' fuu iuq;sh iy wkqnoaOj we;s
191 jk fr.=,dish wkqj lsfok ujlg" ls fok fl tllg fyda Bg jefhka
ke;fyd;a jevlrk ld,h wvqfjka ,ef whs;sh we;'
/ln,d .ekSf jev lghq;= (Care work)
hefmk orejka" jfhdajDoaO mqoa.,hska fyda frda.Ska mjqf,a idudlhska fyda fjk;a
wh iska uqo,a wh lsulska f;drj /ln,d .ekSu fuhska woyia f' fujka
/ljrK lghq;=j, fndfyda g kshef,kafka ldka;djka jk w;r th Tjqkaf.a
fi!LH iy hymeje;au u; ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula t,a,lrhs' wu;a /ljrKh
fndfyda wjia:dj, t;r lemSfmfkk fohla fkdjk fyhska f ;=< ldka;djkaf.a
ldhNdrh yd odhl;ajh w.h lsulg ,la fkdf' f,dj mqrd wju;a
/ljrK i,ikakkaf.ka 75] muK ldka;djka f' /ljrK m%;sm;a;s fukau
/ljrK fiajdjka iemhSu ldka;djka iy mqreIhka w;r iudkd;au;djh idlaId;a
lr .ekSu inkaOfhka Rcqju inkaO f' oeh yels" myiqfjka m%fYh yels yd
by< .=Kd;aulNdjhlska hq;a /ljrK fiajdjka fkdue;su fukau ldka;djka iy
mqreIhka w;r /ljrK lghq;= iudk wkaoka fn fkdhdu fya;=fjka ldka;djkag
iudh" wdl" ixialD;sl yd foaYmd,ksl ;h w;aug we;s yelshdj wys f'
<ud yd mjq,a /ljrK fiajd (Childcare and family care)
<ud yd mjq,a /ljrK fiajd mqoa.,sl" rcfha fyda ;ks mqoa.,fhla fyda iuQyhla iska
iemhsh yelsh' mjqf,a j.lS fiajd ia:dkfha j.lS iu`. noaOlsug foudmshkag
yelsjkq msKsi wjYH Wmldrl iudc fiajd imdokh iy fYaIfhka orejka
/ln,d .ekSf myiql cd,hla ia:dmkh lsfuka ldka;djkag fukau mjq,a
j.lS we;s whg /lshdjg yd wdl ck ;hg iyNd.sug iu wjia:d we;s lsu
fuu`.ska isf' ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sh
uska jdyh fyda ud;D;ajh fyda mok fldgf.k ia;%Skag tfrysj lrk fjkial
j<lajd,Su msKsi iy jev lsug Tjqkg
we;s M,odhs whs;sh iy;sl lrkq jia orejka
/ln,d .ekSf myiql cd,hla ia:dmkh
lsu jeks mshjr mdYajldr rdcHhka iska
.; hq;= nj wjOdrKh lrhs'
iduQysl whs;Ska (Collective Rights)
lKavdhul wkkH;djh iy whs;Ska wdrlaId
lsu iduQysl whs;Skaj, uQ,sl mshjrhs' fuuska
;ks mqoa.,fhl=g we;s whs;Ska inkaOfhka
fkdj iuQy whs;Ska ms<sn|j o l%shd lrhs'
WodyrK f,i jD;a;Sh i;shla .;fyd;a
114
jev jckh inkaOfhka we;s iduQysl whs;sh" wdjdiSka jeks ck lKavdhj,

ixialD;sh inkaOfhka we;s iduQysl whs;Ska" cd;Hka;r kS;sh ;=< iajhx ;SrK
.ekSug rglg we;s iduQysl whs;sh hkdh oelah yelsh'
iduQysl flaj,a lsu (Collective Bargaining)
ldka;djkag iy mqreIhkag .re;ajfhka hq;= /lshd (Decent work for men and
women)
.re;ajfhka hq;= /lshd hkq ksoyi" iudkd;au;djh" iqrlaIs;Ndjh iy udkj .re;ajh
hk fldkafoais we;=,;a jd;djrKhla ;=< ldka;djkag iy mskag tl iudk fiajd
fldkafoais u; m%fY h yels mirhla ;=< bgqlrk ksIamdok ldhhka h' fuh
ziqksis fufyjrZ f,io ykajhs' cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha .re;ajfhka hq;=
/lshd hk ixl,amh hkq ldka;djka iy ms hk fofldgi iska ;ud we;= ;u
mjqf,a Woh iu fyd| jk ;;a;ajhla N=la;sh yels hehs wfmalaIs; ugu f'
fuys uQ,sl iudc m%;Ska we;=,;a w;r /lshdf whs;Ska N=la;sh yels idOkSh
uguls' ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSu o .re;ajfhka hq;= /lshd m;%fha
uQ,sl wx.hls'
/lshdjg iu m%fYh (Equal access to employment)
/lshdjg n|jd .ekSf ia;%Sskag iy mqreIhska hk fofldgig u /lshdjg iu
m%fYh ;yjqre l< hq;=h' cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha wxl 183 orK ud;D;ajh
iq/lSf iuq;sh wkqj .NkSNdjh iy ud;D;ajh fjkialj,g ;=vqfok fya;=jla
fkdh hq;= w;r iuq;sfhka ne` we;s rdcHhka fuu iu m%fYh ;yjqre lsug
ne` ishs' cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha wxl 156 orK mjq,a j.lS iys;
fiajlhskaf.a iuq;sh wkqj" mjq,a j.lS iys; wh fjkialulg Ndckh fkdl<
hq;= nj;a" Tjqkag iu m%fYh ;yjqre lsu msKsi /lshdj f;dard .ekSug" mqyqKq iy
udf.damfoaYk ,eug we;s whs;sh ;yjqre l< hq;= jkafkah'
ixl%uKh ia;%SlrKh u (Feminization of migration)
fndfyda g ;ukau ;u .Dyfha m%Odk wdl iemhqlre njg m;alrjk
/lshd fidhd je jefhka ldka;djka rka rgg iajdkj ixl%uKh u olajk
cd;Hka;r ixl%uK rgdjkays m%jk;dj fufia yekaf' ldka;djka ieugu
115
fudhq,h 3
ixOdkh f whs;sh iy iduQysl flaj,a lsu ms<sn| 1949 wxl 98 ork cd;Hka;r
llre ixOdk iuq;sh wkqj cd;sl ;;a;ajhg .e,fmk wdldrfhka /lshd
fldkafoais iy ;;a;ajhka u;a lrkq msKsi iduQysl flaj,a lsf .siq we;s
lr.; yel' fuuska fiajl ixOdk yd fiajH ixOdk w;r fiajd ;;a;ajhka je
hqKq lsu msKsi .kqfokq lsf l%uj;a l%shdj,shla ia:dms; lsug Wkka lrjhs'
cd;Hka;r ixl%uK m%jk;djkays fldgilaj ish;a uE; oYlj, Tjqyq hefmkakka

fyda foaY .; mjq,aj,g tlajkakka f,i ixl%uKh jkq fjkqjg iajdkj /lshd
i|yd ixl%uKhjkakka njg m;a is;s' .Dy fiajh iy id;a;= fiajh jeks wxY
ldka;djka nyq;rhla w;g m;aj we;s w;r wdishdf we;e m%foaYj,g ixl%uKh
uqukska u mdfya ia;%SlrKh u meye,sj olakg we;' ldka;djkag iqfYaIS jQ
wfkl=;a ixl%uK wdldr w;rg ,sx.sl fiajkh fjkqfjka ia;%S cdjdru iy jdyh
msKsi ixl%uKh o we;=<;a f' ixl%uKh ia;%SlrKh u ixLHd f,aLkj,ska Tng
f.dia ixl%uK l%shdj,Skays ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg ys N+ldj" ixl%uKfha iudc
msjeh" /lshd i|yd hjk iy Ndr.kakd rgj, mj;sk ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
flfrys n,mE we;slrkakd jQ llre m%;sm;a;s fukau ia;%S ixl%uKsl Y%lhska
iska tjkq ,nk fma%IK ^wdodh& jeks ;j;a lreKq .Kkdjla u;= lrhs' ish
ixl%uKslhskaf.ka Nd.hla muK ldka;djka jk w;r" th miq.sh oYl fol ;=<
b;d iq jYfhka muKla fjkia jQ wkqmd;hla nj tlai;a cd;Ska mjihs'
o;dj ia;%SlrKh u$o;d ldka;dlrKh (Feminization of poverty)
wdl f.da,ShlrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i we;sjk iy mqreIhskag jvd ldka;djka
flfrys je" Odldr jQ n,mE we;slrk ksfYaOd;aul wdl n,mE Yaf,aIKh
lsu ka woyia flf' o;djh ia;%SlrKh lsu hkq fmr meje;s ;;a;ajhla$
ld,mfohla iu. ieif ldka;djkaf.ka jvd by< wkqmd;hla mam;=ka
^wdodh o;dj iy udkj o;dj hk folu wkqj& w;r isug u mdok
l%shdj,shls' fndfyda ixjOkh fjka mj;sk rgj, fuu ksfYaOd;aul n,mE
we;sjkafka" fndfyda g cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, iska mkjkq ,nk jHqyd;aul
fjkial we;s lsf jevigyka we;=<;a idj wdl m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsf
m%;sM,hla jYfhks'
iud.ufha ksoyi iy ixOdkh f ksoyi (Freedom of association and the
right to organize)
fiajl fialdjkag ;u f;dard .ekSu u; jD;a;Sh i;shla msysgqug yd jD;a;Sh
i;shlg neùg whs;sh we;' fuu jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ;u jHjia:dj yd wod<
jk ;s moaO;sh ieliSug" mQK ksoyiska jD;a;Sh i;s ksfhda;hska f;aug"
jD;a;Sh i;sfha ls%hdldrl" mmd,k l%shd fukau jev igyka ilia lr .ekSug"
jD;a;Sh i;sh iqrejd yefuka fyda thg reoaOj mmd,k l%shdud. .ekSfuka
je<lSf ksoyig fukau ikaOdk yd taldnoaO ikaOdkj,g ne`f ksoyig yslu
we;af;ah' jD;a;Sh i;sj,g tfrys fjkial lsfuka fiajlhska wdrlaId l<
hq;= w;r" fYaIfhkau jD;a;Sh i;s idudl;ajh oeu ksid fyda jD;a;Sh i;s
l%shdldrlj,g iyNd.s u fya;=fjka /lshd wys f ;ckfhka ish fiajl
fialdjka wdrlaId l< hq;=h'
116
/lshdf uQ,sl whs;Ska iy m%Odk uQ,Ou (Fundamental principles and rights at

work)
/lshdj iy mjqf,a iunr;dj (Workfamily balance)

ud;DNdjh" Y%u Nckh hk ldrKd fiau mjq, iy ksji /ln,d .ekSf j.lSu
ldka;djka fj; mjrk w;r bka ldka;djka iy mqreIhska w;r fukau ldka;djka
w;r mjd wiudk;d we;s lrhs' /lshdf ldhhka bgqlsu iy mjqf,a j.lS bgqlsu
w;r we;sjk >gkfhka Y%u fj<|m< ;=< iy /lshdf wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhlg
uqyqK ug ldka;djkag isf' f. ,nk /lshdj fjkqjg mjqf,a j.lS iu.
wkqnoaO jkq msKsi ldka;djka fndfyda g wvq jegqma iys;" wkdrlaIs;" wO ld,Sk"
ksji wdY%s; fyda wu;a /lshdj,g m%fY jk w;r mska /lshdf j.lS yd
noaO jkq msKsi jev lsfuka mjqf,a lghq;=j,g uey;aug wvq wjia:d ,efuka
wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhkag m;af'
mjq,a j.lS iys; fiajlhska (Worklife balance)
jD;a;Sh iy mqoa.,sl ;fha iunr;dj hkq jevlrk ;h" orejka yd hefmkakka
flfrys /ljrKh iemhSug jvd Tng .sh fohls' jk m%uqL;d fyda Ih ndysr
l%shdldrlj, ksr;uo thg wh;a h' fiajl fialdjkag hdjj bf.kSf
myiql" rdcldhg fl,skau inkaO fkdjQ jD;a;Sh iy mqoa., ixjOkh
fjkqfjka fhoug bv myiql i,ik jev mirhla ;su fuys jeo.;a f'
mjq,a j.lS iys; fiajlhska Worker with family responsibilities
1981 wxl 156 orK mjq,a j.lS iys; fiajlhskaf.a iuq;sh wkqj mjq,a j.lS
iys; fiajlhska hkq hefmk orejka fyda /ljrKh wjYH mjqf,a <u msila
isk fiajl fialdjka jk w;r tlS j.lS ksid wdl lghq;=j, kshe,Sug
Odldr jQ ndOdjkag uqyqK foka isk whhs' jev lrk ia:dkfha m%cd fiajdjka
jOkh lsf <ud /ljrK uOHia:dk" jeys /ljrKh" mjqf,a whg fiajd
myiql ,ndfok uOHia:dk we;s lsu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= w;r
fujeks fiajlhskaf.a ;;a;ajh inkaOfhka oekqj;a lsuo jeo.;a f'
117
fudhq,h 3
fiajd fhdaclhskag" fiajlhskag ys /lshdf uQ,sl whs;Ska iy m%Odk uQ,Ou wdrN

jk ,oafoa cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha jHjia:dj iy *s,fv,amshd m%ldYkfhks'
fuu uQ,sl whs;Ska iy m%Odk uQ,Ou .Khg iud.ufha ksoyi" iuq; flaj,a
lsf whs;sh" n,y;aldr Y%uh msgqoelSsf whs;sh" <ud Y%uh ;yk lsu" /lshdj
iy jD;a;sh ;=< fjkial lsu msgqoelSu wdh we;=,;a f' cd;Hka;r llre
ixOdkfha uQ,sl iuq;s wg ;=<u /lshdf uQ,sl whs;Ska fukau m%Odk uq,Ou
we;=,;aj we;' thska woyia lrkafka fuu iuq;sj,ska ne` we;s idudl rdcHhka
fuu whs;Sska iy uQ,Ou l%shdjg ke`.Sug ne` isk njhs'
118
fudhq,h 4
jevf,dalh ;=<
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh
m%jOkh
119
yekau
ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh hkq udkj yslula jk w;r m%cd;ka;%jdoh
<dlr .ekSug wjYH uQ,sl fldkafoaishls' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a udkj
ysl ms<sn| Yaj m%ldYkfha fojk j.ka;shg wkqj ish ukqIHhska
cd;sh" jxYh" mx;sh" ,sx.fNaoh ke;fyd;a ia;%SmqreINdjh" NdIdj"
jKh" wd.u" ckj.h" foaYmd,k u;h" W;am;a;sh fyda foam, wd
ljr ;;a;ajhla ms<sn|j jqj fYaIhla fkdue;sj udkj whs;sjdisl
iy ksoyi N=la;s ug ish fokdgu whs;sh we;s nj ;yjqre lrhs'
fuys wjOdrKh lrkq ,nk lreKla jkafka ia;%SmqreINdjh fkd;ld
iudkd;au;djh iy ksoyi <dlr .ekSug kEu flfkl=g whs;shla
we;s njhs' ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh jkdys udkj whs;sjdislula ug
wu;rj iudkd;au;djh" iduh" ksoyi iy n,dNsjOkh <dlr
.ekSug w;HjYH fldkafoaishls' fuu fudhq,h ;=<ska iudkd;au;djfha
uQ,Ou inkaOfhka idlPd lsug wu;rj n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka
jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh <dlr .kafka flfiao
hkak uid ne,Suhs'
jevlrk ldka;djkag llre whs;Ska <dlr .ekSug k jD;a;Sh
i;s ;=< m%cd;ka;%jd l%ufohka iy jHqyhka ;yjqre h hq;=
jkafkah' fiajl whs;sjdisl kd.ekSu" fiajl fialdjkaf.a
/lshd whs;Ska wdrlaId lsu iy m%jOkh lsu inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh
i;sj,g Yd, fufyhla l< yelsh' f ksid jD;a;Sh i;shl
wruqK jkafka jevlrk ia:dkfha fyda fmdf jevlrk m%cdj fj;
n,mdk widOdrKl iy fjkial islsu uev meje;aug mshjr
.ekSuh' fjkial ;=rka lsf jev ms<sfjf,a m%Odk ldhh jkafka
ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ;yjqre lsug mshjr
.ekSuhs' tA i|yd ia;%SmqreI iudcNd iu-idOdrK;ajfha l%shdud.
hka .; hq;af;ah'
120
wfmaCIs; wruqKq
uq,sl wruqKq
Objectives
jevf,dalh iy jD;a;Sh i;sj,g wod<j ia;%S

mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh f.dvk`.kafka
flfiao hkak ms<sn|j wjfndaOh mq,a lsu'
wdik ieleiau
Room
Arrangement
U wdldrfha yevh
wjYH ,shlsh,s
Materials and
Handouts
w:l;k iy mdNdIs; joka meye,s flfrk

w;am;%sldj
l%ufoh
Methodology
mj fmdhska" iuQy l%shdldrl" m%fndaOk

l%Svd" m%Yak iy W;a;r" fhda oYk" ;%
wjYH iydhl
WmlrK Training
Aids
jhs fnda" udl mEka" *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3

ldm;a" yd*aIS" mEka" udialska fma l;=re"
nq,afvda.a la,smaia" u,a hd fm%dfclagrhla
ld,h
Duration
meh 4 hs
ieisfha
wka;.;h
Session Plan
iudkd;au;djh" iuidOdrK;ajh"
fjkiafldg ie,lSu" jev lsf ys whs;Ska
ldka;d whs;Ska ldYkh" iSfvda iuq;sh iy
ldka;d whs;Ska wdrlaId lsu i|yd we;s kS;suh
m%;smdok'
121
fudhq,h 4
ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh iy iuidOdrK;ajh hk ixl,am ms<sn| oekqu

m%jOkh lsu'
ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sh we;=
iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre lrk kS;s iy m%;sm;a;s rduqj inkaOfhka oekqu
jOkh lsu'
wjodk ;;a;ajfha miqjk ldka;d llrejkaf.a whs;Ska wdrlaIdjk
moafoka iudk whs;Ska wdrlaId lsug jD;a;Ssh i;sj, YlH;djh jOkh
lsu'
ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh jOkh lsug jD;a;Sh i;shlska l< yels
ldhNdrh ms<sn| wjfndaOh mq,a lsu'
m<uq ieish
iudkd;au;djh iy iuidOdrK;ajh
yekau
iudkd;au;djh hkafkys w:h jkafka ia;%S mqreI fyda fjk;a fjkial fkdi,ld
iudk whs;Ska" iudk j.lS" iudk wjia:d iy iudk ie,ls,s <dlr .ekSu jk
w;r" iudkd;au;djhg we;s whs;sh uQ,sl udkj ysluls' fuys u;l ;nd.;
hq;= jkafka iudk whs;Ska" iudk ie,ls,s" iudk wjia:d <dlr .ekSu" iudc
;;a;ajh iy im;a N=la;s f yelshdj .eyekq" ms jYfhka bmu u; rod
fkdmj;sk njhs' iudkd;au;dj hkq .eyekqka iy mska w;r mj;sk fjkial
fukau iudklj,g iudk jkdlula u hkak woyia flf' iudkd;au;djh
hk mohg O w:l;k we;s w;r" iajNdjOu kS;shg wkqj ishu ukqIHhska
iudkh' udkj whs;sjdisl m%ldYkhg wkqj ishu ukqIHhska wd." cd;s"
l=," jxYh" jKh fyda ia;%SmqreIfNaoh fkdi,ld f.!rjh iy whs;sjdisl
inkaOfhka ksoyiaj;a iudkj;a Wm; ,enQfjda fj;ss' tfiau iudkd;au;djh ;=<
im;aj,g we;s iu m%fYh" im;a myrKh lsug iy h ksYa; im;aj,ska
tk jHuh" uQ,Huh" udkj" idudh" foaYmd,k wdfhka m%;s,dN ,eug we;s
whs;sh o we;=,;a f' WodyrKhla f,i foaYmd,k m%fYhg we;s iudk whs;sh
;=<ska ldka;djkag m%dfhda.slj m%;s,dN ,eug k tlS foaYmd,k m%fYh ;yjqre
flfrk m ldka;djkag foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka mqyqKq ,ndu iy Pkao jHdmdr
mj;ajdf.k hEug wjYH uqo,a m%;smdok iemhSu fjkqfjka wruqo,la fjkalsu
jeo.;ah' tfiau f i|yd hlsis fldagdjla tk mx.= l%uhla fjkafldg foaYmd,k
uKav,j,g" ldka;djka fj; ium%fYh ;yjqre lsf iuidOdrK;ajfha l%shd
ud. wkq.ukh l< yelsh' tfiau /lshdjg ium%fYh ;yjqre lsf wnd;
mqoa.,hska we;= ish mqoa.,hskag myiqfjka we;= h yels f,i f.dvke.s,s"
jevlrk ia:dk iy fmd ia:dk ksudKh lsu fyda fjkia lsu l< hq;af;ah'
fuf,i iudkd;au;djh hkafkka woyia jkafka iEu jk lafIa;%hlu .eyekq
iy ms" .eyekq <uhs iy ms <uhs i|yd iudk whs;sjdisl Êqual Rights&"
iudk wjia:d Êqual Opportunity)" iudk ie,ls,s Êqual Treatment& iy iudk
j.lS Êqual Responsibility& ,nduhs' WodyrK f,i /lshd ia:dkhg wod<j
/ljrK m%;sm;a;s" /ljrK fiajdjka iemhSu" ldka;djka iy mqreIhska w;r
wdl iudkd;au;djh idlaId;a lr.ekSu inkaOfhka Rcqju inkaO jkakls'
fuys iudk ie,ls,s hkq tlu wdldrfha ie,ls,s fkdjk w;r <dlr .;
hq;af;a m%;sM,j, iudkd;au;djhhs' f i|yd h lKavdhula fj; fYaI ie,ls,s
foka Okd;aul mshjr .; hq;=h' fuys ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska hk fomdYajhgu
;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl yelshdjka fukau Njhka jOkh lr .ekSf ksoyi iy
iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre h hq;=h' tlS ksoyi ksis m nqla;s ug yelsjkafka ia;%SmqreI fNaoh u; mQj ks.ukh l< ldhNdrhka" w.;Ska fyda mQj ksYaphg hg;a
jQ whs;sjdisl" j.lS" Wia my;a nj fyda im;a <`.dlr .; yels ;;a;ajhka hgf;a
122
fkdf' tjeks m%fNaoj,g fyda iudch iska ksudKh l< wkkH;d iSudlrKhka"
taldlD;Ska (Stereotype) ke;fyd;a wpq ;=<g fYaIfhkau ia;%S mdYajh issrlsu
u`.ska by; meye,s l< wdldrfhka ksoyia jOkhla is fkdf' tjeks iSudls
idOdrKSlrKh l< fkdyels w;r" ksoyiaj ;u reh m ;h ms<sn| leu;s
oE f;dard .ekSug bvlv ,efuka .eyekqkag iy .eyekq orejkag iudk wjia:d
ie,ish yels wdldrh ms<sn|j uYkh lsu fuu ieisfha ;j;a wruqKls'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
fudhq,h 4
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
1
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
*a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka" nq,afvda.a
la,smaia" udl mEka
iyNd.s;aj l%u foh nqoa l,nkh
1 hs
iudkd;au;dj" fjkial lsu iy
iuidOdrK;ajh hkak y`kajd .ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ iyNd.sjkakka w;r mdg y;rl jK ldm;a fnod fokak'

$$ fuu lKavdh y;rg iudkd;au;djh fjkia fldg ie,lSu
iuidOdrK;ajhiy ia;%SmqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh hk mo y;rg
w:l:k ,shk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
$$ fuu ixl,am ,shk ,o ldm;a" by; lS ud;Dld 4 Tiafia ldKavj,g fnod"
*a,sma pd 4 l we,ug Wmfoia fokak'
$$ fuf,i iyNd.slhska iska ;u w:l:k ,shd oelajQ miq" im;aodhlhd iska
mj fmdhska Tiafia m>Kl bm;a ls Nd;fhka fyda w;am;%sld
ud.fhka by; ixl,amj, ksjer ksjpk meye,s lrkak'
$$ iudk ie,ls,s hkq tlu wdldrfha ie,ls,s fkdjk nj;a" ia;%SmqreI
iudcNd iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSug wjYH jkafka m%;sM,j,
iudk;djhhsZ hkak my; ck l;dj Wmud lrf.k myod fokak'
123
123
iudk ie,ls,s hkafkka woyia jkafka

tlu wdldrfha ie,ls,s fkdf'
khd iy fldldf.a rd;%S fNdackh inkaO

ck l;dj
khd iy fldld fyd| hyjka jQ w;r" kla khd fldldg rd;%S wdydr
fNdack ix.%yhlg wdrdOkd lf<ah' fuys khd rd;%S fNdackh fldldg
ms<s.kajk ,oafoa me;,s Ndckhl jk w;r" . mgq fydghla we;s fldldg
khd iska fok ,o rd;%S wdydr fNdackh N=la;s ug fkdyels h'
fldldg nv.skafka f.or hEug ish'
wfkla kfha fldld iska khdg rd;%S wdydr fNdack ix.%yhlg
wdrdOkd l< w;r" fldld idudkHfhka wdydr .kakd l%uh wkq.
ukh lrka khdg .eUqre Ndckl lEu ms<s.kajk ,' khdf.a m<,a
fl uqyqK tu Ndckhg oeug fkdyels jQ w;r" khdg o fldld
ms<s.kajk ,o lEu wkqNj lsug fkdyels h' f ksid tk khdg o
nv.skafka f.or hdug ish' fldld iy khd hk fofokdgu wdydr ,nd
.ekSf iu wjia:dj ,enqKo fofokdgu wdydr wkqNj lsf wjia:dj
wys jQf O;ajh fyda tlsfkldg fjkia jQ ;;a;ajhka fyda YlH;djhka
ms<sn|j ie,ls,a,la fkdoela jQ neks' f ksid fldld iy khd hk
fofokdgu rd;%s fNdackfha l=i.sks ksjd.ekSug fkdyels h' f ksid
fldldg iy khdg tlu wdldrfhka tlu Ndckfha lEu ms<s.ekafuka
iudkd;au;djh <dula is fkdjk w;r" fldldg iy khdg lEug
myiqjk wdldrfhka fjkia Ndck foll ,nd fuka iudkd;au;djh
;yjqre l< yelsh'
124
by; ckl;dj fiau ldka;djka iy mskag iudk wjia:d ie,iqj;a bka m%;sM,
fk,d.; fkdyels we;af;a ukao hkak fidhd ne,Su jeo.;a h' ldka;djka
ft;sydisl jYfhka n,j;a mSvdjg iy wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhkag m;a we;s neka
th ksjer lsug iudkd;au;d wjia:djka muKla m%udKj;a h fkdyelsh'
tfiau ldka;djkag iy mskag ys fjkia iudc ;;a;ajhka fya;=fjka iudk
wjia:djkaf.ka tlu m%udKhgu m%fhdack .ekSug Tjqkag fkdyels h yelsh'
we;e wjia:djkays iudk wjia:djkaf.ka jdis ,nd.ekSug ld,h iy Yla;sh jeh
l<;a bka m%;sM,hla fkd,nhs k" tg tu iudk wjia:d ienE f,iu ldka;djkaf.a
hymeje;au flfrys n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs' ixjOk uey;a ldka;djkag
iy mskag iudk m%;sM, ,ndfok nj iy;sl lsu msKsi" ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh
Yaf,aIKh lsu u; ixjOk l%shdoduhka ie,iq lsu (gender analysis) wjYH
f' tneka ziudk ie,lSuz hkq ztlu whqka ie,lSuz hkak woyia fkdflf'
fudhq,h 4
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
by; ckl;dj wdY%s;j my; m%Yak iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka wikak'

$$ fuu l;dfjka iudkd;au;djh inkaOfhka ,ndfok mKsvh l=ulao@
$$ fuu wjia:d foflysu khd iy fldldg lEug iudk wjia:d ,enqK;a tlS
wdydr wkqNj lsug Tjqka fofokdgu fkdyels jQfha ukao@
$$ fuu wjia:d foflys u iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSug fkdyels jQ ixjOk
.egj l=ulao@
$$ khdg iy fldldg iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSu inkaOfhka .;hq;=
mshjr fudkjdo@
$$ fldldg iy khdg iudk wjia:d ,enqK;a tlS wjia:d <dlr .ekSug
mj;sk ndOl fudkjdo hkak uid fkdne,Su ksid Tjqkag wdydr wkqNj
lsf wjia:dj wys jQ nj;a tu ksid m%;sM,j, iudkd;au;djh <dlr
.ekSug k lEu Ndck fol udre lsu fyda mj;sk fjkia wjYH;d
ie,ls,a,g .kska fjkia wdldrfha lEu wkqNj lsf Ndck ,ndh hq;= nj
fmkajd fokak'
$$ fujeks ;;a;ajhka Wodh yels wjia:djka jD;a;Sh i;shla wdY%s; WodyrK
j,ska fmkajkak' WodyrK jYfhka jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh
jOkh lsug k ;=kl mqyqKq jevuqjla wdrN l<;a" Tjqkag orejka
125
125
n,d.ekSu mejug yels wfhlaa ksjfia ke;sk fyda ;u ffjjdysl

mdYajfhka frdaO;d t,a, jqjfyd;a tlS mqyqKq wjia:d <dlr .; fkdyels
h yel' f ksid iudk mqyqKq wjia:d ,enqK;a" orejka n,d .ekSug
iskd fufylrefjla fyda fjk h flfkla iu jevuqjg iyNd.S
ug l%ufohla ieliSfuka i wehg mqyqKq wjia:dj ,nd.; fkdyels jkq
we;' tfiau jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;dj k ;=kl mqyqKqjla ,nd.ekSug ksjiska
msgu inkaOfhka ffjjdysl mdYajfhka t,a,jk frdaO;d wvq lsug"
jevuqj isjk ia:dkfha jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djg kjd;eka imhk g"
wehf.a iehdg weh iu kjd;eka .ekSf myiql iemhSfuka jD;a;Sh i;s
ldka;djkag fuf,i iudk mqyqKq wjia:dj,g iyNd.s f yelshdj ,efnkq
we;' f wkqj jeo.;a h hq;= jkafka m%;sM,j, iudkd;au;dj fyda ;;Hh jQ
iudkd;au;djhs(de factor Equlaity).
$$ f wkqj ieugu tl iudk ie,ls,s hkq iudk f,i ie,lSu fkdjk
nj;a" kEu l%shdjla lrk g jeo.;a jkafka m%;sM,j, iudkd;au;djh
(equality of outcome)
$$ <dlr .ekSug wjYH ls%hdud. .ekSu nj myokak' ta i|yd iu
idOdrK;ajfha l%shdud. (equity measures) .; hq;= nj myod fokak'
$$ tfiau ;;H iudkd;au;djh (de factor Equlaity) iy kS;suh iudkd;au;djh
(de jure Equlaity) hkq l=ulaoehs myod fokak'
$$ ft;sydisl wdidOdrKl" fjkial iy mSvdld ;;a;ajhkaa j<lajd
ldka;djka iy mqreIhska iudk ugulg (level playing field) f.ktaug iu
idOdrK;ajfha mshjr .; hq;= nj WodyrK foka idlPd lrkak' fuu
ieish iuidOdrK;ajh hkq l=ulao hk ud;Dldj iu inkaO lrkak'
126
ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh iy iuidOdrK;ajh w;r mj;sk inkaOh
iuidOrK;ajh iy;sl lsu i|yd ft;sydisl jYfhka iy iudh jYfhka is

we;s wjdis iukhlr iudk miqula ieliSu i|yd fndfyda g fYaI mshjr .ekSu
wjYH f' iuidOrK;ajh" hkq iudkd;au;djh kue;s m%;sM,h <dlr .ekSu
i|yd .kakd jQ fYaI l%shd ud.hls' ldka;djka iy mqreIhska w;r n,mj;akd jQ
;;H jYfhkau ienE iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSug iudk wjia:d" ie,ls,s we;s
lrkq msKsi iy ft;sydisl jYfhka jQ widOdrKhkaf.a n,mEu wvq lrkq msKsi
.kq ,nk ;djld,sl fYaI l%shdud. f' f wdldrhg ixl%dka;s ld,hla i|yd
ldka;djkaf.a ;;a;ajh k`.disgqu fjkqfjka .kakd ,o fYaI l%shdud. mska
fjkiafldg f,i ie,lSula fia fkdms<s.efkkq we;' tfia kuq;a fulS ft;sydisl
widOdrKhka ksjer l< miq mskag wiudk ie,ls,s we;sug bv we;s ksidfjka"
tlS ;djld,sl fYaI ie,ls,s bj;a l< hq;= jkafkah' WodyrK f,i /lshdf
iudk n|jd .ekS iy Wiia ,nd ug .kakd ,o l%shdud." ldka;djka /lshdf
iudkd;au;djh <dlr .;a miq wfydais l< hq;=h'
fuf,i iu-idOdrK;ajh <dlr .ekSug k Okd;aul mshjr wjYH jkafkah'
WodyrK f,i fiajfha fhof" Wiia ,ndf" fldka;%d;a m%odkh lsf
fyda /lshd wjia:djkag m%fYh ,ndf h ksYa; ,sx.hlg" cd;shlg" jhia
iSudjlg" wd.ulg fyda ckj.hlg wh;a mqoa.,hska wjdis iy.; fyda fjkia
wdldrfhka ie,lSug ,laf k" Bg tfrysj lghq;= lsu i|yd" ksudKh lrk
,o ie,iqula fyda jevigykla fujka Okd;aul mshjr hkakg WodyrKhla f'
tjka widOdrKhkag ,lajQ mqoa.,hskag fYaI ie,lS ,ndu i|yd ilia jQ jrK
moaO;shla ta ;=< we;=<;A h yelsh' zfjkia wdldrfhka ie,lSu wdmiq yeruZ
fjkqfjka ziqNjd mshjrZ hk moh jvd fhda.H f'
fuf,i ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska w;r m%;s,dN iy j.lS fnf idOdrK;ajh iy hqla;s
iy.; nj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= w;r" mqreIhskag iy ia;%Skag fjkia wjYH;d we;s
w;r iudkd;au;dj lrd <du i|yd ia;%Skag iqfYaIS jQ jevigyka iy m%;sm;a;s
127
fudhq,h 4
mqoa.,fhl=f.a ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh" ,sx.fNaoh" wd.u" cd;sh" jhi fyda fjk kEu
fjkialula fkdi,ld ish mqoa.,hskag idOdrKj iy wmlaImd;Sj ie,lSu" iu
idOdrK;ajhg hyels ir,u woyihs' kEu ixjOk m%h;akhl wNsu;d:h
h hq;af;a iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSuhs' tu iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSf
ud.h iuidOdrK;ajhhs' ixjOk l%shdoduh ;=< ldka;djkag ft;sydisl" iudh
iy foaYmd,k jYfhkaa uqyqKmEug isjQ wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhka fjkqfjka iyk
ie,iSu i|yd jk l%shdud." ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh iu. inkaO iuidOdrK;ajh
f.dvke.Sf b,lal ;=< wvx.= h hq;=h' WodyrK f,i jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ;SrK
.kakd uKav,j, ia;%SmqreI iudkd;au;djh we;s lsug k ;SrK .kakd uKav,j,
wvqu jYfhkaa 30]la j;a ldka;djka ish hq;= hehs kshu lrk fldagdjla we;=,;a
lrka iuidOdrK;ajfha l%shdud.hka .; hq;af;ah' f wkqj iuidOdrK;ajh
hkq .eyekq ms fomlaIhgu idOdrK;ajh bgq lsf l%shdj,shhs'
wjYH h yelsh' jevlrk ia:dkh ;=< iy jD;A;Sh i;sh ;=< iudkd;au;djh

<dlr .ekSu i|yd wjYH hyels idOdrK;ajfha l%shdud. .ekSfuka jevlrk
ia:dk ia;%S ixf l< yelsh'
iudkd;au;djh Gender Equality
iudkd;au;djh hkq ia;%S-mqreI iy
.eyekq-ms <uqka hk ieugu ys
h hq;=
iudk whs;Ska
iudk j.lS
iudk wjia:d
iudk ie,ls,s
f
iu idOdrK;ajh Gender Equity

iu-idOdrK;ajh hkq ia;%S-mqreI
fomlaIhg idOdrK h hq;= l%shdoduhhs'
iudkd;au;djh hkq m%;sM,hhs'
iu idOdrK;ajh hkq iudkd;au;dj

<dlr .ekSf ud.hhs'
fulS idOdrK;ajh f.k taug k

ft;sydislj iy iudhj tla fldgilg
isjQ widOrKlj,g jka f.ug
tfia;a ke;ak mska iy .eyekqka tl
ugulg f.k taug .kakd l%shdud.
f$l%shdj,shla f'
WodyrK f,i mqyqKq jev igyka" ldka;d

ixf Kh myiql" iudc wdrlaIK
wdh im;a <dlr .ekSf iudk;dj
i|yd .; yels mshjrhs' foaYmd,kfha
iy ;SrK .kakd uKav,j, ldka;djka
jelsu i|yd fldagd l%uhla Nd;d lsu
iu-idOdrK;ajfha l%shdud.hls'
128
fojk ieish
fjkiafldg ie,lSu iy ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha
fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sh
fjkiafldg ie,lSu hkq jhi" Ydl yelshdjka" mx;sh" jd.sl;ajh" ia;%SmqreINdjh" cd;sh fyda wd.u hk ljrlg fyda wod< mQj ksYaph u; fjkialulg
fyda fYaIhlg fyda neyer lsulg Ndckh fkdh hq;=h hkakhs' mqoa.,
l=i,;d yereKqfldg wka mokulska mqoa.,fhl=g ie,lSu fjkial lsu k
f' Discrimination hk bx.%Sis jpkh 'discriminare' hk ,;ska jokska ^fnu"
fjka lsu" fjkafldg ykd .ekSu hk wre;a fok& wdjls' udkj whs;sjdisl
ms<sn| Yaj m%ldYkfha fojk j.ka;shg wkqj cd;sh" jxYh" jKh" j.h" ia;%S
mqreINdjh" NdIdj" wd.u" cd;sl;ajh" foaYmd,k u;h wd ljr fNaohla fyda iudc"
cd;sl" foam, wd ljr ;;a;ajhla fyda fkdi,ld fjkialulg fyda fYaIhlg
fyda neyer lsulg ,la fkdh hq;= w;r" m%ldYkfha i|yka ish yslj,g yd
iajdk;ajhg iEu mqoa.,fhl=u Wreul ,nkafkah' 1948 lr<shg meKs udkj
ysl Yaj m%ldYkh ;=< fjkial fkdl< hq;= ldrKd jYfhka wnd; ;;a;ajh"
jhi" jdyl wjdylNdjh" ud;D;ajh jeks lreKq we;=,;a fkdjqk;a wfkla
iuq;Skaj, WodyrK jYfhka ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka
lsf iuq;sh" jev lsf iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| iuq;sh" ud;D;ajh wdrlaId
lsu inkaO cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha 1919 wxl 3 ork iuq;sh" <ud ysl
ms<sn| iuq;sh wd iuq;s .Kkdjl moku ;=<ska fjkial fkdl< hq;= lreKq
jYfhka by; lS ;;a;ajhka olajd we;'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH iyNd.slhska
.Kk
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhska
ixLHdj
wNHdifha wruqK
2
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
*a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka" nq,afvda.a la,smaia"
udl mEka
iyNd.s;aj l%u foh$nqoa l,nkh
1
fjkial lsu iy ldka;djkag tfrys ish
wdldrfha fjkial relsu ms<sn| wjfndaOhla
,nd.ekSu'
129
fudhq,h 4
yekau
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ fjkiafldg ie,lSu hkak Odlr whqka ish yels nj mjikak'
$$ iEu fjkial lsulau widOdrK fkdjk nj;a Okd;aul fjkial lsu
(positive discrimination) hkak ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSf
wjYH nj WodyrK ;=<ska ;yjqre lrkak'
$$ my; Wmldrl igyfka wdldrfhka fjkial lsu fldgia y;rlg fnod
oelah yels nj fmkajd fokak'
$$ lKavdh y;rlg fnod fulS y;r wdldr fjkial ls hkq fudkjdoehs
WodyrK olajka idlPdfldg *a,sma pdj, jd;d lrk f,ig Wmfoia
fokak'
$$ iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ms<s;=rej, jer ksjerNdjh n,d Tjqkag ksjer wjfndaOh
,nd .ekSug iydh fokak'
Wmldrl igyka
Okd;aul fjkial lsu (Positive Discrimination)
we;e g ft;sydisl f,i widOdrKhg ,lajQ fldgia kej; iudkd;au;djh <dlr
.kakd ;=re tlS widOdrKhg ,lajQ fldgiaj,g fYaI jrm%ido ,nd foa' fuhska
ie,lS ,efnkafka h lsis ld,hlg muKla jk w;r iudcfha ;j fldgilg
fjkialula jqjo th Okd;aul fjkial lsuls' WodyrK f,i ldka;djkaf.a"
<uhskaf.a iy wdnd; mqoa.,hskaf.a wNsjDoah fjkqfjka fYaI m%;smdok ie,iSu
wka mqoa.,hska fjkiafldg ie,lSula fkdjkafkah hkqfjka wdKavql%u jHjia:df
olajd we;' bkahdf ldka;djkag 33]l fldagd l%uhla foaYmd,kfha ,nd we;af;a
fuu fya;=j ksidh' h kl ldka;djka mska iy iudkj foaYmd,kfha bhg
meKss g fuu Okd;aul fjkial lsu wfydais lrkq we;'
130
iDcq fjkial lsu (Direct Discrimination)

fuuska h fldgila meye,sju neyerlrk fyda fYaIhlg ,la lrk wjia:djka
we;sf' h flfkl=f.a mqoa., ;;a;ajh u; tk ,sx.fNaoh" cd;sh" foumshkaf.a
;;a;ajh" jhi" wnd; ;;a;ajh wdh u; fjkialulg ,lalsu f' WodyrK
f,i ms fiajlhskaf.a .re;ajhg ,lafkdf hehs is;ka ldka;djla wxY m%Odk
;k;=rlg m;a fkdlsu iDcq fjkial lsuls'
jl% fjkial lsu (Indirect Discrimination)
meye,sj fmfkkakg fkd;snqK;a iee we;s ;;a;ajhka ;=< h fldgila
meye,sju neyer lrk fyda fYaIhlg ,lalrk wjia:djka h' fuu jl% fjkial
h yels wjia:djka jkafka ieugu iudk ie,ls,s <d lsf n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka
uOHia: iy ydkslr fkdjk f,i ilik ,o m%;sm;a;shla" mphla" kS;shla fyda
l%shdoduhla ;=< ;j;a fldgilg wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhka f.k tk yd fjkial
Wmojk ;;a;ajhka ;=< h'
h wjia:djl mj;sk jHqyh ;=< fjkial wka;.;u ;=<ska fulS jHqyd;aul

fjkial ls ish yel' fuu jHqyd;aul fjkial ls fndfyda wh ykd
.kafka ke;s w;r we;e g tajd ck ;fha fldgila f,i jer wdldrhg
jgyd .kS' WodyrK f,i ia;%S mqreINdjh mok lrf.k lrk jD;a;Skays rdYS.;
lsu jHqyd;aul fjkial lsuls' WodyrK f,i ldka;djkag tfrys ysxikh iy
.Dyia: ysxik je<elaug kS;shla fkdue;su jHqyd;aul fjkial lsuls' ukao
mj;sk jHqyh iska ldka;d whs;sjdisl m%;slafIam lsu jHqyd;aul ;;a;ajhla jk
neks' jHqyd;aul fjkial ;=<ska ldka;djkag .re;ajfhka iy wdrlaIdld f,i
iudk ;;a;ajfhka j;aug ndOd muqKqhs'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$
my; i|yka iuq;Ska iy wdKavql%u jHjia:df j.ka;s uqKhfldg ldm;a
l,ska ilialr .kak
$$
iudkd;au;djh" fjkiafldg ie,lSu" Okd;aul fjkiafldg ie,lSu"
iu-idOdrK;ajh" Okd;aul fyj;a wia:H:l mshjr hk jpk *a,sma pdj,
,shd" ta ta j.ka;sh .e,fmkafka l=uk ixl,amh iuo hkak uYkhfldg
uqs; ldm;aj, wuqKk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
131
131
fudhq,h 4
jHqyd;aul fjkial lsu (Structural Discrimination)
lsis` mqrjeisfhl= j.h" wd.u" NdIdj" l=,h" ia;%S mqreI fNaoh"

foaYmd,k u;h fyda Wmka ia:dkh hk fya;+ka u;
fjkialulg fyda fYaIhlg fyda Ndckh fkdh hq;=h'
- wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 12 ^2& j.ka;sh fjkiafldg ie,lSu
j.h" wd.u" NdIdj" l=,h fyda ia;%S-mqreI fNaoh hk fya;= u; fyda

bka ljrjQ fya;=jla u; fyda fjf<|i,aj,g fmd fNdackd.drj,g
wdmkYd,dj,g fmd fkdao ia:dkj,g fyda ;u ;udf.a wd.ug wh;a fmd
mQckSh ia:dkj,g we;=u inkaOfhka h wYlakq;djhlg neùlg iSud
lsulg ke;fyd;a fldkafoaishlg lsisu ;eke;af;la hg;a fkdjkafkah'
- wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 12 ^3& j.ka;sh fjkiafldg ie,lSu
;;a iuq;sfhys we;=,;a mrud: Ifhys ia;%Skag tfrys fjkial hk mofhys

w:h" iajlSh jdyl ;;a;ajh fkdi,ld" ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;dj ms<sn| mokula
u;" foaYmd,k wdl" iudchSh" ixialD;sl is,a fyda fjk;a kEu flaIa;%hl
udkj whs;sjdisl iy uQ,sl ksoyi ia;S%ka iska ms<s.ekSu" N=la;s ù fyda Nd;hg
ndOd lsu fyda ksIam%Nd lsu m%;sM,h fyda mrud:h fldg.;a ia;S% mqreI fNaoh
u; mok jQ ljrdldrhl fyda fNaokh" ksfYaOkh fyda iSudlsu fyda jkafkah'
- ia;S%kag tfrys ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sh" 1 j.ka;sh fjkiafldg ie,lSu
ldka;djkaf.a <uhskaf.a iy wdnd; mqoa.,hskaf.a wNsjDoah fjkqfjka

fYaI m%;smdok ie,iSu wka mqoa.,hka fjkiafldg ie,lSula fkdjkafkah'
- wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 12 ^4& j.ka;sh Okd;aul fjkialfldg ie,lSu
ud;D;ajh wdrlaId lsf wruqKska ;;a iuq;sfha we;=,;a

l%shdud. we;=j fYaI ls%hdud. mdYajldr rdcHhka iska
iu;fldg .ekSu fjkia f,i ie,lSula fia fkdms<s.efkhs'
- ia;S%kag tfrysj ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sh 4 ^2&
j.ka;sh Okd;aul fjkial fldg ie,lSu (Positive Discrimination)
ia;%Ska iy mqreIhka w;r ;;Hh fyj;a ienE jYfhkau olakg ,efnkakd

jQ iudkd;au;dj we;slsu msKsi mdYajldr rdcHhka iska iu;lr .kq
,nk fYaI l%shdud. ;;a iuq;sfha w: ksremKhfldg we;s m fjkia
f,i ie,lSula fia fkdms<s.efkkq we;' tfia kuq;a tu`.ska cks; m%;sM,hla
jYfhka wiudk fyda fjkia fyda m%;Ska mj;ajdf.k hdu lsisf,ilskaj;aa
isl< fkdyels jkafkah' iudk bv m%ia:d ie,iSu ms<sn| wruqK idlaId;a
lr .ekSfuka wk;=rej tlS l%shdud. k;r l< hq;= jkafkah'
- ia;S%kag tfrysj ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sh 4 ^1& j.ka;sh
Okd;aul fyj;a wia:H:l mshjr
kS;sh mis|,Su iy l%shd;aul lsuo kS;sfha /ljrKh o ij idOdrK h hq;af;ah'
- wdKavql%u jHjia:dj 12 ^1& j.ka;sh iu idOdrK;ajh
132
ia;S%kag tfrysj ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;shg wkqj ia;%Skag

tfrys fjkial hkq iajlSh jdyl wjdyl ;;a;ajh fkdi,ld, ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;dj ms<sn| mokula u;, foaYmd,k wdl, iudh, ixialD;sl is,a fyda
fjk;a kEu flaIa;%hl udkj whs;sjdisl iy uQ,sl ksoyi ia;S%ka iska ms<s.ekSu,
N=la;s ù fyda l%shd;aul lsu flfrys ndOdlrk fyda tajd wfydais lrk wruqKska
ia;%S mqreINdjh u; mokj islrk ljr fyda fjkafldg ykd.ekSula" neyer
lsula fyda iSudj,g hg;a lsula hkak woyia flf' iudch iska f.dvkk ,o
ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjhg wh;a N+ldjka iy taldlD;Ska u; mokj h ;eke;a;l=
mQK udkj ysl N=la;su j<lajkakd jQ ljr fyda fjkafldg ykd.ekSula"
neyer lsula fyda iSudj,g hg;a lsula ia;%Skag tfrys fjkial lsuls' fuf,i
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh mokfldg lrk fjkial hkq ia;%S-mqreINdjh u; iy
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; nekq w.hka" Ou;djka fyda taldlD;Ska u; fjkialsu
neyer lsu fyda fYaI ie,ls,a,lg Ndckh lsu k f' fujka fjkiafldg
ie,lSfuka je<lSug k w;a;fkdau;sl iy wkqu; l< fkdyels ksKdhl"
tk" cd;sh" ,sx.h" wdnd; nj" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh" ,sx.sl wNsu;h ^leue;a;&"
N+f.da,Sh msysu" iy udkj whs;sjdisl lvfjk fjk;a kEu wdldrhl
ksKdhlhla u; ldka;djka fjkiafldg ie,lSug nka lsfuka je<lsh hq;=h'
ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sh tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
uyd iuqj iska 1979 iu; lr.kakd ,' ia;S%ka i|yd jk cd;Hka;r ysl
mk;la f,iska yekafjk f iuq;sfha ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh we;s lsug wod<
cd;Hka;r ms<s.;a uQ,Ou iy m%;Ska meye,slr we;' mQldjlska iy j.ka;s
30lska iuka; th ia;S%kag tfrys fjkial hkq ljfoehs w: ksrEmKhfldg
tn` fjkial wjika lsu msKsi jk cd;sl ls%hdld;ajh Wfoid kHdh m;%hla
ilihs'
ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha

wdjrKh jk m%Odk wx.hka fufiah'
1 j.ka;sh # ldka;djkag tfrys fjkial k;r lsug we;s j.lSu'
2 j.ka;sh # ldka;djkag tfrys fjkial msgqoelSf m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh
lsug we;s j.lSu'
3 j.ka;sh # iudkd;au;dj u; msysgd ldka;djkaf.a udkj ysl ;yjqre

lsug we;s j.lSu'
4 j.ka;sh # ienE iudkd;au;dj <dlrk Okd;aul fYaI l%shdud.

