FLUID MECHANICS - BFC10403/1043

SESSION 2014/2015

SEM.2

Scheme: TUTORIAL 1
1.
A mass of liquid weights 400 N when exposed to standard earths
gravity g = 9.81m/s2
(a) What is its mass? (Answer : 40.77kg)
W=400N , g = 9.81m/s2
m

W
400 N

= 40.77kg
g
9.81m / s 2

(b) What will be its weight in a planet with acceleration due to gravity
is

(i) 3.5m/s2 (ii) 18.0 m/s2 (Answer : 142.7N , 733.86N)

W 40.77 kgx3.5m / s 2 142.7N

, W 40.77 kgx18.0m / s 2

733.86N
2.
The relative density of fluid is 1.26 and its dynamic viscosity is 150
Pa.s. Calculate its
(a) Specific weight. (Answer : 12,361 N/m3)
r.d or specific gravity =1.26 , dynamic viscosity, = 150 Pa.s.
Specific weight, g
= 1.26x1000x9.81 =12,361 N/m3
(b) Kinematic viscosity. (Answer : 0.119m/s2)

150

Kinematic viscosity, 1.26 x1000 0.119m/s2

3.
Determine the weight of a 3 kg mass on a planet where the
acceleration due to
gravity is 10.00 m/s2? (Answer : 30N)
Density and Specific Gravity -From text book FLUID MECHANICS (3rd Edition in
SI Units)-Fundamental and Applications- Yunus A.Cengal , John M.Cimbala(2014)

2.2
2.7

What is specific gravity? How is it related to density?

A fluid that occupies a volume of 24L weighs 225N at a location
where the

Section- 1,2 &4

T1- Prepared by : NOOR ALIZA AHMAD

FLUID MECHANICS - BFC10403/1043

SESSION 2014/2015

SEM.2

gravitational acceleration is 9.80 m/s2.Determine the mass of this

fluid and its density? (Answer : 23kg,0.957kg/L)
Viscosity- From text book FLUID MECHANICS (3rd Edition in SI Units)-Fundamental
and Applications- Yunus A.Cengal , John M.Cimbala(2014)

2.68C

What is viscosity? What is the cause of it in liquids and in gases?

Do liquids or gases have higher dynamic viscosities?

Analysis Viscosity is a measure of the stickiness or resistance to

deformation of a fluid. It is due to the internal frictional force that develops
between different layers of fluids as they are forced to move relative to each other.
Viscosity is caused by the cohesive forces between the molecules in liquids, and by
the molecular collisions in gases. In general, liquids have higher dynamic
viscosities than gases.
Discussion The ratio of viscosity to density often appears in the equations of
fluid mechanics, and is defined as the kinematic viscosity, = /.

2.73

The viscosity of a fluid is to be measured by a viscometer

constructed of two
1.5 m long concentric cylinders. The inner diameter of the outer
cylinder is 16 cm and the gap between the two cylinders is
0.09cm.The outer cylinder is rotated at 250 rpm and the torque is
measured to be 1.4N.m.Determine the viscosity of the fluid?
(Answer : 0.00997N.s/m2)

l = 0.09
cm

T
2

4 R n L

(1.4 N m)(0.0009 m)
2

-1

4 (0.08 m) ( 250 / 60 s )(1.5 m)

Section- 1,2 &4

T1- Prepared by : NOOR ALIZA AHMAD

fluid

0.00997 N s/m 2

FLUID MECHANICS - BFC10403/1043

SESSION 2014/2015

SEM.2

Surface Tension and Capillary Effect- From text book FLUID MECHANICS (3rd
Edition in SI Units)-Fundamental and Applications- Yunus A.Cengal , John
M.Cimbala(2014)

2.91C

What is surface tension? What is it cause? Why is the surface

tension also called surface energy?

Analysis The magnitude of the pulling force at the surface of a liquid per
unit length is called surface tension s. It is caused by the attractive forces
between the molecules. The surface tension is also surface energy (per unit area)
since it represents the stretching work that needs to be done to increase the surface
area of the liquid by a unit amount.
Discussion Surface tension is the cause of some very interesting phenomena such
as capillary rise and insects that can walk on water.

2.92C

A small diameter tube is inserted into a liquid whose contact

angle is 110o. Will the level of liquid in the tube be higher or
lower than the level of the rest of the liquid? Explain?

Analysis The liquid level in the tube will drop since the contact angle is
greater than 90, and cos(110) < 0.
Discussion This liquid must be a non-wetting liquid when in contact with the tube
material. Mercury is an example of a non-wetting liquid with a contact angle (with
glass) that is greater than 90o.

2.93C

What is capillary effect? What is its cause? How is it affected by

the contact angle?

Section- 1,2 &4

T1- Prepared by : NOOR ALIZA AHMAD

FLUID MECHANICS - BFC10403/1043

SESSION 2014/2015

SEM.2

Analysis The capillary effect is the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter

tube inserted into the liquid. It is caused by the net effect of the cohesive forces
(the forces between like molecules, like water) and adhesive forces (the forces
between unlike molecules, like water and glass).
The capillary effect is
proportional to the cosine of the contact angle, which is the angle that the
tangent to the liquid surface makes with the solid surface at the point of contact.
Discussion
The contact angle determines whether the meniscus at the top
of the column is concave or convex

2.98

A 1.2 mm diameter tube is inserted into unknown liquid whose

density is 960 kg/m3 and it is observed that the liquid rises 5mm
in the tube, making a contact angle of 15o.Determine the surface
tension of the liquid.( Answer :0.0146N/m)

Air

The density of the liquid is given to be 960 kg/m 3. The

contact angle is given to be 15.

2.100

Liquid
Liquid

gRh (960 kg/m 3 )(9.81 m/s 2 )(0.0012 / 2 m)(0.005 m)

1N

0.0146 N/m

2
2 cos
2(cos15)
1 kg m/s

A 0.8 mm diameter glass tube is inserted into kerosene at

20oC.The contact angle of kerosene with a glass surface is
26o.Determine the capillary rise of kerosene in the tube.
(Answer : 16mm)
8mm

Section- 1,2 &4

T1- Prepared by : NOOR ALIZA AHMAD

FLUID MECHANICS - BFC10403/1043

SESSION 2014/2015

SEM.2

The surface tension of kerosene-glass at 20C is s = 0.028 N/m. The density of

kerosene at 20C is = 820 kg/m3. The contact angle of kerosene with the glass
surface is given to be 26.

Substituting the numerical values, the capillary rise is determined to be

h

1 kg m/s 2
2 s cos
2(0.028 N/m)(cos 26)

3
2

3
gR
1N
(820 kg/m )(9.81 m/s )(0.4 10 m)

ussion

Section- 1,2 &4

T1- Prepared by : NOOR ALIZA AHMAD

0.0156 m 16 mm Disc