QQM1023 Managerial Mathematics

x =b

f ( x) dx

x=a

9.1

DEFINITION OF INTEGRATION

9.1.1 INTEGRATION IS ANTI DERIVATIVE

In Chapter 7 and 8 we have learned the techniques how to get the
differentiation from a certain function. A function F(x) an anti-derivative
of a function f(x) if F(x) = f(x). The anti-derivate of f is

f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C , where C is constant.

dy
= f (x)
dx

If

then

dy = f ( x)dx
y=

f ( x)dx

The table below shows some example of functions, each paired with
one of its anti-derivatives.

9.2

Function, f(x)

Anti-derivative, F(x)

3x + C (C is a constant)

4x3

x4

x3 + 2x

x4
+ x2
4

INDEFINITE INTEGRATION & INTEGRATION RULES

f (x )dx = F (x ) + C
integral sign

integrand

constant of integration

read;
indefinite integral of f(x)

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9.2.1 RULES OF INTEGRATION #1 : CONSTANT RULES

k dx = kx + C
k is a constant

Example 1
a)

4 dx =

b)

e dx =

9.2.2 RULES OF INTEGRATION #2 : POWER RULES

Alternatively, the process of integration of a function can be simplified

by using formula.

n
x
dx =

1
x n +1 + c
(n + 1)
Where,

n 1

Example 2
a)

x2
x dx = 2 + C

Divide the term by new index

Add an arbitrary constant C

b)

x dx =
2

c)

d)

1
2

dx =

dx =

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9.2.3 RULES OF INTEGRATION #3 : CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE

k. f ( x) dx = k f ( x) dx
,with k 0

Example 3
a)

4x
=

dx = 4 x 3 dx

b)

ex

dx =

x4
4 + C = x 4 + C
4

9.2.4 RULES OF INTEGRATION #4 : SUM AND DIFFERENCE

[ f ( x) g ( x)] dx = f ( x)dx

g ( x)dx

Example 4
a)

(x

+ 7 x 1 dx

Solution :

(x

+ 7 x 1 dx = x 2 dx + 7 xdx 1dx
x2
x3
+ 7
=
3
2

x + C

x3
7 2
+
x x + C
=
3
2
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b)

(3x

c)

1
2
+
x
+
3
x 3
dx

d)

(2 x 5) dx

4 x 3 dx

9.2.5 RULES OF INTEGRATION #5 : INTEGRATION FOR

dy
= f ( x ) = (ax + b )n
dx
n
(
)
ax
+
b
dx =

1
(ax + b )n +1 + C
(a )(n + 1)

Example 5
a)

( 6 + 3x )

dx

2
( 6 + 3x ) dx =

Chapter 9: Integration

1
( 6 + 3x )2+1 + C
(3)( 2 + 1)

( 6 + 3x )1 + C =
3

1
+C
3( 6 + 3 x )

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b)

(4 x 5)

c)

(5 x + 2)

d)

(3 6 x )

dx

1/ 3

dx

dx

9.2.6 RULES OF INTEGRATION #6 :

INTEGRAL OF FUNCTION THAT WILL PRODUCE ln:
i)

1
1
dx
=
ln x + c
ax
a
Example 6

a)

4 x dx = 4 ln x + C

b)

2
x dx =
ii)

1
1
dx
=
ln (ax + b ) + c
(ax + b )
a

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Example 7

1 + 2 x dx = 3 1 + 2 x dx
a)

3
ln (1 + 2 x ) + C
2

b)

1
2 x + 1 dx =

c)

4
3x + 2 dx =

9.2.7 RULES OF INTEGRATION #7 :

INTEGRATION OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

i)

dx = e x + C

1 ax
e + C ;a 0
a
ax
x
iii ) a dx =
+ C ;a 0
ln a
ii )

ax
e
dx =

Example 8

a)

e dx = e
x

+C

1 2x
e +C
2
5x
x
c) 5 dx =
+C
ln 5

b)

2x
e dx =

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d)