.ekSu'
133
fudhq,h 4
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh mok lr.;a fjkiafldg ie,lSu$

ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial
;=rka lsf iuq;sh
5 j.ka;sh # ldka;djkag tfrys we;s u; iy f,an,a wfydais lsu'

6 j.ka;sh # ldka;djka l+gkhg ,lalsu iy fj<|d lsu keje;au'
7 j.ka;sh # foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g iyNd.Sf iudk whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'
8 j.ka;sh # cd;Hka;r jYfhka rg fyda m%cdj ksfhdackh lsf iudk
whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'
9 j.ka;sh # cd;sl;ajh iy mqrjeisNdjh i|yd iudk whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'

10 j.ka;sh # wOHdmkh ,eug we;s iudk whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'
11 j.ka;sh # /lshdjla lsug we;s iudk whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'
12 j.ka;sh # fi!LH fiajdjka ,eug we;s whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'
13 j.ka;sh # wdl iy idudh whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'
14 j.ka;sh # .e ldka;djkaf.a whs;sh ;yjqre lsu'
15 j.ka;sh # kS;sh bfha iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre lsu'
16 j.ka;sh # jdyh iy mjq,a ;h ;=< iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre lsu
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh y;rlg fnokak' iEu lKavdhulgu ldka;djkag
tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha msgm; ne.ska ,nd
fokak'
$$ ldka;djkag tfrysj foaYmd,k" wdl" iudchSh iy ixialD;sl ;fha
olakg ,efnk fjkial fudkjdo hkak iyNd.slhska fldgia y;rlg fnod
idlPd lrkak'
$$ bka miqj tlS ykd.;a fjkial isls" ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha
fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha l=uk j.ka;sh W,a,x>Kh lrkafkao hkak
idlPd lrkak'
$$ fuys ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh we;s lsu iy fjkial ;=rkalsu
inkaOfhka ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sfha
ldka;d whs;sjdisl inkaOfhka we;s m%Odk j.ka;s iyNd.slhska iu
idlPd lrkak'
134
134
wNHdih
f,dj
3
kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
wjYH jH

la,smaia" udl mEka" ldka;djkag tfrys ish
wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha msgm;a
1
ia;%Skag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka
lsf iuq;sfha we;=,;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh
iudkd;au;d ixl,amh y`kd .ekSu'
fudhq,h 4
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhska
ixLHdj
wNHdifha wruqK
135
f;jk ieish
jevlrk mirh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh iudkd;au;djh
yekau
jevf,dalh ;=< tfia;a ke;sk f.!rdka; jev mirhla ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh
iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSug k ldka;djka iy mskag iudk whs;sjdisl"
j.lS" ie,lS iy wjia:djka idOkh h hq;af;ah' jevlrk ia:dkh ;=< tfiau
fmd iudch ;=< flfkl= mshl= fyda ldka;djl f,i bmu u; whs;sjdisl"
j.lS iy wjia:d mok fkdh hq;= nj jevf,dalh ;=< iudkd;au;djh <dlr
.ekSf uQ,sl woyihss' ta wkqj oe taldlD;Ska" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; f.dvke.=Kq
oe N+ld fyda jer jegySj,ska mekfjk iSudjkaf.ka f;drj .eyekqkaf.a
iy mskaf.a fm!oa.,sl yelshdjka jOkh lr .ekSug wjia:djka ;su;a
/lshdj" jD;a;Sh fyda jHjidh ksoyfia f;dard .ekSug ms ldka;d hk fomdYhgu
we;s whs;sh jevlrk f,dalh ;=< iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSug wjYH f'
jevf,dalh ;=< iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSug
wjYH jk ;j;a m%Odk uQ,Ouhla jkafka iu jevg
iu jegqma ,nd uhs' jevf,dalh ;=< ldka;djka
iy mska w;r iudkd;au;djh udkj yslj,g
inkaO lreKla fukau ;sridr flakaSh ixjOkh
<dlr .ekSu i|yd mQj fldkafoaishls' jevf,dalh
;=< ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSug
;yjqre h hq;= whs;Ska ia;S%kag tfrys ish wdldr
fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sfha 11 jk j.ka;sfhka
fufia olajd we;'
11' j.ka;sh
1' mdYajldr rdcHhka, ia;S%-mqreI iudkd;au;dj ms<sn| moku u; fiajd kshqla;s

flaIa;%fhys ia;S%kag tfrys fjkial msgqoelSu msKsi my; whs;sjdisl
fYaIfhka,
^w& ish ukqIHhska i;= meyer.; fkdyels whs;shla f,i jevlsug we;s
whs;sh(
^wd& fiajd kshqla;sh i|yd f;dard .ekSj, tlu ksKdhl Nd;h we;=j
tlu /lshd bv m%ia:d i|yd we;s whs;sh(
we& jD;a;Sh fyda /lshdj fyda ksoyfia f;dard .ekSug we;s whs;sh" Wiia"
/lshdf iqrlaIs;Ndjh iy ish m%;s,dN iy fiajd fldkafoais
i|yd we;s whs;sh iy wdOqksl;aj mqyqKqj Wiia jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj iy
mqkrdj;k mqyqKqj we;=j jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,eug iy mj;ajd .ekSug
we;s whs;sh
136
^wE& m%;s,dN we;=j iudk f;k ,eug" iudk jkdl iys; jev
inkaOfhka iudkj i,lkq ,eug fukau fiajd ;;a;ajh we.ehSf
iudkj i,lkq ,eug we;s whs;sh'
^b& fYaIfhka Y%du hdf /lshd rys;Ndjhg" frda.SNdjhg wdnd;
;;a;ajhg uyhg iy fjk;a n,;djkag m;af iudc wdrlaIKhg
we;s whs;sh fukau jegqma iys; ksjdvq i|yd we;s whs;sh
^B& m%ckk ldfhys,d wdrlaIdj we;=j fi!LH wdrlaIdjg iy fiajd
;;a;ajhkays iqrlaIs;Ndjh i|yd we;s whs;sh iy;sl lsu msKsi fhda.H
ish l%shdud. .kq we;af;ah'
2' jdyh fyda ud;D;ajh fyda mok fldgf.k ia;%Skag tfrysj lrk fjkial
j<lajd,Su msKsi iy jevlsug Tjqkg we;s M,odhs whs;sh iy;sl lrkq jia
mdYajldr rdcHhka (
^wd& l,ska lrk ,o /lshdf fcHIAG;ajh fyda iudc m%;s,dN fyda wysula
fkdue;sj jegqma fyda iudk iudc m%;s,dN fyda iys; m%iQ; ksjdvq l%u
ykajd ug(
^we& mjqf,a j.lS fiajd ia:dkfha j.lS iu`. noaO lsug foudmshkag
yelsjkq msKsi wjYH Wmldrl iudc fiajd imdokh" fYaIfhka
orejka /ln,d .ekSf myiql cd,hla ia:dmkh iy ixjOkh u`.ska
ck ;hg iyNd.su .ekaug (
^wE& .NKS iufhys ia;S%kag ydkslr f hehs ikd: we;s fiajd ldhhkays
ksr;jk ^ksr; fkdjk o& ish ls%hdud. .kq we;af;ah'
3' f j.ka;sfhka wdjrKh jk lreKq iy inkaOj wdrlaIdld wKmk;a
zlsf wjYH;dj wkqj ixfYdaOkh" ksfYaOkh fyda > lsu fyda l< hq;=
jkafkah'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
4
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
la,smaia" udl mEka
1
jevlsf iuq;sj,ska ;yjqre lr we;s ldka;d
whs;sjdisl ykd.ekSu'
137
fudhq,h 4
^w& .NKsNdjh fyda m%iQ; ksjdvq fyda fya;=fldgf.k fiajfhka mylsu

iy jdyl ;;a;ajh mokfldgf.k fiajfhka mylsf fjkia f,i
ie,lSu o~qj meKug hg;aj ;yk lsug(
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ by; i|yka ia;S%kag tfrys ish wdldr fjkial msgqoelSf iuq;sfha

11 jk j.ka;sh iy ldka;d whs;sjdisl ldYkfha j.=j wdY%h lrf.k fulS
whs;Ska rdcH wxYfha fukau mqoa.,sl wxYfha jevlrk ia:dkj, ldka;djkag
ys ;sfoehs lKavdh lsysmhlg fnod idlPd lrkak'
f,dalfha fukau Y%S ,xldf jevlrk ldka;djkaf.a

whs;Ska iy ldka;d whs;sjdisl ms<sn|
ft;sydisl ldYkh we;= ikaia:dk
1908
1909
1910
wefuld tlai;a ckmoh ;=< ldka;djka 15"000 la muK idOdrK jegqma

idOdrK jevuqr iy ckao whs;sh b,a,d fm<.eiSu'
weuld tlai;a ckmofha iudcjd m%ldYkh wkqj weuldj ;=<
ldka;d kh ieuu m%ldYhg m;a jQ w;r uq,a ld,fha weuldf
ldka;d kh iurk ,oafoa fmnrjd 28 jk k u'
cd;Hka;r ldka;d kh m%ldYhg m;au'
ldka;djkag ;udf.a b,a,S lr<shg f.k wd yels khla fukau f,dj
mqrd tlu khl ieuh yels wdldrhg ldka;d khla wjYH hehs uq,a
jrg fhdackd lrk ,oafoa cuksfha iudc m%cd;ka;%jd mlaIfha ldka;d
wxYfha kdhl;ajh oerE la,drd filska iska 1910 fldamkafya.ka
kqjr h' fkdfhla lafIa;% ksfhdackh lrka rgj,a 17lska ldka;djka
ishhg wl m%udKhlska meKs by; if,kfha fuu fhdackdj
talu;slj iu;jk ,' tys m%;sM,hla f,iska cd;Hka;r ldka;d kh
f,djg ys jqKs' fldamkafya.ka kqjr lrk ,o fhdackdj jir 1911
jk g Tia5hdj" fvkaudlh" cuksh" iai,ka;h we;= f,dj
mqrd fndfyda rgj,a ;=< jHdma; h' bka miq ldka;djkaf.a jevlsf
whs;sh" ckao whs;sh" jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,ef whs;sh" uyck ksfhdackfha
whs;sh fukau ldka;djkag tfrys widOdrK ;;a;ajhka k;r lrk
f,i b,a,ka ldka;d k iurk ,'
138
1913
1919
1931
cd;Hka;r ldka;d kh m<uqjrg ieuu iy llre ldka;djka 146

fofklaa urKhg m;au'
m<uq ldka;d kh f,dj m<uqjrg iurk ,oafoa 1911 ud;= ui 19 jk
k jk w;r bka i;shla .; jQ miq 1911 ud;= ui 25 k ksfhdala
kqjr we`. llre ldka;djka 146lg ure le|jQ ludka;Yd,d
.skak (TheTriangle Shirtwaist Factory fire) llre ldka;djkaf.a jev
lrk ;;a;ajhka iy kS;s inkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lrjkakla h'
fndfyda fofkla h.sfha f.dvke.s,af,ka ug mekSfuka iy Tjqka
f.dvke.s,a, ;=< isrl< ksidfjks' llre ldka;djka meh 14 lg jvd
jevlrka wl f,i iQrd lEulg ,la jQ iuhl Tjqka ksh; f,djg
msgjkq je<elau msKsi ludka;Yd,d whs;slrejka msgjk fodrgq
w.= ,d ;sfuka fulS urK 146 fukau 71 fofkl= nrm;,
wk;=rej,g ,lau;a ish' fuu isoah fya;=fjka ydksodhl
;;a;ajhka hgf;a jevlrk ldka;djkaf.a ;;a;ajh wdrlaId lrkq
msKsi kS;s mkjk ,' iQrdlEug ,lajk llre ldka;dfjda wdrlaId
lrkq msKsi ldka;d jD;a;Sh i;s we;s lrk ,oaody' fuf,i 1911ka miq
cd;Hka;r ldka;d kh hkq llre ldka;djkaf.a whs;Ska kd .kq
msKsi fm<.eiqKq tlla nj u;l ;nd .; hq;= f'
m<uq f,dal hqoaO ld, iSudj ;=< ldka;djka iduh fjkqfjka fm<.eiqkq
w;r ldka;d kh f,dalh mqrd ud;= 8 jkod ieuh hq;= hehs ;SrKh
jQfha iy ieuug mgka .;af;a 1913ka miqjh'
ud;D;ajh wdrlaId lsug inkaO cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha 1919
wxl 3 ork iuq;sh Maternity Protection Convention, 1919 (No.3)
jevlrk ldka;djka inkaOfhka ud;D;aj wdrlaIdj i|yd iudk
wjia:djka we;slsu wjYH jQ fohls' m%:u cd;Hka;r llre m%;shla
f,i 1919 wxl 3 u.ska 1919 fkdjen 29 jk k fuu iuq;sh
lr<shg f.kd w;r ore m%iq;shg fmr iy miq ksjdvq ,nd.ekSu"
ffjoH m%;sldr ,eu fukau ud;D ksjdvq ld,fha wdodhu tf,iu
,eu ;yjqre lsu f u.ska iy;sl lrk ,' fuu iuq;sh n,d;aul
jQfha 1921 cqks 13 jkod h'
Y%S ,xldf ldka;djka ij ck Pkao n,h N=la;su iy we,ska
fud,uqf m%:u ldka;d uka;%sjh njg m;au'
139
fudhq,h 4
1911
1935
1945
1946
1948
1948
140
fmdf<dj hg msys m;,a lghq;= iy ldka;djka inkaO cd;Hka;r

llre ixOdkfha 1935 wxl 45 ork iuq;sh
Underground Work (Women) Convention, 1935 (No.45)
lsisu jhia ugul ia;S%ka m;,aj, fiajh lsu fkdl< hq;=h hkak;a
m;,a ;=< wdrlaIdj iy fi!LHh hk ldrKdjka ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a
h hq;= nj;a f u.ska wjOdrKh lrk ,' m;,a ;=< wdrlaIdj
fukau fi!LHh inkaOfhka ukd wlaIKh" fidaish inkaOfhka
ie,ls,su;a u iy m;,a ;=< fiajh lrk ishu fiajlhskaf.a
îa;S% iy mqreI& wdrlaIdj iy;sl lsf wruqKska 1935 wxl 45 cqks 21
jk k fuu iuq;sh lr<shg meKsfhah' fuu iuq;sh n,d;aul
jQfha 1937 uehs 30 jkod h'
ldka;djka ms<sno fYaI wjOdkhla ,ndu inkaOfhka b,a,S lsug
ieka m%ekaisiafldays meje;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a m<uq iuqjg ldka;dfjda
ksfhdackh jQy' fuu n,mE wkqj wdl iy iudc ljqkais,h
(ECOSOC) iska ldka;d whs;sh inkaOfhka Wm fldIka iNdjla
udkj whs;sjdisl fldIka iNdjg tl;=fldg msysgqjk ,' Wm
fldIka iNdf m<uq /iafu ldka;djkaf.a ;;a;ajh kdisgqu
inkaOfhka fjku fldiula wjYH njg fhdackdjla iu; lrk
,o w;r fuhg wdl iy iudc ljqkais,h iska ish (ECOSOC)
tl;djh tlfy,du ,nd fok ,'
ldka;djkaf.a ;;a;ajh k`.disgqu ms<sno tlai;a cd;Skaf.a fldiu
UN Commission on the Status of Women msysgqjk ,' fuu fldifuys
m<uq /iau 1946 fmnrjd ui mj;ajk ,o w;r th udkj ysl
fldif m<uq /iafuka uilg miqj meje;a jqKs'
udkj whs;sjdisl ms<sn| Yaj m%ldYkh
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)
udkj whs;sjdisl ms<sn| Yaj m%ldYkh 1948 foien ui 10 jk k
iu; jQ w;r th udkj whs;sjdisl ms<sn| cd;Hka;r .siq ilia
lsu Wfoid whss;sjdisl mokula imhk ,'
ldka;djka iy rd;%S jev inkaO cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha 1948
wxl 89 ork iuq;sh Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised)
fuu iuq;sh u.ska ldka;djka rd;S% ld,fha iy wvq .Kfka rd;S% 10
isg Wfoa 7 olajd we;s ms<sfj,g fhKq meh 11 la jev fkdl< hq;=
nj wjOdrKh lrhs' ,sx.fNaoh fkdi,ld fi!LH wdrlaIdj" ud;D
wdrlaIdj" iudc fiajdjka iy wu;r jka f.u we;=,;a ksYa;
ls%hdud.hka u.ska rd;S% ld,fha jev lsu inkaOfhka mshjr .;
hq;=h hk mokfuka fuh iu; lrk ,' 1948 wxl 45 cQ,s 09 jk k
fuu iuq;sh lr<shg meKs w;r fuh n,d;aul jQfha 1951 fmnrjd
ui 27 jkod h'
1949
1950
1951
;eke;a;ka fj<odu" ;eke;a;ka .Ksld jD;a;sh i|yd fhou ue`v,Su

i|yd jQ iuq;sh Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons
and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others, 1949 foien ui
02 jk k tlai;a cd;Ska iska wkqu; lrk ,' 1951 cQ,s ui 25 jk
k fuu iuq;sh n,d;aul h'
1948 ^wxl 87 orK& iud.ufha iy ixOdkh f whs;sjdislu wdrlaId
lsf iuq;sh 1950 n,d;aul h'
iudk f;kh ms<sno cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha 1951 wxl 100
ork iuq;sh Equal Remuneration Convention
ck iuQ, >d;k wmrdO je<elaf iy o`vqj lsf iuq;sh

(Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide)
n,d;aul jQfha 1951 ckjd 12 jkod h'
wxl 98 orK ixOdkh f iy iduQysl flaj,a lsf whs;sjdisl
ms<sn| iuq;sh (Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention,
1949 (No. 98) 1951 cQ,s 18 jk k n,d;aul h'
1954
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ldka;d foaYmd,k whs;sh ms<sno iuq;sh

(Convention on the Political Rights of Women) 1954 cQ,s 07 jk k
n,d;aul h'
irKd.;hskaf.a ;;a;ajh inkaOfhka jk iuq;sh (Convention
relating to the Status of Refugees) 1954 wfm%a,a 23 n,d;aul h'
1957
jdyl ldka;djkaf.a cd;sl;ajh inkaO iuq;sh (Convention on

the Nationality of Married Women) fuu iuq;sh tlai;a cd;Ska iska
1957 ckjd ui 29 jk k iu; lrk ,o w;r jdyh Ndhdjf.a
cd;sl;ajhg bfu n,mdkafka ke; hkqfjka m%ldY lrka 1958
wf.daia;= 11 jk k fuh n,d;aul h'
1959
n,y;aldrfhka Y%uh ,nd.ekSu msgqoelSf 1957 wxl 105 orK iuq;sh

(Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour) 1959 ckjd 17
jk k n,d;aul h'
141
fudhq,h 4
iudk jev i|yd iudk jegqma ms<sn| uQ,Ouh w:j;a lrka ,

iy f;kfha iajNdjh fiajlhdf.a ,sx.fNaoh mok fldgf.k
isfkdh hq;= nj;a bgqlrk ,o jevfldgi u; th ;SrKh l< hq;=
nj;a fuu 1951 wxl 100 orK iuq;sfhka ;yjqre lrk ,' fuu
iuq;sh 1951 cQks 29 jk k lr<shg meKs w;r th n,d;aul jQfha
1953 uehs 23 jkod h'
1960
1960
1962
1966
1969
1975
1975
1976
19751985
1978
1979
1980
142
fvdkslka rdcHfha wd{dodhl g%f,da (Trujillo) iska >d;kh lrk

,o rdn,a fidfydhqhka (Mirabal sisters) fjkqfjka 1960 fkdjen
ui 25 kh ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh msgqoelSf cd;Hka;r
kh jYfhka k lrk ,'
1958 wxl 111 orK /lshd iy jD;a;Sh fjkiafldg ie,lSu relsf
iuq;sh [Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention]"
1960 cQks 15 n,d;aul h'
ldka;djla foaYmd,kfha by<u n,jHqyh ksfhdackh lrka f,dj
m<uq ldka;d w.ue;sksh Y%S ,xldfjka f,djg ysu 1960 ish'
jdyhg leue;a; f jdy f iy jdyh ,shdmx lsf wju
jhia iSudj ms<sn| iuq;sh (Convention on Consent to Marriage,
Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages) 1962 iu;
jQ w;r th 1964 isg n,d;aul h'
wOHdmkfha fjkiafldg ie,lSug tfrys iuq;sh (Convention
against Discrimination in Education) 1962 uehs 22 k n,d;aul we;'
is,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iuq;sh
(International Covenant on Civil and Plitical Rights) iy wdl iudc
iy ixialD;sl whs;sjdisl ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iuq;sh (International
Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) iu; u 1966
ish'
ish j.jd fjkial msgqoelSf cd;Hka;r iuq;sh
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination) 1969 n,d;aul h'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh iska 1975-1985 cd;Hka;r ldka;d oYlh
f,iska m%ldYhg m;alrk ,oafoa 1975 h'
ldka;djka ms<sn| m<uq f,dal if,kh 1975 fulaisfldafjys
meje;au'
is,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iuq;sh iu`. tys
ffjl,amsl .siqu 1976 ud;= 23 n,d;aul u'
iduh" iudkd;au;djh iy ixjOkh fjkqfjka jQ cd;Hka;r ldka;d
oYlh k lsu'
Y%S ,xldf wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iu;u iy iudk;d j.ka;shla
iys;j 12^2& j.ka;sh wdKavql%u jHjia:djg we;=<;a u'
ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjfldg ie,lS msgqoelSf
m%{ma;sh (The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination Against Women) iu; lsu'
iudkd;au;djh" ixjOkh iy iduh inkaOfhka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
ldka;d oYlh ms<sn| f,dal if,kh fldamkafya.kays - 1980 ^cQ,s
14-30& meje;au'
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1990
1992
1992
1993
1993
1994
1994
is,a yd foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iuq;sh iy wdl"

iudc yd ixialD;sl whs;sjdisl ms<sn| cd;Hka;r iuq;sh 1980 cqks 11
jk k Y%S ,xldj iska ms<s.ekSu'
ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjfldg ie,lS msgqoelSf
iuq;sh (The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of
Discrimination Against Women) 1981 n,d;aul lsu'
ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldrfha fjkial ;==rka lsf iuq;shg
Y%S ,xldj 1980 cQ,s ui 17 jkod w;aika lsu iy 1981 Tlaf;dan 05
jk k n,d;aul lsu'
1981 wxl 156 orK mjq,a j.lS iys; fiajlhskaf.a iuq;sh (Workers
with Family Responsibilities Convention) 1983 wf.daia;= 11 k n,d;aul
u'
ldka;djka ms<sn| f;jk f,dal if,kh flkahdf khsfrda kqjr
mje;au'
1985 cQ,s 15-26 olajd flkahdf khsfrda kqjr mj;ajk ,o ldka;djka
ms<sn| ;=kajk f,dal iuqf ldka;djkaf.a wNsjDoah i|yd jk
khsfrda b l%fudamdhka iar lsu'
jOysxid lDDr wudkqIsl wjuka iy.; ie,ls,s iy o`vqj j,g tfrys
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r iuq;sh (The Convention against Torture
and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment) 1987
n,d;aul u'
<ud whs;sjdisl ms<sn| iuq;sh (Convention on the Rights of the Child)
1989 iu; u iy 1990 iema;en 2 jk k n,d;aul u'
ish ixl%uKsl fiajlhska iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudlhskaf.a
whs;sjdisl wdrlaId lsu ms<sno cd;Hka;r iuq;sh (Convention on
the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their
Families) we;su'
mirh iy ixjOkh ms<sno cd;Hka;r iuqj meje;au'
wxl 19 orK ldka;djg tfrys ysxikh msgqoelSf isfvda fmd ksfoaY
n,d;aul u'
hkd m%ldYkh iy l%shd;aul jevigyk 1993 hkdys mej;s udkj
whs;sjdisl ms<sn| f,dal if,kfha ^cQks 14 - 25& iar lsu'
Y%S ,xld rch iska ldka;d m%{ma;sh (Womens Charter) iu; lsu
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixOdkh ldka;djkag tfrys ysxikh inkaOfhka
fidhdn,d jd;d lsug fYaI jd;dlrefjl= m%:u j;djg m;a
lsu'
ck.ykh iy ixjOkh ms<sno 1994 lhsfrda cd;Hka;r iuqj
meje;au'
pkasld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. h 1994 Y%S ,xldf m%:u ldka;d
Odhl ckdm;s OQrhg m;au'
143
fudhq,h 4
1980
1995
1995
1996
1999
2000
2002
2002
144
ldka;djka ms<sn| i;rjk f,dal if,kh meje;au'

x m%ldYh iy l%shdldrl fldj iu;lr .kakd ,oafoa 1995
jif iema;en 15 jk k x kqjr meje;s iudkd;au;djh
ixjOkh iy iduh i|ydjk y;rjeks f,dal ldka;d if,kfha
h'
oKav kS;s ix.%yfhA îxfYda;& 1995 wxl 22 orK mk;a flgqm;
md,sfka;=j iska iu; lsu iy tu.ska ia;%S IK jrol leue;a;
h yels jhia iSudj wjqre fod<fya ^12& isg wjqre oyih ^16& olajd
by< kxjk ,'
ishu ixl%uKsl fiajlhska iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudlhskaf.a
whs;sjdisl iq/lSf cd;Hka;r iuq;sh 1996 fmnrjd 11 jk k
Y%S ,xldj iska ms<s .ekSu'
1999 foien ia;%Skag tfrys ishu wdldrfha fjkiafldg ie,lS
msgqoelSf iuq;sfha ffjl,amsl .siqu tlai;a cd;Ska iska flgqm;a
lrk ,'
ldka;dj" iduh iy wdrlaIdj ms<sno tlai;a cd;Skaf.a 1325 wdrlaIl
uKav, fhdackdj 2000 jIfha Tlaf;dan 31 jk k iAr lrk ,'
(United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325) tlai;a cd;Skaf.a
1325 wdrlaIl uKav, fhdackdj wkqj hqo .egq ;;a;ajhka ;=<
ldka;djkag iy .eyekq <uhskag tfrysj lrk ,sx.sl fukau
wfkl=;a m%pKav;d o ukqIH;ajhg tfrysj lrk wmrdO f,iska k
flreKs'
ldka;d ixl%uKsl fiajlhskag tfrys ysxikh ms<sn| iuq;sh tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h iska iu; lsu'
wxl 182 oreKq wdldrfha <ud Y%uh msgqoelSu ms<sn| iuq;sh
(Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the
Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour) 2000 n,d;aul u'
ldka;djka iy <uqka ,sx.sl fiajkfha fhou" l=gkfha fhou
;yk lrk ol=Kq wdishdkq iyfhda.s;d l,dmSh idla iuq;sh
iu; u'
<uqka fj<|du" <uhska ,sx.sl fiajkfha fhou iy <ud
wmfhdackfha fhou ;yk lrk <ud whs;sjdisl iuq;sfha
w;sfl .siq n,d;aul lsu'
wxl 183 orK îxfYda;& cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha ud;D;ajh
iq/lSf iuq;sh 2002 n,d;aul u'
cd;Hka;r wmrdO wlrKh ms<sn| frdau jHjia:dj 2002 n,d;aul
u'
ia;%Skag tfrys ishu wdldrfha fjkial ;=rka lsf iuq;sfha
ffjl,amsl .siqu Y%S ,xldj iska iar lsu'
2005
2006
2008
2009
2010
2011
2013
ishu ixl%uKsl fiajlhskaf.a iy Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, idudlhskaf.a

whs;sjdisl iq/lSf cd;Hka;r iuq;sh 2003 n,d;aul u'
mqoa.,hska fYaIfhkau ldka;djka iy <uqka l+gkh lsu je<elau
iy l+gkh lsug o`vqj lsu ms<sn| iuq;sh-2003 n,d;aul u'
2005 wxl 34 orK .Dyia: ysxikh je<elaf mk; Y%S ,xld
md,sfka;=j iska iu; lsu'
wndO iys; mqoa.,hskaf.a whs;sjdisl ms<sn| iuq;sh 2006 uehs 3
jkod n,d;aul u'
jOysxid lDDr wudkqIsl wjuka iy.; ie,ls,s iy o`vqj j,g
tfrys tlai;a cd;Skaf.a cd;Hka;r ffjl,amsl iuq;sh 2006
n,d;aul u'
wxl 1820 orK tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,fha fr.=,dish 2008
cqks 19 k iar lsu'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl uKav,h 2008 jIfha cQks ui 19 jk k
ldka;dj" iduh iy wdrlaIdjg wod< 1820 fjks fhdackdj tlfy<du
iu; l< w;r is,a ckhdg tfrys ,sx.sl m%pKav;ajhg wod< ish
ls%hdjkays kshe,Su ikakoaO .egqug wod< ish mdYjlrejka iska
jydu imQKfhka j<lajk f,i thska kshu lrk ,'
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820
hqo .egqj, ldka;djka iy .eyekq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikfhka
wdrlaIdlr .ekSu i|yd jk wxl 1888 ork tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdrlaIl
uKav,fha fhdackd iu;h 2009 iar lsu" 1889 ork wdrlaIl
uKav,fha fhdackd iu;h ;=<ska iduh f.dvke`.Sf l%shdj,sh" idu
idOl yuqod ;=< ldka;d ks,Odka m%udKh jelsu we;= iduh"
ldka;dj iy wdrlaIdj inkaOfhka wlaIK l%ufohla 2009 iar
lsu' United Nations Security Council Resolution No. 1888 and 1889
hqo .egqj, ldka;djka iy .eyekq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikhg ,lAu
ms<sn| wdrlaIl uKav,fha kHdh m;%h ;=<g wlaIKh" Yaf,aIKh
iy jd;dlrKh lsu i|yd hdka;%Khla msysgqu inkaOfhka wxl
1960 orK wdrlaIl uKav,fha fhdackd iu;h 2010 iarlr .ekSu'
(United Nations Security Council Resolution 1960 (2010) Adopted on 16
December 2010)
,xldf m%:u ldka;d w.%ksYapldrjh jYfhka YsrdKs nKavdrkdhl
uy;ah m;alsu'
,xldf m%:u ldka;d kS;sm;sjh m;alsu'
hqo .egqj, ldka;djka iy .eyekq orejka ,sx.sl ysxikhg ,lalrk
pQ;hskag o~qj ,ndu inkaOfhka j.u fukau ldka;djkaf.a
wdl foaYmd,k n,dNsjOkh inkaOfhka wjOdrKh lrk 2106
orK wdrlaIl uKav,fha fhdackd iu;h 2013 iar lsu' (United
Nations Security Council Resolution 2106) adopted on 24 June 2013
uq,dY%h ( fiajd ia:dkh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh inkaO mqyqKq w;afmd;"
Yd,d oj;a;" llre iy llre in|;d wud;HdxYh
145
fudhq,h 4
2003
y;rjk ieish
ldka;d whs;Ska wdrlaId lsu i|yd we;s kS;suh m%;smdok
yekau
f,dj iEu ;eklu ldka;dj mqreI mlaIhg jvd jefhka fkdfhl=;a wdldrfha
ysxikhkag iy nrm;, udkj whs;sjdisl lvj,g uqyqK fokq ,nhss' tneka
udkj whs;sjdisl kHdh m;%fhys ldka;d whs;sjdisl lvu inkaO m%Yakhg
uQ,sl ie,ls,a,la ;sf' f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, ldka;d whs;sjdisl wdrlaId
lsug iuq;s ;=<ska rchka fmdfrdka isho ienekau tajd tf,iskau bgqlsula
olakg fkdue;' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh mok lr.;a m%pKav;ajh fukau ldka;dj
iy .eyekq <uqka flakalr .;a ysxikh f,dj mqrd nyq,j olakg ,ef' ldka;djkag
iy .eyekq orejkag tfrysj islrkq ,nk ,sx.sl wmrdO Y%S ,xldj ;=<;a jefjka
mj;S' mqoa.,sl fyda m%isoaO ;fha l=uk wjia:djl isjqjo ldka;djlg ldhsl"
,sx.sl fyda udkisl ydkshla fyda fokdjla we;slrk fyda we;slsug bv we;s kEu
l%shdjla ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh mok lr.;a m%pKav;ajhla fia ie,fla' tjeks l%shd
i|yd islrk ;ck" n,y;aldrl iy ksoyi wys ls wdho thg we;=,;a f'
mjq, ;=<ska" iudcfha fjk;a mqoa.,hska u.ska rdcHh iy ixialD;sh ;=<ska hkd
jYfhka jQ Odldrfhka ldka;djka ysxikhg ,lah yel' mjq, ;=< isjk
m%pKav;ajhg ldhsl" ,sx.sl iy udkisl m%pKav;ajh" Ndhdjg myru" mjqf,a
<uqka ,sx.sl wmfhdackh i|yd fhdod.ekSu" jHNspdrh" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh"
oEjeoao jeks jdyhg inkaO m%pKav;ajhka iy fjk;a ydksodhl im%odhsl
jHjydrhka we;=<;a f' m%cdj ;=< isjk m%pKav;ajhg m%jdykfha isjk
,sx.sl ysxikh" ldka;d l=gkh" ia;%S IKh iy nf,ka .Ksld jD;a;sfha fhou
wdh we;=<;ah' ldka;dj j;ajk iudc mirh wkqj ldka;dj ysxikhg ,lajk
m%udKh jeh yel' WodyrK f,i Ydl$udkisl wdndOhlska fmf<k ldka;djla"
irKd.; fyda wj;eka jQ ldka;djla" ixl%uKsl ldka;djla" ,sx.sl jD;a;slfhla"
jeks O mirhka f.ka mefKk ldka;djka jejYfhka ysxidjg f.dre h
yel'
mjq, ;=< isjk

ysxikfha
wdldrhka
146
.Dyia: ysxikh
jHNsjdrh
ffjjdysl ia;%S IKh
ia;%S IKh
nrm;, ,sx.sl wmfhdackh
m%cdj ;=< isjk

ysxikhka
rch u.ska isjk

ysxikhka
fudhq,h 4
ia;%S IKh
l+gkh
wvkaf;ag lsu
,sx.sl w;jr
.Ksld^,sx.sl& jD;a;sfha
fhou
kS uereu
.id lsu
ldfudaoamk rpkd
nrm;, ,sx.sl
wmfhdackh
ikakoaO wr.,j,
islrk ysxid
irKd.; iy wj;eka jQ
ldka;djkag tfrysjQ
ysxid
Y%u iQrdlEu
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ kS;sh iy ldka;d whs;Ska inkaOfhka fYaI{ oekqula we;sj fuu ieish
islsu jeo.;ah'
$$ ,sys,a niska ,shjqKq ldka;djkag wod< kS;s-wKmk;a iy fmd;am;aj, msgm;a
iyNd.sjkakkag ,nd fokak'
$$ fuu ieisfha ,nd we;s Wmldrl igyka fhdodf.k ldka;djg n,mdk kS;sh
inkaOfhka wjfndaOh ,nd fokak'
$$ fuu j.=f my; olajd we;s kS;s wK mk;a iy fudhq,fha i|yka iuq;Ska
ms<sn|j idlPdfldg oekg iu;j we;s kS;s fld;r ldka;d ixfo o@
tajdfhys l=uk wvqmdvq we;ao@ hkak inkaOfhka idlPd lrkak'
1' ia;%S IKh ^ffjjdyl ia;%S IKh" jHjia:dms; ia;%S IKh&
2' lkHd IKh kue;s is,a jro
3' jHNspdrh - oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 364 ^w& j.ka;sh
4' l+gkh - oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 360 ^w& j.ka;sh
5' .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh
147
147
6' ,sx.sl iQrd lEu - oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 360 ^wd& j.ka;sh
7' ,sx.sl fj<|du oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 360 ^we& j.ka;sh
8' nrm;, ,sx.sl wmfhdackh - oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 365 ^wd& j.ka;sh
9' ,sx.sl w;jr - oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 345 j.ka;sh
10' wiNH m%ldYk
11' mqoa.,hska w;r wfYdaNk l%shd
12' 1999 kv;a;= wd{d mk;
13' jdyl ia;%Skaf.a foam, wd{d mk;
14' lalido kS;sh
15' orelug yod .ekSf mk;
16' jdy fmdfrdka lv lsu
17' jfhdamQK;aj wd{d mk;
18' m%iQ;sldodr wd{d mk;
19' .id lsu inkaO oKav kS;s ix.%yfha kS;sh
20' 1841 wdhdf,a hkakka ms<sno wd{d mk;
21' kSueu iy ish kid .ekSSug wkqn, u'
22' wmyrKh
23' ,sx.sl fj<|du
24' orelug yod.ekSu iy neKq kS;s frda l%shd
25' nrm;, ;=jd, islsu iy idmrd n,y;aldrh
26' oa jdyh
$$ wdl iQrdlEug tfrysj wdrlaIdj iy ldka;djkaf.a iqNisoah kxjd,Sug

f.k we;s ffk;sl mshjr ms<sn| Y%S ,xldj ;=< iu; lr we;s my; oelafjk
wd{d mk;a iy ks;S Odk WodyrK jYfhka f.k idlPd lrkak'

1937 wxl 13 orK ldka;djka m;,aj, fiajfha fhou ms<sn| wd{d mk;
1939 wxl 32 orK ud;D m%;s,dN wd{d mk;
1942 wxl 45 orK ludka;Yd,d wd{d mk;
1954 wxl 19 orK lvidmamq iy ldhd, fiajlhskaf.a ^fiajd iy jegqma
md,k& mk;
1956 wxl 47 orK ldka;djka nd, jhialrejka iy orejkaf.a fiajd
kshqla;sh ms<sn| mk;
2003 wxl 8 orK ldka;djka nd, jhialrejka iy orejkaf.a fiajd
kshqla;sh ms<sn| îxfYdaOk& mkf;ys 2^1& j.ka;sh
148
w;a m;%sld
ksjpk1
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ iudkd;au;dj (Gender equality)
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ iudkd;au;dj hkq ldka;djkag fukau mskag
.eyekq <uqkag iy ms <uqkag iudk whs;sjdisl" j.lS" ie,ls,s iy wjia:d ;sh
hq;=h hk woyihs' mskag fukau ldka;djkag o iudk wjia:d" iudk ksoyia iy
iudk ;;a;ajhka we;s nj ka woyia lrhs' ldka;djka iy mska tlu wdldrfha
njla thska fkdyefjk kuq;a Tjqkag tl yd iudk jkdlula we;s nj;a tl
iudk ie,lSug ,lah hq;= nj;a fuhska wjOdrKh lrhs' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
wkqj iudkd;au;dj hkq udkj ysluls'
iudk jkdlka hq;= jev i|yd ms iy ldka;d Y%lhkag fjkila fkdue;sj

,efnk iudk f;k ka woyia flf' iudk jevg iu jegqma hk ixl,amh Y%u
fj,|fmd< ;=< we;s ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh flakalr.;a jHqyd;aul widOdrKhka"
w.;Ska iy ia;%S-mqreINdjh u; ;sria fukau isria w;g fn .sh jD;a;Sh fNaokhka
m%Yak lrhs' jegqma f.jk wdldrh iy wkqmd;h ia;%S-mqreINdjh fyda flfkl=f.a
mqoa.,sl .;s ,laIK u; ;SrKh fkdh hq;= w;r" tlS mqoa.,hd iska bgq lrk
ldhhka ms<sn| lrk Ih uQ,sl jQ we.ehSula u; ;SrKh h hq;=h' iu jevg-iu
jegqma ,nd.ekSu ldka;d fialdjkaf.a uQ,sl llre whs;shla jk w;r cd;sl kS;s
uska fulS m%;sh kS;s.; l< hq;af;a h'
/lshdjg iu m%fYh (Equal access to employment)
/lshdjg n|jd .ekSf ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska hk fofldgigu /lshdjg iu m%fYh
;yjqre l< hq;=h' cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha wxl 183 orK ud;D;ajh iq/lSf
iuq;shg wkqj .NKSNdjh iy ud;D;ajh fjkialj,g ;=vqfok fya;=jla fkdh
hq;= w;r iuq;sfhka ne` we;s rdcHhka fulS iu m%fYh ;yjqre lsug ne`
ishs' cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkfha wxl 156 orK mjq,a j.lS iys; fiajlhskaf.a
iuq;sh wkqj" mjq,a j.lS iys; wh fjkialulg Ndckh fkdl< hq;= nj;a
Tjqkag iu m%fYh ;yjqre lsu msKsi /lshdj f;dard .ekSug mqyqKq iy udf.
damfoaY ,eug we;s whs;sh;a ;yjqre l< hq;af;a h'
iudk wjia:d (Equal opportunity)
iudk wjia:d hkq ia;%S-mqreINdjh u; mokj lsis ndOdjlg ,lafkd wdl"
foaYmd,k" iudh ;hg iudk m%fYhka ;yjqre uhs' jevf,dalh ;=< iudk
1 Gender, Development, Labour, and Women's Rights Glossary, ILO fj;ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'
149
fudhq,h 4
iu jegqma (Equal Pay)
wjia:d hkq hlsis /lshdjlg b,a lsug iudk wjia:d ;su" jHjidhl jev
lsug ke;fyd;a mj;ajdf.k hEug" wOHdmkh ,eug" mqyqKqj ,nd .ekSug" h
jD;a;Sh iqiql W;amdokh lr .ekSug" jD;a;Sh ;;a;ajh hqKq lr .ekSug iy
Wiia ,nd .ekSug iudk wjia:d ;su;a" mska fyda .eyekqka jYfhka tla
,sx.hla wNsNjd je jYfhka ksfhdackh lrk /lshdjkays ia;%S-mqreI fjkila
fkdue;sj /lshdjl fhug iudk wjia:dj ;su;a fuhska wdjrKh f' jevf,dalh
;=< iudk ie,ls,s hkq iudk jegqma" iudk fiajd fldkafoais" iudc wdrlaIdj iy
jD;a;Sh wdrlaIdjg we;s whs;Ska we;=,;a f'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy ixjOkh (Gender and development - GAD)
ish ixjOk ie,iq" m%;sm;a;s" jHdmD;s ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd ixf;djlska hq;=j
ne,Sug fuu m%fYh w;HjYH f' iudchl mqreIhskaf.a iy ia;%Skaf.a N+ldjka"
Tjqkag im;aj,g we;s m%fYfha fjkial iy tajd md,kfha ixjOk l%shdj,sh
mskag iy .eyekqkag n,mdk wdldrfha fjkial ka woyia f' fujeks m%fYhl
wjika b,lalh jkafka ldka;djka iy mska w;r iudc ;sridr ixjOkhla we;s
lsuh' ta i|yd ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd h:doYkhlska hq;=j iudc mhdihla we;s
lsug fuu lKavdh n,.ekau iy ;SrK .kakjqka f,i lghq;= lsug Tjqka
.kajkq ,ef'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ m%pKav;ajh (Gender-based violence)
mqoa.,fhl=f.a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mokj Ydl" ,sx.sl" udkisl fyda
wdl ydks isug fya;=jk fyda isug fya;= h yels ljr fyda l%shdjla
fukhska ye`kah yelsh' th idudkHfhka ia;%Ska iy .eyekq <uqka inkaOfhka
Nd;d f' tfy;a iu,sx.sl ldka;djka" iu,sx.sl mqreIhska" wka; ,sx.slhska iy
fjkia ,sx.sl keUqrej iys; jQjkao fuhg we;=<;a f' ;ck ls" n,y;aldrfhka
hg;a lr iy ksoyi wys lsu" /lshdjla lr wdodhula Wmhd .ekSf whs;sh
wys lsu" ,sx.sl fyda udkisl n,y;aldrh" ryiska miqmi hdu fyda fjk;a
wdldrhkaf.ka wvkaf;ag lsu hkdh m%isoaO ;fha isjQj;a mqoa.,sl ;fha
isjQj;a tajd f hg;g we;=<;a f' Ydl" ,sx.sl fyda udkisl wk;=rla fyda
mSvdjla ldka;djkag islrk fyda tjeks l%shdlrk njg ;ckh ls iy hjeoa"
ys;=ukdmhg ksoyi wys lsu fyda fmd ia:dkhl" fm!oa.,sl ;fha fyda kEu
;ekl kEu wdldrfha m%pKav ls%hdjla islsu ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh hss'
ia;%S IKh (Rape)
ia;%S IKh ldka;djkag iy .eyekq orejkag reoaOj l< yels nrm;,u wmrdOh jk
w;r f inkaO kS;sh 1995 wxl 22 orK oKav kS;s ix.%yh ixfYdaOk mk; u.ska
363 j.ka;sfhys olajd we;' h ksfila my; ia;r lr we;s wjia:d w;ka h
wjia:djlg wh;a jk mfIK hgf;a ia;s%hl iu ,sx.sl ixi.fha fhkfyd;a
Tyq ia;S% IKh is lf<a hehs lshkq ,ef'
150
ta ia;%sh ;udf.a Ndhdj jk wjia:djl jqjo WodyrK jYfhka weh kS;s

ud.fhka fjkaj is k wef.a leue;a; fkdue;sj ,sx.sl ixi.hl
fhh fkdyel'
n,y;aldrh md lsfuka fyda h .ekafuka fyda r|jd .ekSf
;ckfhka fyda wehg urK Nh fyda ;=jd, islsf Nh we;s lsfuka
fyda weh kS;Hdkql+, fyda kS;s frda f,i r|jdf.k ish fyda wehf.a
leue;a; ,ndf.k we;s wjia:djl wef.a leue;a; we;sj ,sx.sl ixi.fha
fhko th ia;%S IKhls'
;ud wef.a iajdmqreIhd fkdjk nj ta mqreIhd oek is w;r" weh wef.a

leue;a; fok ,oafoa weh iu`. kS;Hdkql+,j jdy isk fyda weh yd
kS;Hdkql+,j jdy we;ehs weh Yajdi lrk mqreIhd fudyq hehs weh
Yajdi lsu ksid nj wod< je/oao lrkq ,nk ta mqreIhd okakd gl
wef.a leue;a; we;sj ,sx.sl ixi.fha fhko th ia;%S IKhls'
ia;%sh jhi wjqre 16 g wvq jkg jk wehf.a leue;a; we;sj fyda ke;sj
fyda ,sx.sl ixi.hl fhko th jHjia:dms; IKhls'
.id lssu ms<sn|j YS% ,xldf kS;s ;;a;ajh
ia;%Skaf.a ; ff ldh i|yd ioaNdjfhka lrkq ,nk .id lSula fkdjk
.id lsula .e .;a ia;%shlg leue;af;kau is lrk ;eke;af;l=g wjqre
;=k olajd ld,hl fohdldrfhka tla wdldrhl nkaOkd.dr.; lsulska fyda
ovhlska fyda tlS ovqj folskau o`vqj l< hq;=h' ;jo tu ia;%sh ore m%iq;shg
wdikakj ishk Tyqg wjqre 7 olajd ld,hl fohdldrfhka tlawdldrhl
nkaOkd.dr.; lsulska ovqj l< hq;=h' Tyq ovhlg o hg;a h hq;=h'
.Dyia: m%pKav;ajh (Domestic Violence)
b;d im iylrejl= iska mjqf,a fyda .Dyhl ljr fyda idudlhl=g tfrysj
isflfrk Ydl" udkisl fyda ,sx.sl n,y;aldrl" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh f,i
woyia flf' ldka;djkag iy .eyekq <uqkag tfrys .Dyia: m%pKav;ajh idudkHfhka
b;d im iylrejl= iehka" ifydaorhska" udu,d iy ndmam,d fyda .Dyh ;=< isk
fyda thg inkaO ms mdYjhka w;ska isf' fuh wjuka lsf fyda wdl
jYfhka n,lsf isg Ydl wvkaf;ag lsu olajd jQ mrdihl mj;S' ldka;djka
ldka;djkag tfrysj iy mska mskag tfrysj islrk .Dyia: m%pKav;ajhka
olakg ,efnk kuq;a th mska iska ldka;djkag tfrysj isflfrk m%pKav;ajh
;r iq,n fkdf'
151
fudhq,h 4
weh isysl,j ish fyda ta mqreIhd iska ke;fyd;a fjk;a h

;eke;af;l= iska wehg fok ,o uoHidr fyda u;ajH fya;=fjka u;ajQ
wjia:djl weh ish wef.a leue;a; we;sj ,sx.sl ixi.fha fhko th
ia;%S IKhls'
jHdNspdrh (Incest)
jI 1995 jHNspdrh nrm;, wmrdOhla f,i Y%S ,xldf m%:ufhka kS;shg
ykajd ;sf' fuu jro 1995 wxl 22 orK oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 364 w j.ka;sfha
olajd we;' ta wkqj ;yk {d;s inkaO;d we;s wfhl= iu`. ,sx.sl ixi.fhys
fhfok ljr fyda ;eke;af;l= jHNspd jro isl<d fia ie,fla' mshd j" uj iy
mq;d" iShd Ksh" wd uqKqnqrd" ;ud orelug yod.;a foumshkaf.ka flfkl=
iu`. inkaO;djh" whshd fyda u,a,S ;u wlald kx.S iu`. ixi.fhys fhu"
;udf.au u,a,S fyda whshd kx.S fyda wlald iu. ,sx.sl ixi.fha fhu jHdNspd
jrog .efka '
oa jdyh (Bigamy)
jrla jdy we;s mqreIfhl= fyda ldka;djl ;u jdyh j,x.=j mj;soa iy ;u
| fyda mqreIhd j;aj ish fojk jdyhla lr.kS k Tyq fyda weh oa jdyh
fpdaokdjg jrolre f' fuh oKav kS;s ix.%yhg wkqj jrola f'
nrm;, ,sx.sl wmfhdackh (Grave Sexual Abuse)
,sxf.akash fyda ksia Yrfha fjk;a h fldgila fyda WmlrKhla fyda fjk;a h
;eke;a;l=f.a Yrfha msys h jrhla ;=< fyda ta fjk;a ;eke;a;df.a Yrfha h
fldgila md lsfuka ,sx.sl ;Dma;shla ,nd.ekSu nrm;, ,sx.sl wmfhdackhla
fia kS;sh i,lhs' f jrog wlue;af;ka lrkakd jQ uqL ixi.h iy .=o ud.
ixi.h WodyrK f,i oelah yel' fuu jro i|yd wjqre 16 lg wvq .eyekq
orefjl= ish leue;a; ,nd kako kS;sh bfha tlS jro l< ms mdYajh fuu
jrog jrolre f'
,sx.sl w;jr (Sexual Harassment)
,sx.sl w;jr lsu hkq oKav kS;s ix.%yfha 345 j.ka;sfhka ia;r lrkafka fufiah'
wvkaf;ag lsfuka fyda idmrd n,y;aldrh mEfuka h ;eke;af;l=g ,sx.sl
w;jr lrk fyda jpkfhka fyda l%shdfjka h ;eke;af;l=g ,sx.sl ysyerhla fyda
w;jrhla islrk ljr fyda ;eke;af;l= ,sx.sl w;jr lsf jro islrk w;r"
jrolre lrkq ,ef wjqre myla olajd > h yels ld,hlg" fohdldrfhka
tla wdldrhl jQ nkaOkd.dr.; lsu iy ovh hk o`vqj folskau Tyqg ovqj
lrkq ,eh hq;=h' ;jo tu jro islrk ,oafoa h ;eke;af;l= inkaOfhkao ta
;eke;a;dg islrk ,o ydks fjkqfjka wlrKh iska ksYaph lrkq ,nk uqo,l
jkahlao ta ;eke;a;dg f.jk f,io wlrKh iska wd{d lrkq ,eh yelsh'
152
oDYH jYfhka
isjk ,sx.sl
w;jr
Visual
wkjYH wdldrfha ldhsl iamY lsu (Touching)

fldks;a;Su (Pinching)
lSu (Squeezing)
w;m;.Eu (Stroking)
wvkaf;ag lsu (Sexual assault)
ism.ekSu (Kissing)
nod .ekSu (Hugging)
wefa we;s,a,Su (Brushing up against the body)
,sx.sl iajNdjhla .;a ;gq lsu (Patting)
wjysr ls yd wefa .Efjk fkd.Efjk ;rug Yrhg imug
;e;a lsu
wkjYH f,i Yrh we,a,Su
Ydlj ysxidjka lsu yd ,sx.sl m%foaY we,a,Su fyda we,a,Sug ;e;a
lsu
lduql woyia m%ldYkh (display sex-based writing)
,sx.sl bh fmkau (sexual exposure)
wie ,sx.sl wNskhka
mqoa.,sl ,sx.sl wjhj fmkau
wie mska;+r fmkau (display sex-based materials), fiajd
ia:dkfha my;a" wjuka f.kfok" wmyiq;djhg m;alrk
,sx.sl fhdackd;aul WmlrK" mska;+r fyda l=regq igyka ,sh,s
;nd ;su'
wdh;kfha ;a;sj, ksrej;a mska;+r w,jd ;su (Covering the wall
drawings, photographs of naked) ksrej;a oYk iys; fhda
oYk we;=j ,sx.sl fhdackd;aul ,sh,s
m.; l< fyda oaHq;a mKsjqv heu
,sx.sl ;%m fmfkkakg ie,eiau
,sx.sl jfl%dala;s /.;a oaHq;a ;eme,a mKsjqv
f*aia nqla iy rl;k fl mKsv fyda oYk heu fyda f*aianqla
msgqf we,u
wiNH wkdjrKh
,sx.sl wNskh
,sx.sl oiqka fmfkkakg ie,eiau
ijd we;s leurdj,ska jeisls,sfha fyda fl .kakd fyda we
udrelrk ;ekaj, cdhdrEm .ekSu
flfkl=f.a oekqulska f;drj .kakd ixf iy ,sx.sl iajrEmhla
/.;a cdhdrEm iudc udOH cd,hka ;=< m,lsu mqoa.,hdg Y%jKh
lsug wmyiq ,sx.sl iajrEmfhka hq;a jpk iy w:l;khka
153
fudhq,h 4
Ydl
jYfhka
isjk ,sx.sl
w;jr
Physical
jdl jYfhka
isjk ,sx.sl
w;jr
Verbal
wjdl
jYfhka
isjk
,sx.sl w;jr
Gestural/ NonVerbal
ufkdaoHd;aul
fyda udkisl
jYfhka
isjk ,sx.sl
w;jr
Psychological
,sx.sl jfl%dala;Ska Nd;d lsu yd ,sx.sl woyia m%ldY lsu

m%ydrd;aul$wie jpk Nd;h
;uka wh;a ,sx.h fyda ,sx.sl;ajh ms<sn|j m%ldYhg m;a lsu
lduql woyia kej; kej; m%ldY lsu
flfkl=f.a Yrh" jhi" jdyl wjdylNdjh" we ms<sn| ,sx.sl
iajrEmhla .;a l;d fyda jdl ia;r ls
/lshdjg wod< ud;Dld yeugu ,sx.sl l;dj,ska wjika lsug
;e;a lsu
/lshdj /l.ekSug ,sx.sl ie,ls,s b,a,d isu
,sx.sl iajNdjhla .;a ys yd l;d ks;r ks;r lSu
ys;du;d kej; kej; islrk WrejnE
,sx.sl l%shdj u;la lrk Yo kexu
;ckh ls
m%ydr;aul woyia m%ldY lsu
wmydid;aul k j,ska weu;Su yd wmydi lsu
mdm me;sru
wkjYH wdldrfha iro lsu (uncomfortable and offensive
teasing)
Wiq iq lsu
wjudkhg ,lalsu yd my;a fldg l;d lsu
flfkl=f.a ,sx.sl keUqrej yd fjk;a ,sx.sl keUqre jQ mqoa.,hskag
wmydi jk wdldrfha jpk m%ldY lsu
,sx.sl yelshdjka .ek mqrdfre lSu
wfkla flfkl=f.a ,sx.sl W!k;d yd wn,;d ms<sn| woyia m%ldY
lsu
,sx.sl uqyqKqjrla .;a mSvdld weu;=
kskaod wmydihka
,sx.sl w;jr iys; kskdl rl;k weu;=
jpkfhka fyda ls%hdfjka ,sx.sl jdis b,a,d isu fyda n,lsu
ism .kakd fuka f;d,aj,ska p,k oelau
lduql jYfhka weia fldKska n,d ;a;Su (Leering)
lduql f,i flfkl= foi n,disu (Ogling)
weia fkdmshd tl .g n,disu (Staring)
weia .eiSu (Winking)
mshdUk ydheu (Blowing kisses)
f;d,a ,sx.sl iajrEmhla okjk f,i f,j lEu (Licking lips) ,sx.sl
iajrEmhla okjk f,i j jekSu (Wagging the tongue)
,sx.sl iajrEmhla .;a wes,s j,ska fyda w;ska lrk p,khka
(Making sexually expressive hand/finger movements)
mSvdld f,i .ska .g lrk ,sx.sl we`.
lduql woyia kej; kej; m%ldY lrka ,sx.sl jdis b,a,d isu
;udf.a ;;a;ajhg fkd.e,fmk mqoa.,sl iajNdjfha jev fiajd
ia:dkh ;=< lrjd .ekSug W;aidy .ekSu' WodyrK ysxikh lrk
;eke;a;d lEu wkqNj lrk ,o b,a msdk fidaok f,i wK lsu
? jk ;=re jev.ekSu iy fya;=jlska f;drj > ld,Sk jevuqr
,nd rd;%s ksjig <dug m%jdyk myiql ke;s lsu
n|jd.;a j.lSj,ska fjkiaj fjk;a j.lSj,g udre lsu wdh
f wdldrfha udkisl w;jrj,g wh;a f'
uq,dY%h( fiajd ia:dkh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh inkaO mqyqKq w;afmd;" Yd,d oj;a;"
llre iy llre in|;d wud;HdxYh iy cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkh'
154
jD;a;Sh i;s m%jOkh

iy
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
uQ,m%jdy.; lsu
fudhq,h 5
155
yekau
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu ke;fyd;A uQ,m%jdylrKh
(Gender Mainstreming) hkq ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSf
uQ,sl l%ufohhs' wdh;khl ish m%;sm;a;s" jevigyka iy ;SrK
.ekSf iy ls%hd;aul lsf ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdh oDIafldaKhlska
uid ne,Su iy tA wkqj lghq;= lsu ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdh
uQ,m%jdylrKh ke;fyd;a ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh m%Odk m%jdy.; lsu
hkqfjka yekah yelsh' tfiau ia;S%-mqreI iudcNdh uQ,m%jdylrKh
;=< ixOdkhla u.ska l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk iuia; l%shdldrl iuQyhg
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh tAld.% lsu iy ldh uKav,fha ish,a,ka fj;
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSu ms<sn| j.lSu
idOdrK iy mQK wdldrfhka meju;a we;=,;a h' f wkqj jD;a;Sh
i;s idudl;ajh fld;r ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| oekqj;ao
tA i|yd jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< meye,s lemula ;sfo hkak u; jD;a;Sh
i;sh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu ;SrKh f' ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia:dms; lsf tla l%uhla jkafka jD;a;Sh
i;s iudlhska ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| oekqj;a lsuhs'
tfiau jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka ixLHdj je lsu" O lafIa;% j,ska
iy jD;a;Ska j,ska ldka;djka n|jd .ekSfuka jD;a;Sh i;sfha O;ajh
je lsu" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn|j iudlhska mqyqKq lsu iy
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg wod< .eg iy m%;spdr we;=<;a lr.ekSu
i|yd jD;a;Sh i;sfha wNHka;r l%shdmmdka iudf,dapkh lsu
wdh ;=<ska jD;a;sSh i;shla ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh
uQ,m%jdy.; l< yel' tfiau rdcH wdh;ko is,a iudch ;=< o ia;S%mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| oekqu m%p,s; lsuo uQ,m%jdylrKhg we;=<;a
f' fiajl fialdjka w;r ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wiudk;d ms<sn| oekqu
iy ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| ixf;ajh f.dvke`.Sfuka jev
lrk wdh;kj, m%.;shla we;s f' f i|yd wdh;k jHQyh" wdh;k
ie,iq iy m%;sm;a;s" udkj im;a ixjOkh" wdh;k ls%hdldrl"
uQ,H iy im;a l<ukdlrKh" ksCIKh iy we.ehS hk ish,a,u
wdh;kfha jev ixialD;sh ;=<g wka;.; lsu tk ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdh uQ,m%jdylrKh lsu Tiafia ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh we;s
lr.; yelsf'
tA wkqj fuu fudhq,fha wruqK jkafka jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNd ixl,am we;=,;afldg iudkd;au;djh we;s lrkafka flfiao
tfia;a ke;sk jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.;
lrkafka flfiao hkak uid ne,Suhs'
156
wfmaCIs; wruqKq
uq,sl wruqKq
Objectives
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<

uQ,m%jdy.; lsu
wdik ieleiau
Room
Arrangement
U wdldrfha yevh
wjYH ,shlsh,s
Materials and
Handouts
w:l:k iy mdNdIs; joka

w;am;%sldj
l%ufoh
Methodology
mj fmdhska" iuQy l%shdldrl"

m%fndaOk l%Svd" m%Yak iy W;a;r" fhda
oYk" ;%
wjYH iydhl
WmlrK
Training Aids
jhs fnda" udl mEka" *a,sma pd"

w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" yd*aIS" mEka"
udialska fma l;=re" nq,afvda.a la,smaia"
u,a hd fm%dfclagrhla
meh 4 hs'
ld,h
Duration
ieisfha
wka;.;h
Session Plan
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu

jD;a;Sh i;shg ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
uQ,m%jdy.; lsf l%ufo ykd .ekSu
157
fudhq,h 5
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia;%S ixf ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;d jevms<sfj,la f.k

hkafka flfiaoehs ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,ndu'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; l< yels
iia;rd;aul mshjrhka fudkjdo hkak idlPd lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsf jevms<sfj,
iy ksfoaY bm;a lsu'
m<uq ieish
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu jkdys iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSf
wdh;ksl uQ,sl wjYH;djhls' wdh;ksl ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjuh wjYH;d hkak
fudkjdoehs fuys uid ne,sh hq;=h' ta wkqj ck ;fha" mqoa., ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjuh wjYH;d fukau wdh;ksl ugka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjuh wjYH;d
(Institutional Gender Needs) mek k.S' wdh;ksl ugka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjuh
wjYH;d hkq jevlrk ia:dkh ;=< mqreIhskaf.a fyda ia;%Skaf.a fyda ixl%dka;s
,sx.slhskaf.a fyda ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ wkkH;d fya;=fjka mek
k`.sk tlsfklg fjkiajQ wjYH;djka f' fulS wdh;ksl ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
wjYH;d ;=ka wdldrhla .kS'
wdh;ksl fmd wjYH;d - ish fiajd kshqla;slhskag fmdjQ /lshd whs;Ska iy
iqNidOk wjYH;d hkdh fuhg we;=,;a f'
wdh;ksl j oHd;aul wjYH;d - ud;D whs;Ska$jeissls<s myiql" jd iqrel=
uOHia:dk" jeks lafIa;% wdjrK lrhs - tlsfklg fjkia j oHd;aul$m%ckk
,laIK ksid fuu wjYH;d ia;%Skag iy mqreIhskag tlsfklg fjkia fyda iqfYaIS
f'
wdh;ksl ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;d - fuu wjYH;d ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
N+ldjka iy Nd;hka u; mok f' fuhg wh;ajkafka ,sx.sl w;jrj,g tfrys
wdh;ksl hdka;%K ;su" rdcld$mjq,a ;h iunrlr .eg ksrdlrKh lr.ekSu
i|yd jk wdh;ksl Nd;djkaa we;s lsu inkaOfhka jk wjYH;d f'
fulS ;=ka wdldr wdh;ksl wjYH;d iy wdh;kh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh
we;slr .ekSu i|yd ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd uQ,m%jdy.; lsu ke;fyd;a wdh;kh ;=<g
m%Odk jHqy.; lsu l< hq;=h' WodyrK f,i m%jD;a;s wdh;khla ;=< ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsug k mqj;am;a l;=jelssfha ldka;djka inkaOfhka
Okd;aul oDIahlska ksrka;rfhka idlPd lsu" mqj;am;a ixialrKh iy m%jD;a;s
wdjrKhkays ishu wxYj,g ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg ixf wdldrfhka jd;d lsu"
mqj;am; ;=<ska iudkd;au;djh iy ldka;d whs;sjdisl ms<sn| ixl,am ixjOkh
lsu iy ie,iq lsu" ldka;d foaYmd,k kdhsldjka iy ldka;d kdhsldjkaf.a
iuqL idlPd wdjrKh lsu" ldka;djkaf.a kS;suh iy fi!LHh .eg i|yd
msgqjla fjkalsu hkd jYfhka jQ oekqj;a l%shdud. Tiafia mqj;am;g ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdh uQ,m%jdylrKh l< yelsh' h wdh;khla" rdcH wdh;khla fyda is,a
iudc wdh;khla fyda jD;A;Sh i;shla ;=<g fyda ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uq,m%jdy.;
lsug my; mshjr .; yelsh(
ish ugj, ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh iy idOdrK;ajh
idlaId;a lr.ekSu i|yd jk foaYmd,k wNsm%dh ksudKh lsu iy
Yla;su;a lsu'
158
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
1
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
la,smaia" udl mEka
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
2 hs
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh uQ,m%jdylrKh
ykd.ekSu'
iyNd.sjkakka fj; ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu hk

w:l:kh ,nd fokak'
iyNd.sjkakka fj; mdg y;rl jK ldm;a fnod fokak'
iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh y;rlg fnokak'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu isl< yels
l%ufo ,shk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
bkamiqj O jK ldm;a .l w;= .x.d ys hk wdldrfhka ;a;sfha
w,jk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh uQ,m%jdylrKh l< yels my; l%ufo 5
inkaOfhka >j idlPd lrkak
159
fudhq,h 5
ixjOk ie,iq" udkj im;a ms<sn| m%;sm;a;s" l<ukdlrKh iy kS;s

lghq;= wd ie,iq l%shdj,s ;=<g ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| oDIah
taldnoaO lsu'
m%;sm;a;s" jevigyka iy jHdmD;s ie,iqj, Yaf,aIK ieleiau" .%y
lsu" l%shd;aul lsu" wlaIKh iy we.ehS hk ish whrj,g ia;%SmqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| oDIah taldnoaO lsu'
m%;sm;a;s" ia;%Ska iy mqreIhka flfrys fjkia wdldrfhka n,mE we;slrk
wdldrh fy<sor lsu i|yd ixLHdkuh o;a; Yaf,aIKfha ia;%S-mqreI
nj wkqj f.dkqlrk ,o o;a; Nd;d lsu'
ish wxY ;=< ;SrK .kakd ;k;=re fydnjk ldka;djka ixLHdj je
lsu'
;SrK .kakka" fcHIaG l<ukdlrejka iy wfkl=;a jeo.;a ;k;=re
orkakka i|yd ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| oekqj;aNdjh" ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNd Yaf,aIKh iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh wkqj ie,iq lsu
inkaO fuj, iy mqyqKqj iemhSu'
jvd hym;a im;a Nd;hla iy;sl lsu i|yd rch" fm!oa.,sl wxYh"
is,a iudch iy wfkl=;a iudc l%shdldka w;r wka; in|;d ksudKh
lsu'
1' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh b,lal lr.;a jev ms<sfj,la iy l%shdud. .ekSu'

2' ikaksfokh hqKq lsu'
3' ndysr in|;d hqKq lsu'
4' ldka;djf.a kdhl;aj Yla;sh iy y`v jOkh lsu'
5' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .Kkhla iy whjeh Yaf,aIKhla islsu'
ir, WodyrKhla f.k ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh uQ,m%jdylrKh l< yels
wdldrh myod fokak'
bkAmiqj ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsf my; mshjr ms<sn|j
iia;rd;aulj idlPd lrkak'
1' jD;a;sh i;s m%;sm;a;s iy

fufyhf uQ,Ou ;=<g
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
uQ,m%jdy.; lsu
idudkHfhka jD;a;Sh i;s mqreI uQ,sl iajNdjhla Wiq,hs' f ksid ldka;djkag
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g neùg fyda kdhl;aj ;k;=rej,g m;aug ndOd muqKqjhs'
jD;a;Sh i;s jHjia:dj jeks uQ,sl ,sh,a,lg ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh iys;
fldkafoais iy j.ka;s we;=,;a lsu jeo.;a h' my; mshjrhka ;=<ska jD;a;Sh i;s
;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh f.dvke`.Su l< yelsh'
iEu jD;a;Sh i;shlgu jHjia:djla we;s w;r jD;a;Sh i;sh l%shd;aul
jk mmdh meye,slr we;af;a jHjia:djka ;=< h' f ksid jD;a;Sh i;s
jHjia:djka ys ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;d uQ,Ouh we;=,;a lsu jeo.;a f'
fulS jHjia:d ;=<g wia;H:l mshjr (Affirmative actions) we;=,;a l< yel'
WodyrK f,i jD;a;Sh i;s ks,;,j,ska 30] fyda 40] l fldagdjla ldka;djka
fj; ,nd h hq;=h hk Okd;aul mshjr jHjia:djg fyda jD;a;Sh i;s m%;sm;a;s
;=<g we;=,;a l< yelsh'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh inkaOfhka fYaIs; m%;sm;a;s
imdokh lsu l< yelaflah' WodyrK jYfhka jD;a;Sh i;shlg ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;d m%;sm;a;s (Gender Policy) fyda fhdackd (Equality Resolution) iu;
lr.; yelsh'
tf,i iu; lr.;a m%;sm;a;s fyda fhdackd l%shd;aul lsug iudkd;au;d
l%shdld jev igykaa (Equality plans) iEu jD;a;Sh i;shlg ;sh hq;af;ah'
jD;a;Sh i;sfha O jHqyhka ;=< ldka;d ksfhdackh je lsug b,lal.;
ie,eiaula l%shd;aul lsug wjYH mshjr .; yelsh'
iudkd;au;d l%shdld jevigykaa iy m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul u ms<sn| m%.;sh
wOHkh lsu iy wlaIKh lsug jevms<sfj,la ilia l< yelsh' (monitor
progress in implementation)
160
2' jD;a;Sh i;sj, wNHka;r

jHqyhka iy wdh;k j,g
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
uQ,m%jdy.; lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sfha ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh iy iudk wjia:d we;s lsu i|yd

fjku wxYhla (equal opportunity units) we;s lsu'
fuu wxYfha wruqKq iy mrud: ,s;j ,shd oelau jeo.;a f' tu wxYh
iska l%shd;aul l< hq;= jev lghq;= iy rdcld ,ehsia;=jla (Terms of
Reference) ieliSu'
tu wxYhg ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh inkaOfhka oekqj;a iy ta ms<sn| fYaI{
oekqula we;s idudlhska m;a lsu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh iy iudk wjia:d we;slsu i|yd msysgqjk ,o wxYh
jD;a;Sh i;sfha m%Odk Odrdf jev fldgila njg m;a l< hq;=h'
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh iy iudk wjia:d we;slsu i|yd msysgqjk ,o
wxYhkag wjYH uq,H im;a" udkj im;a fjka lsu" jD;a;Sh i;sfha
;SrKj,g n,mE lsug wldrh iy n,h ,ndu l< hq;=h'
tfiau Odhl lgqj, ldka;djkaf.a wjYH;d ms<sn|j wjOdkh fhduqlsug
lghq;= l< hq;=h'
tlS wxYfha i|yd jev ie,eiaula ilialr (Action Plan) th l%shd;aul lsug
uq,H m%;smdok fjka l< hq;af;ah'
161
fudhq,h 5
jD;a;Sh i;sj, l%shdldrlj, ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh je lsu iy Tjqkag jD;a;Sh

i;s ;=< iudk wjia:d iy ie,ls,s we;s lsu hq.fha wjYH;djhla njg m;a we;'
f i|yd jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< fYaI jHqyhka iy wdh;k we;s lsu jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<
ldka;djkag iudkd;au;djh ,ndf l%shdj,shg rel=,la jkq we;' iudkd;au;djh
we;s lsu i|yd lgq (committees), fomd;fka;= (departments)" ldka;d foaYmd,k
wxY (wings)" f,al ldhd, (secretariats), fldIka iNd (commissions) iy ldka;d
wxYhka (sections) hkdh ia:dmkh l< yel' idudkHfhka lgqjla f,iska k
lrkq ,nk jHqyh" jD;a;Sh i;s Pkaoj,ska m;alrk w;r ldka;d foaYmd,k wxY
fyda ldka;d wxYo jD;a;Sh i;s jHqyhg taldnoaOj tysu fldgila jYfhka m;a
l< yelsh' kuq;a f,al ldhd,hla fyda ldka;d whs;Ska fjkqfjka ks,Odkshla
m;a l<fyd;a fndfyda g th wOld,Sk fyda mQKld,Sk fiajlfhl= w;ska isjkq
we;' f ksid n,h iys; ldka;d foaYmd,k wxYhla fyda lgqjla ;=<ska ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;djh fjkqfjka lghq;= lsu jvd fhda.H f' kuq;a u;l ;nd.; hq;af;a
ldka;d foaYmd,k wxYh fyda ta iudk wxYhla we;s lsu jD;a;Sh i;sfha jHjia:dj
;=<skau isu jvd id:l njhs' WmfoaYkd;aul ;;a;ajfha ;SrKj,g n,mE lsug
n,hla ke;s jHqyhlska fjkial lsu wmyiq jkafkah'
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh lsu i|yd .kakd ,o mshjr iy m%.;sh

ms<sn|j udi 3lg jrla idlcd lsu iy b jevlghq;= ie,iq lsug"
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd ixf lKavdhula (Gender Team) jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=<
f.dvke`.Su'
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a m%Yak i|d .ekSu ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh iy
iudk wjia:d we;s lsu i|yd msysgqjk ,o wxYhkag ;ksju nr lrg jD;a;Sh
i;sfha fiiq fldgiaj,g tlS m%Yak wu;l lsug bv fkdh hq;=h'
jD;a;Sh i;shg il%Shj iyNd.sug ldka;djka ffOhhu;a lsu" Tjqka iu
ikaksfokh mj;ajd f.k hEu iy ldka;djkaf.a fYAI wjYH;d fjkqfjka
uey;a u l< hq;=j ;sf'
jD;a;Shuh .eg" meKs,s" la .ek,s wdhg uey;a h hq;=h' tfiau ldka;d
idudldjkag mqoa.,slj iy Yajdifhka hq;=j h .eg fnod .;yels ;ekla
njg jD;a;Sh i;sh m;a l< hq;=h'
wjqreoafoa udi foll ld,hla ldka;d jD;a;slhskag wod<j we;s .eg iù
ldhlaIu lsf ld, mfohla njg m;a lsu'
3' jD;a;sh i;sj, ldka;djka"

;SrK .kakd uKav,j,g iy
kdhl;ajhg m;a lsu
llre .siq ;=<ska iudk wjia:d" iu jegqma" foumsh ksjdvq"

<ud wdrlaIKh" fi!LHh /ljrK iy jevlrk ia:dkfha .NKS
ldka;djkag fjkial lsu jeks oE je<elah yels ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;djfha fldkafoaisj,g n,mE l< yels ksid jD;a;Sh i;sj,
ldka;d ksfhdackh iy kdhl;ajh jeo.;a f' f ksid jD;a;Sh i;sj, ;SrK
.kakd uKav, iy jHjia:dms; jHqyhkays ldka;d ksfhdackh je l< hq;=h'
kdhl;aj uKav, iy lD;Hdld uKav,j, ldka;d ksfhdackhg ksYa;
fldagdjla ,ndu'
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag M,odhl ksfhdackhla ie,iSu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ldka;djkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh je lsug Tjqkaf.a wd;au
Yajdih f.dvke.Sf jev igyka we;=,;a lsu'
162
jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< ldka;djkaf.a wjYH;d iy /lshdj wdY%s; .eg

inkaOfhka l;d lsug wjldYhla ke;fyd;a fldjla ksudKh lsu'
ldka;djka jD;a;Sh i;sj, oDYHudk u i|yd fYaI l%shdud. .ekSu'
ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh iy .kqfokqldr n,h kexu i|yd fYaI mqyqKq
,ndu'
iuq; flaj,a lsf .kqfokqldr uKav,j,g ldka;djka m;a lsu'
cd;Hka;r llre iuq we;= iuka;%K hkdhg iyNd.s f ldka;d
ksfhdackh ;yjqre lsu iy jelsu'
ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;sfha idlPd iy ;SrK .kakd wjia:djkaj,g
iyNd.s u myiq lsu msKsi ldka;djkag myiqfjka iyNd.s h yels
f,djkays /ia meje;au'
wjqre follg jrla ldka;djka fldmuK m%udKhla ;SrK .kakd uKav,j,g
m;a jQfhaoehs miq mrula iy wlaIKhla lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s Pkaoj, ldka;djka mska iy iudkj Pkaoh b,a,Sug kdu
fhdackd ,eu (Double nominations) iy;sl lsu'
fudhq,h 5
4' jD;a;sh i;s ;=<

oekqj;aNdjh we;s lsu
iy WoafoaYkh
jD;a;Sh i;s inkaOfhka idudkH ck jHjydrh ;=< me;sr we;af;a ksfIaOkd;aul

wdl,am jk w;r fndfyda rg jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<ska kd.;a whs;sjdisl iy ch.%yK
ms<sn|j udOH ;=< mjd Okd;aul m%pdrKhla we;af;a l,d;=rlsks' f ksid jD;a;Sh
i;s inkaOfhka Okd;aul m%;srEmhla kxjkq msKsi jD;a;Sh i;s jevlrk
ldka;djka fjkqfjka kd.;a ch.%yK wdh ms<sn|j hym;a m%pdrhla ,ndug jev
ms<sfj,la we;s l< hq;=h'
ldka;djkaf.a fYaI wjYH;d iy ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh ;fha we;s ndOl
ms<sn|j oekqj;aNdjh we;s lsu'
ldka;djkaf.a m%Yak iy ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh inkaOfhka
WoafoaYkh m%jOkh lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sfha iEu l%shdldrlula ;=<skau ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh we;s
lsug l%shd lsu'
163
jD;a;Shkag ldka;djka n|jd .ekSug fYaI l%shdud. .ekSu'

w;am;%sld uqKhlr jD;a;Sh i;sfha l%shdldrl inkaOfhka
oekqj;aNdjh je lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a jOkh je lsug ndOd t,a, h yels
fldgia tk ldka;djkaf.a ffjjdysl mdYajhka" mjqf,a Woh oekqj;a
lsu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|j jD;a;Sh i;sfha isk iy jD;a;Sh
i;shg ne` ke;ss iEu flfklau oekqj;a lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sh iska ldka;d kh ûd;= 8&" ldka;djkag tfrys ysxik
;=rka lsf cd;Hka;r kh ^fkdjen 25&" .eyekq orejdf.a cd;Hka;r
kh ^Tlaf;dan 11& hkd k ieuu'
/lshdj,g n|jd .ekSf ldka;djka wvq lafIa;%hkaj,g ldka;djka n|jd
.ekSug jD;a;Sh i;sh iska fiajdfhdaclhd fj; Okd;aulj n,lr isu'
jevlrk ldka;djka ms<sn| iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|
ch.%yK (Success stories ) inkaOfhka m%udKj;a m%pdrhla u'
5' jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<

udkj YlH;d jOkh
iy mqyqKq ls
jD;a;Sh i;s idudlhskaf.a ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh inkaOfhka jk

oekqu ms<sn|j fidhd ne,Su fyda ;lafiare wOHkhla lsu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh" iudkd;au;djh ms<sn| oekqu ,ndu i|yd jD;a;Sh
i;sfha ish idudlhska mqyqKq lsu iy Tjqkaf.a YlH;d jOkh lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sfha n,jHqyfha my< ugf isg by< ugu olajd isk iEu
fiajl fialdjla w;ru wod< lreKq inkaOfhka ixf;djh iy oekqu
je lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag kdhl;ajh ms<sn| fYaI mqyqKq ,ndu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy iudkd;au;djh inkaOfhka mqyqKq lsf
fudhq,hla ykajd u'
jD;a;Sh i;shg wf;ka nef|kakd jQ ish idudlhska fj;" ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNd ixl,am" jevigyka iy ;u jD;a;Sh i;s m%%;sm;a;s we;=,;a
meflachla ykajd u' (Orientation Package)
164
6' ldka;djka i|yd muKla

fYaIs; jevigyka iy
mshjr l%shd;aul lsu
ldka;djkag fYaIs; jYfhka jeo.;a jQ ud;Dld iy Tjqkag wod< jQ ldka;d

iuq meje;au'
ldka;djkag muKla fjkajQ wOHhk lj (Study Circles) ;=<ska ldka;djka
fkdhj mels,Sula fkdue;sj woyia m%ldY lsug fm<fUk nj wOHhkj,ska
fy<s ;sf' f ksid ldka;djkag iqfYaI ud;Dld inkaOfhka wOHhk lj
wdrN lsu'
we;e ldka;dfjda mska bfha ;u u;h fkdhj fkdmels,j bm;a

lsug ue,s fj;s' f ;;a;ajh ue`vmeje;au Wfoid ll;ajh iy
.kqfokqldr n,h kxjk jev igyka ldka;djka b,lalfldg f.k meje;au'
jD;a;sh i;s uska iduQysl flaj,a lsj, ldka;djka jefhka m;a lsu'
ldka;djkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq h yels m%dfhda.sl jev igyka jD;a;Sh i;sh
uska l%shd;aul lsug mshjr .ekSu' WodyrK jYfhka ld,h l<ukdlrKh"
wd;;sh wvq lsf jevigyka" mshhqre ms<sld" .Dyia: ysxikh iy ,sx.sl w;jr
hkq l=ulao hkdh inkaOfhka jevigyka meje;ah yel'
165
fudhq,h 5
jD;a;Sh i;s iy ldka;djka inkaOfhka idlPd ieisjdr" jevuq" iy

iuka;%K meje;au'
7' ikaksfok uQq,Ou ;=<g

ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
uQ,m%jdy.; lsu
fndfyda g jD;a;Sh i;s ms<sn|j idudkH fmdck u;h jkafka jev jck
fufyhjkakka f,i neka fiajl fialdjkag whs;sjdisl kdu inkaOfhka
jD;a;Sh i;s iska f.k we;s mshjr inkaOfhka Okd;aul u;jdo jOkh lrkq
msKsi iy hym;a m%;srEmhla we;s lrkq msKsi jD;a;Sh i;s iska ikaksfok
l%ufohla ilid .ekSu jeo.;a f' fYaIfhkau ldka;d idudlhskaf.a jOkh
je lsu msKsi jD;a;Sh i;s ms<sn| we;s ksfIaOdkd;aul wdl,am ;=rkafldg jD;a;Sh
i;s flfrys YajikSh;ajh jelrk wdldrfha ikaksfok jev ms<sfj,la ilid
.ekSu jeo.;a f'
ldka;djkaf.a iqNidOkh fjkqfjka lrk jev inkaOfhka m%pdrhla ,ndu'
jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrl ;=<ska kd.;a ch.%yK ms<sn|j mqj;am;a idlPd
ixOdkh lsu iy mqj;am;a ksfok ksl=;a lsu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh inkaOfhka fYaI jdl ird" ;;a;aj jd;d
(Position papers), ieliSu'
jD;a;Sh i;s ms<sn|j ndysr iudch oekqj;a lsf jevms<sfj,la wdrN lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sh iy ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh ms<sn|j mfhaIK iy ilaIK
islsu'
ldka;djkag jD;a;Sh i;sj,g neug fmd<Ujk mKsv ksl=;a lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrl iy iudkd;au;djh inkaO f;dr;=re m;%sld"
mqj;am;a m%ldYk" fj wv iy oHq;a ;eme,a mKsv yryd f;dr;=re
ikaksfokh lsu'
ikaksfokh ;=< NdIduh iy oDYHuh mlaaImd;s;ajhka (Linguistic and visual
biases) bj; oeh hq;= w;r ldka;djka iy mska ms<sn| we;s wkkH;d
iSudlrKhka iy (Stereotyping) taldlD;Ska bj;a l< hq;=h'
jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;ajh iy ikaksfok l=i,;d Tma kxjk mdGud,d ms<sn|
f;dr;=re jD;a;Sh i;s idudldjka w;r fnodyeu iy oeka mqjrej,
we,u'
jD;a;Sh i;shg udisl fyda ff;%udisl mqj;a yiqkla we;ak ldka;djkag
wod< .eg iy ldka;d jD;a;slhskaf.a wNsjDoah fjkqfjka we;s m%jD;a;s iy
ch.%yK fnod .ekSug msgqjla fjka lsu isl< yelsj ;sf'
udOH iu. tk rEmjdysksh iy .=jka ,sh jeks oHq;a udOHh o mqj;am;a
jeks uqs; udOHh iu o hym;a inkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu'
166
8' ndysr in|;d

je hqKq lsu
jD;a;Sh i;s ;u ff;%mdYal mdYajlrejka jk llre wud;HdxYh"

fiajd fhdaclhskaf.a ix.uh iy fjk;a jD;a;Sh i;s iu ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh lrk jevj, im inkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu'
ldka;djkag wod< jk lafIa;%hkays jevlrk ldka;d lghq;=" wlrK jeks
wud;HdxY iu. im inkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu'
is,a iudcfha l%shdldka iy is,a ixOdk iu. in|;d mj;ajd .ekSu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy llre whs;Ska ms<sn|j okakd ndysr im;aodhlhska
iy fYaI{hskaf.a ,ehsia;=jla ieliSu iy Tjqka iu. hym;a inkaO;djla
mj;ajd .ekSu'
fjk;a m%cd ixOdk iy fjk;a iudh jHdmdrj, l%shdldrl iu. inkaO
jD;a;Sh i;sfha m%;srEmh" me;sr .sh ck iuqyhla yryd m%p,s; lsu'
fjk;a wdh;k j,ska islrk wOHdmksl iy fjk;a mqyqKq lsj,g iyNd.s
u'
fudhq,h 5
mska uQ,sl;ajh ork ixOdk iu. inkaO;djh mj;ajd .kska ldka;d

wNsjOkh fjkqfjka mskaf.a odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSu'
ldka;d ixOdk iy lKavdh iu. hym;a inkaO;djhla mj;ajd .ekSu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh inkaOfhka fYaI{ oekqula we;s whf.a
iyfhda.h ,nd.ekSu iy Tjqka i;=j we;s ;dlaIKsl {dkh jD;a;Sh i;sfha
jOkhg fhdod .ekSu'
167
9' ia;%S-mqreI iudc;aj

uiqula lsu
(Gender Analysis)
jD;a;Sh i;sfha iEu l%shdldrlulau ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh Yaf,aIKh ;=<ska
uek ne,Su iy ia;%S-mqreI jYfhka fjkalrk ,o o;a; wdY%s;j Yaf,aIKh
lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, YlH;djh ;lafiare lsu iy ia;%S iy mqreI fiajl
fomlaIfha ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;d fidhd ne,Su'
jD;a;Sh i;sfha m%.;sh wlaIKfha iy we.ehqf ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh
i|yd jQ b,lal imqrd we;aoehs hkak Yaf,aIKh lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sj, iyNd.s;ajh iy kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka ia;S%-mqreI
iudcNd fhduqjla Tiafia Yaf,aIKh lrk ,o o;a; talrdYS lsu iy
Yaf,aIKh lsu'
jD;a;Sh i;sfha ks,Odka iy iudlhska m%udKh ia;%S-mqreI jYfhka
Yaf,aIKh lrk ,o o;a; Tiafia uid ne,Su'
jD;a;Sh i;s ms<sn|j ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd .Kkhla (Gender Audit) islsu'
jD;a;Sh i;s uska .kakd ;Ska ;SrK iy m%;sm;a;s ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd
oDIafldaKfhka uYkh lsu'
10' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd

.Kkhla iy whjeh
Yaf,aIKhla islsu
jD;a;Sh i;sfha whjeh Yaf,aIKhg ,lalsu'

ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh fjkqfjka fjkalrk uqo,a m%udKh fldmuKo hkak
fidhd ne,Ssu wruqKqlr f.k jD;a;Sh i;sfha whjeh Yaf,aIKhg ,lalsu'
jD;a;Sh i;shla hlsis jev igykaj,g fyda fjk;a iqNidOk jevj,g uqo,a
fjka lrk g ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSf mshjr i|yd jIh
uq,u uqo,a fjka lsu l< hq;=h' WodyrK f,i ldka;d kh ,xjQ g uqo,a
fjka lrkjdg jvd whjeh ilia lrk uq,a wjia:dfu th is lsu jeo.;ah'
ldka;djkag wjYH mqyqKq l=i,;d fjkqfjka whjeh fjka lsu'
168
11' m%;sm;a;s j,g

uey;au
j;udkfha mj;sk ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd m%Yak inkaOfhka cd;sl ugf
mj;ajkq ,nk idlcdj,g jD;a;Sh i;s oekqj;a wdldrfhka inkaO u
jeo.;ah' WodyrK jYfhka ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh ms<sn|
m%;sm;a;suh ugf l;sldjka" ldka;d whs;sjdisl mk;a flgqm; iy cd;sl
udkj ysl l%shdld ie,eiau ls%shd;aul lsf idlcd hkdhg l%shdldj
iyNd.S u l< yelsh'
ldka;d iy ldka;d Y%l whs;sjdisl w<,d jevlrk ixOdk" llre
wud;HdxYh we;= jD;a;Sh i;sj, m%;sm;a;suh ixjdoj,g iyNd.slr .kakd
f,i b,a,Su iy Tjqka inkaO lr .ekSu'
;u jD;a;Sh i;sh fj; ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd m%;sm;a;shla (Gender Policy),
y`kajd u'
udkj ixjOk m%;sm;a;s ;=<g ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd m%;sm;a;Ska we;= lsug
lghq;= lsu'
12' wdh;kuh
fjkial lsf
l%shdj,shla weru
fudhq,h 5
jD;a;Sh i;sh fj; ,sx.sl w;jr msgqoelSf m%;sm;a;shla ykajd u iy

ls%hd;aul lsu'
jev
ie,eiau
jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrlj, ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsug

mqoa.,fhl= m;a lsu'
jirla ;=< bgqlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wruqKq we;=,;a lrka jev
ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lsu'
ms idudlhska ldka;d jD;a;slhskaf.a wNsjOkh fjkqfjka fhdod .ekSu
i|yd ms mdYajh b,lal lr.;a jevigyka ykajdu iy ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh fjkqfjka ixf jQ ms mdYajfha cd,hla f.dv ke.Su'
fiajfha kshq;= iEu fiajlfhl=gu ^hre ugf isg& ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh
m%jOkh inkaOfhka ixf lsf jev ms<sfj,la weru'
jD;a;Sh i;shla ;=<ska mqoa.,hskaf.a m%dfhda.sl iy l%fudamdhsl wjYH;d hk
foj.hu wdudka;%Kh lsug mshjr .; yel'
jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh we;s lrkafka flfiao
hkak ie,iqula ilia lsu'
169
w;am;%sld
jD;a;Sh i;s m%jOkh iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd uq,m%jdy.;
1
lsu wod<j jeo.;a jk ksjpk
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh uQ,m%jdy.; lsu (Gender mainstreaming)
ixOdkhla u.ska wruqo,a imhkq ,nk fyda l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk iuia;
l%shdldrl iuQyhg ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ifudaOdkh lsu iy ldh uKav,fha
ish,a,kau fj; ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| j.lSu idOdrK iy mQK wdldrfhka
meju fuf,iska yekah yelsh' ldh uKav,fha isk ldka;djka ixLHdj
iy Tjqkaf.a O;ajh je lsu" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn|j ldh uKav,h
mqyqKq lsu" ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg wod< .eg iy m%;spdr we;=<;a lr .ekSu
i|yd wNHka;r l%shdmmdka iudf,dapkh lsu fyda ilia lsu i|yd jk Wmdh
ud.o thg inkaO h yelsh' m%jD;a;s wdh;kj, ia;%S-mqreI uQ,m%jdy.; lsfuka
w:j;a jkafka" ixialrKh iy inkaO wdjrKhkays ishu wxYj,g ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh" iudkd;au;djh iy ldka;d whs;sjdisl ms<sn| ixl,am ixjOkh
lsu fukau ie,iq lsu" ,nd.ekSu" ,su iy msgm;a ixialrKh lsu hkd ish
whrhka j, m%jD;a;s kHdh m;%h fuu lreKq o flfrys n,mE we;s lrk nj
iy;sl lsfuks'
ia;%S-mqreI iuidOdrKh i|yd jQ whjeh (Gender Budget)
whjeh ls%hdj,sfha m%Odk Odrdj ;=<g ia;%S-mqreI iuidOdrKh we;=<;a lsu fuhska
woyia flf' ta wkqj whjeh ilia lsf fukau wdodh iy ho m%;sjHqy.;
lsf ish ug j, ia;%S-mqreI udkh wka;.; lsula islrhs' fuh islrkq
,nkafka ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh iq/lSu msKsih' ia;%S-mqreI whjeh u.ska
whjeh fjkia ls iy fnhdj, m%;sM, jYfhka tlS uqo,a ldka;djkaf.a iy
mskaf.a iudc-wdl wjia:d flfrys we;slrk n,mE fjka jYfhka uiqug
,la flf' ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh lsu Wfoid fufia wdodh iy
ho m%udKhkays m%;sfYdaOkhka fiau whjeh l%shdj,sh m%;sjHqy.; lsula o wjYH
jkq we;'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudc;aj uiqu$we.hSu (Gender Audit)
ia;%S-mqreI iudc;aj uiqu ^we.hSu& m%dfhda.sl fuj,ula (tool) jYfhka Wmfhda.S
lr.kska" ia;S%-mqreI oDIa fldaKfhka iy udkfhka (from gender perspective)
wod< wdh;kfha fufyjr" m%;sm;a;s jHqyh" ixhq;sh" ldh-Ndrh" jevigyka"
jHdmD;s iy im;a fhojqu fukau tys mj;sk ldh mirh" (working environment
and culture), wka; mqoa., in|;d (inter-personal relations) iy wdl,am" (attitudes)
tfukau fuu Ihhg wod< wjfndaOh iy ixf;djh" (gender knowledge and
1
Gender, Development, Labour, and Women's Rights Glossary, ILO ;=,ska Wmqgd .kakd ,'
170
sensitivity) inkaOfhka iajhx we.ehS l%uhla u.ska uidne,Su fuu uiqf

m%Odk ldhNdrh fjhs' tys wjidk M,h ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh (genderequality) iq/lSu iy m%jOkhhs' ta wkqj fuu uiqu ia;S%-mqreI iuidOdrK
ms<sfj;a iy l%shdoduhla (gender-fair practices and processes) m%Odk Odrdf ish
ldhhka ;=<g we;=,;a flfrkafkaoehs uiqug ,lalsf Wmdh ud.hls' (gender
mainstreaming strategy)
ia;%S iy mqreI jYfhka Yaf,aIKh l< o;a; (Sex-disaggregated data)
ia;%S iy mqreI jYfhka Yaf,aIKh l< .=Kd;aul iy ixLHd;aul jQ o;a; tla/ia
lsu iy Nd;hg fhdod.ekSu w;sYhska jeo.;a f' jevigyka ms<sn| mfhaIKwOHhk" .%y ls" l%fudamdhs ie,iqlrKh" l%shd;aul lsu" iudf,dapkh iy
we.hS hkd iEu mshjrlu ia;%S-mqreI iudc;aj ixfNdjh iq/lSu i|yd fulS
YAf,aIKh l< o;a; w;HdjYHfhka Wmfhda.S f' fufia ia;%S-mqreI jYfhka
fNaokh l< o;a; u.ska ia;S%-mqreI iudcNd iudc;ajhg wod< jQ ldrKd t<sor
lsu iy meye,s lr .ekSu myiq f' fYaIfhkau im;aj,g m%fYh iy tajd
md,kh lsu" Y%u fNAokh iy ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,sh hkd lreKq inkaOfhka
ldka;djkaf.a iy mskaf.a idfmalaI ;;a;ajh tuska meye,sj uek.; yelsh'
mqreIhska fukau ia;%Skao ixjOkfha l%shdldka jk nj;a" mqreIhskag jvd fjkia

wdldrfha iSud ndOlj,ska Tjqka îa;%Ska& fndfyda g md,kh flfrk nj;a ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh ms<sn| oekqj;anj iys; m%;sm;a;s ms<s.kS' Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d" nehdjka
iy m%uqL;d tlsfkldg fjkia h yels w;r" we;e g tlsfkl .eugo bv we;'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| oekqj;a nj iys; m%;sm;a;s j. y;rlg h<s;a fnh
yelsh'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| wmCImd;S m%;sm;a;s
(gender-neutral policies)
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| wmCImd;S m%;sm;a;s oekg mj;akd ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjfha in|;dj,g ndOd fkdlrhs' fuys ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjfha
fjkial ms<sn| oekqu" ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhskaf.a m%dfhda.sl wjYH;djkag
m%;spdr oelau i|yd Nd;d lrhs'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg iqfYaIS jQ m%;sm;a;s
(Gender-specific policies)
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg iqfYaIS jQ m%;sm;a;s fukau h ;;a;ajhla ;=<
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjfha fjkial ms<sn| oekqu" ia;%Skaf.a iy mqreIhskaf.a
m%dfhda.sl wjYH;djkag m%;spdr oelau i|yd Nd;d lrhs' fuu m%;sm;a;s
oekg mj;akd im;a iy j.lS Nckhg i ,nd fkdfohs'
171
fudhq,h 5
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| oekqj;a nj iys; m%;sm;a;s (Gender-aware policies)
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka f;dr m%;sm;a;s

(Gender-blind policies) (
fuu m%;sm;a;s ilia lsf fukau l%shd;aul lsf ia;%Skaf.a iy
mqreIhskaf.a wjYH;d w;r fjkial ykd .ekSug wiu;a f' fuf,i"
fun m%;sm;a;s oekg mj;akd ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjfha in|;d flfrys
mCI.%dyS jk w;r tneka tajdhska ia;%Ska neyer lsug fyda ia;%Ska iy
mqreIhska w;r oekg mj;sk wiudk;d ;jrg;a ;Sj% lsug bv we;'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh wkqj fjkia whqka fnodyk m%;sm;a;s
(Gender-redistributive policies) (
fjkia whqka fnod yk m%;sm;a;s ke;fyd;a mqkjHdma;s m%;sm;a;s ;=<ska
ia;%Ska iy mqreIhska w;r jvd;a iudk in|;d ksudKh lsu Wfoid oekg
mj;akd im;a iy j.lS fnu imQKfhkau fjkia lsug b,lal
lrhs' fuu m%;sm;a;s u.ska lrk uey;a u.ska ia;%Ska iy mqreIhka hk
fomdYajhu fyda tla lKavdhula muKla b,lal l< yelsh' ia;%S-mqreI
iudcNdjh wkqj fjkia whqka fnodyk m%;sm;a;s m%Odk jYfhkau ia;%SmqreI iudcNdh Wmdh ud.sl wjYH;djka flfrys flaka.; jk kuq;a
ldka;djkaf.a iajhx in, .ekau i|yd iydhl mirhla ksudKh
fjkila we;s jk wdldrfhka m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d bgq lsu olajdo b,lal
l< yelsh'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh iy wdh;ksl fjkia$jOkh