5x
e
dx

e)

f)

g)

(1 / 2 )x dx

e 2 x dx

dx

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Rules of Integration
k dx = kx + C
a)

n
x dx =
b)

1
x n +1 + c
(n + 1)

k. f ( x) dx = k f ( x) dx
c)

d)

[ f ( x) g ( x)] dx = f ( x)dx
1

(ax + b ) dx = (a )(n + 1) (ax + b )

n

e)

f)

g)

g ( x)dx

n +1

+C

1
1
dx
=
ln x + c
ax
a
1
1
dx
=
ln (ax + b ) + c
(ax + b )
a
i)

ii )

e ax dx =

iii )

ax

h)

Chapter 9: Integration

dx = e x + C
1 ax
e + C ; a; a 0 0
a
ax
dx =
+ C ;a 0
ln a
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9.3

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
In this section, we are going to discuss one technique called
integration by substitution that usually uses to transform
complicated integration into more easy form.

f ( g ( x)).g ' ( x)

f (u )du

F (u ) + C

F ( g ( x )) + C

Step 1: Substitute u = g(x), du = g(x) to obtain the integral

f (u )du.

Step 2: Integrate with respect to u.

Step 3: Replace u by g(x) in the result.

Example 9
a) Solve

)7

12 x 3 x 2 2 dx

Solution :
Step 1:
Substitute

(ax k + bx k 1 + ... + cx + d )n = (u) n

for n = 2, 3, 4, -

u = ax k + bx k 1 + ... + cx + d

For the example above:

u = 3x2 2

Step 2:
From u = ax k + bx k 1 + ... + cx + d , get

Hence, u = 3x2 2, then

Chapter 9: Integration

du
.
dx

du
= 6x
dx
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Step 3:
Change

du
du
= ........ to
= dx
dx
.....

du
du
= 6 x then
= dx .
6x
dx

and substitute into question.

(dx in term of du)

2
7
7
12 x(3x 2) dx = 12 x (u ) .

du
6x

= 2u 7 du

u 7 +1 + c
= 2
(7 + 1)

1
1
= 2 u8 + c = u8 + c
4
8
=

8
1 2
3x 2 + c #
4

EXERCISE
Solve:
a)

b)

2
e3 x e3 x + 1 dx

x x 2 1 dx

c)

d)

(ln x + 1)2 dx
x
x

(x + 1)
2

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9.4 DEFINITE INTEGRAL

Definite integral can be easily recognized by numbers assigned
to the upper and lower parts of the integral sign, such as
b

f ( x)dx , where a and b are known as the lower and upper limits
a

of the integral respectively.

Generally, if

f ( x ).dx = F ( x ) + c then
b

f ( x ).dx = [F ( x ) + c ]ba

= F (b ) F (a )

Example 10
Evaluate

2x

+ x 4 dx

Step 1: Integrate the terms with respect to x

2 x 4 x5
=
+
4
5

Step 2: Substitute x with 6 and 1

2(6) 4 6 5 2(1) 4 (1) 5

+
+
=
= 2202.9
5 4
5
4

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EXERCISE :
Evaluate the following definite integrals:

(x
2

a)

+ 1 .dx

1
b)

(2 x 1).dx

c)

(x

+2

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9.5 AREA UNDER A CURVE AND BETWEEN TWO CURVES

9.5.1 AREA UNDER A CURVE
One of definite integral applications is area under a curve.
i. Consider this graph,

A1 is the area under a curve y = f ( x ) between x = a

If

x=b

and

then:

A1 = f ( x ).dx
a

Example 11 :
Find the area enclosed by:
a)

y = x 2 , x = 0 , x = 2 and x-axis

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b)

y=

c)

f ( x ) = x 2 3 , x = 1 , x = 2 and x-axis

ii.

x = 1, x = 3 and x-axis

Consider graph below:

if

A2 is area under a curve x = f ( y ) between

y = c and

y = d then

A2 = f ( y ).dy
c

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Example 12 :
a)