(Gender and organizational change)
wiu;=,s; jQ ia;%S-mqreI in|;d .ska .g mj;ajdf.k hdug fndfyda wdh;k odhl
jk nj meye,sh' ;jo iudchl fuu in|;d rgdjka idOkSh f,i fjkiaug
k fuu wdh;k iska ia;%S-mqreI ixf jQ jevigyka h;a lrka" tlS jHqyhka
;=< ia;%S-mqreI iu;=,s;;djh jOkh l< hq;= f' f i|yd fhda.H;u l%fudamdh
jkafka ia;%S-mqreI iuidOdrK m%;sm;a;s iy l%shd ud. uQ,m%jdy.; lsuhs' tfia
lsfuka wod< wdh;k ;=< iu;=,s; jQ wNHka;r jOkhla iy M,odhS;djhlao
wfmaCId l< yelsh'
172
fudhq,h 6
ikaksfokh
iy
kdhl;ajh
173
yekau
ikaksfokh" tk ;u woyia wfkla mqoa.,hd fj; fydka oekq
u kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSf b;d jeo.;a ldrKhls' h jD;a;Sh
i;s ldka;djla ;u ikaksfok yelshdj jOkh lr .ekSfuka flaj,a
lsf n,h iy wdh;khl" jD;a;Sh i;shl fyda rchl m%;sm;a;sj,g
n,mE lsf yelshdj jOkh lr .kshs' jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka
fYaIfhkau ikaksfok l=i,;d inkaOfhka ukd wjfndaOhla
,nd.ekSu jeo.;a jkafka tuska iuq; flaj,a lsf n,h
jOkh lrk neks' ukd ikaksfokh fYaIfhkau h mqoa.,fhl=
kdhl;ajfhka fy flfkla njg m;a lrhs' uyck inkaO;d
f.dvkd .ekSu iy ikaksfok YlH;d f.dvk.d .ekSu ;=<ska
kdhl;ajh f.dvkef`.a' f ksid fyd| ikaksfokh iy ll;ajh"
kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSf b;du jeo.;a jk l=i,;djhla jkafkah'
;jo jvd;a M,odhS f,iska ikaksfok yelshdj jOkh lsug k
wka wh bfha l;d lsug we;s yelshdj jOkh lr.; hq;=h'
fuys u;l ;nd.; hq;= jkafka ikaksfokh jdl iy ksjdl
hk fowdldrfhkau isjk nj;a wx. p,kfhka iy uqyqfKka fmkajk
yeS o ikaksfokfha fldgila nj;a h'
174
wfmaCIs; wruqKq
m%n, kdhl;ajhla <dlr .ekSug ikaksfokfha iy flaj,a lsf we;s
jeo.;alu ms<sn|j idlPd lsu'
h msila oekqj;a lrk g" Tjqka nqoa l,nkhlg Ndckh lrk g
iy .kqfokq lrk g" wka wh ;u u;hg tl`.lr .kafka flfiao iy
;u u;h wka whg id:lj ta;a;= .kajkafka flfiao hkak fidhd ne,Su'
uq,sl wruqKq
Objectives
ikaksfokh iy flaj,a lsu

inkaOfhka oekqj;aNdjh we;s lsu
iy iyNd.sjkakdf.a ikaksfok
yelshdjka jOkh lsu'
wdik ieleiau
Room
Arrangement
U wdldrfha yevh
wjYH ,shlsh,s
Materials and
Handouts

w;am;%sldj
l%ufoh
Methodology
mj fmdhska bm;a ls" iuQy

l%shdldrl" m%fndaOk l%Svd" m%Yak iy
W;a;r" fhda oYk" ;%
wjYH iydhl
WmlrK Training
Aids

w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" yd*aIS" mEka" udialska
fma l;=re" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" u,a hd
fm%dfclagrhla'
ld,h
Duration
meh 3 hs'
ieisfha
wka;.;h
Session Plan
flaj,a lsu$.kqfokqldr n,h

ukd ikaksfokh
ikaksfok l%fudamdhka
175
fudhq,h 6
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka mqoa., ikaksfokh mj;ajdf.k hkafka flfiao

hkak ms<sn|j fjka jYfhka f.k Yaf,aIKh lsu'
m<uq ieish
flaj,a lsu$.kqfokqldr n,h
yekau
f.da,ShlrKh" Y%u fj<|fmd< LKavkSlrKh" fm!oa.,sllrKh" iudc iy wdl
ixjOkh ;=< rcfha ldh Ndrh wvqfjka mj;sk nj wms oksuq' f.da,ShlrKh
yuqf jevlrk fiajlhskaf.a l;d lsf Yla;sh iy ksfhdackfha whs;sh ;yjqre
lrk wdh;k iy l%shdudhkao wvq fjka hk nj fmfka' lDIsldl llrejka"
wu;a lafIa;%fha jevlrk fiajl fialdjka iy wu;a whqka fiajh lrk
ixl%uKsl fiajlhska wd fndfyda fldgiaj,g iud.ufha ksoyi iy iduQysl
flaj,a lsf n,h wysj ;sf' llre whs;Sska Yla;su;a lr.; hq;=j we;s fujeks
fiajd ;;a;ajhka hgf;a jevlrk msi w;rg ldka;djka Yd, m%udKhla wh;a
w;r" Tjqkag ;u l;d lsf Yla;sh iy ksfhdackh lsf wjia:djka ke;su
/lshdf fjkialj,g ,laug u mdohs' iudc ixjdohkays mqreIhska yd iudkj
ldka;djkaf.a y`v u;=u ldka;d n,dNsjOkhg w;HjYH f' f ksid ldka;djka
jD;a;Sh i;sj,g je jYfhka iyNd.su muKla fkdj" Tjqkaf.a kdhl;ajh
;SrK .kakd ;ekaj, ksfhdackh fuka ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;d jevlrk
ia:dkhkays ;yjqre l< yelsh'
iuq; flaj,a lsu ;=<ska kd.; yels ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;djka rdYshla
mj;S' iu jevg iu jegqma" ld,h iu. jegqma jOl iy Wiia ,nd .ekSf mmdka
we;=,;a lsu" Wiia ,nd .ekSu" /lshdf wdrlaIdj iy .re;ajh ,eu" Y%du
hEf iudc wdrlaIKh" jD;a;Sh WmfoaYkh iy mqyqKqj" jD;a;Sh iqrlaIs;;dj iy
fi!LHh" <ud wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsu" odrld.dr fukau <ud jd iq/l= uOHia:dk
myiql kd .ekSu" /lshdj iy mjq,a ;h iunr lr .ekSf wjia:djka hkdh
inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh i;sj,g l< yels fiajdjka wlh' ukao fujeks b,a,S
iduQysl .siqj,g we;=,;a lsug jD;a;Sh i;sj,g flaj,a l< yels neks' f
ksid jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< flaj,a lsf n,h ldka;djka iska jOkh lr .;fyd;a"
ldka;djka /lshd wdY%s;j uqyqKmdk ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ fjkial
iy widOdrKl rdYshla uyrjd .ekSug yelsjkq we;' fuu flaj,a lsu iy
.kqfokqldr n,h jOkhlr .ekSf fmd lKavdhula fjkqfjka bm;a h
hq;=h' lKavdhf wNs,dIh ms<sUq jk whqka bm;au" Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdisl
fukau wNs,dIhka wdrlaId jk wdldrfhka ikaksfokh iy flaj,a lsu jeo.;a h'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh fjkqfjka flaj,a lsu jkdys kS;sfhka ;yjqre
lr we;s whS;ska kd .ekSug fukau jevlrk ia:dkfha ;yjqre h hq;=" tfy;a
wu;lfldg oud we;s whs;Ska n,.ekaug ;sfnk lu fuj,uls' f ksid flaj,a
lsu u`.ska kd.; yels ia;%S- mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djfha iy iuidOdrK;ajfha
whs;Ska fudkjdo hkak ms<sn|j oekqj;a u w;HjYH f'
176
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
1
kd 20 hs'
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
udl mEka" *a,sma pd
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( wdoY .kqfokqldr
uKav,hla Tiafia iduQysl flaj,a lsf
l%shdldrl
3 hs
iuq; flaj,a lsu ;=<ska ia;%S-mqreI
iudkd;au;djh ;yjqre lsu i|yd jD;a;Sh
i;shla iska kd.; yels whs;sjdisl fudkjdo
hkak meye,s lsug wdoY .kqfokqldr
uKav,hla msysgqjdf.k flaj,a lsu inkaOfhka
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a ikaksfok
l=i,;djhka hqKq lsu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh ;=klg fnokak'
tla lKavdhula fiajd fhdaclhska ^ysldr mdYjh& ksfhdackh lrkakka
jYfhkao wfkla lKavdhu jD;a;Sh i;s lKavdhu f,iskao wfkla
lKavdhu llre wud;HdxYh ksfhdackh lrk msi jYfhkao fnokak'
flaj,a lsu Tiafia ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh fjkqfjka fiajd

ia:dkh ;=< we;s .eg iy kd.; yels whs;Sska inkaOfhka my;
Wmldrl igyka fhdod.kak'
tfiau b,a,d isug iQodk jk whs;sjdisl fudkjdo hkak inkaOfhka
,sh,a,la l,ska ilid f.k th wod< mdYjhkag bm;a lrk wdldrh
mqyqKq lrjkak'
wfkl=;a mdYajhka bm;a lrkakd jQ woyia idjOdkj wid igykalr
.ekSu ms<sn|j wjfndaOh ,nd fokak' fuys ;u lKavdhu ;=< wka;
ikaksfokh we;slr .kakd wdldrh (inter-team communication skills)
kslaIKh lrkak'
tfiau wjidkfha ;u lKavdhu iu. idlPdfldg" fomdYajh iu.
idlPd jQ lreKq i,ld n,d (summarizing skills) ;ldkql+,j ;u b,a,S
bm;a lrkafka flfiao hk wjfndaOh ,nd fokak'
177
177
fudhq,h 6
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd iudkd;au;djh u; mokj fiajd ia:dkfha kd.;

yels whs;Sska fjkqfjka jD;a;Sh i;s lKavdhu fiajdfhdacl lKavdhu
yuq lrkq ,nk flaj,a lsula wdoY rmEula (Role Play) u.ska ksrEmkh
lrk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
fjkial
fkdlsu iy
jev lsf
.re;ajh
inkaOfhka
kd .; yels
whs;Sska
jegqma iy
m%;s,dN
inkaOfhka
kd.; yels
whs;Sska
ud;D wdrlaIdj
iy mjq,a
j.lS
inkaOfhka
kd.; yels
whs;Ska
fiajd lrk
ld,h
inkaOfhka
kd.; yels
whs;Sska
fi!LH"
wdrlaIdj iy
jev mirh
inkaOfhka
kd.; yels
whs;Sska
jD;a;Sh i;s l%shdldrl ke;fyd;a iud.ufha ksoyi ;yjqre

lsu'
,sx.fNaoh u; mok jQ fjkial msgqoelSu'
,sx.sl w;jr msgqoelSu'
jevmf,a isjk ysxikhka msgqoelSu'
/lshdjg n|jd .ekSf iy Wiia ,nd f iudk wjia:d
we;s lsu'
wOHdmk iy mqyqKq wjia:dj,g iu m%fYh ,nd u'
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< ldka;d y`v kxjd,Sug Okd;aul mshjr .ekSu
iu jevg iu jegqma ,nd .ekSu'
Y%du jegqma ,nd .ekSu'
lsish ixOdkhl fyda jHjidhl /lshd j.SlrKhg fhdod
.kakd j.SlrK l%ufoj,g n,mE lsu
m%jdyk m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu
ffjoH m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu
w;sld, ysl ,nd .ekSu
mdf;daIsl ,nd .ekSu
ksjdi m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSu
hefmkakka i|yd ukd ,nd .ekSu'
.NKS ldka;djkag iy lsfok ujrekag fjkial fkdlsf
m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsu iy Tjqkaf.a whs;Ska ;yjqre lsu
ud;D ksjdvq iy uQ,H m%;s,dN
/lshdf wdrlaIdj
m%ckk fi!LHh whs;Ska wdrlaId lsu iy fiajdjka
foumshkaf.a ffjoHuh wjYH;d i|yd ksjdvq ,nd .ekSu
orelug yod .ekSf ksjdvq
foumsh ksjdvq
<uhska /ln,d .ekSu ms<sn| myiql
jeyshka fyda wnd; wh /ln,d .ekSu i|yd myiql
uQ,sl jevlrk meh .Kk iy w;sld,
rd;%S jevuqr
wOld,Sk jev" kuHYS,Ss jevuqr iy mjq,a j.lS fjkqfjka
ksjdvq ,nd .ekSu
jdIsl f. iys; ksjdvq
urKh fyda fhda.h inkaO ksjdvq
ffjoH fyda wikSm ksjdvq
jdyh jeks fya;= u; mqoa.,sl ksjdvq
wOHdmkh fyda mqyqKqj i|yd ksjdvq
mdil Wmj" Y%ulaIu;d oHdj ke;fyd;a jev wOHhkh" fi!LH
iy wdrlaIdj ms<sn| lgq" wdrlaIdld WmlrK Nd;h" iqNidOk
myiql iy fiajdjka" wnd; ;;a;ajfha miqjk fiajlhska"
kj ;dlaIKfha n,mEu" t'whS'' iy taia jeks ;;a;ajhka hgf;a
kd.; yels whs;sjdisl
Source: ILO booklet on the issues and guidelines for gender equality bargaining
178
fojk ieish
ikaksfokh
yekau
we;e ldka;dfjda iajNdlj olaI ll;ajhla iys;j bmfo;s' Tjqyq ;ukaf.a woyia
wka wh fj; fkdmels,j bm;a lr;ss' f ksid ;u woyia ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=
nj lSug Tjqka Yla;sh we;slr .kshs' tfy;a ikaksfokh hkq yq ll;ajhg jvd
Tng .sh fohls' jD;a;Sh i;shlg" foaYmd,k mlaIhlg fyda kEu wdh;khlg
,s; ikaksfok Wmdhud.hla (Communication Strategy) ilid .; hq;=h' tfiau
foaYmd,khg msiSsug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka k h mqoa.,fhl= iska ;u mqoa.,sl
ikaksfok l%ufo iy Wmdhud.hla ilid .; hq;= f' Pkao jHdmdrhl
wfmalaIlhd iska ;u ikaksfok Wmdhud. ilid .ekSu Pkao igka ch.%yKh
lsf jeo.;a f'
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a ikaksfokh je hqKq lsug l%shd lsf m<uqj

jevlrk ldka;djkaf.a u;jdo iy woyiaj,g .re lsu fukau tu woyia" ;SrK
.ekSf l%shdj,sfha ie,ls,a,g .ekSsug jD;a;Sh i;s mshjr .; hq;=h' jD;a;Sh
i;sj, ikaksfok l%ufoh ke;fyd;a jD;a;Sh i;s ixialD;sh fld;r ldka;d
woyia ms<s.kakd ugul ;sfoehs fuys uid ne,sh hq;=h' ukao fndfyda jD;a;Sh
i;s mqreI uQ,sl jk w;r tajdfhys kdhl;aj ;k;=re fndfyda g orkafka mqreIhska
isks' fuys ldka;djkaf.a woyia iy u;jdohkag ys;lr mirhla jD;a;Sh i;s
;=< fkdue;sjQ g" iuia;hla jYfhka ikaksfokh hk wxYfhka ch.%yK w;am;a
lr .ekSug jD;a;Sh i;shlg fkdyels jkq we;' idukH jevlrk ia:dkhla
ie,ls,a,g f.k nejo jevlrk ia:dkfha M,odhS;djh /lSsug k hym;a
ikaksfokhla ;su wksjdh f' WodyrK f,i jevm,l isk mlaIljrhd
fyda wdh;k m%Odkshd ks;ru wie jpkfhka fiajlhskag nKska" is;a ojka
Tjqkaf.ka jev .kafka k th fiajl ldhlaIu;djh wvq iuia; M,odhS;djh
wvqug n,mdhs' fuhska f;are .; hq;= jkafka h flfkl=g we;s n,;, u;u
kdhl;ajh we;s fkdf hkakhs' ukao n,h we;s mlaIljrhd" wdh;k m%Odkshd
fyda foaYmd,k mlaI m%Odkshd ;u fiajlhskag$wkq.dlhskag jevlrk ia:dkfha
fyda mlaIh ;=< wi;=gqodhl mirhla Wodlr we;ak Tyq fyda weh n,h we;s
;eke;a;d i kdhl;ajh ,nd fok mqo.,fhl= njg m;a fkdjk neks' tfukau
ukd ikaksfokhla fkdue;s mqoa.,fhl=g fyd| kdhlfhl= ug wmyiq jk neks'
179
fudhq,h 6
ldhlaIu f,i ikaksfokh f.dvk`.d .ekSu hkakg ;udf.a woyia" fhdackd fyda
u;jdo m%n, wdldrfhka bm;a lsu fukau wka whf.a woyia ukdj wjfndaOlr
.ekSf yelshdjo we;=,;ah' h flfkla ;udf.a iarNd m%ldYkhka bm;a
lsu (self-assertion), yeisula f.dvkd .ekSu" h fohla inkaOfhka fydka
j.Nd.h (Probing) iy h fohlg ksjer m%;spdr oelau o (corrective feedback)
ikaksfokh hkakg we;=,;ah'
n,h we;s ;eke;a;d iska fok ksfhda.hka ;ud jf isk wh lsis m%Yak lsulska
f;drj ms<s.; hq;= hehs hk yeSu we;slr .ekSu fyd| kdhlfhl= ;=< ;sh hq;=
,laIKhla fkdjkafkah'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhska
ixLHdj
wNHdifha wruqK
1
kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
l;d meje;aug ud;Dld we;=,;a frda,a lrk ,o
lvodis fld," fhda leurdjla iy ;srhla" wdoY
rEmjdyskSs iuqL idlPdjla lsug jevigyk
fufyh jkafkla iy WmlrK
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( nqoa l,nkh
5 hs
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a ll;ajh" rEmjdyskSs
iuqL idlPd meje;af wjYH l=i,;d iy
wx. p,khka ms<sn|j kslaIKh lsu
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$foaYmd,kh iy kdhl;ajhg wod< ud;Dld 10 la muK f;dard f.k"
tla fld, lene,a,l tla ud;Dldjla ne.ska ,shd tu fld,fha we;s foa
fkdfmfkk f,i frda,a lrkak'
$$bkamiq frda,a lrk ,o fld, lene,a, iyNd.sjkakka isk foig isfldg"
tu fld, lene,a, ,enqkq mqoa.,hd iska tys we;s ud;Dldj ms<sn|j wjg
iskakka ;u Pkaoodhlhska hehs is;d kd myl foaYmd,k l;djla lrk
f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$fuys m%cd;ka;%jdoh" udOH ksoyi" ldka;djg tfrys ysxik r,Su" kS;sfha
wdm;Hh iq/lSu" <ud whs;Ska iq/lSu" llre whs;Ska /l.ekSu" uer
foaYmd,kh msgqoelSu jeks ud;Dld ,ndh yel'
$$iyNd.sjkakd l;d lrk wdldrh fydka kslaIKh lrk f,i wfkla
iyNd.slhskag Wmfoia fokak'
$$;jo fuu ieish m%dfhda.sl ikaksfok Wml%u iy WmlrK Nd;d lrka
iyNd.sjkakdf.a YlH;djh f.dvkefk wkaoka islsu jvd fhda.Hh
f' WodyrK f,i wka wh bfha l;d meje;aug ue,slula fyda ,ecdjla
olajk whg wdoY fldjla iy wdoY Y%djl mqoa.,hska iuQyhla
iyNd.sfldg wdoY l;djla mj;ajk f,i Wmfoia" tu l;d fhda
m.; lrkak'
180
180
$$miqj iyNd.sjkakd iska bm;a lrk ,o l;df lgy`v md,kh" wx.

p,khka iy jpk Nd;h flfia jqfhaoehs kslaIKh lrkak'
$$llhd iska bm;a lrk ,o ldrKd fydka jegyqfkao@ Ydl wx.
p,khka md l< whqre is;a .;af;ao@ llhd iska ;jrg;a jOkh
lr.; hq;= wx.hka fudkjdo@ hkak iyNd.slhska iu. idlPdfldg" iEu
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djlf.au ll;ajh iy ikaksfok l=i,;d je hqKq
lsug mshjr .kak'
$$ikaksfokfha jOkh h hq;= wx. idlPd lsf jd;d lr .kakd
,o fhda mgh" l;dj bm;a l< mqoa.,hdg kej; fmfkkakg i,iajd"
ta ta mqoa.,hd iska ;jrg;a jOkh lr .; hq;= wx.hka fudkjdoehs
inkaOfhka nqoa l,nkh lrkak'
$$ikaksfok Ifhys fYaI{hl= iu.ska fuu ieish meje;afuka jvd
jdisodhl m%;sM, ,nd.; yelsf'
$$wkHhka bfha ;u woyia oelaug h olajkakkaag lKakdhla bhg
f.dia l;d mj;ajd l,a;shd mqre jk f,i iyNd.slhskag Wmfoia ug
mqyqKqlrejdg yelsh'
$$;ju;a jvd fyd| ikaksfok yelshdjla ,ndf.k fkdue;s ldka;djkag
Yla;sh iy ffOhh Wmojd,Su i|yd ll;ajfhka wkQk ldka;djkaf.a
ikaksfok yelshdjka fhda m.; lsulska fyda fjk;a l%uhla u.ska
m%oYkhfldg jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka in, .ekaug mshjr .kak'
$$fuu ieish wjikajQ miq wdoY rEmjdyskSs iuqL idlPd uehla ksudKh
lrkak' jevigyk fufyhjkafkla iy jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka ;sfofkla
f.k jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k whs;Ska inkaOfhka jk
iuqL idlPdjla fufyhjkak'
$$tfiau fuu iuqL idlPdj leurd iy fhda m.; ls iys;j
islrkak' ienE rEmjdyskS ;srhla we;s wdldrfhka fuu idlPdj
islrkak' tfiau idlPdj fufyhjkakd f,iska ta inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh
ugf mqoa.,fhl= inkaOlr .; yels k ieish jvd;a m%fhdackj;a
fukau id:l jkq we;'
$$tfiau jD;a;Sh i;s inkaOfhka islrkakd jQ wr.,hla fyda jev
jckhla jd;d lsug mefKk udOH leurdjlg uqyqK fokafka flfiao
jvd;au jeo.;a mKsvh ,nd fokafka flfiao hkak;a fuu mqyqKq ieisfhka
wdjrKh l< hq;=h'
181
fudhq,h 6
$$fyd| ikaksfok l=i,;djhla mej;Su fya;=fjka kdhl;ajhg m;ajQ

mqoa.,hskaf.a p; ,laIK fudkjdoehs wOHhkhfldg n,d" ;udf.a
kdhl;aj Yla;sh jOkh lr .kafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j iajhx
we.ehSula lr .ekSug iyNd.sjkakka fhduq lrkak'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wjYH myiqldrlhska
ixLHdj
wNHdifha wruqK
2
kd 20 hs
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
fld, lene,a,la
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh( nqoa l,nkh
1 hs
ikaksfokfha uQ,sl .=Kdx. ykd.ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ lKavdhu rjqulg le|jkak'
$$ tla wfhl=f.a lkg lr mKsvhla ,nd fokak'
$$ tu mKsvh" lkska lkg" wka whg kEfik fia fika rjqf isk
wfkla whg yqjudre lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$ ldka;djkag Pkaoh fuka hymd,kh f.dvke.sh yelsh jeks mKsvhla
fuys Nd;d l< yelsh'
$$ tla mqoa.,fhla u.ska wfkla mqoa.,hdg jYfhka fuu mKsvh lKAvdhu
jf hejQ g tu mKsvh ta wdldrfhkau kej; <d jQfha oehs n,kak'
fuys fndfyda g oelsh yelafla uq,a mKsvh wjidk mqoa.,hska fj;
<`.d jkafka lD;s fuka miqj njhs'
$$ lka lgg hjk ,o mKsvhl uq,a yevh fjkia lD;s wjidk
.%dylhd fj; <d h yels nj f u.ska fmkajd fokak'
$$ fuu WodyrKh wdY%s;j hym;a iy l%shdld ikaksfokfha
(Effective Communication) ie,lsh hq;= lreKq iy uQ,sl wx. fudkjdoehs iuQy
l%shdldrl weiqka idlPd lrkak'
$$ kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSu i|ydjk .ufka l%shdld ikaksfokfha we;s
jeo.;alu ms<sn|j idlPd lrkak' tfiau ikaksfokfha l< hq;= iy
fkdl< hq;= oE fudkjdoehs hk wjfndaOh ,nd fokak'
182
182
ikaksfokfha u;l
;nd.; hq;= lreKq
ikaksfokh hkakg jpk iy Yo ;=<ska lrkakdjQ jdl ikakfokh o wx.
p,khka" wNskhka iy ,s; foaj,a o we;=,;a jkafkah'
kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d ;u wdh;kfha" jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< fyda foaYmd,k
mlaIh ;=< ;u lKavdhu iu. hym;a ikaksfokhla ;nd .; hq;=h'
;u ikaksfokh Tiafia <d fjk m%cdj ke;fyd;a Y%djl ckhd ljqrekao

hkak ykdf.k l;d lrk NdIdj iy ,dYh fjkia lsu jeo.;a h' wka
whf.a wjOdkh fhduqjk wdldrfhka Tjqkag wjfndaO jk NdIdjlska l;d lsu
jvd m%;sM,odhl f' foafia yehg ndfia hkqfjka idudkH ck jyf tkafka
fuu .=Kdx.hhs' mirhg wkqj mdg fjkiajk lgqiaidf.a m%;sm;a;sh fuka
ck fldGdYh wkqj ;u NdId ffY,sh fjkia lsfuka h flfkl=g wid
iskakdf.a wjOdkh kd.; yels jkq we;' Tjqka fj; im h yelsjkq we;'
;ud iska h fohla ikaksfokh lrkakg iQodk jk mqoa.,hskaf.a" m%cdjf.a
ixialD;sh l=uk wdldro hkak wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ldrKhls' ;efka yehg
wefKa frdauhg .sh g frdaukaldrfhl= fuka yeisu wd fhj,ska fmkakq
lrkafka fulS wjYH;djhhs' ikaksfokh lrk hula ndr .ekSug fyda th wka
wh fj; <d lsug hdf fuu ixialD;sh inkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq l<
hq;=h' f wkqj Tnf.a ikaksfokh ixialD;shg .e,fmk wdldrfhka isl<
hq;=h'
ikaksfokfha hula m%ldY lrkg ta inkaOfhka fo.shdfjka m%ldY
fkdfldg" ta ms<sn|j oekqj;a ;eke;af;l= fuka Yajdifhka hq;=j l;d l<
hq;=h' ke;fyd;a wid iskakd Tn lshk foa Yajdi fkdlrkq we;'
183
fudhq,h 6
kEu mqoa.,fhl= iska ldhlaIu ikaksfokhla we;slr .ekSsu ;h i|yd

b;d jeo.;ah' ;ukaf.ka m%Yakhla weiQ g ksjer ld, mrdihla ;=< ms<s;=re
u ,sms iy oHq;a ;eme,aj,g ms<s;=re b;d fl ld,hla ;=< hefuka ldhlaIu
ikaksfokhla we;s lr .; yel'
;u ksjfia idudlhska iu. tk ;udf.a iehd iu. fyda | iu." orejka

iy ;=rka iu. m<uqj hym;a ikaksfokhla mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;ah' ukao Tn
lrkafka l=ulao hkak ;ud <ska isk msi m%:ufhkau oekqj;afldg ;eu
ikaksfokfha w;HjYH wx.hla jk neks'
fydka ijka u ikaksfokfhau fldgils' f ksid iEugu wka whf.a
woyiaj,g idjOdkfhka weyqlka u jeo.;a f' l%shdld ijkau (Active
Listening) ;=<ska h fohla ms<sn|j ksis wjOdkh fhduq lsug iy tald.%;djhg
m;a ug bv i,ihs'
my; i|yka m%fndaOk l%Svdj u.ska l%shdld ijkau hkq l=ulaoehs

myod fokak'
Seven up îjka u" iqmlaIdj" laIKsl m%;spdrh&

iyNd.sjkakkag rjqula iefok f,i lshkak' tla wfhlaf.ka mgka f.k wxl
tfla isg yh olajd wxl Yo k`.d .Kka lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak' f wkqj
m<fjkshd wxl tl;a fojekshd wxl fol;a Yo kd lshjk w;r yh fjkshd
wxl 6 lshQ miq" y;a jekshd wxl 7 fkdlsh hq;= nj;a" tA fjkqjg ol=Kq w; fyda
j w; Tjg ;eh hq;= njg;a Wmfoia fokak' j w; Tj u; ;ndf.k
we;af;a k kej; j w; me;af;ka wxl 1 isg 6 olajd .Kka l< hq;= w;r wxl
7 meKs ;eke;a;d wx. p,kfhka ol=Kq w; fyda j w; Tjg ;eh hq;=h'
ol=Kq w; ;ndf.k we;af;a k h<s .Kkh lsu wdrN l< hq;= jkafkaa ol=Kq
w; me;af;a isk ;eke;a;d isks' f wdldrfhka ksjerj wxl fkdlshkakd fyda
wxl 7g wod<j wx. p,k fkdlrkakd ;rfhka bj;a fjhs' wka;su fofokd
b;s jk ;dla fuu l%%Svdj l< yelsh' l%Svdj ;jrg;a ixlSK lsug wjYH
kîyNd.sjkakka f.a wOHdmk ugu ie,ls,a,g /f.k& wxl 25 fyda 50 olajd
.Kka lrk f,i okajd wxl 7 fyda wxl 7 fhfok b,lal fyda wxl 7 ka fnfok
b,lal lsheug isjk wjia:djkaj, tu wxlh lshkakg isjk mqoa.,hdg
by; wldrhgu w; Tf ;nd.kakd f,i oekq fokak' WodyrK f,iska wxl
7" 14" 21" 28 hkd jYfhka jQ 7 ka fnfok ixLHdjka fukau 17" 27 jeks 7
b,lalu fhfok ixLHd o .; yel' fuu m%fndaOk l%Svdfjka fmkakq lrkafka
iqmlaIdldj iy l%shdldj ijka f jeo.;aluhs'
tfiau ;uka ms<sn|j wka wh lrk fpkj,g nqoau;aj ms<s;=re h hq;=

w;r jevodhl fpk (Constructive Criticism) ms<s.ekSu ikaksfokfha jeo.;ah'
fndfyda g we;e fofkla m%;smlaI woyia m%ldY fkdlrkafka" h fyda wukdm
f hehs is;d jk w;r" we;uqka flfia fyda n,h we;a;df.a fyd| ys; kd
.ekSf wruqKska m%;sreoaO woyia m%ldY fkdlr ish yel' fuf,i olajk
mlaImd;lu ienE mlaImd;lula fkdjk nj u;l ;nd .; hq;=h'
184
iuq;shg bv ,nd foka reoaO u;j,g bvu fyd| ikaksfokhl

,laIKhls'
m%;smlaI woyia uqukska m%;slafIamfldg ;u woyi fyd|u woyi f,i
f.dvkexug W;aidy lsu id:l ikaksfokhla fkdf'
hym;a ikaksfokhla is lrkakd iska ixjdoj,g leue;a; olajk w;r
n,y;aldrh ms<sUq jk whqka lvy`v Nd;d lrkq fjkqjg ldreKsl nka hq;a
lgy`v Nd;d lrhs' tfy;a fuys lgyf` .dNSr;ajh ;nd .ekSug u;l ;nd
.; hq;=h'
l;djla meje;af ;ud fok mKsvh wjxl tlla h hq;=h' fndre iy ysia
jpk l;d lsfuka wid iskakdf.a wjOdkh ke;sj hkafkah'
l;dj wdrN lsug fmr fydka yqiaula f.k fudfyd;la is;kak'
wdrlaIK ikaksfokh (Defensive Communication) fjkqjg iqyoYsS,Ss ikaksfokhla
<d lr .; hq;=h'
fyd| kdhlhd hulg tl fkdjk go "tl fkdjk nj m%;sfrdaO;djka
we;s fkdjk wdldrfhka mejiSug okshs' f ksid flaka;s fkdf.k bjiSfuka
hqla;j frdaO;djhka bm;a lrkafka flfiao hkak ms<sn|j o bf.k .;
hq;=h'
ikaksfokfha uq,ska ;u woyia imsKavkh lr .ekSu jeo.;ah' ;ud m%ldY
lrkakg hkafka fudkjdo hkak l,ska is;d iQodk fuka l;dj mj;ajdf.k
hEf f.dkq lr.;a lreKq ksi.fhka .,df.k tkq we;' fyd|u woyia
imsKavkh lrkak'
mjfmdhska fhdodf.k m.Kl wdY%s;j l;djla mj;ajkafka k" tla m>Kl

msgqjlgîa,hs tllg& tla woyila f.dkqjk f,i;a wl=re w;r meye,s
mr;rhla ;sfnk f,i;a fl jdlH fyda rEmj,ska ilid .; yel'
foaYkhla lrkafka k wid iskakd ;u foaYkh iu. isk nj meye,s lr
.ekSug w;ru Tng ud lshk foa jegfykjdo@ Tn ;du;a ud iu.o@ jeks
m%Yak ke`.sh yel' tfiau wikakdf.a weia ;ud fj; fhduq we;aoehs hkak jka
jr kslaIKh l< hq;=h'
l;djla meje;af mirfha fyda Yo ldYk hka;%j,ska t,a, jk ndOd
wju lr .ekSu jeo.;ah' tfia ke;sk Tnf.a lgy`vg jvd mdil n,mEu
je l;dj wid isu wm%ikak w;aoelSula jkq we;'
iuyr g l;djla mj;ajk g Tnf.a ;k;=r fyda ks,h .ek wid iskakd
fkdokakjd h yel' idukH ckhd ;k;=rg fyda ks,hg .relrk neka ;ud
ykajdug fjk;a flfkl= fhdod .; yelsh' tfia ke;fyd;a l;dj w;r;=r
185
fudhq,h 6
m>Kl Wmld lrf.k l;dj lrkafka k yeS Wmojk mska;+r iy

oDYHudk foa fmkakq lrkak'
;ud ljqo hkak ta;a;= .efkk wdldrfhka jdlHhla folla l;djg we;=,;a
lsug u;l ;nd .kak' WodyrK f,i m%dfoaYSh iNd iNdm;skshla yehg ud
jev ndr f.k wjqre 3la .; we;s f fufydf;a Tnj weu;Sug ,eu Nd.Hhla
fldg i,lkjd jeks lshuka fhdod .; yel'
l;dj ;=<g Yaf,aIKd;aul f;dr;=re f.dkq lrkak' o;a; yd ixLHd f,aLk
we;=,;a lrkak' ukao ixLHd f,aLk ;=<ska l;djl i;HNdjh iy m%Yakfha
ne?reNdjh fmkakq l< yels neks'
l;djla meje;af ;ud lshk ,shk foh flfrys YajikSh;ajh we;sjk
m th isl< hq;= f' WodyrK f,i hqoaOh ksid Y%S ,xldf ,laI foll
ck.ykhla urKhg m;a jQ nj ;u l;df bm;a lrkafka k" ;ud o;a;
,nd .;a uq,dY%h oelafuka mKsvfha YajdikSh;ajh ;yjqre jkq we;'
ikaksfokfha ;ldkql+, l;d we;=,;a lrkak' Wmud m%ia:d msre wdh
we;=,;a lrkak' WodyrK fyda isoa we;=,;a lrkak'
ixf foaj,aa îs" jd;d fyda fjk;a& wdY%fhka ikaksfokh lsf wid
iskakdf.a yoj; lmdjg m;afjk wdldrfhka iy tu .egj inkaOfhka
l%shd;aul ug msula iy ixfNdjhla we;s jk wdldrfhka is lrkak'
ikaksfokfha .eg mo fyda mdNdIs; jd.a ud,djka fyda fkdf;afrk jpk
Nd;d fkdlrkak'
uq," ueo" w. l;dj flfia h hq;= oehs is;kak' wjidk lrk g wid iskakdg
f.or f.k .sh yels mKsvhlska fyda lshuklska wjika lrkak' th n,j;a h
hq;=h' h flfkl=g u;l ysk wdldrfha mKsv ,nd fokak'
kjl;djla fyda ;%mhla fyda m%jD;a;s jd;djla ;=<o wid iskakdf.a wjOdkh
kd .; yels wdldrfha Yla;sh ;sh hq;=h' tfiau tu l;dj ;=<ska mKsvhla
,nd h hq;=h' mKsvhla ke;s l;djla lsu ;=<ska wid iskakdf.a wjOdkh
fhduqlrjd .ekSu wiSre jkafkah'
l;djla meje;af l;d lSf ffY,sh we;=,;a lrkak' tf,iu h l;djla
lSf thg kdgHdfrdamK ffY,shla we;=,;a lsu jeo.;ah' lgy~ Wia my;a
lsu fyda md,kh lsu o m%fhdackj;a f'
h l;djla lsug wdrOkdjla ,enqKq g Y%djl ckhd fldhs wdldrfha msilao
hkak oek.ekSu Tjqkaf.a foaYmd,k oelau" ixialD;sl miqu jeks lreKq l,ska
oek .ekSfuka Y%djlhkaf.ka t,a, h yels m%;sfrdaOhkag fydka m%;spdr
oelah yel'
we;e jdlH tl j;djlg jvd kej; mqkrdj;kh lsfuka ;ukag wjOdrKh
l< hq;= lreKq myiqfjka iNdj fj; ,ndh yel'
l;djla meje;af fmryqre wNHdihka islsu m%;sM,odhl f' fuys ,nd
we;s f,dj ;=< ;u l;dj ixOdkh lr.; yelsh' f wkqj l;djla meje;af
f,dj l<ukdlrKh lr .ekSu jeo.;a h' jqqfrda ,aika (Woodrow Wilson) iska
186
ikaksfokh i|yd iqodk f jeo.;alu olajd we;af;a fufiah' ug kd

10laa l;d lsug we;ak ta i|yd iqodk ug ug i;shla wjYHhs' ug we;af;a
kd 15la k k ;=kl iQodk ula wjYH f' ug we;af;a meh Nd.hla k
iqodk u i|yd k folla wjYHh' ug mehl f,djla we;af;a k uu f
oekau iQodk h' (If I am to speak for ten minutes, I need a week for preparation;
if fifteen minutes, three days; if half an hour, two days; if an hour, I am ready now)
tfiau l;djla lsf wu;l fkdh hq;= lreKq u;lfha rojd .ekSug tu
lreKq l=vd ld m;l igyka lr foaYkh lrk ia:dkfha ;nd .kak'
l;djla meje;af mjikd fohg .e,fmk wdldrfhka wx. p,khka is
lrkak' llhd iy Y%djlhska weig wei yuqjk f,i jd isu (Eye Contact)
jeo.;a f' tfiau llhd yeugu weig wei yuqjk f,iska wjOdkh fhduq
l< hq;=h'
l;djla meje;aug iNdjlg hEf Tf fmkqu inkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak' ;ekg W; wdldrfhka we| me<| .ekSu iy ms<sfj,g we` weu
kdhl;ajfha jeo.;a f'
l;djla meje;af jpk w;r f.h md,kh lsu wjYH f' ke;fyd;a wid
iskakdg jgyd .ekSug wmyiq jkq we;'
kdhlh;ajh <dlr .kakd .ufka wka wh ;udg kskaod l<fyd;a fmr,d
kskaod lsug fkdhkak' ikaksfokh ;=< wfkldg kskaod lsug hdfuka
fndfyda wh ;udg ,efnk Pkao fyda ck;djf.a leue;a; ke;slr .kS'
wka wh inkaOfhka mQj ks.uk lsfuka je<lSuo ikaksfokfha jeo.;ah'
mQj ks.uk ;=<ska h mqoa.,hska ms<sn| ks.ukj,g fkdt<eh hq;=h'
Tn foaYmd,kfha kshef,k g mdm iy lgl;d ikaksfokfha fldgila

njg m;a fkdlr.; hq;=h' h fohla lrkg fndfyda g t,a, jkafka
fpkhs' M, we;s relg .,a jkakd fia tjka fpk WfmlaIdfjka bjish
hq;=h' fpkj,g ms<s;=re nkq fjkqjg ksYaYoj ;udf.a .uk hd hq;=h'
fpkhg yqrejQ flkd Tn l=ula l<;a fpkh lrkq we;' my; ckl;dfjka
u;l ;nd .ekSug we;af;a wka whf.a fpkj,g ijkau ;=<ska ch.%yKfha
udjf;a .uka lsug fkdyels njhs'
187
fudhq,h 6
tfiau hym;a ikaksfokh ;=< h flfkla fpkh lsfuka j<lshs'

ukao wka wh fpkh lsfuka fndfyda g iDKd;aul m%;srEmhla ;ud fj;
wdfrdamKh f bvlv jejk neks'
kla nQrejdf.a msf ke`. .ukla hdug msg;ajQ ;d;a;d iy mq;dg uqyqKug isjQ
isoah u;l ;nd .kak' tu .ufka mq;d nQrejd msf ke`. hkg ;d;a;d mhska
hjka ;reK mq;d nQrejd msf hkjd hehs u`. fomi iskakka iska fpkh
lrk ,' tu fpkhg ijka fuka miqj mshd nQrejd msf ke`. mq;d mhska
.uka hk g mq;d mhska hjka ;d;a;d nqrejd msf hkjd hehs u`. fomi
iskafkda fpkh l<y' bka miqj mshd iy mq;d hk fofokdu nQrejd msf ke`.
.uka lf<dah' wysxil nQrejdf.a msg Wv ;reK ksiqka fofofkla hk ye y
le;hs lshka u`. fomi ishjqka fpkh l<y' bka miqj mshd iy mq;d nqrejd
lf ;shdf.k .uka lrkakg h' wkqkaf.a fpk ish,a,gu weyq lka foka
wkqka lshk wdldrhgu lghq;= lrkakg .sh mshd iy mq;d nqrejdo lr.yf.k
tAoKavlska tf.dv ug f.dia .g je ;=jd, is urKhg m;ah'
ndysr ikaksfokh
fyda wdh;khla
;=< ikaksfokfha
ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
h wdh;khla" jD;a;Sh i;shla" foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda wfmalaIlfhl=
iska ;udf.a ndysr ikaksfok b,lal ykd .; hq;=h' ndysr ikaksfok

l%fudamdh wNHka;l wdh;kfha fyda mlaIfha fyda jD;a;Sh i;sfha kdhlhd
fyda Odhl lgqj iu tlj islsu jeo.;a f' ukao ;ukag jvd by,ska
isk ks,Odhdf.a leue;a; fkdue;s g" h mqoa.,fhl=g ndysr ikaksfok
l%shdoduh h;a lsug fkdyels jk neks' f ksid wdh;khla ;=< ndysr
ikaksfokh islrkafka flfiao hkak ,shd oelau jeo.;ah'
lsish wdh;khla fyda jD;a;Sh i;shla fyda foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda ;u
ikaksfok l%shdj,sh ;=<g iduQysl ka;khla (Group Thinking) we;=,;a lr.;

hq;=h' ukao ndysr ikaksfokh islsf wdh;kfha fndfyda wh fkdokakd
wdldrfha mKsv iy o;a; msglsfuka wdh;kfha iEu fofklau tu
ikaksfokfha fldgialrejka fkdjkq we;s neks'
ikaksfok l%fudamdh ;=< .=ld,Sk iy flld,Sk wruqKq hk folu we;=,;a

h hq;=h'
188
mlaIhla fyda jD;a;Sh i;shla .;fyd;a tajdfha oYkh" wNsm%dh" mrud: iy

jkdl fudkjdo hkak ikaksfokh ;=< we;=,;a h hq;=h'
h wdh;khla fyda mlaIhla ;=< iudlhska iska ms<smeh hq;= ;s moaO;shla

f k th ,shd oelau fyd| ikaksfok l%ufohls'
ldhlaIu ikaksfokhla ;=< we;s .=Kdx.
Source: Principles of Strategic communication Guide, US Department of Defense, 2008
m%;sm;a;s imdolhska iy uyck u;h fjkia lsug iu;ajk wdldrfhka Tnf.a

wdh;kfha ikaksfok l%fudamdh idod .; hq;=h'
hlsis fj<| NdKavhla l=Kd .ekSug id:l fj<| oekaula wjYH jkakdfiau"
m%cdj fjkqfjka Tn wdh;kfha fyda mlaIfha we;s oYkh Tjqka Ndr .kakd
wdldrfhka lsKSug we;s yelshdj ikaksfokh ;=< jOkh lr.; hq;=h'
wka wh ;udf.a u;hg fyda oYkhg tljk wdldrfhka fmd<Ujd .ekSug

ke;fyd;a wNsfm%arKh jk wdldrfhka ikaksfokh l< hq;=h'
tfiau Tnf.a ke;fyd;a wdh;kfha lS;sh jOkhlr .kakd wdldrfhka

Okd;aul ikaksfokfha fhh hq;=h'
189
fudhq,h 6
ikaksfok l%fudamdh wdh;kfha m%OdkSkaf.a wkq.%yh ,nd.ekSu

Leadership-driven
ikaksfok l%fudamdh i;Hjdu iy YajdikSh;ajh we;s lrkakla u
Credible
wkHhka ;=< iudc ixjdo iy woyia yqjudre lsug fmd<Ujkakla u
Dialogue
ck iudcfha iEu fokd flfrys <djk m iyfhda.h we;s lrkakla u
Unity
ksh; f,djg ksjer mqoa.,hska fj; y mKsvh heug we;s yelshdj
Responsive
ikaksfokh <d jkakdf.a leue;a; ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lrkakla u
Understanding
h l%shdjla islsula fyda fkdlr yeula hk folu ;=<ska mKsvhla me;sr
mj;sk nj
Pervasive
ldhlaIu;dj uek ne,Sug oYlhla f,i ikaksfokh Nd;d l< yelsu
iy m%;sM, iys; u'
Results-based
Yaf,aIKh" ie,iq lsu iy l%shd;aul lsu i|yd ikaksfokh odhl u
Continuous
ikaksfok l%fudamdh ;=< fok mKsvh l=ulaoehs iqmlaIdldj is;d jOkh

l< hq;=h'
h mqoa.,fhl=g hlsis mKsvhla fyda hula lSug we;sg" uqyqKg uqyqK lSu
fyda /iaulg le|jd idlPd lsu jeo.;a h' ;=ka jk mdYajhla ,jd tu
mKsv ,ndu ;=<ska ikaksfokfha uQ,sl .eg we;s jkafkah'
ikaksfokh cd,.; f jeo.;a f' ksjer fukau i;H ikaksfokh ;=<ska

Yajdijka; cd,.;j,g yelshdj ,ef' ukao ikaksfokh ldhlaIu iy
Yajdijka; jkg jefhka ck;dj ta jgd frdlaf'
ikaksfokh O lafIa;% iy ug olajd ysh hq;= w;r my; i|yka igyk
udOH
;=<ska ikaksfokh <d h hq;= fCIa;% iy wdldr |yd olajhs'
mqj;am;a idlPd
uqs; ksfok
mqj;am;a oeka iy oHq;a udOHh
tia't'tia' ke;fyd;a fl mKsv
iuqL idlPd
fj w iy f,d.a
f*aia nqla jeks iudh udOHhka
Pkao odhlhka
wd.l kdhlhka
;reK fldgia
ldka;djka
<uqka
jHdmdl m%cdj
;=re iud. iy iudc cd,
mjqf,a Woh
im ;=rka iy wi,a jeishka
jevlrk ia:dkfha ;=rka
jD;a;Sh i;s
.=rejreka
foaYmd,k kdhlhka
YsIH m%cdj
reoaO mdlaIslhka
j
d
m%c
190
Pkao m;%sldjla ksudKh lsf fyda foaYmd,kh i|yd

ikaksfokh lsf ie,lsh hq;= lreKq
1' Tnf.a mKsvh meye,s h hq;=h'
2' mKsvh" ck;dj we tk wdldrfhka ksudKh h hq;=h'
3' mKsvh je fofkl= fj;g hEug yels jk wdldrfhka m%pdrKh h
hq;=h'
4' iudc cd, yryd ;u mKsvh ,nd f" Tn mj;ajkq ,nk l;d iy
iudh W;aijhkays PdhdrEm m, lrkak'
5' f*aianqla jeks iudc cd, yryd foaYmd,kh ms<sn| woyia fnod.kak'
6' ms<s.;a uyck u;hla we;s whf.a lshuka Tnf.a Pkao jHdmdrhg fhdod
.kak' Tjqka ,jd Tn ms<sn| lshuka ,shjd .kak'
7' foaYmd,kfha kshe,Sf fhdajl fyda ch.%yKhl mKsv heu ;=<ska
;u Pkao odhlhd iu`. inkaO;d ;nd.ekSu i|yd ikaksfokhla is
lrkak'
8' w;a wjqre iqN me;=" Wmka k" fjila" k;a;,a jeks ixialD;sl
;fha wx. Wfoid mqoa.,sl iqN me;= m;a hefuka Pkao odhlhd iy
foaYmd,k{hd w;r iqyo ikaksfokhla mj;ajd .; yelsh' f ksid
Pkaoodhlhd iu mqoa.,sl ikaksfokfha fhfokak'
9' u;l ysk wruqKq jdlHhla ke;fyd;a wdoY mdGhla (Motto) ;udf.a
Pkao m;%sldjg iy Pkao jHdmdrhg fhdod .kak'
11' tfiau fmdaiagj, iy mqj;am;aj, m, lsug iqiq iskd uqiq uqyqKla iys;
PdhdrEmhla jD;a;Shuh PdhdrEm Ys,amsfhla fj;ska ksu lrjd .; hq;=h'
12' ksrka;rfhkau ;udf.a foaYmd,k lldj oHdudk jk wdldrfhka
mqj;am;a idlPd" Pkao oekau" rEmjdyskS iuqL idlPd we;= kj
;dlaIKh Tiafia f*aianqla" g" hQhq (facebook, youtube, twitter) jeks
iudc cd,j, mKsv ksl=;a l< hq;=h'
191
fudhq,h 6
10' Pkaohla b,a,Su i|yd wxlhla iy ,dxPkhla ,nd we;s g tajd ukdj
oYkh jk wdldrfhka uqKh l< hq;=h'
w;a m;%sld
ikaksfokh iy kdhl;ajhg wod<j jeo.;a jk ksjpk
tAldlD;s ke;fyd;a wkkH;d-iSudlrKhg tfrys ck udOH ksfoaY
ckudOH ;=< ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wkkH;d-iSudlrKh ^wkkH;djh u; islrk
iSud lsu& ke;fyd;a taldlD;s u`.yeu i|yd udOHfka i|yd jk fmd ksfoaY
my; oelaf'
ia;%shla ykajdfok g" WodyrKhla f,i ia;a uy;df.a | f,i
fkdj" tu ia;%shg wod< moh" ku" iy jHdlrK Nd;d lsug ie,ls,su;a
h hq;=h'
ia;%Ska inkaOfhka mj;sk yrfhkau iSudld jk ^WodyrK' ih ore
ujl& fyda fjk h wdldrhlska ia;%Ska iqfldg ;lk" wjuka lrk" iy
whq;= f,i md jk fyda iudc.; wfmalaIdj,g hg;a jk ia;r ls
j,ska je<lsh hq;=h'
w.;s.d ;;a;ajhg keUqrejla we;s ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjuh N+ld mejf
m%fY h hq;=h' ms fyh iy .eyeKq fodia;r hk fh" ia;s%hla
fodia;r flfkl= u;a" msfhla id;a;= fiajfha fhu;a widudkH fyda
wiajdNdl fohla f,i yjk w;r tajd yrfhkau ,sx.fNaojd f'
,sx.hka folu l,ska kshu flreKq ,laIK iuQyhlg iSud fkdlr imQK
ukqIHhska f,i ksrEmKh lsug W;aidy .; hq;=h'
jdoh iuia; jYfhka mq,a lsf iy ia;%S mqreI iudcNd iudk;djh
inkaOfhka oekqj;alu m%jOkh lsu i|yd odhlf Tnf.a m%foaYh
;=< ia;%Skag jeo.;a jk ienE m%Yak inkaOfhka iudk wdjrKhla ,nd u
i|yd igka lsu b;d jeo.;a f'
is,a iudch (Civil society)
fjf<|fmd< iy rdcH hk foflkau mndysrj tkuq;a tajd iu. wka; l%shdlrka
fmd b,lal iy nehdjka jgd iafPd iduQysl l%shdld;ajh i|yd jk wjldYh
is,a iudchhs' rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" jD;a;Sh i;s" ugf ixOdk" ldka;d
lKavdh" Wiia wOHdmksl yd mfhaIK wdh;k" wd.l Yajdihka u; mok
jQ lKavdh" iuQmldr" m%dfoaYSh m%cd lKavdh" jD;a;Sh ix." ;reK ixOdk
yd ixialD;sl lKavdh" is,a iudc ixOdk w;rg wh;a f' rcfha ksfhda;
wdh;k" foaYmd,k ksfhda;hska" foaYmd,k mlaI iy ,dN ,nk jHdmdr is,a
iudchg wh;a fkdf'
192
WoafoaYKh (Advocacy)
WoafoaYKh hkq h wNsm%dhla" .egjla ch.ekSug fmd wem Wmldr iy wkq.%y
we;s lrk" fmd tl;djka f.dvk.k" hym;a jd;djrKhla iy mirhla f.dv
ke.Sug iyfhda.fhka yd iyka;kfhka jevlrk mqoa.,hska fyda wdh;k iska
fydka ie,iq lrk ,o yd ixOdkh lrk ,o l%shdud.hka f' ke;fyd;a tu
l%shdud. .ekSf l%shdj,sh f'
idlaIs mok jQ WoafoaYkh (Evidence-based advocacy)
;uka ia:dms; lsug W;aidy lrk ;l fyda u;jdo Yla;su;a lsug o;a;" m%ia:dr"
jd;d Wmqgd oela ;=<ska idlaIs u; mokj WoafoaYkh lsu ke;fyd;a n,mE
lsu fukka yekaf' fuh o;a; iy f;dr;=re mdol lrf.k h fjkila
islsf l%shdj,shhs'
NdIKfha ksoyi (Freedom of expression)
ixjdohg iy jdohg bv foka" iSud fkdlrk ,o fyda jdrKh fkdlrk ,o woyia
iy u;jdo m%ldY lsug we;s ksoyi NdIKfha ksoyi k f' Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u
jHjia:dj 14 j.ka;sh wkqj iEu mqrjeishl=gu NdIKfha ksoyi tk m%ldYkh
we;= woyia m,lsf ksoyi" iduldj /iaf ksoyi" iud.ufha ksoyi we;=j
jD;a;Sh i;s msysgqf iy jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ne`f ksoyi we;af;ah'
iudc ixjdoh (Social dialogue)
fudhq,h 6
iudc ixjdoh hkakg wdl iy iudc m%;sm;a;s inkaOfhka fmdf jeo.;a jk

.eg ms<sn| wdKavqj" fiajd fhdaclhska iy fiajlhska w;r isjkakd jQ f;dr;=re
yqjudrelr .ekSu we;= ishu wdldrfha l;sldjka" .kqfokq ls" Wmfoia idlPd
we;=,;a f' rch ks, jYfhka ixjdohg iyNd.sjk fuu ixjdo" ff;hsmdYal
l%shdoduhla h yels w;r we;e wjia:d oamdYalj jD;a;Sh i;s iy fiajdfhdacl
ixOdk w;r muKla ish yel'
iudc hqla;sh (Social justice)
ixjOkfha m%;sM, ;=< iudc
mj;kh yryd ish fokd i|yd
yslula jYfhka tk idOdrK;ajh
iy iudkd;au;dj ka woyia lrhs'
193
194
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;dj

iy
kdhl;ajh
fudhq,h 7
195
yekau
ldka;djka fndfyduhla O jD;a;Skays fhk;a Tjqka jD;a;Sh
i;s kdhl;ajhg fyda iDcq foaYmd,khg inkaO we;af;a b;d
wvqfjks' fuhg fya;=j ,sx.fNaoh u; mok jQ ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh
jYfhka f.dvke`.S we;s w.;s.d Nd;hka iy fjkial lsf
iudc Nd;djka ;ju;a fmd iudch ;=< olakg ,euhs' tjka ndOl
fya;=fjka ldka;djka m%udKj;a whqka kdhl;aj ;k;=rej,g l%shdldj
iyNd.su fyda uyck ksfhda;hska jYfhka ;r lsug bm;a ula
isfkdf' we;e mqreIhska ldka;d m%Yak inkaOfhka ixf jk nj
i;Hhla jqj;a ldka;djkag iqfYaI jQ jD;a;Shuh .eg wduka;%Kh
lsug ldka;djka jefhka ixf jkq we;' jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<ska
jevlrk ldka;djkaf.a iqfYaI m%Yak iy wjYH;d ms<sn|j wjOdkh
fhduqlrk g je jYfhka jD;a;Sh i;sj,g neùg iy l%shdld
ug ldka;djka fm<fUkq we;' f ksid ldka;d kdhl;aj jOkfha
ukao.d iajNdjh msgqolskq msKsi iy ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;aj yelshd
jOkh lsug jD;a;Sh i;sj,g fYaI l%shdud. .; yelsh' fuf,i
jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<ska iy .f iudc ixOdkj,ska iajlSh kdhl;ajh
jOkh lr.;a g" ldka;djkag l%shdld foaYmd,kfha ksr;ug bka
uy;a msgqn,hla ,ef'
rgl" wdh;khl" mlaIhl fukau jD;a;Sh i;shl hqKqj r|d
mj;skafka tu wdh;khg fyda ixOdkhg kdhl;ajh imhk
mqoa.,hdf.a fyda mqoa.,hskaf.a l%shdl,dmh wkqjh' wdh;khla md,kh
lrk l<ukdlrejka iy l<ukdldkshka fld;r rg kdhl;aj
.;s.=K m%.=K lr we;af;ao hk j. wdh;khl hqKqjg fya;= f'
f ksid kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a l=i,;d
ixjOkh lsu w;HjYH f' jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a fm!reIh"
wNsudkh" kdhl;ajh fukau iah;ajh k`.disgqu inkaOfhka
wod< jk uQ,sl idOl iy ixl,am fudkjdo hkak uid ne,Su fuu
fudhq,fha wruqKhs' wd;au .fIKh" iah;aj jOkh" Okd;aul
wdl,am jOkh" uyck inkaO;d f.dvk`.d .ekSu iy cd,.;u
hk .=Kdx. ;=<ska kdhl;ajh f.dvk`.d .kafka flfiao hkak ;jrg;a
fuu fudhq,h uska idlPd lrhs'
196
wfmaCIs; wruqKq
fuu fudhq,fhka my; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSsug n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'
iah;aj jOkh" Okd;aul wdl,am jOkh iy kdhl;ajh hk ixl,am
inkaOfhka jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka oekqj;a lsu'
h mqoa.,fhl= iska wruqKq lr.;a oYkh Tyqg fyda wehg kdhl;ajh
lrd <d ug fm<UjQfha flfiao hkak uid ne,Su'
kdhl;ajh iy inkaO .=Kdx. jOkh lr .ekSug l%ufo iy Wmdh
ud. fhdackd lsu'
kdhl;ajh ms<sn| ixl,amh$w:ksrEmk
inkaOfhka wOHhkh lsu iy
kdhl;ajh ms<sn| iyNd.slhskaf.a oekqu
mq,a lsu'
wdik ieleiau
Room
Arrangement
U wdldrfha yevh fyda rjq yevh
wjYH ,shlsh,s
Materials and
Handouts
w:l:k" mdNdIs; joka" w;am;%sldj"

ckl;d iy Wmldrl igyka
l%ufoh
Methodology
mj fmdhska bm;a ls" iuQy

l%shdldrl" m%fndaOk l%Svd" m%Yak iy
W;a;r" fhda oYk" ;%" ckl;d
wjYH iydhl
WmlrK Training
Aids

w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" yd*aIS" mEka" udialska
fma l;=re" nq,afvda.a la,smaia" u,a hd
fm%dfclagrh
ld,h
Duration
meh 4 hs
ieisfha
wka;.;h
Session Plan
iah;aj jOkh
wd;au .fIKh
n,.ekau
Okd;aul wdl,am jOkh
cd,.;u
kdhl;ajh
fudhq,h 7
uq,sl wruqKq
Objectives
197
m<uq ieish
iah;aj jOkh" wd;au.fIKh iy n,.ekau
yekau
iah;aj jOkh ;=<ska h mqoa.,fhl=f.a wd;au wNsudkh we;sf' iah;aj jOkh
ke;fyd;a fm!reI jOkh ;=<ska ;ukaf.a yelshdjka iy ;u Od;djka ms<sn|j
Yajdihla f.dvkef`.kq we;' fndfyda fofkla ;u rEmh" fmkqu fyda yelshdjka
inkaOfhka ySkudkfhka miqjk w;r ;ud ljqo@ ;ud f,dalh ;=< lrk fufyh
l=ulao@ hkak ms<sn|j t;r wNsudkhla fkdue;sj j;aug bv we;' f ksid
.Dyh" jevlrk ia:dkh ;=<ska mgkaf.k fmd iudch iy foaYmd,k uKav,j,
ldka;djkaf.a n,dNsjOkh we;s lrkq msKsi iah;ajh jOkh lsu b;d jeo.;a
f' ldka;d n,dNsjOkfha w;HjYH ixl,amhla jk wd;au wNsudkh f.dvk`.d
.ekSfuka ldka;djkag iudch ;=< kdhl;ajh f.dvk`.d .ekSug myiq jkq we;'
idudkH jHjydrh iy Yajdihkag wkqj n,h we;s msia ieugu ;SrK .ekSf
n,h md lr;s' f wkqj fmd iudch ;=< ;SrK .kakd mqoa.,hska iy wdh;k
;=< n,h talrdYS we;' fuu ldrKh fya;= fldgf.k ldka;d n,i;=lrKh
jOkh lsu i|yd ;SrK .kakd uKav,j," foaYmd,k mlaI iy jD;a;Sh i;sj,
ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh je l< hq;=h' ldka;djkag n,dNsjOkh iy wd;au
wNsudkh jOkh lr .ekSug bvlv i,ik l%ufohka ie,iSu ixjOk
m%h;akhkays wruqK h hq;=h'
iah;aj jOkh i|yd h flfkl= i;= Yla;Ska wj l< hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a jk
wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSug iy n,i;=ug wjYH jkakd jQ wNHka;r n,h fidhd
.ekSu jeo.;a f' f i|yd my; wNHdih Wmld jkq we;'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
1 b,lal yd wruqKq fudkjdo@

kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
*a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" mEka"
nq,afvda.a la,smaia" udl mEka
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
2
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a jk wruqKq
iy mqoa.,sl oYkh ykd .ekSu'
h mqoa.,fhl=f.a mqoa.,sl oYkh jpk iy
l%shdjkag njg m;a lrkafka flfiao hkak
uYkh lsu'
198
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkaf.a mqoa.,sl oYkh l=ulaoehs idlPd lrkak'
oYkh yDohdx.u tlla h hq;=h ;u is;g im mrud:hla h hq;=h
fuys my; WodyrK ie,ls,a,g .kak'
<ud w;jr je<elau i|yd udf.a ld,h lem lr'
mirh iq/lSu ;=<ska hym;a f,dalhla yslsu udf.a mrud:hhs'
$$;ud <dlr .ekSug wfmalaId lrk oYkh mrud: jdlHhla f,i
iarj ,shd ;sfuka ta i|yd we;s jk fm<Uf n,h inkaOfhka
idlPd lrkak' jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djkag ;udf.a mrud: jdlH ,shk
f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$h mqoa.,fhl=f.a isysk ke;fyd;a wruqKq lr.;a oYkh Tyqg fyda wehg
kdhl;ajh fj; <dug fm<UjQfha flfiao hkak uid n,k f,i
Wmfoia fokak'
fudhq,h 7
$$;fha h wruqKla fyda mrud:hla fkdue;sjQ g wm ieu ,nd we;s

fl ;fhka m%fhdack fkdf.k wldf,a h hkq we;' f ksid ;u
mqoa.,sl ;h fjkqfjka ;uka ;=< we;s b,lal fudkjdoehs ,shd olajk
f,i iyNd.slhskag Wmfoia fokak' fuys b,lal oyhlg jvd fkd ,shk
f,igo Wmfoia fokak'
WodyrK b,lal
1' jir 2018g fmr m%dfoaYSh iNdf uka;%Sjhla f,i m;au'
2' bx.%Sis NdIdj bf.k f.k fydka bx.%Sis NdIdj yeisrug yelshdj
hqKqlr .ekSu'
3' jir follg j;djla foAY .ukla hEu'
4' jir myla we;=,; ;u ksji ;kd ksu lsu'
5' wjqre 40 ,eug fmr fmd;la ,shd m%ldYhg m;a lsu hkd jYfhka
$$iyNd.slhska iska ,shk ,o b,lal w;ka b wjqre ;=k ;=< ;ud iska
<dlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk b,lal fudkjdo hkak kej; ,shd
olajk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$tu b,lal j,ska ;udf.a ;h Okd;aul f,i fjkia l< yels jk
;;a;ajh fjkia l< yels iy kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug bjy,a jk
b,lalh rjq lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ;h inkaOfhka n,.ekau iy iah;ajh wj lsug
my; Wmfoia Wmfhda.S lr .kska Tjqkag jk b,lal <dlr .ekSf ud.h
ilia lr .ekSug mqyqKqlrejd Wmldr l< hq;=h'
199
199
Tnf.a ;h inkaOfhka wruqKq m%ldYhla ;sfo@

Tnf.a iajNdl olaI;d fudkjdo@
tlS iajdNdl olaI;d j,ska Tn j;udkfha m%fhdack .kafkao@
tlS iajdNdl olaI;d j,ska wkd.;fha m%fhdack .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jkafkao@
Tng f;a <dlr .ekSug wjYH fudkjdo@ ta ms<sn| ksYa; iy meye,s
woyila ;sfo@
;udf.a ;h Okd;aul f,i fjkia u i|yd Tn iska .;a jeo.;a ;SrK
fudkjdo@
Tnf.a ;h Okd;aul f,i fjkia ug n,mE fya;= idOl iy wjia:d
fudkjdo@
Tnf.a ;h Okd;aul f,i fjkia ug n,mE lrk ,o mqoa.,hska ljqo@
Tnf.a ;h uq,mgka kej; wdrN lsug yelshdjla we;ak Tn" Tnf.a
;h ilid .kafka flfiao@
jk wruqKq <dlr .ekSu inkaOfhka ksh; ld, jljdkqjla olajkak'
tlS wruqKq ks;ru ;ukag oYkh jk fia fmfkk ;ekl w,jkak'
ojfia meh 24 ;=< tu wruqKq fjkqfjka Tng hlsis ld,hla lem lsug
wjYH njg Tnf.a Wm{dkhg yeShk wdldrfhka jev lrkak'
;u wruqK fjkqfjka <dug Wmldr h yels ish foa ,shd olajkak'
;u b,lal ,ehsia;=j m%uqL;d wkqj wxl.; lrkak' m<uqj l< hq;af;a
l=ulao@ fojkqj l< hq;af;a l==ulao@ wjidkhg l< hq;af;a l=ulao@ hkqfjka
m%uqL;d ,l=Kq lrkak'
Tnf.a wruqKq fj; <`.dug wjYH m<uq mshjr .kak' km;d ta fjkqfjka
hula lrkak' ;u b,a,lh <dlr .ekSf jHdmD;sh h;a lrkak' WodyrK
jYfhka Tn foaYmd,kfha ksr;ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka k" ta i|yd
jir foll m%dfoaYSh iNd ue;sjrKh ;r lsug wruqKq msysgqjd we;ak"
.f iEu f.hla fj;u f.dia mqoa.,hska ykd.ekSf jevms<sfj, h;a
lsu jeo.;ah' f fjkqfjka km;d tla f.hla fyda yuqu l< hq;=h'
Tnf.a wruqK <dlr .ekSu fjkqfjka km;d hula lsu iy hula wdrN
lsfuka miq th fkdkj;ajd .gu mj;ajdf.k hdf kh we;slr .ekSu
jeo.;ah'
$$;u oYkh iy b,lal fj; <`.d f .uk fld;r lror ndOl ueoafoa
jqjo w;yer fkd oeug iajhx yslaula we;s lr .; hq;=h'
fuu b,lal imqrd .ekSug flld,Sk iy >ld,Sk ie,iq l%shd;aul l<
hq;=h'
200
200
wd;au .fIKh iy n,.ekau

;uka ljqreo hkak inkaOfhka ksis wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu wd;au .fIKhhs' h
flfkla ;u mqoa.,;ajh m%Yak lsf l%shdj,shla ;=<ska ;uka ykd.ekSu f u.ska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= f' fuu m%Yak lsf l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;djka n,i;= jk m%Yak
wikq ,ef' tfiau ;uka ;=< we;s j,;djhka fudkjdo ms<sn|j ;udu wjfndaO
lr .ekSu" kdhl;ajh" n,dNsjOkh iy iah;aj jOkh lsug w;HjYH fohls'
;uka ;=< mj;sk Yla;Ska ykd .kska f,dalh iu. fjkia uqyqKqjrlska lghq;=
lsug fuu wd;au .fIKh iy n,.ekau b;d jeo.;ah'
wdl n,h hkakg wdodhu" bv" im;a" fuj, iy ;dlaIKh hkd fN!;sl
j;al we;=,;a f' tfukau hym;a fi!LH fiajdjka" Kh" f;dr;=re" fj<ofmd<
iy mqyqKqj hkdh i|yd m%fYug we;s
yelshdj o wdl n,.ekauls' h m%cdjla
.;fyd;a tu m%cdj fj; bm;a jk
wjia:djka m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd m%cdjlg
we;s n,h iy Tjqka i;= oekq ugu fuu
n,.ekaf ixl,amh iu. inkaO f'
fuu n,.ekaf ixl,amh ;=<ska flfkl=g
iajhx ;SrK .ekSug we;s yelshdj jOkh
lrhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka ldka;d fi!LHh
inkaOfhka in, .ekau hkafkka
woyia lrkafka ldka;djkag oekqj;aj ;u
fi!LH ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSug yelshdj ,ndu"
wd;au wNsudkh jehqKq lsu iy Tjqkag
ikaksfok iy flaj,a lsf l=i,;d ,ndu
201
fudhq,h 7
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka n,.ekau hkq wdl iy iudh ixjOkfha b;d

jeo.;a ldrKdjls' rchlaa" wdh;khla fyda mqoa.,fhla iska h mqoa.,hska fj;
fohla m%Odkh lsfuka n,.ekau whs;s lrug fkdyels w;r th fkdlvjd
lrf.k hkq ,nk ls%hdj,shla u.ska f.dvkef`.kakla f' wd;au Yajdih"
wdOHd;al n,h" idrOu moaO;Ska" iajhx oekqj;au hkdh n,.ekau i|yd jQ
we;e WodyrKhka h' k,shd lg (N. Kabeer) wkqj n,.ekau hkak fjkiaf
ls%hdj,shg wh;a f' n,.ekaf ixl,amh ;=<ska ish hq;= fjkila ms<sn|j
wjOdrKh lrkq ,nk w;r n,.ekau ;=<ska w;HjYH iudc f;dard.ekS lsu
ioyd mqoa.,hskaf.a yelshdj jHdma; lsu islrhs' l,ska h mqoa.,fhl=g w;HjYH
iudc f;dard.ekS lsu i|yd yelshdj fkd ,o wjia:djl tlS yelshdj w;alr
.ekSu n,.ekauls' WodyrK f,i <slu ksid wOHdmkh f;dard .ekSf yelshdj
we;e whg wys f' Pkaoh kd m%dfoaYSh iNdjg we;= ug ;snQ wjia:dj wys h
yelafla foaYmd,k mlaIj, ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjhg ixf;djhla fkdue;s fuka
ia;%Skaf.a kdu fhdackd m%;slafIam u ksid h yelsh' tfy;a fldagd l%uhla ;sfnk
wjia:djl ldka;djf.a wvq ksfhdackh je lsfuka foaYmd,k n,.ekaula l<
yelsh'
i|yd wOHdmkh ,eug wjia:d iy wod< f;dr;=re fj; <`.dug we;s m%fYh
je hqKq lsuhs' tn l=i,;dj,g WodyrKhla jYfhka jvd iqrlaIs; ,sx.sl
mphka" m%;sldrj,g wkql+,u iy l,g f,djg fi!LH /l.ekSf phdjka
flf n,mEula we;s lrhs' ;ks mqoa.,fhl=f.a fyda m%cdjla jYfhka iqNidOkh iy
id:l jk meje;aula <dlr .ekSu i|yd Od;d jOkh lsug n,.ekau ;=<ska
yelsf' ldka;djkag kdhl;ajh ,nd .ekSug" Od;d jOkh lsfuka ldka;dj
jD;a;Sh i;s we;= ;SrK .kakd uKav,j, n, .ekafjkq we;' fuf,i ksji ;=<
fyda bka msg; ;u ; md,kh lr .ekSug we;s n,h n,dNsjOkhhs' tfiau
iudh jgmsgdj idOkSh f,i fjkialr .ekSug we;s yelshdj n,dNsjOkhhs'
n,dNsjOkh hkq Wmdh ud.sl wjYH;djhls'
wdodhula bmhSu i|yd ldka;djg we;s yelshdj n,.ekauhs'

w:j;a /lshdjl fhu n,.ekau f'
foam, whs;sjdisl i|yd whs;sjdislu ,nd .ekSu n,.ekau f'
wOHdmkh iy idlaIr;dj uqkam;a lr.ekSu n,.ekau f'
mjq, ;=< iy bka msg; ;SrK .ekSug iyNd.S u n,.ekau f'
;udf.a ;h ;ukag md,kh lr.ekSug yelsu n,.ekau f'
f;dard .ekSug we;s yelshdj n,.ekau f'
n,.ekau iu. n,h tlsfklg ine iy tlsfklg inkaO jQ fohls' ldka;djf.a

;fha n,h f.dvke`.sh yels wxY ;=kla jk fm!oa.,sl" fmd iy wNHka;r
hk lafIa;%hka ;=< n,h ykd.ekSu ;=<ska n,.ekau i|yd ;sfnk wNsfhda.hka
uevmeje;ah yelsh' ;ks mqoa., iy iduQysl n,.ekau wdldr follska iy ug
follska ls%hd lrkq ,ef' ;ks mqoa., fjkialu i|yd mqoa., Od;dj je l< hq;=
w;r fmd n,h f.dvke`.Su ;=<ska foaYmd,k iy iudh fjkial we;s f'
fm!oa.,sl (Private)
in|;djhka
N+ldjka
,sx.sl inkaO;d
jdyh
wOHdmk ;;a;ajh
mqyqKq wjia:d iy
wdl ;;a;ajh
202
fmd (Public)
/lshdj
fmd ;h
ks;Hdkql+, whs;sjdisl
kS;s-;s iy iudc
jHqyhka
wdh;k iy n, wldka
;SrK .ekSf
ls%hdmmdh
wNHka;r (Intimate)
wd;au iudkh
wd;au Yajdih
udkisl ;;a;ajh
;u Yrh ksfrda.Sj yd fi!LH
imkakj ;nd .ekSu
;h ms<sn| wdl,am
is;=-me;= iy jk oYkh
fm!oa.,sl n,.ekau
fm!oa.,slj ;uka ork N+ldjka wkqj ldka;dj ;u mjqf,a idudlhska iu
O inkaO;d mj;ajhs' mjq, ;=< ldka;dj mj;ajkq ,nk inkaO;dj, mjqf,a
idudlhska ldka;djf.a whs;sjdisl ms<sn|j wjfndaOfhka hq;=j jev lrkafkao
iy tajdg .re lrkafkao hkak u; weh" fm!oa.,sl ;h ;=< n,.ekau isf'
WodyrK f,i .Dyia: ysxikfhka isu ldka;dj i;= whs;sjdisluls' tfy;a
iehd iy | w;r tlS wfkHdakH wjfndaOh fkdue;s jQ g fuu inkaO;d
l%shd;aul lsf mjq, ;=< .egq we;s wjidk jkafka ldka;djg tfrysj fkdfhl=;a
ysxidld l%shd is lsfuks' fuh fm!oa.,sl ;h ;=< n,.ekau kdY lsuls'
fmd n,.ekau
iduQysl n,.ekau - lKavdh wkkH;djh iy tla lKavdhula ;uka ksfhdackh
lrkafka hehs hk ksfhdacH;ajfha iduQysl yeSu f.dvkeSuhs' WodyrK jYfhka
foaYmd,k mlaI jD;a;Sh i;s iy YsIH jHdmdr i|yka l< yelsh'
wNHka;r n,.ekau
fuu n,.ekaf ls%hdj,sh ;=< ldka;djka my; oE w;am;a lr .kS'

ldka;djka iska widOdrKhka iy n,rys; fCIa;%hka ykd.ekSu'
,sx.fNaoh uq,a fldg.;a wiudk n,inkaO;d ms<sn|j oekqj;a u'
ksjfiys" jevlrk ia:dkfhys iy iudcfhys olakg ,efnk wiudkd;au;djhg
tfrysj y`v k`.d l;d lsug Yla;shla we;slr .ekSu'
ldka;djka ;ukaf.a ;h md,kh lsu ;ud w;g .ekSu'
iajlSh tfkod jevigyka ksoyfia ilia lr .ekSu'
l=i,;djhka hqKqlr .ekSu'
wd;au Yajdih f.dvk`.d .ekSu'
ldka;djla jYfhka Ydl iajdhla;dj fyj;a Ydl iajdk;djh N=la;s
u' ^Ydl ksoyig wjysrhla lsfuka je<elS isu&
iajlSh jkdlu iy .re;ajh ms<sno Okd;aul woyila oeu'
.Dyia: iy fmd im;a Wfoid idOdrK md,khla iy n,mEula lsug
yelshdjla ;su'
203
fudhq,h 7
jkdlka wvq mqoa.,hska f,i ldka;djka Tjqkaf.a iudc ;;a;ajh iud.%yKh

lr.kafka k tjeks wdldrfha yeis Tjqkaf.a n,.ekaug wys;lr f,i n,mdhs'
tfiau mjqf,a isk wfkl=;a ldka;d idudldjkao tu wdldrhgu ;h foi
ne,Sug mqre ug bv we;s w;r Tjqka iudch ;=< Yd, jYfhka miqnEulg
,laug iy whss;sjdisl fjkqfjka y`v fkdk`.k ;;a;ajhlg m;aug bv we;'
ish yelshdjka jehqKq lr.ekSu i|yd ldka;djkag u`. fmkaug fulS wNHka;r
n,.ekau jeo.;a f' fm!oa.,sl n,.ekau ;=< wd;au Yajdih" wd;au .re;ajh"
iaajhx ixOdkh iy l<ukdlrKh ms<sn| yeSu we;sf'
ldka;djka iudcfha wfkla msia iy wdh;k iu wka; in|;d we;slr

.ekSu
whs;sjdisl" iudkd;au;djhka iy idOdrK;ajh jeks lreKq .fIKh
lsu i|yd fm<Uu'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
2
kd 20 hs
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
la,smaia" udl mEka" *s,ama pd" mEka
iyNd.s;aj l%u foh
2 hs
iudc" wdl" foaYmd,k" ffk;sl iy
wOHd;al n,.ekau hkdfhys w:h ykd
.ekSu iy ta inkaOfhka iyNd.sjkakka
oekqj;a lsu'
n,.ekaf ls%hdj,sh ;=< mqoa.,hskaf.a iduQysl
yelshdjka ixOdkh lrkafka flfiao hkak
ms<snoj wjfndaOhla ,ndu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ lvodis fld,hl iudcfha n,j;a mqoa.,fhl=f.a rEmhla wk f,ig
iyNd.slhskag mjikak'
$$ n,.eka we;s mqoa.,fhl= i;=j ;sh hq;= foaj,a ,ehsia;=.; lrk f,i Tjqkag
mjikak'
$$ Tjqka we| ;sfnkafka mqreIfhl=f.a rEmhla o ke;fyd;a ldka;djlf.a rEmhla
o hkak kslaIKh lrkak'
$$ mqreIfhl=f.a rEmhla fyda ldka;djlf.a rEmhla weug fya;= fudkjdo hkak
Tjqkaf.ka uikak'
$$ tu fya;+ka fudkjdo hkak ,ehsia;= .; lrkak'
$$ ,ehsia;= lrk ,o ish lreKq tlska tl idlPdjg .kak' WodyrKhla
f,i cx.u rl;khla" fmd;la" m>Klhla" ksjila" Wmd f,da.=jla wd
foaj,a ,l=Kq lr we;ak tu lreKq" oYl ^Kq ovqq& iu inkaO lrkak'
WodyrKhla f,i ikaksfokh ioyd we;s Yla;sh cx.u rl;kfhkao
204
204
;dlaIKh i|yd we;s Yla;sh m>Klfhkao oekqu i|yd we;s Yla;sh fmd;a
m;aj,skao j;al i|yd we;s Yla;sh ksjfika o fmkajk nj lshd fokak'
$$ n,.ekajQ mqoa.,fhl= ;=< ;sh hq;= Yla;Ska fudkjdo hkak iyNd.slhskaf.ka
wikak'
$$ tu Yla;Ska fudkjdo hkak ,ehsia;= .; lrk f,i Wmfoia fokak'
WodyrKhla f,i wd;au Yajdih" Okd;aul ka;kh wdh flfkl= i;=
Yla;Ska nj mjikak'
my; i|yka m%Yak" ksjpkhka iy Wmldrl

igyka Nd;d lrka idlcdj fufyhjkak' fuys
mqyqKqlrejdg" iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ; n,.ekaug iy
Tjqkaf.a iah;ajh wj lsug my; m%Yak Wmfhda.S
lr.; yelsh' tfukau n,.ekau" n,h" ldka;d
n,i;=lrKh hkd ixl,amj, kshu w:h meye,s
lrkak'
Tf ;fha m%;slafIam jk ,o wNsu;hkaa ke;fyd;a f;dard .ekSug ;snQ
yelshdjka fudkjdo@
Tn n, rys;hs fyda Tn n,j;a hkqfjka Tng ye=fka ljodo@
foaYmd,k n,h Tn i;=j we;ao@ tfia k ta l=uk wjia:djka j,o@
iudch ;=< iy mjq, ;=< wiudk n,inkaO;dj,g fya;= fudkjdo@
Tn jdih lrk m%foaYfha ldka;djka n,.ekajqkq wjia:d fudkjdo@
iduQysl n,.ekau ;=<ska we;e foa ch.%yKh l< yels nj Tjqkag

okajkak' WodyrK jYfhka ldka;djla Pkaoh b,a,Su i|yd bm;a we;s
g ldka;djka iduQysl Pkaoh weh fjkqfjka md l<fyd;a ldka;dj
iduQysl n,.ekau isf'
;ks mqoa., iy iduQysl n,.ekau w;r we;s fjki iy iynkaOkh my;
Wmldrl igyka fhdodf.k wjOdrKh lrkak'
fuu fCIa;%hka ;=k ;=< ldka;djl inkaOfhka n,h ls%hd lrkafka
flfiao hkak idlPd lrkak'
205
fudhq,h 7
n,.eka jQ ;eke;af;lah hk yeSu f.dvke`.Su i|yd Tjqkaf.a ;fha

hqKq lr.ekSug iy fjkia lsug wjYH jkafka fudkjdo hkak jD;a;Sh
i;s ldka;djkaf.ka wikak'
fojk ieish
Okd;aul wdl,am jOkh
ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh f.dvke`.Sug iy n,.ekau i|yd Okd;aul ka;kh
w;sYhska jeo.;ah' ukao fndfyda ldka;djka ;ukag ke;s foa .ek is;ka lmd
j;a jkq i" ;uka i;=j we;s foa ms<sn|j Okd;aulj is;d ;u yelshdj jOkh
lr .ekSug W;aidy fkdlsuhs' f ksid ldka;djkag kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSf
l%shdj,sh ;=< Okd;aul ka;kh b;d jeo.;a f'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
3
kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
6 4 + Ok yd - iDK ,l=Kq igyka l<
jK ldm;a iy wvla msrjQ j;=r rejla
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh
2 hs
jD;a;Sh i;s ldka;djka w;r Okd;aul
ka;kh we;s lsu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
1 jk wNHdih
$$ ;udf.a jk .uk ms<sn|j msgqjla ,shd olajkak' ;u jk .ufka yuqjQ
ndOl iy llfgd fudkjdo hkak ,shd olajkak' tu ndOl" ;fha
kj msgqjla fyda ;h fjk;a udj;lg fhduq l< wdldrh ,shd olajkak'
$$ ;uqka wo isk ;;a;ajh <dlr .ekSf uqyqK ka llfgd ch.;a
wdldrh ;u l;djg we;=,;a l< hq;= njg Wmfoia fokak'
$$ fuu l;d ish,a, mqyqKqlrejd iska tl;=fldg miqj kslaIKh l< hq;=h'
$$ bka miq 6 4 ldm;a tl ne.ska iyNd.slhska w;r fnod
fokak' fuu ldmf;a tl me;a;l + Ok ,l=K igyka h hq;=
w;r wfkla me;af;a - iDK ,l=K igyka h hq;=h'
206
206
$$ fuys uu;ajh kue;s ixl,amfhka ;ud foi msgia;rhl= n,k

wdldrfhka uYkd;aulj n,k f,i Wmfoia fokak'
$$ ;ud" ;ud iskau fudfyd;la iajhx fpkhg ,lafldg" ;ud
;=< mj;sk j,l fufkysfldg tlS .;s.=K iDK - ,l=K we;s
me;af;a ,shk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
$$ fojkqj ;ud ;=< mj;sk fyd| .;s.=K fufkys fldg imhd we;s
ld mf;ys Ok + ,l=K we;s me;af;a tls .;s.=K ,shk f,i
Wmfoia fokak'
$$ ;ud ;=< we;s Okd;aul iy iDKd;aul .=Kdx. t<smsg m%ldY lsug

iyNd.slhska leue;soehs uikak' tfia leu;s k Okd;aul
.;s.=K iy iDKd;aul .;s.=K fjk fjku *a,sma pd foll
,shkakg iyNd.slhska fofofkl= m;a lrkak'
$$ iyNd.sjkakka ;ud ;=< mj;sk Okd;aul iy iDKd;aul .=Kdx.
t<smsg lSug wlue;s k tlS ldm;a Y% lr" kej; iyNd.slhska
w;r fnod ;uka w; we;s ldmf;ys ,shd we;s foa iNdjg bm;a
lrk f,i mjikak' fuys ldm;a kskdlj ieliSug j.n,d
.; hq;=h'
$$ wk;=rej iduQyslj j,l ,ehsia;=j u`.yrjd .kakd wdldrh
idlPd lrkak'
$$ h flfkl=g ;ksj mqyqKqlrejd iu l;d lsug wjYH k ta
i|yd ld, f,djka ,ndh yels nj mjikak'
Okd;aul .=Kdx.
iDKd;aul .=Kdx.
uykais jev lsu'

ojig w;a hula bf.k .ekSug
msgq folla lshu'
;=re ,S,dfjka lghq;= lsu'
wka whf.a ys;a fkdou'
jrola jQfjd;a iudj b,a,Su'
wka whf.a jpkhg ijka u'
jeyshkag .re lsu'
m%sh jpk l;d lsu'
orejkag wdorh lsu'
wl Wkkafjka lghq;= lsu'
f.fhka jev lsu'
;ud wjg mirh ms<sn|j
fidaisfhka isu
fla, Yajdi lsu'

fla, weiSug m%sh;djhla
oelau'
ldka;djka iu tlg jev
lsug ue,slula oelau'
wka whf.a fpkj,g fldam
u'
wl flaka;sh
fydiai <ska ueiaid hEug ne
wdldrfhka yeisu'
;u u;h muKla f,dl= fldg
ie,lSu'
lue,s iy l=iS; wdldrfhka
yeisu'
fudhq,h 7
$$ fujeks ,ehsia;= folla ilia lsug fuu wNHdifhka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= f'
207
207
2 jk wNHdih
$$ wvla j;=r msrjQ rejla iyNd.slhskag fyd|ye fmfkkakg
i,iajd ta ms<sn|j Tjqkaf.a woyia uikak' Tjqka f.ka Odldr
ms<s;=re ,eh yel'
$$ we;e fofkla th wvla c,fhka ms ;sfnk rejla f,ig;a

;j;a iuyre th wvla ysia rejla f,ig;a oelsh yel'
$$ Okd;aulj is;k wh wvla c,fhka ms ;sfnk rejla f,ig;a
iDKd;aulj is;k wh th wvla ysia rejla f,ig;a oelsh yel'
$$ Okd;aulj is;Sfuka we;sjk jdis fudkjdo hkak jD;a;Sh i;s
ldka;djka iu. idlPd lrkak'
$$ my; ck l;dj Wmfhda.S lrf.k Okd;aulj is;Sfuka isjk
jdis fudkjdo hkak ,ehsia;= .; lrkak' fun ck l;d mejiSu
;=<ska mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjkakka blaukska vdjg m;au j<lajd,Sf
tla Wml%uhla f,io Nd;d l< yels f' l;df idrdxYh
wkqj Okd;aulj" tfyu;a ke;ak Y=Njdj is;Sf jeo.;alu
im;aodhlhd iska wdlYkSh f,i meye,s l< hq;= f'
208
Okd;aul ka;khg wod< ck l;dj
wE; w;S;fha b;d oeyeka fifuka rcl l< rc flfkla rc

jdi,g wE;ska jQ mi,a okjl isjk wlghq;a;la ms<sn|j fidhd
ne,Sug is;df.k mqfrdays; nuqKd iu. fjia j<df.k rc jdi,ska
kslauqKd' k.rh miqfldg jkhg we;=,a fj,d l rla hkl<
uxmyrk fidreka lKavdhula Tjqkaj yq nkakg mgka .;a;d'
rc;=ud i;=j lsisu wdhqOhla fkd;snqKq ksid fidrekaf.ka u
i|yd fofokdu jkakg mgka .;a;d' mqfrdays; nuqKd f.fhka
j hkakg ;e;a l<d' tfy;a wjdikdjlg jf.a rc;=uka lef,a lmd
;snqKq fndre j<lg weo jgqKd' rc;=ukaj frd .kakg kej;=Kfyd;aa
;ud fidrekag fldgqf hehs is;+ mqfrdays; nuqKd"Tlafldu fjkafk
fyd|g h lsh,d ys;d .kak" rc;=uks lsh,d lE.id lshka jkakg
.;a;d'
fudhq,h 7
rc;=ukag fuh f;are .kakg nejqqKd' f mqfrdays; nuqKd k

;shkak jkafka ke;s flfkla' udj j<g jegqKu fyd|hs lsh,
jkak ;r uQ wd;aud:ld jqKd' fu;ekska f,d ud,s.djg .shdu
uQg fyd| jevla lrkak' tAldka;fhka u uqf. ysi .id oukakg
kE hs ;ukagu lshd .;a;d' fidruq, j<g jegqKq rc;=udj w;awer,d
mqfrdays; nuqKd miqmi t<jkakg .;a;d' mqfrdays; nuqKd w,a,d
.;a fidreka Tyqg fkdiEfykak myr kak;a jkd lshk hula
Tyq < fkd;snqKq ksid Tyqj w;ayer od hkakg .shd' fidrekaf.a
myr u ksid mqfrdays; nuqKdf.a ll=f,a lemqKq ;=jd,hlska f,a
.,kakg mgka .;a;d' Tlafldu fjkafk fyd|ghs lsh,d ;udgu
lshd .;a Tyq lf oudf.k is T,.=fjka frmhla brd f.k
;=jd,h ne|f.k B<g rc;=ud frd .kakg l=ula fyda l< hq;=
hehs is;d .;a;d' <u ;sfhk .udkhg f.dia rc;=ud jf<ka
f.dv.ekSug wjYH wdmkak iy ksiaiq /f.k wd hq;=hs Tyq is;=jd'
209
fufyu ys;,d Tyqg je rla hkak ,enqfK keye' ksoka fydre

lKavdhula mqfrdays; nuqKd jglr .;a;d' wfma fyd| fj,dj'
f ksyd fyd|hs ksOdfk .kak ,sfokak' ksia ,a, fydhd
.kak ;j;a uykais fjkak fka kE fidruqf,a kdhlhd lSjd'
kdhlhd tfyu lshoa ;j;a fidfrla lSjd" wr my< ;sfhk h
we,a,g .syska uQj;a kdj,d wms;a kdf.k ksoka.,g hk tl fyd|d
lsh,' kdjkak .shdu ;uhs oelafl mqfrdays; nuqKf. ll=f,a f,a
.,k ;=jd,hla ;sfhk ;a;sh' f,a le<e,a ;sfhk Wka ,a,g
iqiq keye lsh,d ksoka fydre ;SrKh lr,d mqfrdays; nuqKj
w;a wehd' nuqKd ;udgu lshd .;a;d" talfk uu yeu ;siafiu
lshkafk Tlafldu fjkafk fyd|ghs lsh,d'
tfyu lsh,d <u ;snqKq .udfkg .syska ksiaiq;a legqj kE
lrk wvqu l=vqu;a /f.k rc;=ud jegqKq ;ekg .shd' ta fjk
fldg;a rc;=ud mqfrdays;hg fyd|gu nek nek ysfh' Tyq
rc;=udf. nekq .Kka .kafk ke;=j jefg neiaid' rc;=udj
f.dvg wr.;a;g miafi;a rc;=ud Tyqf.ka wykjd Tng msiaiqo
yenEg@ yeu ;siafiu Tlafldu fjkafk fyd|ghs lshkafk' f
oekq;a lshkj ug weyqKd' rc;=uka" uu yeu ;siafiu tfyu
lshkafk th yu we;a;la ksid' iqNjdj is;Su yu jeo.;a
ksid' Tn;=ud j<g jegqK fj,dfj;a ug tfyu ys;=Kd" talhs
uu tfyu lsfj' Tn;=ud tal jerhghs f;are .;af;' ug
iudjkak rc;=uks" Tn;=ud j<g jegqK ksid ;uhs Tn;=ud ksoka
fydrekaf.ka frefKa' fydrekaf.ka .= ldmq ksid ;uhs" uu
ksoka fydrekaf.ka mK frd .;af;arc;=ud t;fldghs f;are
.;af; mqfrdays;hd yeu ;siafiu lshk Tlafldu fjkafk fyd|ghs
fudk ;r i;Hhla o lsh,d'
210
f;jk ieish
kdhl;ajh f.dvke`.Su
kdhl;ajh hkq h wruqKla <dlr .ekSu msKsi wka wh ;u wNsu;hg fyda ;u
wdh;kfha fyda m%cdf hymeje;aug fmd<Ujd .ekSf yelshdjhs' fmd wruqKla
<dlr .ekSu Wfoid h mqoa.,fhla ;j;a mqoa., fldgila fj; n,mE lsf
yelshdj f,io fuh ykajhs' fuu n,mE lsf ls%hdj,sh /f.k hkq ,nkafka
oekqu iy l=i,;d Wmfhda.S lr .ksks' kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d Yajdifhka
hq;=j yeisf' fYaIfhkau m%Yak iy.; fyda jHjik wjia:djl kdhl;ajh we;s
;eke;a;d wka wh ;=< Yajdih f.dvk`.ka" wdmod ;;a;ajfhka f.dv taug tfia
ke;ak m%Yakfhka f.dv taug lghq;= lrkq we;' tu ksid kdhl;ajh iska l< hq;=
jeo.;au fohla jkafka wka wh ;=< fukau ;ud ;=<;a Yajdih f.dvk`.d .ekSuhs'
kdhl;ajh we;s mqoa.,hd wka whg ffOhh ,nd foka wka whf.a wjYH;d" yeS"
fm<U flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrka" lKavdhf wffOhhg m;ajQ msia u;a
lrka ;u lKavdhu fmd wruqKq <dlr .ekSu olajd fufyhjhs'
fndfyduhla iudchkays n,h iy wdm;Hh mska i;= nj;a ldka;djka wm%Odk
;ekla ork njg;a we;s Wml,amkh ksid n,h <dlr .ekSug ldka;djka t;r
Wkkajla fkdolajkq fmfka' tfiau kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSu fyda n,h <dlr
.ekSu hk ldrKd iudcfhka iudchg fjkia h yel' m%cdj ;=< fjfik ta
ta mqoa.,hd kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug wjYH O l=i,;d j,ska iuka; h
yelsh' WodyrK f,i m%cdj w;r jdih lrk wi,ajeishka fofofkl= w;r we;sjk
wdrjq,la iu:lrKhg uey;au kdhl;aj ,laIKhls' wdrjq,l Ydl n,h
fmkajd th uevmeje;au Yla;shla fia fmkS .sho th kdhl;aj ,laIKhla fkdf'
fndfyda msia kdhlhd hkak mqreI ,sx. w:fhka .ekSug bv we;s w;r kdhlhd
hkq ia;%S mqreI hk fofldgigu iudk w:fhka fhfokafkla nj u;l ;nd .;
hq;=h' fuys u;l ;nd .; hq;af;a kdhlhd hkak ia;%S mqreI jYfhka .;a l, th
uOHia: jpkhla jYfhka fhdod .; hq;= njhs' ukao kdhlhd hkakg ia;%S mqreI hk
fofldgiu wh;a jk neks'
kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka we;s O w:ksrEmk ms<sn|j uid ne,Su iy

kdhl;ajhla we;s ;eke;a;df.a p; ,laIK ykd .ekSu'
kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d iy kdhl;ajh ,eh yels ;eke;a;d ljqo@
hkak ms<sn|j iyNd.sjkakka ;=< we;s u;jdo uid ne,Su iy kdhl;ajh
inkaOfhka Tjqkaf.a oDIah mq,a lsu'
211
fudhq,h 7
ieisfha wruqKq
kdhl;ajh hkakg'''
Yr ,laIK tk Wi" uy;" " iq fyda l wd oE kdhl;ajh
>>
inkaOfhka t;r jeo.;a ke;s w;r wjYH jkafka lKavdhula
fufyhug wjYH m%fndaOh" fm<Uu" oekqu iy fmd wruqKls'
uy;aud .dka jeks flfkl=f.a kdhl;ajh .;a g bka fmkakq
lrkafka kdhl;ajhg jeo.;a jkafka Yrfha cjimkak nj
fyda Yla;su;a nj fkdj h lsis oYkhla Tiafia mqoa.,hska
fufyhug we;s yelshdjhs'
>>
mjq, ;=<ska fyda mrmrdj ;=<ska muKlau kdhl;ajh <dlr
.; fkdyel' WodyrK f,i we;e fofkla rc mjq,aj, bmk;a

kdhl;ajh lrd <d fkdjqkq wjia:d wm oel we;'
>>
kdhl;ajh we;e mqoa.,hska l=vd l, isgu bhg /f.k tk
w;r we;e mqoa.,hska ;reK fhys kdhl;ajh w;am;a lr

.kS' WodyrK f,i l=vd l, ,ecdYs,S flfkl=" ;reK fhys
ksNS;j fkdhj l;d lrk flfkla njg m;a h yel'
>>
kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug jhia ugula ke;s w;r kEu jhia
ugul isk flfkl=g kdhl;ajh f.dvk`.d .; yel'
>>
kdhlfhl= ug ;k;=rla fyda ks, kduhla wjYH ke;'
>>
kdhlfhl= Wm;ska ys fkdf' tfy;a ld,hla ;siafia w;m;aa lr
.;a l=i,;d uska iy iudcdkqfhdack l%shdj,sfha n,mEu u;
kdhl;ajh <dlr .; yel'
>>
mska iy .eyeKqka hk fofldgiu tl iudk kdhl;aj
yelshdfjka hqla;h'
>>
ks,n,Orhd (bureaucrat) iy kdhlhd hkak tl yd iudk fkdjk
w;r ks,n,Orhd wdh;kj, fr.=,dis iy kS;s l%shd;aul lsug
ld,h lemlrk w;r fndfyda g kdhlhka ysjkafka kS;s ;s
j,ska iajhxl%ShlrKh jQ jd;djrKhla ;=< fkdj iajNdlj ;u
fud<h mdfldg ;SrK .; yels jd;djrKhka ;=<ska h'
>>
wOHdmk iqiql j,ska muKlau kdhlfhla ys fkdlrhs' kuq;a
W.;alu kdhl;ajhg wdNrKhls' f ksid ksrka;r bf.kSf
l%shdj,shl fhh hq;=h'
212
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
3
kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
kdhl;ajh ms<sn| ck l;dj
iyNd.s;aj l%ufoh" nqoa l,nkh" ckl;d
2 hs
kdhlfhl= i;=j ;sh hq;= .;s ,laIK
ykd.ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
;udf.a ;h ;=< kdhl;ajh f.dvkd .kafka flfiao@

$$ Tn fj; we;s kdhl;aj .;s.=K fudkjdoehs j. lrkak'
$$ Tn <dlr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk kdhl;aj .;s.=K fudkjdo@
$$ Tnf.a kdhl;aj jOkhg n,mdk iudc fyda mjq, ;=<ska u;=jk
ndOl iy iSudjka ;sfo@
$$ tlS ndOl u yrjd .ekSug l=uk Wml%u Nd;d l< yelso@
$$ hlsis iudc m%Yakhla iù inkaOfhka mqoa.,slju Tn ;=<
lemula iy j.lSula ;sfo@
$$ Tn kdhlfhla hk yeSu Tn ;=< ;sfo@
$$ wka wh Tn kdhlfhla hehs ms<s.kafka hehs Tn is;kafkao@
$$ by; m%Yak yryd nqoa l,nkh lsfuka miq my; i|yka Wmud
l;dj iyNd.sjkakka fj; ,nd fokak'
fudhq,h 7
$$ fuu Wmud l;dj iyNd.slhskag lshug f,dj ,nd tu l;dj