Find the area enclosed by

y 2 = 4 x , lines y = 1, y = 4

and y-axis.

b)

Find the first quarter enclosed by

y=

2
, y-axis and lines
x

y = 2, y = 4

9.5.2 AREA ENCLOSED BY TWO CURVES

If function

and

is continuous and

f ( x ) > g ( x) within

[a, b], then area enclosed by y = f ( x ) and g ( x ) for

a < x < b is:

A3 =
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Example 13:
a) Find the area enclose by the curves

y = x2 1

and

y2 = 2x

and

y = 8 x 16

b) Find the area enclosed by the curves

x2 = 2 y

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9.6

APLICATION IN ECONOMIC AND BUSINESS

9.6.1 APLICATION IN MARGINAL COST, MARGINAL REVENUES ETC.

Normally in order to get the marginal cost, we will differentiate the cost
function, but how to get the cost function if we are given the marginal
cost?

integrate

Marginal cost function

Marginal Average cost function
Marginal revenue function
Marginal Average revenue

Total cost function

integrate

integrate
integrate

integrate
integrate
Marginal Average profit function

Average Cost function

Total Revenue function

Average revenue function

Marginal profit function

Profit function
Average profit function

Example 14 :
Suppose the marginal cost to produce product A is:

TC = x 2 20 x + 100
the fixed cost for the production is RM 9000 where x is the quantity. Find
the total cost function.

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9.6.2 CONSUMERS AND PRODUCERS SURPLUS

In this topic, we use the definite integral to solve the problem in finding
the consumers surplus and producers surplus.

If the demand function is

y = D( x ) and the supply is y = S ( x ), then

the intersection of two points is called equilibrium points,

( x0 , y 0 ) .

Demand / Supply

Supply = S(x)

Consumers Surplus
Equilibrium

y0

Producers Surplus

Demand = D(x)
x0

The amount that can be saved by the consumer when the

market price is lower than the price demanded is called as
CONSUMERS SURPLUS (C.S).

C.S =

x0

D( x ).dx y0 x0

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Amount that is gained by the producer when the market price is

higher is called as PRODUCERS SURPLUS (P.S).

x0

P.S = x0 y0 S ( x ).dx
0

Example 15 :
Demand function for Embun Boutique is
while the supply function is

y = x2 4x + 6

y = x 2 where x

is the quantity and

y is the price. Find the consumers surplus (C.S) and producers

surplus (P.S).
Solutions:
Step 1:
Get the equilibrium point

( x0 , y 0 ) .

x 2 4x + 6 = x 2
2x 2 4x + 6 = 0
(2 x + 2)( x + 3) = 0
therefore,
x = 1 or x = 3 e lim inated
y = 12
=1
Equilibrium po int = (1,1)

NOTE

:The equilibrium point is only considered on the first

quarter of the plane.

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Step 2:

C.S =

x0

D( x ).dx y0 x0 = ..................

0
1

= x 2 4 x + 6 dx (1)(1)
0

x
2 x 2 + 6 x

3
3

1
0

= 2 + 6 [0] 1
3

2
= RM 2
3

x0

P.S = x0 y0 S ( x ).dx = .................

0

= (1)(1) x 2 dx
0

3
= 1 x
3
= 1

1
3

= RM

Chapter 9: Integration

2
3

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EXERCISE:
1.

The demand function for a product is

p = f (q ) = 100 0.05q,
where p is the price per unit (in RM) for q units.

The supply function is

p = g ( q ) = 10 + 0.1q.

Determine consumers surplus and producers surplus under market

equilibrium.
Answer: CS = RM 9000

and PS = RM 18,000

2. Given the function;

f ( q ) = 100 0.05q

and

g ( q ) = 10 + 0.1q

where p is the

price per unit (in RM) for q units of product .

a) Determine which of the function is a;
i)

Demand function

ii)

Supply function

b) Find the market equilibrium.

Answer : (600,70)

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c) Determine the consumers surplus as well as the producers

surplus.

Answer : CS = RM9000
PS = RM18000

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