;=<ska u;=jk kdhl;aj ,laIK fudkjdoehs iyNd.slhskaf.ka
uikak' iyNd.slhska iska mjik ,laIK ish,a,kag u fmfkk
fia mqjrejl igyka lrkak'
213
213
kdhl;ajh inkaO
Wmud l;dj
wE; w;S;fha tlu;a tl ld,hl kla

rdcd,sfhla lEu fidhka mshdUkakg jqKd'
k fol ;=klau y yuka lEula ke;sj
rdcd,shd isfha Yd, nv.skaklsks' rdcd,shd
l rla mshUd f.k hkg W! gqjd fika
fikaa .dg .dgd hk bfnlaa' fmfkk
f;la udkhl ;ukaf.a wdydrhg .e,fmk fjk lsisu fohla rdcd,shd
fkdoelal ksid;a fjk;a lsisu l,amhla fkdue;s jQ ksid;a rdcd,shd
fika fika bnd bkak ydjg mshdUkakg .;a;d' rdcd,shdg fudk
;r nv.sks jqK;a W! yu m%cd;ka;%jd flfkla' ta ksid W! bndg
lsgq lr,d f .ek Tyqg okajkakg ys;=jd'
f b Wkakefya" ug hflla lkak nv.skshs' Tfya wefrkak weye
.efgk udkhl lsisu f.drla keye' b;ska ug WUj lkak isoaO fjkjd'
bndg lsisu fohla f;are .kak nerej .shd'
fudk jrola l<dgo wmafma udj lkak hkafka@ tal yu widOdrK
;Skajlafka rdcd,sfhda' lsis jrola l<dg fkfjhs" ug nv.skak Wyq,kak
ne ksidfka uu WUj lkak yokafk' fmdvla f;are .kska bfnda
rdcd,shd ;ukaf. m%Yafk meye,s lrkak W;aidy l<d' rdcd,ssfhda" Tn;a
f;are .kak' ysyefhu md;a fj,d udj lkak yok tl uu fldfyduo
f;are .kafka lsh,d'
j f;are lr lr bkak ug fj,djla keye uu WUj ur,d lkj' ta;a
ux <;a i;aj lreKdj lla ;sfhk ksid uu Tng wjia:djla fokjd'
wjidk jYfhka Tn leu;s jrhla b,a,kak'
Tn fldhs ;r fyd| flfklao@ uu tfyk uf.a wjika jrh b,a,kak'
Tng udj lkak mqjka fjkafk wms fokakd w;r ;rhla ;sh,d ta
;rfhka Tn kqfjd;a ;rhs' talhs uf.a wjidk b,a,Su' rdcd,shdg
t;fldg f;areKd bn;a fyd| fud< ldrfhla nj' oeka b;ska jpfk
fjkia lrkak;a neyefka lsh,d rdcd,shd is;=jd'
fyd|hs" ux tlhs' tfyk oekau ;rh mj;ajuq fkao@ rdcd,shd
l,n,fhka weiqjd' tfyu fyd| keyefka rdcd,sfhda" Tn ojia lsysmhlska
214
lEfj;a kE lSjfk' tfyu fldfyduo ;rhlg uqyqK fokafka@ '''' ''''

tfyu lrk tflka Tng widOdrKhla isfjkak mqjka' rdcd,sfhda wr .f,ka
tyd ;sfhk fod<mdrg .syska j;=r lla tfyu ,d fyg Wfokau fod<mdr <
;sfhk wU .y <g tkakfld' uf.a jpk folla kE' wr biair ydjhs bnhs
jf. wms;a f ;rhla ;shuq' uu ka jkak' ta lshkafk uu j;=fr
msyskkak' rdcd,sfhda Tn Wka mshdUkak' bnd fndfydu ;ekam;aj lsjd'
rdcd,shdg woy.kak;a neye' fud<ldrfhla lsh,d ys;=jg bnd fudavfhlafka
lsh, ;ukagu lshd f.k bng jer,dj;a o lsh,d wdmyq bnd yd n,,d
weyqjd" tfyu k uu fyg Wfoa lShgo tkak k@" Wfoa wg yudr fyd|hs
fkao@ yhg fj,djg tkak' fod<mdf wU .y < b|,d my<ska ;sfhk l`re
.y <g juq' fj,dj jroaokak tmd' tal;a tl ;r fldkafoaishla' bnd
fndfydau kS;s .rel flfkla nj wjka lSjd' rdcd,shd;a fyg Wfoag lkak
,efnk b uia .ek ys; ys;d hkak .shd'
bnd /iaf lreKq meye,s lrkafk fldfyduo lsh,d f.hska f.hg hk

w;fr ys;=jd' ;ukaf. ;h .ek ;rla fkfjhs" ;rfhka mer,d rdcd,shd
b uia ryg jy jegqfKd;a uq b ixy;shu bjrhs' fldfydu y bnd l;d
lrmq ,S,djg fndfydu fofkla /iaug tkak fmdfrdka jqKd' fmdfrdka
jqKd jf.au wdjd' meKs ish,a,kaju f.!rjfhka ms<s.;a bnd /iaf wruqK
meye,s l<d' bnd Wfoa isfjp ishu foaj,a tlla kEr meye,s l<d' lh
ydjla yQjla ke;=j wyf.k yshd'ug wo Wfoa yu weneoahla isoaO jqKd'
b;ska ta m%Yafkg iula yehg uu fhdackd l<d wms fokakd ;rhla ;sh,d
rdcd,shd kqfjd;a udj lkak bv fokak lsh,d' bnd tfyu lsh,d bjr jqKdu
f,dl= liq l=iqjla mgkaa .;a;d' b;ska we;a;gu rdcd,shd kkj isl=rehs' WUj
ld,d ou,d Bg miafi b uia ri je,d wms fiaru luq;= lrhs' l lshkako
wmg tkak lSf@ l;dj wy,d l,n, fjp jeys bfnla lla iefrka
215
fudhq,h 7
bnd .yla uq, fyjklg .syska l,amkd lrkak mgka .;a;d" l< hq;af;a
fudkjdo@ lsh,d ysf;ka ie,iq l<d' Bg miafi .shd ;ukaf. kEoEfhd uqK
.efykak' .syska yefudagu lsjd" wfma j.hdg n,mdk f,dl= m%Yakhla .ek
yefudau tl;= fj,d l;d lrkak wjYHhs' yefudau yji ;=kg fod<mdr <
wU .y hgg /ia fjkak kE' ;ukaf. jf.g wdorhla ;sfhkj k ;ukaf.
orejkaj /l.kak kE k fkdjrojdu f /iaug iyNd.s fjkaku kE'
fj,dj u;lhs fka@ wo yji ;=kg' wmg kdia;s lrkak ld,hla keye' ljqre y
uqK .eyqfKd;a f mKsvh lshkak wu;l lrkak tmd' fl wms yefudagu
;kau n,mdk m%Yakhla' tfyu k jroaokak tmd' uu .syska tkak'
l;d l<d' l,n, fjkak tmd" f ;r f,dl= lKavdhula ug boa uu

fldfyduo mrkafk@ uu fldfydu y kkjduhs' yenehs wms fiargu
talg lla uykais fjkak fjhs' uu wmQre ie,eiaula yejd' ta wkqj jev
lf<d;a wmg kk tl wudre fjkafk keye' nd, uy fNaohla .eyekq ms
fNaohla ke;=j uq ;rh mqrdu wms tld jf. jev lf<d;a" ta jf.au mjrk
j.lS ish,a, yhdldrj bgq lf<d;a rdcd,shdg b uia lkak fjkafk
keye' f wU .y < Th udud bkak ;rh wdrN lrk ks,Odhd
yehg' Th kekaod bkak ;rh wjidk lrk ks,Odhd yehg wr l`re
.y <' fu;k bkak Tlafldu b ;reK ;reKsfhd is fofkla ;r
ug wjYHhs j;=r hg bkak' j;=r hg b|,d wjYH fj,djg Wvg we,a,d
uu fufya lshkak kE' uu jf.au yev rej ;sfhk tlaflfkla ;rh
wdrN lrk ;ek ux jf.a b|,d ;rh wdrN lrkak kE'
rdcd,shd ;rh wdrN l<du l rla mshdU,d uu fufya lSju Bg
biairyska bkak bnd lshkak k" uu fufya lsh,d' nqyduqrefjd;a
lsh,d ;sfhkj wjYH fj,djg iuHhla m%fhda. yd ia:dfkda; m%{dj
md l<dg lula keye lsh,d' f;kdj hym;a ksid;a fflka ldgj;au
ydkshla fkdjk ksid;a wfkl fldfydu y ;rh kkak wjYH ksid;a
f l%uh wkq.ukh lruq' uu bkakj kq lKqj <u j;=r hg' rdcd,shd
kq lKqj <g tkak biair uu fufya lsh,d lsju uu j;=r u;=
msgg we,a,d uu fufya lsh,d ch.%dyS ,S,dfjka lshkj' t;fldg uuhs
;rfka kkafk' rdcd,shd wfma ie,iqu f;are .kak ;r kqjKlaldr
ke;s nj wo uu fyd|ye f;are .;a;d' tal ksid ysf;a fmdvlaj;a lyg
;shd .kafk ke;=j jefg nysuq' g jvd fyd| ie,eiaula fjk ljqre y
.dj ;sfhkj k uu oek .kak leu;shs' yefudau flg tlo@ tl k
yhg fj,djg fyg Wfoau fu;ekgu tkak' j;=r hg bkak leu;s ;reK
msi tlal uu fjku lla l;d lrkak i;=gqhs' ta whf. lemu u; ;uhs
yefudaf.u brKu ;Ska fjkafk' oeka b;ska f.j,aj,g .syska fyd|g ld,d
,d ksodf.k fyg Wfoau uqK .efyuqflda' lsh,d bnd lsjd'
bnd ;reK msi iu. fjku idlPdjla l<d' Tjqka flfiao ish j.lS
bgq lrkafk lsh,d' miqjodg ysre WodjqKd' bnf. me;af; ish,a,kau
fj,djg;a l,skau wdjd' ;reK lKavdhu rdcd,shd tkak l,skau we;a
;ukag ys ;ekaj,g .shd' bndf.a ie,iq iy.; nj ksid rdcd,shdf.ka
;u j.hdg isug .sh Yd, Wjrla kj;d,Sug bndg yels jqKd'
216
fuu Wmud l;dj lshjQ miq my; i|yka m%Yak i|yd

iyNd.sjkakkaf.ka ms<s;=re uikak'
bndf.a p;fha meje;s kdhl;aj ,laIK fudkjdo@
isjkakg .sh uyd jHikfhkaa b mrmrdj frd .ekSu i|yd bnd .;a
jeo.;a ;SrKh l=ulao@
tu ;SrKh .ekSug n,h md lf<a flfiao@
;SrKh .ekSf lKavdhula iu`. idlPd lf<ao@ ;ks ;SrKhlg t<UqKdo@
ke;fyd;a fjk;a ;SrK .kakkag n,mE l<do@
h lKavdhula fufyhf kdhlfhl= ;=< ;sh hq;= .;s.=K fudkjdo@
bka miq iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh y;rlg fnod *a,sma pd tl ne.ska ,nd
fokak'
by; Wmud l;dj mdol lrf.k fukau ;u woyia wkqj kdhlfhla i;= h
hq;= hehs Tjqka wfmalaId lrk ,laIK iy p; iajNdjhka fudkjdoehs ,ehsia;=
.; lrk f,i lshkak' wvqu .Kfka tjka ,laIK 10la muKj;a ,shk f,i
Wmfoia fokak'
bkamiq lKavdh y;f ksfhda;hskag Tjqka ,shQ oE bm;a lsug bv fokak'
fuu ck l;dfjka ms<sUq lrk wdldrhg kdhl;ajh hkq l=ulao@ hkak myod
ug my; jdlH Wmfhda.S lr .kak'
fuu ck l;dj ;=< ;snQ bndf.a p; ,laIKh jkafka ish lKavdhu fufyh
f yelshdjhs' wka wh fmd hym;a wruqKla i|yd tllr .ekSug$wjk;
lr .ekSug we;s yelshdj kdhl;ajhg jeo.;ah'
;u lKavdhug mj;sk ;;a;ajh ms<sn| i;Hjd u iy mj;sk we;a; ;;a;ajh

fkdijd lSu ;=<ska ;u msif.a Yajdijka;Ndjh /l.ekSug bndg yels
h' kdhlhd wkHhkaf.a Yajdih kd .; yels flfkl= h hq;=h'
f,djg jev lsu" jevla ksulsug ld,hla ;Ska lsu iy jev l,a fkdoeu
bndf.a p;fha ;j;a ,laIKhls' f ksid ksis f,djg jevlsu fyd|
kdhl;ajfha ,laIKhls'
217
fudhq,h 7
tfiau ia:dfkda; m%{dj ;=<ska ;uka wk;=frka fu iy ;u mrmrdj

wkd.; Wjre j,ska frd .ekSu i|yd bnd ;ekg iqiq whqka kqjK
md l< wdldrh fmkakq lrhss' tfiau bnd ldhhg iqiq mirh fyda
ia:dkh f;dard .ekSf yelshdfjka hq;= h' f wkqj kdhlhd ia:dfkda;
m%{dfjka hq;a flfkl= h hq;= f'
ukd ixOdk Yla;shla ;su ;=<ska ukd ie,iqlrKh iy ksis whqka

tu ie,iq l%shd;aul lsu ;=<ska wkd.; b mrmrdjg rdcd,shkaf.ka
isug .sh m;a k;r lsug bndg yels h' f ksid kdhlhd hkq fyd|
ie,iqlrefjls'
ukd ikaksfok yelshdj" p;=r ll;ajh ksid b /fya wka wh ;u u;hg
kujd .ekSug iy rdcd,shd iu. ;u u;h fnod .ekSug bndg yels h'
f ksid kdhlfhl= i;= hym;a ikaksfokh hkq l=ulao ms<sn|j oek.;
hq;=h'
ukdj f.dvk~.d .;a iah;ajh$fm!reIh ksid bnd wkHkaf.a iudc
ms<s.ekSug ,lah' fuu fm!reIh f.dvk`.d .ekSf tla l%uhla jkafka
.egjla ch .ekSug wjYH Wml%u inkaOfhka oekqj;a uhs' f ksid iEu
fokdf.au leue;a; iy Yajdih kd .ekSsug bndg yels h'
lKavdhf l=i,;d ykd.ekSu iy lKavdhf yelshdjka wkqj j.lS meju
fukau jev iy j.lS fnodu ;=<ska ;u jevms<sfj, ch .ekSug bndg
yels h' bka fmkakq lrkafka ;u lKavdhu ms<sn|j ukd wjfndaOhla
kdhlhd i;= f we;s jkdluhss' tfiau ta ta mqoa.,hd i;= yelshd l=i,;d
f;aref.k tajd w.hfldg ta wkqj ldhhka meju m%fhdackj;a njhs'
wkqkaf.a woyiaj,g .re lsu iy wka woyia idjOdkj wid isu fukau
wka whf.a woyia ie,ls,a,g .kska ;ks u;hg jev fkdlsu bndf.a i;=
jQ wfkla kdhl;aj ,laIKhhs'
iEu ;;a;ajhlu flfkl=g jkdlula u iy ieugu iuj ie,lSu bnd
i;=j ;snQ ;j;a kdhl;aj ,laIKhls' lsis fNaohla fkdi,ld ieug
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia iy
ixOdhlhskag Wmfoia
iudkj i,lkakd kdhl;aj .;s.=K Wreu lr .kshs'
$$iyNd.slhska iska bm;a lrk ,o lreKq idlPd lsfuka wk;=rej"
Tjqkaf.a oekqf h wvqmdvqjla we;ak tajd msrug ksjer kdhl;ajh
l=ulao hkak inkaOfhka we;s w;am;%sld ,nd fokak'
$$my; wdOdrl igykaj, oelafjk kdhl;aj .;s.=K f.dvk`.d .ekSf
iy tjeks .;s.=K ;uka ;=< jOkh lr .ekSf jeo.;alu wjOdrKh
lrkak' tfiau fuu .;s.=K jOkh lr.; yels wdldrh ms<sn|jo idlPd
lrkak'
$$fuu ieish i|yd kdhl;aj mqyqKqj ms<sn| fYaI{ yelshdjla we;s
mqyqKqlrefjl= fhdojd .kak'
218
218
kdhl;ajh inkaO wdOdrl igyka

fmd wruqKla fj; <d u i|yd fufyh ug
we;s yelshdj (Leads others towards the goal)
fmd wruqKla <dlr .ekSu Wfoid h mqoa.,fhla
;j;a mqoa., fldgila fj; n,mE lsf yelshdj
kdhl;ajh f,i ykajhs' ukqIH j.hdf.a Wmf;a isgu
iudch OQrdj,shlg yqre isk w;r ;u j.hdf.a
fyda lKavdhj, meje;au i|yd fmd oYkhla fyda
wruqKla fj; <du msKsi lKavdhu fufyhu kdhl;ajh orkakka iska lrkq
,enQ m%Odk ldhls' WodyrK jYfhka ovh hq.h" tfr hq.h" hk hq.j, ;u
j.hdf.a meje;au Wfoid kdhlfhla mej; we;' f.%da;sl iudcj, iy wdjdiSkaf.a
iudchka o OQrdj,shla wkqj ieliS we;' tfiau mdie,la" wdh;khla" mlaIhla"
yuqodj" fmd,Sish hkd fld;ek .;a;;a wdh;khl ks,;, fydnjk kdhl;aj
OQrdj,shla we;' f ksid kdhl;ajfha m%Odk wruqK jkafka fmdf tl we;s
wruqKla lrd hEug ish lKavdhu fufyhuhs' kejl lms;dka ;ek kej ;u
Ydk;shg iy .ukdka;hg f.k hkafka flfiao tfiau kdhlhd ;u kej iy tys
isk u.Ska ksjer Ydjg /f.k hhs' tfiau ndOl fyda ie`v iq<x ueo kej w;yer
m,dhEug kdlhdg fkdyel' f ksid kejla fufyhjk kshuqfjl= kej w;yer
m,d fkdhkakdla fuka kdhlhd o fld;r ndOl wdj;a ;u wruqK w;r u
w;yer fkdoeh hq;=h' fuys u;l ;nd .; hq;= lreK jkafka ldka;djka wE;
w;S;fha isgu kdhl;aj OQr fydnjd we;s w;r mqreIhska iy ldka;djka fomlaIhgu
tl iudk kdhl;aj yelshdjka we;s njhs'
tfiau ;u lKavdhu fmd wruqKla lrd fufyhug fm<Uf yelshdj
fyj;a wNsfma%rKh (Motivation) fuys jeo.;a h' fmd wruqKla <`.dlr
.ekSug fiiq ckhd fm<.eiaug fyda /ia lsf yelshdjo kdhl;ajhg
wh;a h'
;u wkd.; jev ms<sfj, l=ulaoehs hkak ks;ru fufkys lrka ;u b

jevms<sfj, ilia lr.ekSu (Establishing directions) jeo.;ah' kdhl;ajh
we;s ;eke;a;d hk .uk .ek oekf.k .uka lrk w;r wka whgo ksjer
u fmkakq lrhs'
;u wkq.dlhdf.a nr ieye,a lsug jvd je j.lSula kdhlhd iska
orkq ,nhs'
219
fudhq,h 7
kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d ;ud ljqo@ ;udf.a Yla;Ska fudkjdo@ hkak

ykd .kshs' tfiau wka whf.a yeS iy woyiaj,g .re lrhs' iu
woyia we;s msiaj, woyia tlg tl;=fldg wmQj fjkila i|yd fyda
fmd wruqKla <dlr .ekSu i|yd fyda tu lKavdhu fufyhug we;s
yelshdj kdhl;ajh f,i yekaf'
hym;a udkj in|;d f.dvk`.d .ekSf yelshdj

(Leadership depends on relationship-building)
kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d flfrys fiiq msia wdlIKh
jkafka kdhlhska udkj ys;jd jqjfyd;a muKs' f ksid
kdhlhd" uyckhd iy ;ud wjg jdih lrk m%cdj iu. ukd
in|;djka f.dvk`.d .; hq;=h' tfiau uyckhd fyda ;ud
jevlrk ia:dkh fyda hlsis m%cdjla ;=< in|;d f.dvk`.d
.ekSu" ;ud wjg j;ajk m%cdj inkaOfhka oekqj;aj isu" Tjqkaf.a tfkod
;h ms<sn|j oek .ekSu kdhlfhl=g jeo.;a f'
Tn jD;a;Sh i;s kdhsldjla k ;u iudlhska iudc cd,hlg
f.dvke`.Sug lghq;= l< yelsh' f i|yd cd,.;f /ia meje;ah
yelsh' tfiau kk ;dlaIKh wkqj f*aia nqla jeks iudc cd,hlg
mqoa.,hska tla/ia lsu iy Tjqka iu ksrka;r inkaO u l< yel'
tfiau w;a wjqreoaog iy fjila" k;a;,a" mdj,s fyda rduidka jeks
W;aijj,g iqN me;= mKsv heu" ;u iudlhdf.a Wmka khg iqN
me;= mKsvhla heu fyda rl;kfhka l;d fldg iqN me;Su" urKhg"
u=,g iyNd.s u iy m%cdf fmd lghq;=j,g iyNd.s u wdh is
lsfuka udkj in|;d f.dvkd .; yelsh'
fuys jvd;au jeo.;a jkafka wka mqoa.,hska flfrys ienE Wjukdfjka
iy wjxl f;kdfjka fidhd ne,Su" wdorfhka lreKdfjka ie,lSu"
jpk j,ska iy l%shdfjka ldreKsl u" ;udf.a udkj inkaO;d wjxlju
mj;ajdf.k hdu iy ier mreI joka j,ska wka whf.a is;a fkdou
hkdhhs' kEu flfkl= n,hg m;a lrkafka fuu hym;a udkj in|;dhs'
foaYmd,kfha Pkao ,efnkafka fuu udkj in|;d mok lr f.kh'
l;dj iy l%shdj iudk u (Walking the Talk)
idudkH jHdydrfha jpkj,g jvd l%shdj n,j;a nj wms oksuq'
kdhl;ajh we;a;d lshk foh lrhs' lrk foh lshhs'
mqoa.,sl ;h iy fmd ;h hk foflau hy meje;au kdhl;ajhg
jeo.;ah'
WodyrK f,i ksjfia ;u |g myr foka ldka;djkaf.a wNsjDoah
fjkqfjka l;d lsu ydiHhg ldrKhls' ;udf.a orejka fkdi,ld yka
f,dalfha orejkaf.a hymeje;au .ek l;d lsfuka Tjqka ck;dj bfha
ysjg Ndckh f'
kdhlhd ;u phdjka i;Hjd phdjka njg m;alr .; hq;=h' ;ud
wrlal= iy is.r fndka" rd;%S iudcYd,dj, kgka iyNH;ajh fyda
ixialD;sl pHdjka .ek l;d fkdl< hq;=h' tfiau fo ;hla .;
220
lsfuka ck;djf.a m%idoh kd .ekSug fkdyels jkq we;'

tfiau fyd| kdhlhd fndre fmdfrdka fkdfok w;r l< yels foa muKla
lshhs'
fyd| kdhlhd wdpdrOu wkqj yeisf' IKh w,a,i fyda {d;s ix.%y
msgqolshs'
tfiau wka whf.ka khdkql+, yeisula n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka k"
;ukao mlaI kh fyda wdh;ksl kh wdrlaId lrk
mqoa.,fhla njg m;ah hq;=h'
kdhlfhl= ;u yeiss iajNdjfha wLKav ,laIK
mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;ah' f,djl Okjdoh l;d lrka
;j;a fgl iudcjdoh fjkqfjka fmkSisu jeks l%shd
fyda ck;d yuq bfha fydka iqyoYs,Sj yeis
ksjig meKs Pkaoodhlhdg wldreKsl f,i ie,lSu
iqiq ke;'
f,dj l<ukdlrKh iy ksis f,djg jevlsu
(Time Management)
f,djg jevlsu iy f,dikska jev weru kdhl;ajfha b;d
jeo.;a f' /iaulg fyda idlPdjlg hEf mrlal= u iqiq
fkdf' ;ud mefKk ;=re wfkla iyNd.slhskag n,d iskakg
ie,eiau iy wka whf.a ld,hg jkdlula fkdu kdhl;ajfha
,laIKhla fkdf'
km;d lsug we;s jev ,ehsia;=jla (To do List, Daily) iy flld,Skj

l< hq;= jev ,ehsia;=jla (To do List, short term) iy >ld,Skj l<
hq;= jev ,ehsia;=jla (To do List, long term) ilid .ekSu l< hq;=h'
tu ,ehsia;=f jev bgq lf<a oehs hkak ksrka;rj uYkh lrka
,ehsia;=f jev l%shdjg ke`.Su ^WodyrK f,i km;d bx.%Sis m;a;rfha
msgqjla lshu ffoksl jev ,ehsia;=jg we;=,;a l< yels w;r i;s
follg jrla .f ldka;djlf.a ksjig f.dia f;dr;=re uid
ne,Su flld,Sk jev ,ehsia;=jg we;=,;a l< yelsh'& >ld,Sk
jev ,ehsia;=jg kdhl;ajh inkaOfhka foaY mqyqKqjla ,nd .ekSu"
fjk;a rglg ixpdrh lsu" kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j fmd;a 3la lshu
hkdh we;=<;A l< yel' fuu ,ehsia;=j ksrka;rj fmfkk ;ekl
;nd .; hq;= w;r km;d th uYkh l< hq;=h' ksu l< jev
fudkjdoehs hkak miq mrula o l< hq;=h'
221
fudhq,h 7
k fmd;la md lrka f,djka ksis m l<ukdlrKh lr

.ekSu w;HjYH f' (Time Management)
h foaYmd,k mlaIhla fyda jD;a;Sh i;s /iaula le|f ldhh

Tn iska lrkafka k tu /ia i|yd l,a we;sj iqodk u"
l,a;shd idudl;ajhg oekqu" wjidk fudfydf;a /ia wj,x.=
fkdlsug j. n,d .ekSu hkdh Tnf.a j.lS w;r f'
iEugu ;ud fjkqfjka ldh idOk m;%sldjla (Action Plan) ilid

.; hq;=h'
;ukaf.a ldh idOk m;%fha m%uqL;d ykd .; hq;=h'
;udf.a oekqu iy l=i,;d jOkh lr.ekSu

(Knowledge Building and Learning)
flfkl=g kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug k oekqu jOkh lr .ekSu
(Knowledge) wjYH f' oekqu n,h f hkqfjka foaYmd,k pdrlfhl=
jQ fidl%ia iska lshk ,oafoa f ksidh'
kdhlhd ks;ru oekqj;a f l%shdj,shl ksr; u jeo.;ah' foaYmd,kh"
m%cd;ka;%jdoh" n,h jeks ixl,am ms<sn|j yodrka fkdokakd foa
inkaOfhka oekqu jOkh lr .ekSu w;HjYH f'
mqj;am;a" m%jD;a;s wdh lshjka ;ud wjg jgmsgdj ;=< is jk oE
inkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lsu iy wjg f,dalh .ek oekqj;a u
kdhl;ajhg jeo.;a h'
kdhl;ajh <dlr .;a miq kj l=i,;djhka fkka k <dlr .; hq;=h'
WodyrK f,i bx.%Sis NdIdj bf.kSu" m>Klhla yeisrug mqreu wd
l=i,;d <dlr .ekSfuka kdhl;ajh ;rld mirhlg Tfrd;a;= fok
wdldrhg f.dvk`.d .; yel'
h flfkla Wmf;a isg urKh olajdu kj foaj,a bf.k .ekSu k;r fkdl<
hq;=h' bf.kSu oekqj;a u hkak ;dka;h olajdu wod< jk fohls'
tfiau kEu flfkl= w;ska jer isjk w;r jer ;=<ska bf.k .ekSug
u;l ;nd .; hq;=h'
kdhl;aj yeSu f.dvk`.d .ekSu (Motiviation)
;ud kdhsldjlah hk ffp;isl iajNdjh f.dvk`.d .ekSu iy ta wkqj
;ud mqoa.,fhla jYfhka iajwNsudkh f.dvk`.d f.k mqoa.,sl ixjOkh
we;slr .; hq;=h'
;ud kdhsldjlah hk yeSu we;slr f.k ;u ;h fjkqfjka kdhl;ajh
.ekSu w;sYh jeo.;a h' ;u ;h ;=< kdhl;ajh f.dvk`.d .kafka
ke;sj wka whg kdhlfhla u wiSre h' WodyrK f,i ;u jk kHdh
222
m;%h ;udg wjYH m ilia fkdfldg wka whg fjkia jk f,i lSu
wiSre h'
kdhl;ajh oerE ish,af,da Ialr;dj,g uqyqK kafkda fj;s' kdhl;ajh
<dlr .ekSf .uk Ialr neka tajdg uqyqK f Yla;sh we;slr .ekSu
jeo.;a h' f ;=<ska ndOl chf.k bhg taug iy wka wh fmd<Ujka
wdlYKSh kdhl;ajhla iemhSug (Motivating and Inspiring) yelshdj
,efnhs'
kdhl;ajh jkdys l,djla iy oHdjla f' kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d ;ud
;=< we;s Yla;Ska iy j,;d ykd .ekSug W;aidy .kakd w;r" Yla;sh
kdhl;ajhg fmr<d .kafka flfiao hkak kdhlhd oek .; hq;=h'
ffOhh" bjiSu" lemu iy m%n, Woafhda.h .ska .gu mj;ajd .ekSu
jeo.;a h'
;u mqoa.,sl n,h wj lrka ;ud lrk ldhh uska wjg f,dalh hym;a
wdldrfhka fjkia jkafkah hk yeSu we;slr .kska jev lsu jeo.;ah'
wd;au wNsudkh f.dvk`.d .ekSu ;=<ska ;u ksji iy wjg m%cdj idOkSh
f,i fjkia lr .ekSf yelshdj jeo.;a h'
ikaksfok yelshdj iy ;SrK .ekSf yelshdj jOkh lsu
(Horn your communication and decision-making skills)
ukd ikaksfokh f.dvk`.d .ekSu kdhl;ajhg jeo.;a jk w;r
ijkaf yelshdj jOkh lr.ekSuo ikaksfokfha fldgila f'
h mqoa.,hska fldgila bfha fmkS isg l;djla meje;au ms<sn|j hla
fyda miqnEula okjk ;;a;ajhla ;uka ;=< ;sfoehs fidhd n,d tjeks
ndOl ch .ekSug W;aidy l< yelsh' WodyrK jYfhka NdIdj yeisru
inkaOfhka mels,Ssula we;s flfkl=g tlS n,;dj ch.ekSug fYaI
jevigyklg iyNd.s wjYH mqyqKqj ,nd .; yelsh'
jD;a;Sh i;sh" mlaIh" fyda jevfmd< ;=< iduQysl woyia Tiafia ;SrK
.ekSu (Group Decision-making) jeo.;a h' ukao taldm;s iajNdjfhka
jevlrkafkda nyq;rhlf.a leue;a; iy f.!rjh kd fkd.ks;s'
fiiq wh bfha fpkh lsu fyd| kdhl;aj ,laIKhla fkdf' h
flfkla w;ska jeroaola is jQ g" weh fyda Tyq iu fl,ska l;dfldg
i|d f.k bhg .uka lsu hym;a ,laIKhla jkafkah'
223
fudhq,h 7
;udf.a l;d lrk ,dYh ms<sn|j Yajdihla we;slr .ekSug lKakdhla

bhg f.dia l;d mj;ajd l,ska mqre h yelsh' fuf,i h fohla
ms<sn|j isf;a mj;sk fhka bj;a u jeo.;ah'
tfiau kdhl;ajh ,nd .ekSug wjYH jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka ;uka

iskd nj oDYHudk lsuhs' (Be Visible). fndfyda g ;uka m%cdj fjkqfjka
lrkakd jQ jev fyda iqNidOk jev ms<sn|j wka wh fkdoek ishfyd;a
fld;r jevl<;a mlaIh ;=< fyda jD;a;Sh i;sh ;=< ;uka lrk
ldhhka inkaOfhka m%pdrhla fkdue;s h yelsh' f ksid ;ud lrk
ldhhka ms<sn|j l,ska l,g m%.;s iudf,dapk jd;djla t<s oelau" w;a
m;%sldjla uqKh lsu" ;dlaIKh okakd fldgia fj; ;u mKsvh heug
f*aia nqla jeks iudc cd,hlg inkaO u jeo.;ah'
tfiau fmdf .kakd ;SsrK ;u mlaIh fyda lKavdhu fj; lkka
oekq u l< hq;=h'
Tnf.a wdh;kfha" jD;a;Sh i;sfha fyda mlaIfha m%Odksfhla ishs k Tyq
fyda weh iu ksrka;rfhka ukd ikaksfokhla ;nd .kak' Tn fld;r
fyd| jev l<;a Tn iska lrk ldhhka yhdldrj by,g ikaksfokh
fkdjqkfyd;a m%Yak u;= ug bv we;' ukao w;ruehka iska widOdrK"
wi;H lreKq jd;d ls l< yels neka iy tjeks ls%hd fya;=fjka
m%Odkshd ;ukaf.a u mQj ks.ukj,g t<eug bv we;s neks'
h flfkla wi;H fpdaokd fyda wj,do ;uka fj; f.k tkafka k
tjka fpdaokd wi;H nj fmkaug l,a fkdoud thg mshjr .; hq;=h'
tjka wjia:djl ksye`hdj wjdis iy.; h' udkqIsl .=Kdx. wu;l
fkdl< hq;=h'
wxjlNdjh" j.lS .ekSu iy iDcq .;s.=K we;slr .ekSu
(Integrity and Accountability)
kdhlhd i;Hjd h hq;= w;r yeu gu we;a; l;d lsu jeo.;ah'
fndfyda g we;a; ;s;a; hehs lshukla ;snqK o fndrefjka fyda jxpdfjka
ck;dj /jug jvd mj;sk we;a; ;;a;ajh mejiSu kdhlhdf.a
,laIKhls' fndrej mQK f,i neyer lsu kdhlhd iska l< hq;a;ls'
h jereoaola is jQ g fjk;a mqoa.,hskag nkskjdg jvd kdhlhd tys
j.lSu Ndrf.k l%shd lsu jeo.;ah'
kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug k fmd iudh wruqKla <dlr .ekSug
uy;a <ehdjla (Passion) we;slr .; hq;=h' fuu <ehdj we;e
mqoa.,hskag l=vd l, isgu we;s h yels w;r we;e mqoa.,hskag
miqld,Skj we;s h yel' fuu <ehdj fjkqfjka h lsis l%shdoduhla
wdrN lsug mshjr .ekSug kdhlhd fm<fUhs' WodyrK jYfhka <ud
whs;sjdisl ms<sn| <ehdjla we;s ;eke;af;l=g <uhskaf.a wdrlaIdj
fjkqfjka umshka oekqj;a lsf jev ms<sfj,la ;ud fjfik .fuka
wdrN l< yelsh'
224
hula jerkq g thg ksoyig lreKq lSu fyda jeroao wka wh fj;
megug ;e;alsu kdhl;aj ,laIKhla fkdf' h jerula isjQ g
tu jeroao ;ud w;ska is jQfhao ke;so hkak m%ldY lsu jeo.;ah'
kdhl;ajh we;s ;eke;a;d hlsis ;;a;ajhla fyda mqoa.,hska ms<sn|
meKs,s fkdfldg tu ;;a;ajh fjkia lsug mshjr .kq we;'
h fohla fjkia lsug fkdyels g kdhlhd tysu we,Ss fkdisg ta
;;a;ajfhka bhg .uka lrhs'
h fohla yoj;g wjxlj m%ldY lsu iy ta wkqj lghq;= lsu ;=<ska
wjxlNdjh je lrhs'
hlsis ;SrKhla .ekSug wjYH jQ g fkdmels,j ;SrK .ekSu jeo.;a
f' tfy;a tu ;SrK m%cd;ka;%jdj .; hq;=h'
;u m%cdj iu im u (know your people)
kdhl;ajh orkafkla m%cdjf.a fmd jevj,g
iyNd.s u" m%cd Yajdih kd .ekSu iy
m%cdf flfkla njg m;au jeo.;a f'
;ud j;a jk m%foaYh ;=< fyda Pkao fldGdYh
;=< h wdmodjla fyda jHikhla is jQ
wjia:djkays fkdhj iy tluq;=j tajdg
uqyqKu l< hq;=h'
;u m%cdjf.a yis wjia:djl fyda .egjl
u`.yer fkdhEu ;=<ska ck;djf.a m%idoh kd
.; yelsf'
tfiau ck;djf.a yo .efyk rdjh iy wjYH;d ykd .; hq;=h'
wefuka" me<fuka" yeisfuka iy NdIdfjka m%cdj iu im h hq;=h'
ta ta wjia:djg .e,fmk whqka we wdhs;a; j,ska ieriSu jeo.;ah'
;ud wdY%h lrk whf.a olaI;d iy iqfYaIS yelshdjka ykd .ekSu iy ta

wkqj ldhhka meju iqiq h'
iEu mqoa.,fhl=f.au fyd|u foh Wlydf.k j,;d wu;lfldg msia
ixOdkh lsu jeo.;a h'
wd." cd;s" l=," ia;%S-mqreI fNao" mlaI fNao" ,sx.sl keUqrej ms<sn| fNao
fyda f,dl=-l=vd" ;reK-uy" fyda kd.l-.%dh jeks fn wu;l fldg
Tjqka inkaOfhka we;s taldlD;Ska fyda w.;s.d u; mfil ,d iefjdu
225
fudhq,h 7
m%cdj ;=< ;u mlaIhg fyda ;udg mlaImd; lKavdh fm< .eiau iy

Tjqka iu lKavdh yeSfuka jevlsu l< hq;=h'
tlu ugul ,d ie,lSfuka m%cdj iu jvd im h yel'

fyd| kdhlhd wka wh inkaOfhka mQj ks.ukj,g fkd t<e jev
lrkq we;'
tfiau kdhlhd uu;ajfhka f;dr h hq;= w;r uu fjkqjg wms hk
moh ksrka;rfhka md l< hq;=h' h fmd ch.%yKhla ,enQg th
;u lghq;a;la f,i Wo wekSug jvd fmd ch.%yKhla njg fmkajd u
iqiq h'
wjxl mqoa.,hska ;ud jgd f.dvkd .ekSu wjYH fohls' tfy;a
fufia <`.dlr f.k ;nd .; hq;= jkafka" ;ud w;ska je/oaola jQ
g tu jro fmkajd fok wjxl msila i kEu fohla fyd| hehs
lshk jkaNghska msila fkdf' tjeks jkaNghska <`.dlr .ekSu
wid:l;ajhg i ch.%yKhg fya;= fkdfjhs'
;u lKavdhug wjYH oekqu iy WmlrK ,nd ksis m j.lS
mejrejfyd;a i lKavdhula ;snQ muKska m%;sM, <dlr .; fkdyels
jkq we;' WodyrK f,i m%dfoaYSh ;reK lKavdhul ;reK ;reKshka
oekqj;a lsug n,h ;reK iNdjg mjrd" Tjqkag f.hska f.g hEug
myiql ^wju jYfhka nhsisl,hla fyda& iemhSfuka wjYH fgl fuu
lKavdh j,ska iydh ,nd .; yelsh'
wka whg h hq;= f.!rjh ,ndh hq;=h' h flfkla fyd| fohla fyda
jevodhl fohla l< g th we.ehSu kdhl;ajfha ,laIKhls'
cd,.; u (Networking)
;ks j<,a, fi,jQ g Yo fkdkef`.k w;r j< rdYshla tlg f.k fi,jQ g
Yohla we;s lrhs' f ixl,amh cd,.;u inkaOfhkao wh;a f' ukao ;ksj
h fmd wruqKla fjkqfjka igka lrkjdg jvd lKavdhula iu fmd wruqKq
fjkqfjka l%shd l< g n,mEf y~ iy Yla;s m%udKh jejk neks' tfiau or
fldagqjla ;ksj ;sh leu myiq jqj;a or fldagq hlg ne| we;s g leu wiSre
f' fuh mqoa.,hska cd, .;u ke;fyd;a ixOdkh fo n,mdkafka h' hlsis
jHdmdrhla ke;fyd;a cd,hla f.dvke`.Su f,fyis myiq ldhhla fkdjk w;r
thg ksrka;rj ld,h leml< hq;= f' tfukau w;ru myiqfjka w;afkdyk
.=Kfhka hq;=j cd,h l%shdldj ;nd .ekSug m%n, W;aidyhl fhh hq;=h' kEu
jD;a;shl jqjo ixOdk.; fkdjQ fiajlhdg jvd ixOdk.; jQ fiajlhdf.a Yla;sh
jeh' jD;a;Sh i;sj,g ixOdkh fkdjQ fiajl fialdjka ixOdkh lsu iy
cd,.; lsfuka kdhl;ajh fj; hk .ukg uy;a Wmldrhla ,ef' fuf,i
idudkH ck iuQyhd O iudh fya;= idOl u; cd,.; f' isxy iudc" ;reK
iudc" <ud iudc" .=re ix." hqo frda fmruqKq" u fmruqKq wdh fujeks cd,
j,g WodyrK f' foaYmd,ksl wruqKla fjkqfjka cd,.; jQ g tu cd,fha
l%shdldrl ms<sn|j uis,su;a fjka tys jOkhg wjYH iydh iemhsh hq;=h'
226
fuf,i cd,.; f my; lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;=h'

Odldr wjYH;d we;s" tlsfkldg fjkia jQ ck iuQyhd fj; jD;
ukilska n,d ;u ixOdkh ke;fyd;a jD;a;Sh i;sh fj; Tjqka <dlr
.; hq;=h'
cd,.; ug Odldr jQ m%fYhka fhdod .ekSu l< hq;=h'
;udf.a jHdmdrh ke;fyd;a cd,hg wdoY mdGhla (motto) f.dvk`.d .;
hq;=h'
fkdief,k Yla;shla iy oe ukilska hq;=j ndOdj,g uqyqK f Yla;sh
;sh hq;=h'
ldka;d ixOdk" rdcH fkdjk ixOdk" rdcH wdh;k" fiajl ixOdk"
udOH wdh;k hkd jYfhka jQ O ugf cd, ;sh yels w;r fuu
cd, iu`. taldnoaO u o l< yelsh'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$my; i|yka jkafka hym;a kdhlfhla ;=< ;sh hq;= .;s ,laIK f' fuu
j.=j Wmfhda.S lrf.k ;ud < tu kdhl;aj .=Kdx. ;sf hehs Yajdi
lrkafka k y ,l=K o tu .;s ,laIK ;ud ;=< ke;sk l;sr ,l=K o
;ju;a jOkh fjka mj;skafka k Ok ,l=K o fhdokak'
fudhq,h 7
$$fuu kdhl;ajfha fyd| .;s.=Kj,ska je ixLHdjla <dlr .ekSf

jeo.;alu wjOdrKh lrkak'
227
227
hym;a kdhlfhl= i;= .=Kdx.
j.lsj hq;=nj - accountability

<xh yelsnj - approachability
iu;=,s;nj - balance
ksNS;lu - bravery/ boldness
l,n, fkdu - calmness
meye,s oYkhla ;su - clear vision
wkqlmd iy.;Ndjh - compassion
ukd ikaksfokh - clear communication
iarNdjh - consistency
YajdikSh;ajh - credibility
ixOdkd;aul - organize
wd;au Yajdih - confidence
lemu - commitment
;rldnj - competitiveness
ffOhu;a - courage/ encouragement
wdpdrYS,Snj - courtesy
;SrKd;aulnj$fyd| ;SrK .ekSu - good
decision maker decisiveness
Yajdi l< yelsnj - dependability
.eUqrenj - depth
lirnj - diligence
.re;ajh - dignity
l%shdYS,SNdjh - dynamism
iylmkh - empathy
m%S;su;aNdjh - enjoyment
Woafhda.Snj - enthusiasm
cjfhka hq;=u - energy
m<mqreoao - experience
m%K;dj - expertise
m%S;sndyq,Hh - exuberance
idOdrKnj - fairness
lS;sh iys; - fame
h fkdue;snj - fearlessness
m;sjD;dj - fidelity
uq,Huh iajdk;dj - financial independence
ia:djrnj - firmness
228
fuu
kdhl;aj
.=Kdx.h
ud ;=<
;sf
fuu
kdhl;aj
.=Kdx.h
ud ;=<
ke;
fuu
kdhl;aj
.=Kdx.h ud
;=< jOkh
fjka ;sf
+
kuHYS,Snj - flexibility
iudj fok .;sh - forgiveness
;=renj - freindhsip
wl=,nj$wjxlnj - frankness/ honesty/
integrity
;Hd.YS,snj - generosity
flf<ys.=K we;s - gratitude
jOkhla ;su - growth
udf.damfoaYk iemhSug yelsnj - guidance
iu.sh imkaknj - harmony
Ndjd;aul nqoah iys;u - high emotional
intelligence
Wolrk iajNdjh - helpfuleness
wmlaImd;Snj - impartiality
iajdknj - independence
;SlaIK nqoah - insightfulness
iyc {dKh - intuition
kqjKlaldrnj - judiciousness
hqla;siy.;nj - justice
Wkka iys; - keenness
ckhd fydka oek .ekSu - knows people
lreKdjka;nj - kindness
kdhl;ajh we;s - leadership
W.;alu - learning
;ldkql+,nj - logic
wdorKsSh - love
lKavdhu fufyhjhs - lead
mdlaIslnj - loyality
mk;nj - maturity
ksryxldrnj - modestly
fudhq,h 7
jD; ukilska hq;=u - open mindedness

ixOdkd;aul l=i,;d iys;u organizationl skills
iqNjdnj - optimism
hulg uy;a <e`nj - passion
iduldnj - peace
m%shukdmNdjh - plesant
WGdk hh - perseverance
wka wh fmd<Ujk yelshdfjka hq;=u persuasiveness
n,fhka hq;=u - power
m%dfhda.sl u - practicality
229
iQodkj isu - preparedness

YsIag;ajh - refinement
Yajdih ;eh yels - reliability
Wmdh fl!I,Hfhka hq;=u - resourcefulness
.reire we;snj - respect
lemlsu - sacrifies
plaIKNdjh - sagacity
iajhx md,kh -self control
mrd:ldnj - selflessness
ixfnj - sensitivity
iqlaIu nqoah - shrewdness
l=i,;d iys;u - skillfulness
ir, nj - simplicity
wkqlmd iy.;nj - sympathy
lKavdh yeSfuka jevlsu - team work
iaa;=;sjka;u - thankfulness
wjfndaOfhka hq;=u - understanding
l,n, l< fkdyels - unflappability
fome;a;gu jdis i,id .; yels - win win
wisdom
uy;a Wkkaj - zest
230
w;a m;%sld
ksjpk
in, .ekau$n,dNsjOkh$n,i;=lrKh (Empowerment)
in, .ekau hkq ksiqkag ;u ; md,kh lsf yelshdj ,ndfok nyqudk
iudcuh l%shdj,shls' tneka in, .ekaf Wmdh ud. fndfyda g wjdis iy.;
;;a;ajhkag m;aj isk lKavdhj,g je n,hla ,ndu i|yd oekg mj;akd n,h
mej iy n,in|;d wNsfhda.hg ,la lrhs'
ldka;d n,dNsjOkh$ldka;d n,i;=lrKh$in,.ekau (Empowerment of
women)
ia;%S-mqreI fNaoh u; isjkakd jQ wiudk$wiu n,inkaO;djhkag ;uka Ndckh
jk nj wjfndaO lr .kska ldka;djka iska ;u ksji ;=<" fiajd ia:dkh ;=< fyda
m%cdj ;=< we;s jk tlS wiudk;djhkag tfrysj y`vla ke`.Sug iy ls%hdld ug
;u Yla;sh jOkh lr .kakd jQ ls%hdj,sh n,dNsjOkh f,i ye`kaf' cd;Hka;r
llre ixOdkfha fhj,g wkqj jevf,dalh ;=< ldka;djkag iudk ;;a;ajhka
m%jOkh u ldka;d n,dNsjOkhla jk w;r my; wjia:djka idOkh lsug
mshjr .ekSfukaao fulS n,dNsjOkh we;sug fya;= f'
iudh l%shdldrl iy iEu ugulu ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,sh ;=< iudkj
iyNd.su ;yjqre lsu msKsi ldka;djkaf.a YlH;djh f.dvkexu'
Okd;aul mshjr .ekSfuka im;a md,khg iy tu im;aj,g iu m%fYhg
fukau m%ckk" ksIamdol iy m%cd ldhhkays m%;s,dN ,eu m%jOkh lsu'
iudkd;au;djh" iqrlaIs;;djh iy .re;ajh iys; fiajd fldkafoais <dlr
.ekSug jev lsu'
ksrka;rfhka ldka;djka hgm;a lrk iudc" wdl ;;a;ajhka tk kS;sh"

wOHdmk l%uh" wvq foaYmd,k iyNd.s;ajh" ldka;djkag tfrys ysxikh iy
ldka;d udkj yslj, l%shd;aulNdjh hk wxYhka ldka;djkag iqNjd
whqka fjkia lsu'
ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djfha jeo.;alu ms<sn|j mqreIhska oekqj;a lsu'
231
fudhq,h 7
ldka;d wNsjOkh iy ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh fjkqfjka jevlsu i|yd

ldka;d ixOdk fukau fjk;a ixjOk yjq,alrejkaf.a YlH;djh jOkh
lsu'
{dk Nd.h (Epistemology)

{dk Nd.hla hkq oekqu ms<sn| isoaOdka;hls' {dk Nd.h ;=< ldka;djkag ;uka
inkaOfhka fukau b;sydifha wfkla ldka;djka ms<sn|j o oekqula iy wjfndaOhla
,ef' iudch ;=< idOdrK hehs ;yjqre we;s Yajdihkays i;H wi;H;dj uiSug
fuu l%shdj,sh Wmld f' tfiau h h foa ms<sn|j Yaf,aIKd;aulj ne,Sug;a
;u we;=,dka;hg ls|dnei ;udf.a ;;a;ajh inkaOfhka wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a
wd;au .fIKh Wmld f' tfia wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka n,.ekaf ;;a;ajhg
<du myiq f'
m%fYh (Access)
im;aj,g we;s m%fYh hkafkka .uH jkafka im;a myrKh lsug iy h
ksYa; im;aj,ska tk jHuh" uQ,Huh" udkj" idudh" foaYmd,k wdfhka
m%;s,dN ,eug we;s whs;shhs'
yelshd$YlH;d m%fYh (Capabilities Approach)
w: Ydia;%{hl= iy ixjOk fYaI{hl= jk wu;H fika iska bm;a lrk
,o by; m%fYfha moku jkafka mqoa.,hskag iajlSh ;h" tk Tjqka .; lsug
leue;s ;h ;SrKh lsug ksoyi ,nd u ;=<ska ixjOkh Wmu ugug f.k
wd yels njhs' yelshd hkq zkshudldr udkj ksoyiZ u; i wdodhu fyda Okh u;
Yajdih ;nk m%fYhla fkdf' f u.ska mqoa.,hskag iajlSh ksoyi <dlr .ekSug
we;s wjia:djka o fldmuK mqoa.,hska m%udKhla tjeks wjia:d <d lrf.k we;s
o hkak;a uid n,hs' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixjOk jevigyk ish udkj ixjOk
jd;dj ;=< fuu m%fYh w;HjYH wx. ;=kla hgf;a ia;r lrhs' tk > iy
fi!LH imkak ;hla .; lsug mqoa.,hskag we;s whs;sh" oekqj;a ug we;s
whs;sh" fyd| jk ugula mj;ajd f.k hdug we;s bvlv hkd jYfhkss'
YlH;d jOkh$Od;d jOkh$yelshd jOkh (Capacity development)
YlH;d jOkh hkq ;ks mqoa.,hska jYfhka fyda iduQysl jYfhka fyda mqoa.,hska"
ixOdk" wdh;k iy fmd iudch h h ldhhka bgq lsu" m%Yak iù" wruqKq
imqrd .ekSu i|yd ;u yelshdjka jOkh lr .ekSf l%shdj,shhs'
ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;d$nehdjka ^m%dfhda.sl iy Wmdhud.sl& Gender needs/interests (practical and strategic)
ia;%Skag iy mqreIhskag fjkia N+ldjka fukau j.lS we;s neka Tjqkag fjkia
nehdjka$wjYH;d we;' fjd ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjfha nehdjka$wjYH;d jk w;r"
m%dfhda.sl iy Wmdhud.sl jYfhka fuu wjYH;d j.SlrKh l< yel' m%dfhda.sl
iy Wmdhud.sl nehdjka iy wjYH;d fjka fjka jYfhka fkdj wLKav;djla
f,iska ie,lsh hq;= f' ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d$nehdjka ms<sn|
232
ia;%Skaf.a woyia uid" tu m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d wduka;%Kh lsu u.ska ia;%S-mqreI

iudcNdh wiudk;d ke;s lrk > ld,Sk Wmdhud.sl wjYH;d fj; <`.dug
m%fYhla ,nd.; yelsh'
l%fudamdhS$Wmdhud.sl ia;%S-mqreI wjYH;d (Strategic gender interests/needs)
ia;%Ska iska iudcfha ;ukag ys hg;a ;;a;ajh ;=<ska wjfndaO lr .kakd wjYH;d
iy <el Wmdhud.sl ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;d jk w;r" fjd ikaoNh
wkqj fjkia f' fuu wjYH;dj,g kS;Hdkql+, whs;sjdisl" .Dyia: m%pKav;ajfhka
u" iudk jegqma" Wm;a md,khg m%fYu hk lreKq we;=<;a h yelsh' Wmdh
ud.sl ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;d iska ia;%Skag iudcfha ys N+ldj m%Yakhlg
,lalrhs' jvd mq,a iu ;;a;ajhla iy mj;sk N+ldj, fjkila wfmlaId lrhs'
m%dfhda.sl ia;%S-mqreI iudcNd wjYH;d (Practical gender needs)
fudhq,h 7
iudh jYfhka f.dvk`.k ,o ;u N+ldjka ;=< ia;%Ska iska ykd.kakd wjYH;d

ka woyia lrhs' tAjd fndfyda g ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjh u; mok jQ Y%u Nckh
iy ia;%Skag iudcfha mj;sk my;a ;;a;ajh u;ska mek ke`.=k;a m%dfhda.slj ia;%SmqreI iudcNd wjYH;d iudc kshduj,g wNsfhda. fkdlrhs' m%dfhda.sl ia;%SmqreI iudcNd wjYH;d ksYa; ikaoNhla ;=< lkka m%;HlaI lr.; hq;=
wjYH;djhls' tk msis c,h fyda iqiq jdiia:dk jeks wjYH;djka bgqlr .ekSu
inkaO m%;spdrhls' tAjd iajNdjfhka m%dfhda.sl jk w;r fndfyda g j;a f
fldkafoaisj, mj;sk wvqmdvq inkaOfhka ie,ls,su;a f
233
234
jD;a;Sh i;sfhka
foaYmd,khg'''
fudhq,h 8
235
yekau
iaa;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh <dlr .ekSu hkq ldka;djkag wdl"
iudh" ixialD;sl" is,a fyda foaYmd,k fyda fjk;a kEu lafIa;%hl
udkj whs;sjdisl iy uQ,sl ksoyi ndOdjlska f;drj N=la;s `f
yelshdj f' tA wkqj foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl kd.ekSu i|yd l%shdld
foaYmd,kfha ksr; f ia;%Skag tfrysj we;s fjkial msgq oelSug
cd;sl l%shdld;ajhla iy jev ms<sfj,la wdrNu jeo.;ah'
ldka;dj ujla f,iskao fidhqhl" |l" hKshl f,iska o mjq, ;=<
Yd, ldhNdrhla bgqlrk w;r weh m%cd ugf m%cd foaYmd,k
N+ldjlo kshef,a' bka fkdkej;S" cd;sl foaYmd,k rduqj ;=< ;SrK
.kakd ugug .sh ldka;djka j;udkfha iskjd fukau foaYmd,k
b;sydi fmd;aj,o iksgqyka we;' 1960 f,djg m%:u w.ue;sksh ys
lrk ,oafoa Y%S ,xldjhs' tfiau 1931 isgu furg ldka;dfjda ijck
Pkao n,h md lr;s' kuq;a tjeks rgl ldka;djka iudch Ifhys
foaYmd,k ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,shg odhl;ajh iemhSu w;ska ;ju;a
miq.d ;;a;ajhl miqf'
ldka;d kdhsldjka fojrla rf m%Odku kdhl ;;a;ajh <dlr
.;a;o iuia; ldka;djka ;=< foaYmd,k jYfhka bhg tAu
ms<sno Yd, msula ke;s nj ldka;d ksfhdackfha m%;sY;h foi
ne,Sfuka iy ldka;djka Pkaoh md lrk wdldrfhka fmkS hhs'
Y%S ,xldf ck.ykfhka ldka;djka 52] la jqjo Bg idfmalaIj ldka;d
ksfhdacl;ajh b;du wvq ugul mj;S' j;udk md,sfka;=f
^2014& ldka;d ksfhdackh 6]lg jvd wvqh' cd;sl ,ehsia;=fjka 29
fofkl= md,sfka;=jg f;dard m;a l<;a cd;sl ,ehsia;=j ;=<" lek
iy ksfhdacH weu;s OQr fydnjk fukau wfkl=;a m%Odk wud;HdxYj,
iy jeo.;a ;Srl n,hla we;s OQrhkays ldka;d odhl;ajh b;du wvq
ugul mj;S' fuf,i ldka;d ksfhdacl;ajh wvq m%;sY;hl mej;Su
fya;=fjka ldka;djka cd;sl m%.;sh ;SrKh lrk" ;SrK .ekSf
l%shdj,sfhka wE;a lr ;nhs'
236
fndfyda ldka;djka foaYmd,k l%shdj,sh ;=< ;u foaYmd,k whs;sh

Pkaoh ug iy mskaf.a Pkao jevj,g iydh ug muKla Nd;d
lrhs' tfiau fndfyduhla mlaI ;=< wNHka;r m%cd;ka;%jdohla
fkdue;s w;r fuu idm%odhsl foaYmd,k mlaI jHqyhka ldka;djka
fojk fm< mqrjeishka fia i,lhs' Pkao ld,fha muKla ldka;djka
jeo.;a fldgila f,i i,ld" ;SrK .kakd ;ekaj, Tjqkaf.a u;jdo
.Kka fkdf.k yeisfrk mqreIjd foaYmd,k mlaI wmg yuq
we;' foaYmd,k mlaI ;=< ;Ska ;SrK .kakd uKav,j, ldka;djka
ksfhdackh jkafkao b;d wvqfjks' m%cdjf.a ixjOk l%shdoduh ksKh
lrk ;SrK .ekSf l%shdoduhkaf.ka ldka;djka wE;au iy msgux
lsu ;=<ska isjkafka whym;ls' ia;%Ska i;= foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl
Pkaoh f l%shdj,shlg jvd Tng ys hd hq;= fohls' foaYmd,kfha
ksr;ug ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,shg iyNd.s ug Tjqkag whs;shla
we;' ldka;djka foaYmd,k iy iudc l%shdj,Ska ;=< l%shdldj
iyNd.s h hq;=h' hym;a wdKavqlrKhlg wjYH l%udkql+, ie,iq
ilia lsug ldka;djka i;= l=i,;djhkaf.ka M, m%fhdack ,ef
yelshdj ldka;d ksfhdackh wvqu;a iu .s,sySs hkq we;' f ksid
ck;d ksfhda; wdh;k jk md,sfka;=j" m<d;a iNd" uyk.r iNd
iy m%dfoaYSh iNdjkays ldka;djkaf.a ksfhdacl;ajh jelsug mshjr
.; hq;=h' bkahdj jeks rgj, m<d;a md,k wdh;k jk mxpdh;S
rdcH wdh;k ;=< ldka;djkaf.a odhl;ajh jelsug wksjdh fldagd
l%uhla kS;sfhkau ilid we;' bkahdf 73 jk jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh
;=<ska ldka;djkag m<d;a md,k wdh;k jk mxpdh;S rdcHhkays 33] l
fldagdjla wksjdhfldg ;sf'
wfmaCIs; wruqKq
237
fudhq,h 8
ldka;dj iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg wod< uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn|j oekqu

jOkh lsu'
n,.ekaf ixl,amhla f,i ldka;d ksfhdacl;aaj N+ldf jeo.;alu
wjfndaO lr.ekSu'
ldka;djka ;SrK .kakd ia:dkj, wvqug n,mdk iudcuh idOl iy
ndOl y`kd .ekSu'
ldka;djka foaYmd,kfha l%shdldj iyNd.s ug l%ufo fhdackd lsu iy
tu ndOd ch.; yelafla flfiao hkak l;sldjlg Ndckh lsu'
uq,sl wruqKq
Objectives
wdik
ieleiau
Room
Arrangement
wjYH
,shlsh,s
Materials and
Handouts
l%ufoh
Methodology
wjYH
iydhl
WmlrK
Training Aids
ld,h
Duration
ieisfha
wka;.;h
Session Plan
238
ldka;dj iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajhg wod< uQ,sl

ixl,am inkaOfhka oekqu jOkh lsu"
ldka;djkag foaYmd,khg meKSug we;s ndOl
ykd.ekSu iy foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh <dlr
.ekSf l%ufo fhdackd lsu'
U wdldrfha yevh

w;am;%sldj
mj fmdhska bm;a ls"
iuQy l%shdldrl" m%fndaOk l%Svd"
m%Yak iy W;a;r" fhda oYk"
;% iy m%ia:d msre
jhs fnda
udl mEka" *a,sma pd" w`.,a 4x3 ldm;a" yd*aIS"
mEka" udialska fma l;=re" nq,afvda.a la,sma" u,a
hd fm%fclagrh'
meh 4 hs
ldka;dj iy foaYmd,kh" foaYmd,kfha kshe,Sf

ldka;djka uqyqK fok ndOl ykd.ekSu" ldka;dj
foaYmd,k jYfhka ch.%yKh lrug wjYH
l%ufo fhdackd lsu'
m<uq ieish
ldka;dj iy foaYmd,kh
yekau
ldka;djka iska foaYmd,k n,h kd .ekSug b;sydih mqrd igka lrk ,o w;r
Pkao whs;sh mjd kd .kakd ,oafoa wr., ;=<sks' 1927 ldka;d ijPk Pkao ix.uh
iska fvdkfuda fldiu yryd lrk ,o b,a,Sj, m%;sM,hla f,ig ldka;djkag
Pkao n,h ,enqKs' fuu wjia:df mjd ldka;djkag Pkao whs;sh u jkdys W!rka
bfha uq;= is lsula n (casting pearls before swine) hehs lshk ,oafoa mqreIjd
u; j,ska hqla; jQ fmdkakn, rdukdoka jeks foaYmd,k kdhlhska isks' 1931
Y%S ,xldf ldka;djkag ijck Pkao n,h ,efuka miq 1932 ,S,dj;S wirmamd
iska lrk ,o m%ldYh fufiah'
miq.sh .;jQ udi lSmh ;=< fuu jhsfkys iqYd, fjkial rdYshla yg f.k
we;' b;sydifha m%:u jrg ia;%Ska Pkaoh ug we;s whs;sh Nd;d lrk ,' uE;
Nd.fha ia;%Ska ksfhdackh lrkq msKsi ldka;djla rdcH uka;%K iNdjg m;a lsug
yelsu ldka;djka ,o ch.%yKhla h' fufia Pkao n,h ys fuka iy ia;s%S
ksfhda;jhka m;a lsfuka ,nk ,o iS>% m%.;sh ksid wfma rf ldka;djkaf.a iy
<uhskaf.a iqNidOkh flfrys n,mdkakd jQ ish ldrKd inkaOfhka we;s jkakd
jQ Yd, m%.;shla flfrys oeka wmg Yajdifhka ne,sh yelsh' ^Wmqgd .ekSu 1932
uehs ldka;djkaf.a mqrjeisNdjh inkaOfhka Young Ceylon fj; ,S,dj;S wirmamd
iska lrk ,o m%ldYh&
239
fudhq,h 8
by; m%ldYh ;=<ska ldka;dj iy foaYmd,kh ms<sn|j iqNjd oelaula cks; l<
o 1931 isg Pkao whs;sh kd fndfyda ld,hla .;j we;;a" ldka;djkaf.a idOdrK
ksfhdackhla md,sfka;=j we;= ;SrK .kakd uKav,j, ;ju;a olakg ,efnkafka
ke;' j;udkfha md,sfka;= ksfhdackh ;=< ldka;djka ksfhdackh jkafka 225
lska 13 fofkl= muKs' tk jir 2010 md,sfka;=f ldka;d ksfhdackh 5'8]
la muK jk w;r m<d;a iNdj, ldka;djkaf.a ksfhdackh 4'1] ls' m<d;a md,k
wdh;kj, ldka;d ksfhdackh ;sfnkafka 2]
lg;a jvd wvqfjks' tfiau fuys u;= l< hq;=
wfkla lreK k ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmfha
wfkla rgj,g iy wfkla ixjOkh fjka
mj;sk rgj,g jvd Y%S ,xldf iudc wdl
;;a;ajh by,h' ldka;djka" fi!LH iy
wOHdmk wxYhka f.ka by< m%;sM, ,nd
we;' lreKq fufia ;sh;a foaYmd,kfha ia;%S
ksfhdackh b;du wvq ugul mj;S'
11
13
12
1956
1960
1965
1970
1977
1989
1994
2000
mqreI
10
11
13
2010
2004
2001
2
1952
jIh
3
1947
uka;%Sjreka m%udKh
md,sfka;=f ldka;d ksfhdackh
ia;%S
f ksid 1947 isg Y%S ,xld foaYmd,kfha ldka;d ksfhdackfha wvq ;;a;ajh iy ldka;djg
tfrysj mj;sk widOdrK ;;a;ajhka fjkia lsf l%shdj,shla wdrN lsu jeo.;ah'
fkdfhla jd;djrKhka ;=< ish ukqIHhskaf.a ^mqreIhska" ldka;djka" <uhska
fukau jeyshka& ;j,g n,mdk ;SrK .ekSug ldka;djkaa ksis m foaYmd,k
uKav,j, ksfhdackh h hq;af;ah' f wkqj ldka;djf.a ls%hdYS,S ksfhdackhla
iudc-foaYmd,k ikaoNh ;=< ia:dms; lsug Tjqkaf.a l%shdld iyNd.S;ajh je
jYfhka ,nd.; hq;=h' ldka;djf.a ;SrK .ekSu iy l%shdld odhl;ajh uekSu
i|yd foaYmd,kfha ldka;djka muKla fkdj udOH wdh;khkays ldka;d l;Dka
.Kk" jD;a;Sh i;sj, ;SrK .kakd jHqyhka ;=< isk ldka;djkaf.a m%udKh"
wud;HdxY iy ixia:dj, f,al fyda iNdm;s ;k;=rej, isk ldka;djka m%udKh"
yuqod fmd,Sish we;= ;%sO yuqodj, Wiia ks,;, fydnjk ldka;djka m%udKh"
iudc jHdmdrj, iy foaYmd,k mlaIj, kdhl;ajh orK ldka;djka m%udKho
jeu b;d jeo.;ah' 1931 muK w;S;fha ldka;djkag ijck Pkao n,h m%odkh
lrk ,oafoa jqjo ldka;djka foaYmd,k lafIa;%hg msiSu j<lajd,k iqYd, ndOl
rdYshla ;ju;a weh bfha mj;S' tfiau jevf,dalh ;=<o fndfyda iud.j, by,
ks,;, orkafka;a rcfha wud;HxY iy fomd;fka;=j, nyq;rhla by, ;k;=re
orkafka;a mqreI mdYajhhs' fYaIfhka u fiajl whs;sjdisl kd.; yels iy
iduQysl flaj,a lsug whs;sh fok jD;a;Sh i;s .;a;o ldka;djkag kdhl;aj
;k;=re kd .ekSu ;ju;a wiSre ;sf'
240
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
1
kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
la,sma" udl mEka
1 hs
foaYmd,k ;fha bhg taug wjYH
p; ,laIK fudkjdoehs fidhd ne,Su iy
foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka jeo.;a jkakd jQ
ikaia:dk idlPd lsu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ Tnf.a ;fha jvd;au leue;s ldka;d foaYmd,k kdhsldj ljqo@

$$ weh Tnf.a leu;su ldka;d kdhsldj jkafka ukao@
$$ Tjqkag foaYmd,k ;fha bhg taug Wmld jQ lreKq iy p; ,laIK
fudkjdo@
hk m%Yak j,g ms<s;=re fidhk f,i iyNd.slhska fj; Wmfoia fokak'
241
241
fudhq,h 8
$$ my; i|yka jkafka ldka;dj iy foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka jeo.;a jkakdjQ

ikaia:dk lsysmhls' fuu ikaia:dk ldka;dj iy foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka
jeo.;a jkafka flfiao hkak fidhd iyNd.slhska iu. idlPd lrkak'
foaYmd,k iy iudc jHdmdrhkays

ldka;d ch.%yK iy ikaia:dk
1889
1904
1909
1927
1930
1930
1931
1931
1932
1936
1937
1944
1947
1955
1956
1960
1980
1993
1994
2006
242
kd YslaIdodk ix.uh msysgqu (Womens Education Society)

,xld ldka;d ix.uh msysgqu (Ceylons Womens Union)
o< ldka;d ix.uh msysgqu' ( Tamil Womens Union)
ldka;d ij ck Pkao ix.uh msysgqu' (Womens Franchise
Union - WFU)
ldka;d foaYmd,k ix.uh (Womens Political Union -WPU) msysgqu'
,xld uys,d i;sh msysgqu'
fvdkfuda fldiu hgf;a ldka;djkag ijck Pkao n,h ,eu'
we,ska fud,uqf (Adeleine Molamure) m%:u ldka;d uka;%Sjh
jYfhka f;a m;au'
rdcH uka;%K iNdjg o< cd;sl ldka;djla tk fkai
irjkuq;a;= (Neysum Saravanamuttu) m%:u j;djg f;a m;au'
fld<U uy k.r iNdf m%:u j;djg ldka;djkag wiqka .ekSug bv
foka m%;sm;a;s ixfYdaOkh lsu'
fodia;r f r;ak m%:u k.r iNd uka;%Sjhla jYfhka m;au'
iuia; ,xld ldka;d ix.uh ysu' (All Ceylon Womens
Conference)
ia;%Sjd iudcjd m%:u ldka;d n,uqjla f,i tlai;a ldka;d
fmruqK ysu'
we,ska fud,uqf fifk iNdf Wm iNdm;s njg m;au'
u,d chjOk m%:u lek weu;sjhla ^fi!LH weu;sksh&
njg m;au'
f,dalfha m<uqjk w.ue;sksh jYfhka isudfjda nKavdrkdhl
ue;sksh m;au iy ;=ka jrla w.ue;sksh njg m;a jQ
>u ld,hla n,fha is ^1960-65" 1970-77" 1994-2000&
,dxlsl w.ue;sksh njg m;au'
u fmruqK ysu'
pkasld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. m%:u ldka;d uyweu;sksh njg
m;au'
Y%S ,xldf m%:u ldka;d Odhl ckdm;sjh jYfhka pkasld
nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. m;au ^1994 fkdjen 12 isg
2005fkdjen 19 olajd&
l=ud nd,iqh m%:u ldka;d wdKavqldrjh njg m;au
ôl=Kq m<d;a iNdj&
m%cdjf.a tfkod ;hg yqremqre WodyrK u.ska m%cd;ka;%jdoh"

iajdm;Hh" ,snr,ajdoh" wdKavql%u jHjia:dj iy ue;sjrK l%uh jeks
ixl,amj, w:hka meye,s lrkak'
ldka;djkag tfrys ish wdldr fjkiafldg ie,lS msgqoelSf iuq;sfha
my; i|yka 7 jk j.ka;sh ,xldf fld;r rg n,d;aul ;sfo"
hkak iyNd.slhska lKavdh 3lg fnod idlPd lrkak'
Y%S ,xldf uOHu wdKavqj iy m<d;a iNdj,g wu;rj ck;dj iska
f;dard m;alr .kakd ksfhda; uKav,j,g ldka;djka jemqr odhlug
Wkka l<hq;= jkafka ukaoehs nqoa l,nkh lrkak'
7' j.ka;sh
mdYajldr rdcHhhka rf foaYmd,k iy ck ;fhys
ia;S%kag tfrys fjkial msgq oelSug fhda.H ish mshjr.kq
we;s w;r fYaIfhka" mqreIhska iy iudkj ia;%Skag o(
^w& ish Pkao uiSj, iy cku; pdrKj, Pkaoh m%ldY
lsug iy ck;d Pkaofhka ksfhda;hska f;dard .kakd
wdh;kj,g f;a m;aug'
^wd& rdcH m%;sm;a;s imdokfhys iy l%shd;aul lsfuys ,d
iyNd.s ug rdcH ks,;, fyUug" rdcH md,kfha ish
ugj, fmd ldhhkays ksr;ug'
243
fudhq,h 8
^we& rf foaYmd,k iy ck;hg inkaO rdcH fkdjk

ixOdkj,g iy ix.j,g iyNd.sug iudk whs;sjdisl
iy;sl lrkq we;'
fojk ieish
ldka;dj foaYmd,kfha uqyqK fok ndOl
yekau
ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j iudcfha we;s iDKd;aul taldlD;Ska" wkkH;d
iSudlrKhka" w.;s.d u;jdo iy foaYmd,khg ldka;djka fhduqu inkaOfhka
;u mjqf,ka u;=jk frdaO;d o ldka;djkag foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSug
ndOd muqKqjhs' tfiau kdhl;ajh <dlr .ekSf wjYH .kqfokqldr n,h"
ll;ajh" msia ixOdkh lsf yelshdj iy ukd ikaksfok yelshd ksifhka
we;s ldka;djka isho Tjqkag jD;a;Sh i;s ;=< fjk;a ks,;, fynh yels
ixOdkj, fyda foaYmd,k uKav,j, kdhl;aj ;k;=re ys ke;' wudrefjka
fyda foaYmd,k kdhl;aj ;k;=rej,g m;ajQ miqj" ldka;djkag n, wldrh r|jd
.ekSug wjYH iydh ,ndfok ixf jHqyhka fyda iudc iqNidOk jev is lsug
wruqo,a fkdue;sfuka ;SrK .kakd uKav,j,ska ldka;djkag fl ld,hla we;=,;
bj;aug isjk wjia:d wm w;aoel ;sf' mjq, ;=< bgq lsug we;s .Dyia: j.lS
ksid ldka;djka fndfyduhla fofkl=g jD;a;Sh i;sj, lghq;= iy foaYmd,k
lghq;=j, kshe,Sug we;e g ld,h uf' .DySh ldhhka fndfyduhla ;ksj
lsug isfuka iy ksjfia ldhhkays nr mska iy ldka;djka w;r idOdrKj
fn fkdhEu fya;=fjka ldka;djkag m%cd foaYmd,k N+ldj fjkqfjka ld,h
vx.= lsug we;s yelshdjg ndOd we;sf' tfiau ldka;djka iska ksIamdok N+ldj
ke;fyd;a wdodh bmhSf ud. ilid fkd.;fyd;a Tjqkag wdl iajdk;djh
wys jkq we;' fuf,i foaYmd,kfha fhug im;a iy uqo,a fkdue;su" kdhl;ajh
iy l=i,;d jOkh lr .ekSug wjYH mqyqKq myiql fkdue;su wd lreKq
ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k kdhl;aj jOkhg ndOd muqKqjhs'
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
244
2
kd 20
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
la,sma" udl mEka
1 hs'
ldka;dj foaYmd,khg t<ef iy f;a
m;a jQ miq ldka;djka uqyqK fok ndOl
ykd.ekSu'
mqyqKqlrejd iska weish hq;= m%Yak iy

wjOdrKh l< hq;= lreKq
>>Y%S ,xldj ijck Pkao n,h ,nd jir 80 lg jvd .; we;;a ldka;djka
13 fofkl=g jvd mdfka;=jg heug yels ;sfo@
>>uOHu wdKavqj iy m<d;a iNdj,g wu;rj ck;dj iska f;dard m;alr
.kakd ksfhda; uKav,j,g ldka;djka jemqr odhlug Wkka l<
hq;af;a wehs@
>>jD;a;Sh i;sj, ldka;djkaf.a ksfhdackh jelsfuka ldka;djkag fiajd
whs;sjdisl kd .ekSug" fiajl iqNisoah fjkqfjka b,a,S kd .ekSug
iy flaj,a lsug n,hla we;sf' ldka;djka Yd, m%udKhla fiajfha
fhk;a jD;a;Sh i;sj, kdhl;ajh uqukskau mdfya ms mdYajh iska
oeug fya;=j l=ulao@
>>ksoyi ,nd jir 60lg jvd ld,h .; we;;a" tfiau 1960 jif ldka;djla
foaYmd,k rduqf by,u n, jHqyh ksfhdackh lrka f,djg m<uq ldka;d
w.ue;sksh ysfldg jir 50 la f. .sh;a ,S,dj;S wirmamd iska tod 1932
u;= lrk ,o wfmalaIdjka bgq ;sfo@
245
fudhq,h 8
>>ck.ykfhka 52] lg jvd ia;%S ksfhdackhla mj;skafka jqjo ckaoodhlhska

f.ka 53]la ldka;djka jqjo md,sfka;=f ia;%S ksfhdackh 6] lg jvd wvq
jkafka ukao@
my; lshuka inkaOfhka iyNd.slhska fld;r tl jkafkao@

hkak .ek nqoa l,nkh lrkak' m>kl bm;a ls iy
o;a;j,ska my; lshukaj, i;HNdjh ikd: lrkak'
Y%S ,xldf ck.ykfhka 52] la ldka;djka' ckaoodhlhskaf.ka nyq;rh;a
ldka;djka' wfma rf ldka;djkag ckao n,h ,enqfKa 1931 ' f,dalfha m%:u
w.ue;sKsh 1960 ys jqfk;a Y%S ,xldfjks'
ta;a md,sfka;=f uka;%Ska 225ka ldka;djka iskafka 13 fofkls' ldka;djka
mska fukau olaI h' kdhl;ajfhka msmqka h'
md,sfka;=f" m<d;a md,k wdh;kj, iy ish ;SrK .kakd uKav,j,
ldka;d kdhl;ajh jelsug ld,h t<eU ;sf'
l=fKsh ch l=ureg rc jkakg iydh ka nj;a fidaud foah j,.nd rcqf.a
;h i;=rkaf.ka frd .ekSug r:fhka t<shg mekak nj;a b;sydifhka
fy<s f'
Y%S ,xldjg oka; Od;+ka jykafia jevu lrk ,oafoa fyaudud,d l=uh isks'
Y%S uyd fndaka jykafia jevu lrjQfha ix>;a;d f;rKshhs'
f;a j;af;a" je,s l;f" fmfylyf,a" f.dmf<a jev lrkafka ldka;djhs'
ldka;djg l< yels foa fndfydah'
foaYmd,k iudc wdl wd.l lafIa;%fha ldka;d odhl;ajh w.hd ldka;d
kdhl;ajh f.dvke`.Su b;d jeo.;a ldhNdrhls'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ iyNd.sjkakka lKavdh follg fnokak'
$$ ldka;djkag foaYmd,khg m%YaG ug we;s ndOl fudkjdoehs ,shd olajk
f,i tla lKavdhulg Wmfoia fokak'
$$ ldka;djka foaYmd,khg m%fY fuka miq uqyqK fok .eg fudkjdoehs
,shd olajk f,i wfkla lKavdhug Wmfoia fokak'
$$ iyNd.sjkakka iska ,shk ,o f;dr;=re lKavdh jYfhka bm;a lsug
Wmfoia fokak'
$$ my; i|yka isoa wOHkh ie,ls,a,g f.k ldka;djka foaYmd,kslj
in, .ekaug ;sh hq;= idOl fudkjdo hkak;a n,.ekau iy n,h hk
ixl,amj, w:h;a meye,s lrkak'
246
246
isoa wOHkh
Y%shd,;d l=reKE., m%foaYfha fjfik wjqre 38l foore ujls' wef.a
iehd u,a fukaia wjqre 45la jhie;s mqoa.,fhla jk w;r Tyq
m%foaYfha ms mdie,l foaYmd,k oHd .=rejrhd h' fuhg wu;rj
u,a hqIka .=rejrfhls' Y%shd,;d jD; Yaj oHd,fha bf.kqu ,nka
isk ld,fha u,a iu wer fma%u inkaO;djhla u; jdy jQfha
wef.a Wmdh o w;ru k;r lrks' jdyfhka miqj weh u,af.a
uyf.or mx jQjdh' bf.k f.k ish;a bf.k .;a fohska jevla
fkdf.k ksjfia isfuka Y%shd,;d vdjg m;aj is neka weh" rdcH
fkdjk ixOdkhl mqyqKqlrefjla iy lafIa;% ks,Odkshl jYfhka
/lshdjla ,nd .;a;dh'
fuf,i wjqre folla muK weh /lshdj l< w;r m<uq orejd
,eu;a iu orejd /ln,d .ekSug lsisfjl= fkdue;s fuka weh
/lshdfjka iuq.;a;dh' lafIa;% ks,Odkshl jYfhka lghq;= l<
Y%shd,;d ksjig isr f.ug wlue;s jQfhka weh iafPdfjka
m%cdf jev lghq;=j,g iyNd.s ug mgka .;a;dh' weh .f ldka;d
i;sfha iy urKdOdr i;sfha l%shdld idudldjl jQ w;r .f oy
mdi,a .=rejhl o h' m%cdj w;r wehf.a ckm%sh;ajh ie,ls,a,g
.;a m%Odk Odrdf foaYmd,k mlaIhla iska wehg foaYmd,k mlaIfha
ldka;d wxYfha iNdm;sksh ug wdrdOkd lrk ,'
weh" Pkaoh b,a,Sug we;s leue;a; ksid foaYmd,k mlaIfha iNdm;s
;k;=r ndr.ekSug leue;a; m%ldY l< nj oek.;a u,af.a uj
wehf.a foaYmd,k l%shdld;ajh ;ka fpkh l<dh' tfy;a Y%shd,;d
.f ldka;djkaf.a m%Yakj,g uey;a fjka ;u ksjfia ldhhka
o fkdmsfy,d bgq l<dh' wef.a mlaIh iy .f ldka;d i;sh"
Y%shd,;dg .f m%dfoaYSh iNd Pkaohg bm;a jk f,i b,a,Sula lrhs'
flfia jqjo wehg ;ekam;a Okhla ke;s w;r we;af;a msia n,h
muKls' ksjig meKs miq Y%shd,;d ;u iehd jk u,a iu m%dfoaYSh
iNd ue;sjrKhg ;r lsug ;udf.a we;s leue;a; inkaOfhka
l;d l<dh' tA inkaOfhka u,a lsisu leue;a;la oelajQfha ke;s
w;r Tyq ys; wudkdmfhka rd;%S lEu mjd wkqNj fkdlr kskaog
.sfhah' foaYmd,kh ldka;djkag fyd| fohla fkdjk nj Tyq ;rfha
lshd isfhah' f ksid Y%shd,;d Pkaohg bm;a ug ;snQ leue;a;
mfil,d ;uka fjkqjg fjk;a ldka;djla fidhd .kakd f,i mlaIhg
247
fudhq,h 8
oekq kakdh'
my; Wmldrl igyka fhdod f.k ish lreKq wkdjrKh

we;aoehs n,d Tjqkaf.ka .s,syS .sh ldrKd idlPdjg .kak'
ldka;d foaYmd,k m%jOkh bfha we;s indOl
1' mqreIdm;Hhsl foaYmd,k mlaI" foaYmd,k jHqyhka iy foaYmd,kh ;=<
mqreIdm;H oeu
iudch Wia my;al ms<sn| OQrdj,shla wkqj ixOdk .; we;' tfiau foaYmd,kh
mqreI wdm;Hhsl oDIAfhka ms we;s neka fndfyda g ldka;djlf.a ;;a;ajh
yev.eiS we;af;a mqoa.,sl inkaOl" foam, yqjudre" is;a" iudc ixialD;sl
m%;sudk wdh u; mS;D uQ,sljdoh wkqjh' j;udkfha foaYmd,k mlaI ish,af,ysu
mdfya olakg we;af;a mqreI wdm;Hhs' fndfyda foaYmd,k mlaIhkays lD;Hdld
uKav,j, ldka;djka ksfhdacl;ajh orkafka ke;sjdfia h' fuu ;;a;ajh jD;a;Sh
i;s inkaOfhka .;a l, o i;H f' foaYmd,kh ;=< we;s mqreIdm;s n,rduqj
ksid we;e ldka;djka foaYmd,kh ;ukag iqiq ke;ehs is;d uq .ekafjk w;r
mj;sk wm;sjd iudc foaYmd,k rduqj ;=< ldka;d foaYmd,k msulg wkqn,hla
fkdimhk nj;a meye,sj fmkS hhs' ms;DuQ,sl iudc idrOu ;=<ska ldka;djg
iudch iu. ksoyfia .eug bv fokafka iSud nkaOk rdYshlao iu.sks' tfiau
foaYmd,kh ;=< fndfyda g ldka;djka" hg;a iy wkaf;ajdisl ldhhka i|yd fhdod
.kakd mirhla ;=< ldka;djka ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,shg iyNd.s lr .ekSu wvqf'
fuf,i mqreIjd foaYmd,kh ;=< ldka;djkaf.a oial iy yelshdjka wvqfjka
;lafiare lrkq ,nhs' mqreIjd foaYmd,k mlaIj,g ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djh
we;s lsug k kdhl;aj uKav, iy lD;Hdld uKav,j, ldka;d ksfhdackhg
ksYa; fldagdjla ,nd u is l< hq;=h' tfiau ue;sjrKhla mj;sk g Pkaofmd<
ksfhda;hska fyda .Kka lsf ksfhda;hska ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkag ,efnkafka
iq m%udKhls' fuho ldka;djg ue;sjrKfha iu wjia:d fkd,eug iy ue;sjrK
IK jeug fya;=jla we;'
2 ' ldka;d ksfhda;jhkag m<d;a md,k wdh;kh ;=< ,efnk wvq wkq.%yh
;sridr ixjOkh w;am;a lr .ekSu i|yd rgl ukd wdKavqlrKhla ;sh hq;=h' ukd
wdKavqlrKhl uQ,sl ,laIKhla jkafka iyNd.s;aj m%cd;ka;%jdoh" mdroDYHNdjh"
ck;djg j.lsj hq;=u iy ia;%S-mqreI iudkd;au;djhhs' tfy;a ck;d ksfhda;
wdh;k jk m<d;a md,kfha ia;%S mqreI ksfhdack ixhq;sfha fjki ms 98'3] lg
ldka;djka 1'7] la jk g fulS hym;a wdKavqlrKh idlaId;a lr .kafka flf,io
hkak is;d ne,sh hq;= ldrKdjls' tfiau m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g f;a m;ajk
uka;%sjhka ;u Wiia wruqKq uqkam;a lr .ekSug jEhula oerEj;a Tjqkaf.a woyia
Woyia" u;jdo iy jev lghq;= fkd;ld yeu fyda iSud lsu fyda md.d hgm;alr
oeu ksrka;rfhka is f' ldka;djka iNdj wu;k g fkdfhla wdldrfha ys
;y lsu" ixjOk jev lghq;= i|yd wjYH uQ,H m%;smdok ldka;d iNslhska
i|yd m%udKj;a m fjka fkd lsu wdh f w;r f' fndfyda g Tjqka uq,mqrk
jeo.;a lghq;=j,g uQ,H imdokh lr .ekSf wiSre ;;a;ajhla yg .kS' f
248
ksid f;a m;ajQ uka;%Sjhkag ;u m%cdj fjkqfjka lghq;= lsug fkdyels fuka
wkd.;fha kej; m;aug we;s bvlv wys fjhs' bkahdf 33] l fldagdjla
ldka;djka fjkqfjka fjkalr we;s ;;a;ajhka ;=< mjd we;e mxpdh;a iNdjkays
ldka;djka m%Odk;ajh oerejo wh jeh fjkalsf idlPdj, tu iNdjg m;a jQ
ms ksfhda;hska iska ldka;d wjYH;d fjkqfjka wh jeh fjka lsug wlue;a;la
olajhs' tu ksid iEu whjehlskau ldka;djka fjkqfjka m%;sY;hla fjka lsfuka
ldka;djkag ;u ksfhda; wdh;k ;=< ;u jevigyka bhg f.k hdug msgqn,hla
,efnkq we;'
3' ldka;d foaYmd,k ksfhda;hskag udOH wkq.%yh fkd,eu
foaYmd,kh ;=< o mskaf.a l%uhka iy ms rjrhska inkaOfhka we;s jk
ril;d i ldka;d foaYmd,kh ms<sn|j udOH yryd ,efnkafka wvq ie,ls,a,ls'
ue;sjrK iufha ms ksfhda;hskaf.a mqj;am;a idlPd Yd, jYfhka je fjoa
ldka;djkag udOH yryd ,efnkafka iq wkq.%yhla muKs' tu ksid mska lrk
l;jHkag je m%pdrhla ,efnhs' fuu mgq oDIaah yuqf ldka;d foaYmd,kh
kxjd,Sug udOHg Yd, j.lSula mejfrhs' tfiau ldka;d ksfhda;fhla w;ska
jkakd jQ w;aje/oaola uyd mudKfhka fmkajd ugo udOH odhl fjhs' tfiau
foaYmd,k mlaI iska Pkaoh ld,hg mj;ajk rEmjdyskS iuqL idlPdj,g iy
jdoj,g ldka;djka k lrkafkao wvqfjks'
4' ldka;djkag tfrys m%pKav;ajh iy ysxikfhka msreKq foaYmd,k ixialD;sh
foaYmd,kfha ksr; jkg thgu fmd wdfKsl ,laIK jk uer n,h" m%pKav;ajh"
fndan .eiS" lems,s fl,s" IK iy ;ck ms<sn|j we;s h iel ksid ldka;djka
l%shdld foaYmd,khg iyNd.su wvq h yel' foaYmd,kfha Pkaoh b,a,Sf isg
f;am;au olajd ldka;djka fndfyduhla fofkl=g ;u ia;%S;ajh ksidu m%Yakj,g
uqyqK ug is jQ wjia:d wm wid we;' ldka;djkag .re;ajfhka j;a h yels iudc"
wdl" foaYmd,k ixialD;shla fkdue;s g ldka;d whs;sjdisl jvd;a ;ckhg
,la f' ldka;djla u ksidu myiqfjka Tjqka ,sx.sl f.dre njg m;a lrk iudc
ikaoNhla j;udkfha ksudKh u ksidu ldka;djka fmrgq.d fkd miq.d
;;a;ajhgu wefohs' ldka;djkag ,sx.sl w;jr" ieyeisl iy ysxikhkag ,laug
isu ksid ukqIHfhl= jYfhka ,eh hq;= .re;ajh flf,iS weh wirK ;;a;ajhg
m;a lrhs' we;e ldka;dfjda Ydl m%pKav l%shdj,ska wdrlaIdj ,eug fkdyelsj
wirK jQ fldgila f,i isk g Tjqyq foaYmd,k l%shdld;ajhla ms<sn|j is;Sugj;a
fkdfm<fU;s'
we;e iudchkays" /lshd rys; <s` .e ldka;dj yq ffcjfh iy f.afodr jev

lghq;= muKla bgqlrk ;eke;a;shlf.a ;;a;ajh olajd my; fy,d we;' wdl
wiarNdjh .eyekqkaf.a fldkdrh |fy,d wl%Sh lrk w;r iajdk ;SrK
.ekSfuka weh j<lajhss' tfiau ue;sjrK lghq;=j, ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkag jHdmdl
wkq.%yhla ,efnkafka b;du l,d;=rlsks' f ksid foaYmd,kfha l%shdld fjka ish
249
fudhq,h 8
5' ldka;dj wdl jYfhka Yla;su;a fkdu$wvq wdl iajdk;dj
udkisl iy ldhsl Y%uh lemlrka ;SrK .ekSf l%shdj,shg odhlug .eyeKqkag

yelshdj ,efnkaafka iudcuh iy wdluh jYfhka bhg meKshfyd;a muKs'
6' idm%odhsl jekaoUq iy mjq,ajd ia;%S foaYmd,k m%jk;djh
ol=Kq wdishdj mqrdu idm%odhsl jekaoUq mjq,ajd ia;%S foaYmd,kh olakg we;' we;e
g foaYmd,k Wkkaj mrhd mjq,a n,h fjkqfjka ke`.Sisk ia;%S foaYmd,khla
Y%S ,xldj ;=<o olakg we;' md,sfka;=j fyda m%dfoaYSh ugj, foaYmd,kfha
kshef,k ldka;djka nyq;rhla i|yd mjq,a inkaO;d iy mjq,a n,h Tjqkaf.a
foaYmd,kfha m%Odk fya;=jlaj ;sf' f ksid iajdkj foaYmd,khg m%IaG
ug isk ldka;djkag kdu fhdackd ,eu m%;slafIam jqjfyd;a Tjqkaf.a msug
bka n,mEula t,a, h yel' mjq,a miqu u; .eyeKqka muKla fkdj ms
foaYmd,k{hkao bhg tka is' f ksid iudcfha iajdkj ke`.Sish yels
m%cdj fjkqfjka ixfj lghq;= lrk ldka;djka" je jefhka foaYmd,khg
m%IaGu w;HjYH idOlhlaj mj;S'
7' ldka;djka fj; we;s wvq iqNidOk myiql ksid wehg we;s iudh j.lSu
jeu
ldka;djkag n,mdk fi!LH fiajd" ud;D iy ikSmdrdlaIl myiql" orejkaf.a
iqfmdaIKh wd .eg flfrys;a orejka /ln,d .ekSsu flfrys;a jefhka igka
jkafka ldka;djka h' fndfyda iudchkays ldka;djf.a fmdaIK ;;a;ajh mskag
jvd wvqh' we;e g Tjqkag wdydr iy fi!LH" Wjgeka ,efnkafka wvqfjks' jvd wvq
wdodh ,nka mskag jvd je meh .Kkla jev lsug we;e ldka;djkag isf'
ldka;dfjda nyq;rhla mskag idfmalaIj <s ugul is;s' iqNidOk myiql fyda
orejka /ln,d .ekSug l%ufohla fkdue;sj f.j;s' wvq iqNidOk ;;a;ajhka
hgf;a f.jk g Tjqkag foaYmd,khg bm;a ug ffOhla fkd ,efnkq we;'
f ksid ldka;dj n,i;= lsu werh hq;af;a m<uqj ksjfiks' ldka;dj uj" hKsh
iy |la f,i ksji ;=< kdia;sh j<lajd" ksis l<ukdlrKhg olajk iyc
yelshdj m<d;a md,kh ;=< o l%shd;aul lsug f wkqj ldka;d ksfhda;jhkag
yels jkq we;'
8' mjq, ;=< we;s j.lS m%udKh iy mjqf,a frdaO;d
mjq, ;=< j.lS idOdrKj fn fkdhdu ksid o iehd iy Ndhdj
w;r wfkHdakH wjfndaOh fkdue;su ksido foaYmd,kfha ksr;jk g
ldka;dj mjqf,a j.lSj,ska wE;a f hehs mj;sk h ksido mjq,a ixia:dj
;=<ska ldka;djf.a foaYmd,k m%.ukhg ,efnkafka wvq iydhls' ldka;dj
foaYmd,kfha kshef,k l, mjq, ;=<skau frdaO;d u;=fjkafka f fya;=
ksidfjks'
ldka;dj ujla f,iska" |" hKsh" fidhqh f,iskao mjq, ;=< Yd,
ldhNdrhla lrhs' ldka;dfjda fndfyda g mjqf,a lghq;=j,g uq,a ;ek u
;fha m%Odk wruqK lr.kakd w;r foaYmd,kfha ksr; jkg we;sjk
ldh nyq,;ajh u; j.lS meyer yefha hehs ika;dmhg m;a fj;s' fuu
250
ufkdaNdjd;aul idOlo ldka;djf.a foaYmd,k b .ukg ndOd muqKqjhs'

ta wkqj ldka;dj fifkynr ud;dj o fidre | o wdorKSh hKsh o
ohdnr fidhqh o muKla fkdj" fyd|u iudc l%shdldksh" olaI fialdj"
ck;d kdhsldj jeks iudc ks,kduo weh fj; ,eug yels mirhla
ksudKh lrk iudchla we;s lsug lghq;= l< hq;=j ;sf' ldka;djg
f.!rj lrk iudc mirhla yslsug wkqn, imhk wdl,auh fjkila
we;s lsugo fjfyish hq;= f'
9' wksjdh fldagd l%uhla fkdue;su
udkj ixjOkh ;=< foaYmd,k ksoyi" udkj whs;Ska iy mqoa.,sl wd;au .re;ajh
hk ldrKd we;=,;a jk w;r ldka;djkag tu ksoyi N=la;s ug k ldka;djka
we;=,;a wdKavqlrKhla iy mirhla ksudKh h hq;=f' bkahdj jeks rgl 73
jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh u.ska 33] l wksjdh fldagd l%uhla tys m<d;a md,k wdh;k
jk mxpdh;S rdcH wdh;k ;=< ldka;djkaf.a odhl;ajh jelsug kS;sfhkau
ilid we;' tfiau" fkamd,h" we*a.ksia:dkh" brdlh" nx.a,dfoaYh iy mdlsia:dkh
jeks rgj,o ldka;d odhl;ajh jelsug jHjia:duh fldagd l%uhla iy m%;smdok
we;' tfy;a Y%S ,xldf ;ju;a ldka;d foaYmd,k ksfhdackh jelsu i|yd fldagd
l%uhla ilid ke;' ol=Kq wdishdf ldka;d foaYmd,k ksfhdackfha wvqu rg
Y%S ,xldj njg m;a we;'
10' foaYmd,kh ;=< ldka;dj .ydjg ,lalsu
ldhslj fukau udkisljo ldka;djka neo ;nk nej,ska wef.a wd;au .re;ajh"
Yla;sh iy Yaajdih kdY lrhs' fndfyda g ldka;djka md,kh lsug iy uokh
lsug iudch iska ldka;djg tfrysj fhdod .kakd b;du wdldreKsl wdhqOh
jkafka uv.eiS iy Tjqka .ydjg md;% lsuhs' fuu uv.eiS iy kskaod ls
b;du wj{d iy.; jk w;r th wef.a mjq,a ;fhka mgka f.k iudc ;h
kdY lrk ms<s,hla njg m;a lrhs' fuu idyisl l%shd ldka;djkag udkisl jYfhka
b;du fokd iy.; nj fkdlsj ukdh' f ksid we;e ldka;djka foaYmd,kh
flfrys olajkafka RKd;aul wdl,amhls' foaYmd,kh ;ukag wh;a lghq;a;la
hehs we;e ldka;djka is;kafka ke;' iudchg fhka tk fkdfhl=;a wmydi
iy lhsl;kaor ;ud inkaOfhka f.d;kq we;ehs hk fhka fndfyda ldka;dfjda
bhg fkdt;s'
ldka;d mdYajfha foaYmd,k ye`.S ugu o wm iudcfha jdia;l h:d:h o wm

iska f;are .; hq;=h' we;e ldka;dfjda foaYmd,kh ;ukag wh;a fohla hehs
fkdis;k w;r th mqreIhkaf.a rdcldhla hehs is;d foaYmd,k mkakrh ,eug
miqng fj;s' tfiau hlsis wjia:djl ldka;d ksfhdacl;ajh i|yd fldagdjla
fjkalsf jHjia:duh m%;smdok we;s l< o ldka;djka foaYmd,k jYfhka mqyqKqj
iy mkakrh ,nd fkd;su ;j rg;a f i|yd ndOlhlaj mj;skq we;' tfy;a
mska iu`. iei l< ldka;djg iajNdlju ksji md,kh lsfuka mgka .;a
251
fudhq,h 8
11' ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k kqmqyqKqNdjh
ukd l<ukdlrK yelshdjla i;=j ;sf' f jkg rdcH fkdjk ixOdk we;=
iafPd ixOdk uska ldka;djka Yd, m%udKhla foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka
mqyqKqfldg we;' fuf,i ;jrg;a fkdmqyqKq ldka;djka foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka
mqyqKq l<fyd;a ;u foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl ,nd .ekSf Yla;sh Tjqka ;=< ;jrg;a
je hqKqjkq we;'
12' ldka;d foaYmd,k mqyqKq wdh;khl wjYH;djh
ldka;djka foaYmd,kh ms<sn| ksis mqyqKqj ,nd fkdue;s u ldka;d foaYmd,k
m%jOkhg ndOdjlaj mj;S' ue;sjrK l%shdj,sh" kdu fhdackd l%shdj,sh" Pkaoh
meje;af l%shdj,sh we;= foaYmd,k l%shdldrl inkaOfhka uQ,sl oekqu
ldka;djka fj; ,ndug foaYmd,k mqyqKq wdh;khla ;su hq.fha wjYH;djhla
f' we;e rdcH fkdjk ixOdk iska ldka;djka mqyqKq lsug Okd;aul mshjr
f.k we;s w;r rdcH ;dka;%sl ugka ldka;djka inkaOfhka tjeks mshjr
f.k we;af;a l,d;=rlsks' f ksid ldka;d whs;Ska m%jOkh lsug lemu rdcH
m%;sm;a;sfha fldgila f,i i,ld" rch iska wjYH uQ,H m%;smdok fjka l< hq;=j
;sf' ke;fyd;a wdrN lrkq ,nk fujeks wdh;k fl l,lskau wvmK jkq
we;'
13' ldka;djka" ldka;d ksfhda;jhkag Pkaoh ug we;s ue,slu
,xldf 52] lg wdikak m%udKhl ldka;d ck.ykhla isk w;r Pkaoodhlhskaf.a
nyq;rh jkafka o ldka;djka h' Tjqka idlaIr;djfhka b;d by,h' ldka;d
idlaIr;djfha m%;sY;h je ol=Kq wdishdf fojk rg Y%S ,xldj jqjo ue;sjrKj,
ldka;djka" ldka;d wfmalaIsldjka fjkqfjka Pkaoh md lr we;af;a b;du;a
w,am jYfhks' f ksid ldka;djka iduQysl n,uq .ekaf l%shdj,shlg uq, mqrka
ldka;d wfmalaIsldjka fjkqfjka Pkaoh md lsug W;aiql h hq;=h'
14' ldka;djkaf.a fkdoekqj;aNdjh
ldka;djka ;u whs;sjdisl ms<sn|j fukau iudch" mj;sk kS;sh" foaYmd,k l%uh
hkdh inkaOfhka oekqj;aj isu jeo.;a h' f i|yd is,a iudch ;=< we;s jk
nqoauh ixjdo . ugu fj; ikaksfokh u;a ldka;djka w;r kj msula
we;s u;a jeo.;a f' ldka;djka mqyqKqj ,nd" YlH;d iys;j oe Woafhda.hlska iy
Wodr wfmalaIdjka f.ka hq;=j ish foaYmd,k {dkh je hqKq lr.; hq;=j we;'
tfiau .%dh ugf iy k.rno ldka;djka w;r Pkaoh nqoau;aj md lrk
wdldrh ms<sn|j oekqj;a ls l< hq;=h' fYaIfhka m<d;a md,k wdh;kj,g f;a
m;ajk ksfhda;jhka iy md,sfka;= uka;%Sjhka ldka;d whs;Ska ms<sn|j oekqj;a
lsuo w;HdjYH ldrKhlaj mj;S'
15' ldka;djkaf.a YlH;d f.dvkexu iy n,.ekau i|yd l%uj;a jevms<sfj,la
fkdue;su
ldka;djka foaYmd,kh ;ukag iqiq ke;ehs is;d uq .ekajqkq msila njg m;a
we;s nj;a tfiau mj;sk iudc foaYmd,k rduqj iska ldka;d foaYmd,k msulg
252
wkqn,hla fkdimhk nj;a fmkS hhs' f ksid ldka;dj .Dyia: lghq;=j,g wu;rj
kdhl;aj mqyqKqj we;= ixOdkYS,Ss u iy oekqj;au w;ska by, ugulg
meKsh hq;=j ;sf' tfiau ksis mqyqKqj o f ioyd jeo.;a h' ldka;djf.a wNsudkh
m%jOkh lsu i|yd Tjqka i;= l=i,;d Tma kexu ;=<ska fuu wruqKq idlaId;a
lr .; yelsh' ;jo ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh ms<sn|j iudcfha ;ju;a we;af;a
iDKd;aul taldlD;Ska" wkkH;d iSudlrKhka iy w.;s.d u;jdo f' f ksid
ldka;dj foaYmd,kslj n, .ekau i|yd l=i,;d ixjOkh jeo.;a f'
16' kS;sh l%shd;aul lrk wdh;k foaYmd,kSlrKh u iy foaYmd,k wdh;kj,
.rd jeu
ue;sjrK m%pKav;ajh ksrka;rj .egqld ysiqKq ;;a;ajhla ksudKh lrhs' tfy;aa
kS;sh mis|,k Widh" fmd,Sish iy ;%sO yuqod jeks wdh;k foaYmd,kSlrKh u
ksid kS;sfhka ;ukag idOdrK;ajhla bgq fkdf hehs oefkk wkdrlaIs;Ndjh
fya;=fjka ldka;djka foaYmd,kfhka ;j rg;a wE;a lrhs' ck;djg j.lsj hq;=
ck;d mrudm;Hh ksfhdackh lrk foaYmd,k wdh;kj,g m;ajk Bkshd ck;d
ksfhda;hska j;udkfha ck;dj flfrys we;s wm%udK j.lSu wu;l lsu
ksid ck;d ksfhda; wdh;k .rd je we;' j;udkfha isj we;s ia;%S IK
iy fydr uerlj,g ck;d ksfhda;hska fndfyduhla jerlrejka we;' f
ksid foaYmd,kh inkaOfhka ck;d Yajdih | je ;sf' fuu m<d;a md,k
wdh;k j,ska ksis iy ldhlaIu fiajdjla ,nd .ekSug k ta i|yd iqiq ck;d
ksfhda;hska m;a l< hq;=j ;sf'
17' ldka;d ixOdkj, ;sh hq;= tlai;aNdjh
ldka;d l%shdldkshka iska ldka;djka iska uqyqK md ;sfnk ;;a;ajh ms<sn|j
.%yhl fhh hq;= w;r Tjqka iska ldka;djg tfrys m%pKav;ajhg tfrysj iduQysl
f,i fm< .eish hq;=h' ldka;d jHdmdr ;=< jevlrk ldka;djka fld;r ma,jjd
NdIdfjka y`vk`.d ;snqKo wnqo wjia:dj, tlg tl;= ldka;dj fjkqfjka l%shd
lsu i|yd ldka;d ixOdk jHqyh ;ju;a Yla;su;a fkdue;' f ksid ldka;djka
ldka;d ixOdk Tiafia ixOdk.; u w;sYh jeo.;a f'
18' mj;sk Pkao l%ufha we;s j,;d
mj;sk Pkao l%uh ;=< we;s wfkld mrhd bhg taug f.khk wiSudka;sl
;rh iy Woaf.h yuqf ue;sjrK m%pdrl lghq;=j, ldka;dj yqfol,d
jkakSh' mqreIhska wyxldr f,i ;u n,h m%oYkh lrka f.k hk ;%dldr
iy , wl m%pdrl fufyhq yuqf ldka;djkaf.a m%pdrl lghq;= hgm;a f'
253
fudhq,h 8
mska iska u;ameka iy je wd ix.%yhkaf.ka ;u wkaf;ajdislhskag lrk

wkq.%y ksid foaYmd,k m%pdrl lghq;=j, ms wfmalaIhska jgd wkq.%dylhska
tla frdla fjhs' fksid ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkaf.a fmdaiag jid wka whf.a
fmdaiag we,fjhs' fuu ukdm fmdrhg mska iy lrg lr hEug wehg
yelshdjla ,efnkafka l,d;=rlsks'
ue;sjrK m%pdrl /,sj, ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkag iydh ug ixOdhlhska

lghq;= lrkafka wvqfjks' weh jefhka ria;shd lr m%pdrl /,sfha wjidk
wjia:dj f;la r|jdf.k wehg ish m%pdrl l;dj meje;aug bv fokafka
ksiqkaf.a Woafhda.h myj .sh wjidk fydardf hs' tg wehf.a m%pdrl
jHdmdrh wlukH f' tfiau ldka;d wfmalaIsldjkaf.a m%pdrl /,s lvdlmam,a
ls lr we;af;a fndfyda g ms wfmalaIlhska isks'
19' kdufhdackd l%shdj,sh ;=< ksoNdjhla fkdue;su
fndfyda wjia:djkays wfmalaIlhska f;dard m;alr .kakd kdu fhdackd l%shdj,sh
;=< ksoNdjhla fkdue;s w;r" ldka;djkag wfmalaIl;ajh ug mskaf.a
wdm;Hfhka hq;a foaYmd,k mlaI ue,slula olajhs' tfiau fuu wfmalaIl;ajh
,nd .ekSu r|d mj;skafka h flfkla mlaI wdm;Hh iu`. mj;ajd .; hq;=
fyd| ys; kue;s m%;sm;a;s rys; .Kka ne,Su u;h' tfiau kdu fhdackd ,nd
.ekSug k ldka;djka mskag jvd uykais mlaIh fjkqfjka jev l< hq;=
f' wfmalaIl ,ehsia;=f ldka;d ksfhdackh yeugu mdfya tla wfhl=g fyda
fofofkl=g iSudj ;sfnkq oelsh yelsh' f ksid m%pdrK /,sj, tu ldka;d
wfmalaIsldj yqfol,d njg m;a f' kdu fhdackd l%shdj,sh ;=< ldka;djka i|yd
wksjdh fldagdjla kshu l< hq;= jkafka fujeks fya;+ka ksidfjks' WodyrKhla
f,iska ;reK fldagdfjka wvla ldka;djka fjkqfjka (Reserved Seats and Double
Normation) kS;sfhka kshu l< hq;= w;r we;e Pkao fldGdY ldka;djkag muKla
;r lsug bv fuka ldka;djkag kdu fhdackd ,ef m%;sY;h ks;H f,iska
je l< yel'
20' fmd iy foaYmd,k ;fha wiudk;djhka
ldka;djg rf foaYmd,k fukau fmd ;fha mqreI mlaIh yd iudkj lghq;=
lsf iu whs;sh we;' fuys fYaIfhka ish Pkao uiSj, fukau cku;
pdrKj, Pkaoh ug" uyckhd iska f;dard m;a lr .kq ,nk ish uKav,j,g
f;dard m;alr .kq ,eug Tjqyq iqiafida fj;s' kuq;a ldka;djkaf.a m%.;sh my; ouk
wdl" iudc" ixialD;sl iy fmd foaYmd,k ;fha wiudkd;au;djhka ;ju;a
olakg ,efnk w;r tjka wiudk;djhka bj;a lsu iuia; m%cdfu iqN idOkhg
n,mdhs' ldka;djka ;SrK .kakd uKav,j, ksfhdackh fkdjkafka" we;e g
Tjqkaf.a ;fha iajdk;ajh ms<sn| ;SrK ksYaph lsug$Tjqkaf.a iajhx wNsu;d:
Tiafia hdug wjYH yelshdjka mj;sk iudc miqu ;=< f.dvke`.S fkdue;su
ksid fjkakg mqjk' WodyrK f,i mj;sk foaYmd,kh ;=< we;s m%pKav;ajh"
n,y;aldrh iy ;ckh ls hkdh fya;=fjka ldka;djka uyck ksfhdackh
i|yd bm;a fkdug bv we;' tfiau .eyeKqkaf.a ksudKd;aul m%ldYkhkag bv
fkdfok iudcfha iSud nkaOk" mS;DuQ,sl iudcfha ixialD;sl fm,S WodyrK
oEje l%ufha m;a" ia;%Skag tfrys m%pKav;ajh jeks oE wiudk;djh jOkh lrhs'
kuq;a ixj; rgj,a fndfyduhla ldka;djkaf.a nqoah iy Yla;sh foaYmd,kh
;=<g f.dkqfldg we;' ukd wdKavqlrKh ;yjqre ug k mq;s iudkd;au;djh
;yjqre u jeo.;a f'
254
f;jk ieish
ldka;dj foaYmd,k jYfhka ch.%yKh lrug wjYH l%ufo fhdackd lsu
wNHdih
f,dj
wjYH jH
l%ufoh
wNHdifha wruqK
3
kd 20 hs
ishu iyNd.sjkakka
la,sma" udl mEka
1hs
n,h hk ixl,amh idlPd lsu iy
ldka;djkag foaYmd,k n,h <dlr .ekSf
l%ufo fhdackd lsu'
mqyqKqlrejdg Wmfoia
$$ ldka;djkaf.a fm!oa.,sl w;aoelS j,ska n,h i|yd power to hk ;;a;ajh
f.dvke.Sug wod< WodyrK fudkjdo hkak Tjqkaf.ka wikak'
$$ Tjqka we;=<; ;sfnk n,h Power within ykd.ekSf jeo.;alu biau;=
lrka ixjdohla wrUkak'
$$ fmd wruqKla <dlr .ekSu i|yd iduQysl n,fha Power with we;s jeo.;alu
wjOdrKh lrkak'
$$ ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdh wiudk n, in|;d ksid nyq;rhla iudchkays
mqreIhskag idfmaCIj ia;%Skag wvq n,hla ysu iy ysxikhg uqyqK ug
isj we;af;a ms mdYajh iska .Dyh" jev lrk ia:dkh fyda fmd iudch
;=< ldka;dj flfrys je n,h fyj;a Power over md lrk ksid nj
wjOdrKh lrkak'
$$ ldka;djkaf.a foaYmd,k n,h iy ksfhdackh je lsug .; yels mshjr
iy fhdackd fudkjdoehs lKavdh l%shdldrl Tiafia uYkh lrkak'
255
255
fudhq,h 8
$$ f i|yd mqyqKqlref.a my; Wmldrl igyka iy o;a; Wmfhda.S lr.kak'
my; m%ia;dj msre iy wdmaf;damfoaY Wmfhda.S lr.kska foaYmd,kfha

kshe,Sf wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq wjfndaO lr .kak'
f;d,a, mojk w; f,dj wdKavq flf
(The hand that rocks the cradle is the hand that rules the World)
orejka yslsf isg Tjqka fydka /l n,d .kakd ldka;djka ksji

fydka md,kh lrhs' f ksid ksjfia rdcldh fydka lrk ldka;djkag
foaYmd,kh lsu t;r wiSre jkafka ke;' wdKavq md,kh lrk ksfhda;hska
ug Tjqka ksi.fhkau Yla;sh iy yelshdj ,nd f.k we;' f ksid ukd
l<ukdlrKhla ksjfika wrUd we;s ldka;djka foaYmd,kfha ;u ukd
wdKavqlrKfha Yla;sh fmkaug lem h hq;=h'
fmrf<k .f,a mdis fkdnef|a
(A rolling stone gathers no moss)
fuu lshuk wkqj hka tl ;ek fkdisg O m%foaYj,g .ukafldg iudc

w;aoelS <dlr .kska ;udf.a jk Tmh jelr .ekSug uykais h
hq;=h' ldhY+rj jevlrk wh tl ;eka fkd/` bhg .uka lrkafkah'
f ksid foaYmd,kfha iy Pkaoh b,a,Sf tl ;ek fkdisg bhg .uka
lsug j. n,d .; hq;=h'
weoao mh oyia j

ckao fldGdYh ;=< ksrka;rfhkau iy jefhka weu jeo.;ah' ;udg h

Pkao fldGdYhla ixOdkh lsug ,nd we;s g fyda ;ud h m<d;lska
Pkaoh b,a,Sug leue;af;ka isk g" ;ud j;a jk m%foaYh ;=< jefhka
weug iy ck;djf.a m%Yak ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug W;aiql h
hq;=h' f.hska f.g hEu" ldka;d ixOdk f.d ixOdk iy ;reK ixOdk
wdh yuq ;udf.a Pkaoodhlhska m%udKh je lr .; hq;=h'
f,dik msgjk l=re,af,da jefhka mKqfjda w,a,;s

(Early bird catches the worm)
256
Pkao jemqr ,nd.ekSug k f,dikska jev weru jeo.;a f' Pkaohla

m%ldYhg m;a lrk ;=re n,d fkdisg" uq, mgka Pkao kd .ekSf i|yd l%shd
l< hq;=h' f ksid ;ud Pkaoh b,a,Sug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk fldGdYfha
fukau wfkla m%foaYj,o Pkaoodhlhska fukau wkd.;fha Pkaoh md
lrk ;reK fldgia yuqu m%fhdackj;ah'
jmqrmq yehg ;uhs wiajekak

(You reap what you sow)
foaYmd,kfha b;du jeo.;a jkafka ck;d Pkaohhs' f ksid ck;djf.a

Pkaoh ,efnkafka ta ta mqoa.,hdf.a l%shd l,dmh wkqjh' f.hska f.g
f.diska m%shukdm jokska ck;dj ms<sn|j Wjukdfjka fidhd n,kakdg
Pkao jemqr ,efnkq we;' Pkao wiajekak fydka ,efnkafka ck;d
fiajh iy lemu kue;s fnda. jmqrd we;s gh'
lef,a udre jqkdg fldhdf.a mq,a,s udre fjkafka ke;

(A leopard cannot change its spots)
uq,skau ldka;djka ;udf.a Yla;sh ykd .; hq;=h' isxyfhla" w,sfhla fyda

fldfhla jeks Yla;sjka;fhl= l=uk le<hl ish;a Yla;sjka;fhls'
fuh idudkH ck ;hgo wod<h' ukiska Yla;sjka;hd iy ffOhj;a
mqoa.,fhda l=uk ia:dkfha ish;a Yla;sjka;fhda fj;s' foaYmd,kfha w;e
g h flfkl=g > ld,hla tlu Pkao fldGdYfha isug fkdyels
jk w;r O foaYmd,k fya;= ksid fjk;a Pkao fldGdYhlg udre ug
ish yelsh' f ksid Tng l=uk Pkao fldGdYhl jev lsug is jqj;a
;udf.a Yla;sh wvqfldg fkd.; hq;=h'
ld,h rka yd iudkh

(Time Is Gold)
;fha kEu ch.%yKhg jeo.;au foa ld,h ukd f,i l<ukdlrKhhs'

ojfia meh 24 ksis m l<ukdlrKh lsug okakd wh b;d blauKska
ch.%yKh <dlr .kshs' w,ij l=iS;j isfuka fyda jevlg ke;s foaj,aj,g
ld,h .; lrkakdg ch.%yKh lrd <d ug wmyiqh' f ksid foaYmd,kfha
kshe,Sug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wh ld,h ksis m l<ukdlrKh lsug
bf.k .; hq;=h' f i|yd ksrka;rj k fmd;la md lsu jeo.;a h'
udjd kyskafka lg ksidh
257
fudhq,h 8
foaYmd,kh lsf l;d l< hq;af;a fudkjdo@ l;d fkdl< hq;af;a fudkjdo@
hkak ms<sn|j fydka oekf.k foaYmd,k l;d meje;aug Wkka h hq;=h'
wka whg kskaod f.kfok" h fldgila iup,hg Ndckh lrk" cd;sjdoh
fyda wd.jdoh wjqiaik l;d j,ska je<lS isug foaYmd,kfha ksr;jkakd
oek .; hq;=h' wka wh wmyiq;djhg m;a lrk m wkqkaf.a mqoa.,sl
f;dr;=re l;d ny lrka" wka wh m%isoafha fpkhg ,lalrka" lgue;
fodvjka l,a.; lrkakd msySug ,la jk w;r" wka whf.a f.!rjh iy
m%idofhka neyer jkq we;' h l,l uqka .s,syS .sh jpk k ,o B;,hla
fuka kej; le|h fkdyelsh' fYaIfhka u krl hula lka msgjqjfyd;a
th wka whf.a ys;a oug fya;= ldrKd f' tfiau fyd| wdrxj,g jvd
f.fhka krl wdrx wka wh w;r me;sf' f ksid ckm%sh;ajh <dlr
.ekSu b;du wmyiq fohla jk w;r ckm%sh;djh ke;s lr .ekSug hkafka

kd folla jeks iq ld,hls' f ksid l;d l< hq;= foa inkaOfhka
wjOdkh fhduqlsu jeo.;a h'
iEu l j<dl=,lu fLdjla we;'

(Every cloud has a silver lining)
fuu lshukg wkqj foaYmd,kh lsf Tng h h ndOdj,g uqyqK ug

isjqj;a wjidkfha h m%.;shla fyda ch%yKhla ,nd .ekSug uxfm;a ;sfnk
nj u;l ;nd .; hq;=h' f ksid wid:l jQ fudfyd;l bka bf.k .;
hq;= mdvu muKla u;lhg f.k bh olajd .uka l< hq;=j we;'
lK fldldf.a iqo fmfkkafka b.sf,k gh
h ldhhla lssug we;s g ;udf.a olaIlu fmkah yelafla tu l%shdj

fydka ksu lsfuks' fndfyda wh mqoa.,hdf.a Yrfha Wi uy;alu" ;rd;sru
iy iudc ;;a;ajh wkqj is;d h Tyqg fyda wehg h jevla lsug yels
hehs wkqudk lrkq we;' tfy;a h:d:h jkafka tlS ndysr lreKq u; fkdj
mejrE jevh kshuldrj wjika lrk ms<sfj, u; h flfkl=f.a olaI;d
biau;= uhs' WodyrK f,i jHjik wjia:djl l,n, fkd ixiqkaj
tfy;a ldhlaIuj thg ms<s;=re fiu jeo.;a h' jHjik wjia:dj,
fndfyda mqoa.,hska ;=< iej we;s kdhl;aj .;s.=K fmkakq lrhs' f
ksid ;udf.a Yr ,laIK fyda fjk;a h lreKq u; fkd;e h ldhhla
yhg lsug W;aidy .; hq;=h'
je, hk w;g ueiai .ikak
foaYmd,kfha kshef,k l,ays foaYmd,k /,a, .,k wdldrh inkaOfhka

wjfndaOhla ;su jeo.;ah' ukao Wvq.x n,d msyskSug hEfuka fndfyda g
foaYmd,kfha wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhkag uqyqK ug isjk neks' bka woyia
lrkafka m%;sm;a;s mdjd foka jdish muKla i,ld l%shd lsu fkdf'
tfy;a foaYmd,k /,a, hk idj ms<sn|j oek f.k isu jeo.;a h' tfiau
ck;dj leu;s wdldrhg l;d lsu" ck;djf.a m%Yak inkaOfhka oekqj;aj
l;d lsu hkdh fuys je ie,ls,a,la oelah hq;= ldrKd f'
tl .f,ka l=re,af,da fokafkla

(Kill two birds with one stone)
fuhska woyia lrkafka ;uka lrk l%shdj,ska je jdis ,eug lghq;= lsuhs'
fuys uqLH w:h muKla fkdf.k tys we;s m%dfhda.sl foaYmd,k w:h
muKla fhdod .; hq;=h' WodyrK f,i Pkao fldGdYhl ldka;d khla
weu;Sug wjia:dj ,enqfkd;a tu wjia:dj" uyck inkaO;d f.dvkd
.ekSu" ldka;d Pkao odhsldjka wj lsu jeks ldrKd lSmhla i|yd fhdod
.; yelsh'
258
l, gq l, j< bi .ekSu
h wjia:djla gq g bka m%fhdack .ekSu jeo.;a h' fuhska woyia l< hq;=
jkafka ;u m%;sm;a;s mdjd foka lm wdldrfhka yeisu fkdj hlsis jdis
iy.; wjia:djla gqg bka m%fhdack .ekSug Wkka h hq;= wdldrhhs'
WodyrKhla f,i h iqNidOk jev ms<sfj,la wdrN lsug wdOdr ug h
rdcH fkdjk ixOdkhla fyda fjk;a wdh;khla W;aidy lrk nj fmkS
.shfyd;a tu ixOdkh fj; ;u jevms<sfj, bm;a lr ;u m%cdj fj;
tlS jdis ,ndug fmruqK .ekSu ;=<ska foaYmd,ksslj ck;djf.a m%idoh kd
.ekSug wjia:djla Wodlr .; yels f' fuys m%udo jqjfyd;a fyda l%shd;aul
ug l,a .;fyd;a fjk;a mqoa.,fhl= iska tu jdish ,nd .kq we;'
ys; we;ak m; l=vdo@
(Where there's a will there's a way)

hkqfjka w: olajkafka hlsis fohla lsug wjYH;djh we;ak lemu
we;ak ch.%yKh ,nd .ekSu Ialr fohla fkdjkq we;s njhs' f ksid
foaYmd,kfha b;d jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka ch.%yKh ,nd .ekSu i|yd
lemuhs' zW;aidyjka;hd ch .kSZ hk lshuk ;=<ska o ;yjqre lsug W;aidy
orkafka fuu h:d:hhs'
msreKq lf,a h fkdief,a
ysia fnf,lal jefhka Yo k`.kakd fia fkdmsreKq l,fha h jefhka

fi,fjhs' f ksid mKa;nj" h fohla ms<sn|j we;s ksmqK;djh iy
weiQmsrEnj we;s wh jefhka wd;au jKkdj, ke;fyd;a ;u mqoa.,sl
ymkal .ek lshdmdkafka ke;' f ksid foaYmd,kfha jeo.;a jkafka
h wvq fkdmsreKq l,hla fuka blaukska ii, fkd ;u wdpdrYS,SNdjh
/l .ksska wjxlj" nqoau;a iy Yajdijka; wdldrfhka yeisu h'
yefok .y fofm;af;ka oefka
foaYmd,k .ukla hEug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkakd uq, l%shd lrk wdldrfhka u

h flfkl=g weh fyda Tyqg fyd| .ukla hd yels oehs ;SrKh lsug lreKq
imhkq we;' WodyrK jYfhka p;h hym;aj ;nd .ekSu" w,a,fika iy
IKfhka je<lSu" fndre fkdlSu wd hym;a .=Kdx. we;sj foaYmd,khg
msfikakdg ck;djd foaYmd,k{fhl= f,iska r .ukla hd yelsh'
kqjKe;a;d ish foa fkdokS - tfy;a fudavhd yeu fohu okS
foaYmd,kfha oekqj;alug iy W.;alug ksiqka .re lr;s' f ksid

mKa;hska iy oekqu we;s wh wdY%h lrka foaYmd,kh ms<sn|j ;uka
fkdokakd foaj,a inkaOfhka yeoEug uykais h hq;=h' ;uka ish,a,
okafka hehs is;d iskafka fudavfhdahs' fkka k w;a jk f,dalhl kj
oekqu fidhd .ekSug uykais h hq;=h'
259
fudhq,h 8
(A wise man never knows all, only fools know everthing)
Tf k,dj Tnu kdo lrkak

(Blow your own horn)
iuyr g ;uka lrk ,o jevj,g t;r ms<s.ekSula fyda oekqj;aaula ke;s

k" ;uka lrk ,o ldhhka ms<sn|j m%pdrhla u foaYmd,kfha jeo.;a h'
we;e g ;uka lrk ,o jev" wka msia Tjqkaf.a jev f,i jd;d lrhs' f
ksid wjxlj ksy`vj jevlrk mqoa.,hdg ys h hq;= iudk wka msia iska
fld,a, lkq ,nhs' wfYdal rc;=ud ;uka lrk ,o jev .,a geUj, ,shka
wfYdal ia:n msysgqjka ;uka lrk ,o jev fudkjdo hkak f,djg m%pdrh
lrk ,o nj u;l ;nd .kak' f ksid ;udf.a k,dj y`vjka ;ud lrk
lshk foa inkaOfhka m%pdrhla ,nd u foaYmd,kfha w;sYhska jeo.;a h'
oek .sfhd;a l;r.u - fkdoek .sfhd;a w;ru
foaYmd,kfha hk .uk ms<sn|j oekqj;au w;HdjYH f' ukao ;udf.a

.ufka we;s Ialr;d iy lemls .ek wjfndaOfhka .uk werh hq;=h'
tfiau foaYmd,k .ufka ;u b,lalh l=ulao hkak jgydf.k ;u .ukdka;h
olajd hEug wjYH l=i,;d Yla;Ska iy msia n,h tl;= lr .; hq;=j we;'
;a;r fkdlvd T, ms<sfh, l< fkdyel
(You can't make an omelet without breaking a few eggs)
;ud fkd| we;s jk w;aoelSula fjkqfjka ;fha wjodk Ndr .ekSug

iqodk u wjYHh' ukao .=jka hdkhlg f.dvke`. .uka lsf wjodku
.;fyd;a fjk;a rglg hEf w;aoelSu ,ef' .=jfka hEug fyda kejl
hEug fhka ishfyd;a fjk;a rgla oel .ekSf w;aoelSu fkd,ef'
tfiau foaYmd,khg hEug wjYH hehs is;kakd tys wjodku .ekSug iQodk
h hq;=h' h fohla ,nd.ekSug hula fjkqfjka fjfyish hq;=h'
;udf.a ld m;a ;uka fj;u ;nd .kak

(Keep your cards for yourself)
260
iQ .eiSf ldm;a wka whg fmfkk fia ;nd .;fyd;a ;rh kSug
fkdyels jkq we;' f ksid ;udg we;s jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka wka ;rlrejka
fj; fkdhd ;ud fj;u ;nd .ekSug WmdhYS,S h hq;=f' WodyrK jYfhka
wdOdr imhk wdh;k kdu f,aLkhla ;uka w; we;s g" th ieufokd
fj;u fnod ykafka ke;sj ;ukaf.a Pkaoh fjkqfjka uqo,a fidhd .kakd
l%uh uq,ska ;yjqre lr .; hq;=h' ;udf.a cd,.; l%ufoh fyda foaYmd,k
l%shdh tlu ;rhl isk fiiafida iu fnod fkd.; hq;=h'
or fldagqjla leh yels uq;a tlg nk or hla leu wmyiqh

(A single twig breaks easily)
;ud ;j;a lKavdhj,g WmfoaYkh iy .=reyrel foka wkq.dlhka

msila f.dvk`.d .ekSug fjfyiSu jeo.;a h' tfiau ;u lKavdhu Yla;su;a
lr .kska lKavdh yeSfuka bhg hEfuka ;u Yla;sh je lr.; yels
f'
;ks j<,a, Yo k`.kafka ke;

(A single bangle never jingles)
;ksju jev fkdfldg ;ud jgd lKavdhula we;s lr .; hq;=h' tfiau kj

lKavdh iy ;reK lKavdh mqyqKq lrka ;udf.a mlaIh fyda jD;a;Sh
i;sh Yla;su;a lsug mshjr .; hq;=h' ukao ;ks mqoa.,fhl= iska kk
Yohlg jvd lKavdhula fyda msila iska tlg tl;= kk Yoh"
Yofhka je neks'
mkskakg fmr is;d n,kq

(Think before you leap)
hula lsug fmr ta ms<sn|j is;d ne,Su jeo.;ah' tfiau h l%shdjla lsug
fmr tys we;s m%;smdl fudkjdo hkak oek .ekSu m%fhdackj;a f' we;e
msia ;djld,sl jdis .ek is;d > ld,hla ;uka is mlaIfhka fjk;a
foaYmd,k mlaI fj; udre jk wdldrh wm ksr;a;rfhka olskafkuq' f
ksid fYaIfhkau foaYmd,kfha ;u mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s mdjd foka fjk;a
mlaIj,g hEf ;ud iu is ck;djf.a Yajdih m jkq we;'
f,daflg mrldfia f.org ur.df;a fkdh hq;=h'
hula m%ldY lrkakd iEu wjia:djlu ;ud m%ldY lrk foh wkq.ukh
l< hq;=h' ukao lshk foh iy lrk foh w;r Yd, fjkila ;snqfkd;a
ck;djf.a Yajdih | jefgk neks' <ud whs;sjdisl iq/lSug fmdfrdka
foka ;u ksjfia <ud fufylrejka ;nd .; fkdyel' f,dalfha ldka;d
whs;Ska iq/lSu .ek l;d lrka ;u ksjfia iy wdY%h lrk ldka;djkag
widOdrK f,i fkdie,lsh hq;=h' f ksid l;dj iy l%shdj w;r fjkila
ke;sj th iudk lr .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=h' f ksid jeo.;a jkafka
wjjdohg jvd wdoYh W;=h hk nj is;g .ekSuhs'
bjiSfuka iekiSu ,ef
261
fudhq,h 8
h Ialr wjia:djkaj, w;yer oeug is;=k;a wudrel bjid ch.%yKh

fj; hEug wIaGdk lr.; hq;=h' ;nk iEu mshjrlau ksjer fkdjQj;a
hula jerkq g bka mdvula bf.k f.k bhg hd hq;= f' ndOl iy
lror wNsuqj hula f,fyisfhka w;a fkdyk .=Kh hqKq lr .; hq;=h'
ldka;djka iska n,h ,nd .ekSug" ,nd .;a n,h /l .ekSug iy foaYmd,k
;fha wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
l< hq;=h
fkdl< hq;=h
wd;;sh iy udkisl mSvkh uyefrk

wdldrfhka fkdaodxYj, ksr;u l< hq;=h'
uykais jev lsu wjYH jqj;a ;udf.a kskao

lemlsu fyda f,djg lEu wkqNj lssu
wu;l fkdl< hq;=h'
;rld f,dalh ;=< Tn hula wdrN l<
miq w;ru kj;ajd fkdhd hq;=h'
wl flaka;sh iy ;rfyka fkdyeish hq;=h'
wka wh fkdiaik f,iska jev fkdl< hq;=h'
Ydl wNHdihkays fhfoka ksfrda.S

;hla f.dvk`.d .ekSu l< hq;=h'
Okd;aul iy iunr udkisl ;;a;ajhla ;nd
.; hq;=h' ;ryd iy flaka;sh md,kh lr
.; hq;=h'
l=uk ndOl meKsh;a ;rh fydka ksu
l< hq;=h' ;rfha bkakd wfkla mqoa.,hska
ms<sn|j yeoe l< hq;=h'
wka whg .re;ajh fok g ;udg o
.re;ajh ,ef' f ksid ks;ru wka whg
.re l< hq;=h'
wdh;kfha fyda mlaIfha wdpdr Ou
/lsh hq;=h'
mlaIh iska mjrk ,o jev ksis wdldrfhka
l%udkql+,j lkka lsu l< hq;=h' wo l<
foa wou lsf mqreoao we;s lr .; hq;=h'
foaYmd,kfha {d;s ix.%y msgqoelSu l<
hq;=h'
yis jevla ksulsug we;s g fyda mlaIfha
fmd jevla bgq lsug we;s g kdhl;aj
.;s.=K we;a;d wka wh iu tl;= lrg
lr jev l< hq;=h'
;ud lrk lshk foa .ek ;u jev rdcld
inkaOfhka mjqf,a wh iehd fyda |
iy <uhska oekqj;a l< hq;=h'
ks;r oekqj;a u ;=<ska n,dNsjOkh

<dlr .ekSu l< hq;=h'
tfiau jev nod .ekSu fkdj j.lS wka whg

fnod ug mqre h hq;=h'
262
fld;r Ialr jqjo foaYmd,k ;rh

f,fyishka w;a fkdyeh hq;=h'
wka wh w;ska ish yels l=vd w;ajerula
Tiafia hka f;a fldamamfha lsUq,ka oelSu
fkdl< hq;=h'
;ud hgf;a iskd wh ms<sn|j ks;r
wYajdifhka lghq;= fkdl< hq;=h'
jev wkd.;hg l,a fkdoeh hq;=h'
;u ys;j;=kag wksis f,i jdis ie,iSu fkdl<

hq;=h'
;ud kdhlhd hehs is;ka wka whg wK
foka jev .ekSu fkdl< hq;=h'
;ksju ;SrK .kska ys;=uf;ag jev fkdl<

hq;=h' ukao msgia;r f,dalfha ye, yemamS
iy mrdchka ueo ;udf.a im wh muKla
msysgg iy ;kshg mefKk nj u;l ;nd
.; hq;=h'
re f.j,aj, yska wka whg .,a fkd.
eish hq;=h' tk ;udf.a jer we;s g wka
whf.a jer biau;= lsug W;aaidy fkd.;
hq;=h'
fydka jev lrk olaI msia ,xlr .ekSu
iy ;ud jf bkakd fyd| ksiqka ;ryd lr
fkd.; hq;=h'
w;a m;%sld
jD;a;Sh i;sfhka foaYmd,khg wod<j jeo.;a jk ksjpk
iyNd.s;ajh (Participation)
M,hS iyNd.s;ajfhka yjkafka ia;%Skag yd mqreIhskag ;u wjYH;d fukau
wNsm%dhka ^leue;s foa& meye,sj m%ldY lsu iy ixjOk l%shdldrl fjkqfjka
j.lS oeu i|yd Njhla we;s njhs' iuia;hla jYfhka ixjOk l%shdldrl ;=<
iyNd.s;ajh tla tla ug ;=< is fjhs' tys ksiqka wlh m%k,dNSkaf.a isg
il%Sh mj;k ksfhda;hska olajd O ugj,ska iyNd.S f'
mrmSvl n,h$je n,h$n,y;aldr wd{dodhl n,h (Power over)
mrmSvkh" uokh" hgm;a lsu" uev meje;au" taldm;sjdoh" whs;sjdisl lv
lsu" iy m%pKav;ajh jeks iDKd;aul ,laIK iys; ;;a;ajhka je n,h ke;fyd;a
mrmSvl n,hla f,i ia;r l< yelsh' fuys whq;= f,i n,mEfuka fyda ;ckh
lsfuka wfkld md,kh lsu$wfkld fjkqfjka ;SrK .ekSu islrhs' ldka;djg
tfrys m%pKav;ajh" ia;%S >d;kh yd ia;S% pu fokh hkdh ldka;dj flfrys
fhduq we;s mrmSvl n,h md lsu i|yd oelah yels WodyrK lsysmhls'
fuu ikaoNh ;=< n,h .%y l< yelafla ch.%dylhska yd mrd;hska w;r we;s
inkaO;djhla f,ih' fuu n, ;;a;ajh ;=< hula ,nd.ekSug" idOkh lsug
fukau msysgqug tla mqoa.,fhl=" wkHhkag jvd by<ska n,h iy wldrh mj;ajhs'
iajhx n,h$n,h ioyd (Power to)
fuhska woyia flfrkafka iEu mqoa.,fhl= ;=<u Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a ;h iy
f,dalh yev.iajd .ekSug iEu mqoa.,fhl=u ;=< we;s yelshdj yd Nj;djhhs' fuh
bf.kSug" oekqu w;am;a lr .ekSug" YlH;djka jOkh lr .ekSug yd h wjYH
ls%hdud. .ekSug ksiqka ;=< mj;akd yelshdjg inkaO f' WodyrK f,i nqoauh
yelshdjka jkdys oekqu jk w;r wdl n,h hkq ksIamdok l%uj,g m%fYf
iy md,kh lsf yelshdj hkak woyia f' fuf,i wfkHdakH iyfhda.h u;
mokj iajhx n,h l%shdf fhou u.ska iduQysl l%shdld;aj yelshdjka fyda
iduQysl n,yelshdjka jr lr fohs'
fjkia wdldrfha ,ehdjka yd wjYH;djka we;s wh w;r fmd tl;djhka fidhd

.kska iduQysl Yla;sh f.dvke.Su$taldnoaO n,hla f.dvke.Su i|yd fuu n,h
iys; ;;a;ajh inkaO f' wfkHdakH iyfhda.h" iush" tlai;alu" iyfhda.S;ajh
;=<ska ;ks mqoa.,hdf.a olaI;djhka iy oekqu jef' wfkHdakH iyfhda.h
uq,afldg f.k iduQyslj ls%hd lsu fyda n,h iys; ;;a;ajfhka ls%hd lsu ioyd
wjYH yelshdjka ka jD; lr fokq ,ef' WodyrK f,i iduQysl whs;sjdisl
263
fudhq,h 8
iduQysl n,h$n,h iys; (Power with)
iy iduQysl flaj,a lsu fukau n,mE lsf yelshdj jeks foaYmd,k ;;a;ajhka
f.kyer oelah yel'
iajhx we.hqu$wNHka;r n,h (Power within)
mqoa.,fhl=f.a iajhx jkdlu iy iajhx oekqu ms<sn| jk yeSu ksfhdackh fuka
wNHka;r n,h mqoa.,fhl= ;=< we;sf' fuf,i wNHka;r n,h iys; mqoa.,hska
wka whg .re lrk w;r ta ta mqoa.,hd i;= fjkial ykd.ekSf yelshdj
we;sf' iajhx we.ehqu hkq ml,amkfha yd n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd .ekSf yelshdjhs'
fuh fndfyda g ug mqjka ug l< yelshsa uu th lsug wIaGdk lr
hk yeSu isf;ys ;ekam;a lr .ekSug Wo jk w;r ldka;djka n,.ekaf
l%shdj,sfhys fuu wNHka;r n,h b;d jeo.;a f' WodyrK f,i iajhx oekqj;au"
wd;au wNsudkh" iajlSh wkkH;djh yd n,mE lsug we;s yelshdj fuu wNHka;r
n, ;;a;ajhka f,i f.k yer oelah yel' h wfhla ;u wruqK bgqlr .ekSug
lsish meye,s oelaula iys;j" ;ud ms<sn| oe wd;au Yajdihlska yd oe wd;au
Yla;shlska (willpower) lghq;= lsfuka fulS n,h <d lr .; yel'
is,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl (Civil and political rights)
is,a iy foaYmd,k whs;sjdisl hkq mqrjeishskag ksoyi iy iudkd;au;djh ms<sn|
we;s whs;Ska jk w;r ;ukag leu;s wdldrfhka je ms lsf ksoyi" is;Sf
ksoyi" NdIKfha ksoyi" Pkaoh f ksoyi" foaYmd,kfha kshe,Sf ksoyi iy
f;dr;=re fj; m%fY ug we;s whs;sh hkdh we;=,;a f'
hymd,kh (Good governance)
udkj ysl .re lrk" m%cd;ka;%jdoh iqrlsk" kS;sfha wdm;Hh iqrlaIs; lrk
foaYmd,k iy wdh;ksl mirhl" ;sridr ixjOkh <d lr .ekSug udkj"
iajNdl" wdl" uq,H hkd im;a ksoNdjhlska yd j.lsj hq;= wkaofuka
l<ukdlrKh lsu hymd,khhs'
rdcHh (State)
idukHfhka fuh rg jYfhka o ykajhs' rdcHh hkq ksYa; foaYiSudjla ;=<
j;ajk ck iuQyhla iys;" fmd kS;shla we;s iy cd;Hka;r in|;d mj;ajd
.ekSug yelshdj we;s wdKavqjla iys;j ie ,oaols'
264
kS;sfha wdm;Hh$n,h (Rule of law)
265
fudhq,h 8
kS;sfha n,h hkq iEu flfkl=u tk rcho we;= mqoa.,sl iy fmd iEu wdh;khlau
m%cd;ka;%jdj ;SrKh lrk ,o" m%isoafha mkjk ,o" iudk wdldrfhka l%shd;aul
jk" iajdkj ksYaph lrk cd;Hka;r yrj;a kS;sh iy Odkd;aul kS;sfha
fYaIfhkau udkj ysl m%;Ska u; we;s lrk kS;s uska md,kh uhs' kS;sfha
wdm;Hh we;sug my; ldrKd o imQK h hq;=h'
wdKavqf ;SrK ,s; kS;s iy m%;sm;a;s u; mokj is h hq;=h'
w;S;hg n,mdk whqka wdKavqj iska kS;s imdokh fldg w;S;fha jrola
fkdjQ fohlg ovqj meKu fkdl< hq;=h'
iEu flfkl=gu tl iudkj kS;sfha n,mE ,eh hq;=h'
266
wdY%s; .%ka:
1. Promoting Gender Equality within Unions, A Resource Kit for Trade Union, International
Labour Organization, 2002'
2. Leading to Choises, A Leadership Training Handbook for Women, Womens Learning
Partnership for Rights, Development and Peace (WLP), 2001.
3. GET Ahead for Women in Enterprise, Training Modules and Exercises, ILO.
4. Learn Like a Leader, Todays Top Leaders Share Their Learning Journey, Marshall
Goldsmith, Beverly Kaye, Ken Shelton, Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 2010.
5. Cigars, whiskey, and winning: Leadership Lessons from General Ulysses S. Grant, Al
Kaltman, Prentice Hall Press, 1998.
6. The 4th Secret of the One Minute Manager, A Powerful Way to Make Things Better, Ken
Blanchard and Margret McBride, Harper Collions Publishers.
7. Best Practices from a 450-yearold company that changed the world, Heroic Leadership,
Chris Lowney, Loyola Press, 2005.
8. HBR Guide to Persuasive Presentations- Inspire action, Engage the Audince, Sell your
Ideas by Nancy Duarte, Harvard Business Review Press, 2012.
9. Paid to think, A leaders toolkit for defefining your future, David Goldsmith with Lorrie
Goldsmith, Benbella Books, Inc. 2012.
10. Persuasion and influence for Dummies, Elizabeth Kuhnke, Willey Publication, 2012.
11' fiajd ia:dkh ;=< ia;%S mqreI iudkd;au;djh m%jOkh inkaO mqyqKq w;afmd;" Yd,d
oj;a;" llre yd llre in|;d wud;HdxYh" iy cd;Hka;r llre ixOdkh.
12. Gender, Development, Labour, and Women's Rights Glossary, Shamila Daluwatte, ILO,
2013.
267
jD;a;Sh i;s Tiafia ldka;djka ixOdk.; lssu"

Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d iy whs;Ska ksfhdackh lsu fjkqfjka n,.ekau
iy
jD;a;Sh i;s kdhl;ajfhka m%cd kdhl;ajh fj; ldka;djka fhduq lsu
hq.fha wjYH;djhls'
268
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269

jD;a;Sh i;s ;=<

ldka;dj iy udOH iduQyslfha m%ldYkhla

ldka;dj iy udOH iduQyslh

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3. iuq; flaj,a lsu i|yd wjYH id:l ikaksfokh iy .kqfokqldr

fuu ieisfha wruqK

mqyqKqlrejdg iy ixOdhlhskag Wmfoia

tfiau wu;a fCIa;%fha ffoksl mhg jevlrk llre ldka;djkag

im;aodhlhska$mqyqKqlrejka f;dard .ekSu iy Tjqka iu. .kq

6' mqyqKq jevuqj ixOdkh lrkakka iska

wdik ieliSu iy ia;%S-mqreI iudcNdjhg ixf mqyqKq myiql

11' we;eg jdhq ilrK hka;%j, l%shdld;ajh wl ;;a;ajhlska mej;Sfuka

iyNd.sjkakka mqyqKq uOHia:dkh fj; <d jQ miq ms<s.ekSu

ms<s.kak' fYaIfhkau iyNd.sjkakka tlsfkld ykkafka ke;s ;;a;ajhla

16' mqyqKqj meje;afjk ld,fha iyNd.slhska i|yd ms<sfh, lrk wdydr

iudrNl ieish iy wjidk ieish - ixOdhlhska iska wjOdkh

iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ke;fyd;a mqyqKqj ,nkakdf.a ldhNdrh

mqyqKqlref.a ke;fyd;a im;aodhlhdf.a ldhNdrh iy hq;=l

13' iEu ieishlau wdrN lrkgu" tu ieisfhka

25' iyNd.sjkakka ieisfha lghq;=j,g iafPdfjka iyNd.slrjd .ekSug

iyNd.slfhlau h wjia:djl bm;a lsulg fhduq lrk wdldrfhka ieis

mqyqKqlrejd iy iyNd.sjkakka fmdf wkq.ukh l< hq;=

2' foaYmd,k mlaI fyda fjk;a ck lKavdh

iy mqoa.,hska Wmydihg ,lajk mo" fh

jevuqf wruqKq ykd .ekSu

iyNd.slhska iy mqyqKqlrejka ykd.ekSu

y`kd .ekSf l%ufoh

,enqKq foaYmd,k mska;+rh

ksoYkh ( fuu hq.,hg ,e we;s ldm;a bkard .dka iys; ldm; k

uu bkard .dka jf.a'

uu;a bkard .dka jf.a'

$$ fuu mska;+r ieliSf mska;+r fyda ldm;a oekqu iy fkdaoh okjk

Tnf.a m%foaYfha uka;%Sjh ug Tng wjia:djla ,enqfKd;a" ldka;djkaf.a

$$ ;j;a WodyrKhla f,i w;S;fha Y%S ,xldf iQ /kshka" fidajhka

iyNd.sjkakka iu. islrkq ,nk ykd.ekSf ieish wjidk jQ miq"

tfia klrk ,o iNdm;sjrhdg iyNd.s jk idudlhskaf.a Pkao uiSu

fuf,i m%cd;ka;%jdj idlPd ud.fhka wdpdrOu moaO;shla ieliSu

fuu wdpdrOu moaO;sh ilia lsf iyNd.slhska tl`. jk ;s moaO;shg

fuu wdpdrOu ,ehsia;=j mqyqKqj wjidk jk f;lau fmfkk ;ekl w,jd

h flfkla tu ;s .ska .gu lv lrkafka k tlS wdpdrOu ,ehsia;=j

m%Odk wdpdrOu iNNd.slhskaf.ka u;= fkdjkafka k mqyqKqlrejd tu

mqyqKqjg iyNd.sjk ld,h ;=< ms<smeh hq;= wdpdrOu moaO;sh

jevuqjg fmr my;

*a,sma pd$fmr igyka

jevuqj i|yd fhdod

jhs fnda i|yd mdg

iyNd.slhskag wjYH mEka,

1916 wfm%a,a 17 isg 2000 Tlaf;dan 10

njg m;a h'

1917 fkdjen 19 isg 1984 ckjd 31

1947 iema;en ui 28 jk k Wm;

1925 Tlaf;dan 13 isg 2013 wfm%a,a 08 10

1953 cqks 21 isg 2007 foien 27 olajd

olajd;a fojrla mdlsia:dkfha w.ue;sksh

1944 uehs ui 21 jk k Wm; ,eh'

1951 iema;en ui 29 jk k Wm;

1967 cqks ui 21 jk k Wm; ,eh'