WORKNO.

SETUPOFTHETOPOGRAPHICPLAN
OFASURFACE(THEFACULTY
COURTYARD)USINGTHE
TACHIMETRICCLOSEDCIRCUIT
METHODCOMBINEDWITH
RADIATIONPOINTS

INTRODUCTION:

Onourfirstdayofmeasurements,ourmaingoalwastosetupacorrect
profile,withallthedetailsnecessaryforthistobepossible.
Beingagroupinwhicheverypersonhasabilitiesineverydomain,we
managednotonlytoimproveourtelescopicmeasurementsbutalsowedrew,
inanartisticway,everydetailforthesecondarymeasurements.
Theorganizationofthegroupwastheonlythingthatpermittedustomove
thatfast.
Fromthefirstday,theoneswithgreatermarkshelpedtheoneswithsmaller
onestoimprovetheirskillsincalibratingtheinstrumentspresentedinthenext
pointofthiswork.(INSTRUMENTSANDMETHODS)
Themeasurementsforthisworktookusthreedaysbecauseofourmediocre
skillsinworkingwiththeinstruments.Butastheweatherwasonourside,we
managedtofinishintime.
Furthermore,wewouldliketocontinuewithpresentingthetechnicaldetailsof
ourwork.

INSTRUMENTSANDMETHODS:
Forthiswork,weneededthefollowinginstruments:
Theodolite
Stadia
Tripod
Plumbbob

Theodolite

Onthefollowingfigureistheschemeonaclassicaltheodolite,havingcounted
itscomponentparts:

Themaincomponentsofthetheodolite:

Tribrach(1)triangularprismwhichissupportedbythreelevelingscrews.At
thebottomaretwoplatesoneflexibleandonerigid,theflexibleplateabodeto
passacapscrewpump,fixingthetribrachonthetripod,andrigidboard
supportingdeviceismountedviascrews.

TribarchFigure1overallview;Figure2detailview

Thelimb(2)orthegraduatedhorizontalcircleisametaldiskwhoseperimeter
issilveredanddividedintodegreessexagesimalorcentesimal(themodern
theodolites,thelimbismadeofacircularglassringfixedtoametal);readhim
thedirectionshorizontalangularvaluesofthestationpoints,withmetalshaft
movementisblocked,thegeneralmovementofthelockingscrew(12).

Figure3.Thelimb:ametallimb;bglasslimbandthewayoffixingonthe
metallicsupport

Alidad(3)thealidadcircleisametaldisc,concentricwiththelimbus,fully
supportedbytheaxleshaftenteringthegoaloflanguages,theseconddiscare
fixedvernierorotherreadingdevicesatthesereadingsbeingmadewiththe

helpofmagnifyingglassesormicroscopes(10);canblockthemovement
alidadeihorizontallockingscrewmotionrecorders(13).

Forkstosupportthetelescope(4)twopiecesofmetalattachedtooneendof
alidad,supportingdevicesupportingtheremainderoftheaxisofrotationofthe
verticalrearwindow,ononeoftheforksarerearwindowlockingscrewmotion
(14)Andtheotherissetaleveltoric,calledzenithspiritlevel(9),this
orizontalizedcluestoeclimeterzero.

Topographictelescope(7)opticaldevicethatservestotargetingremote
objects(signalsTopographic)issometimesusedtomeasureopticalpath
distances;telescopeiscomposedof:tubelens(1),oculartube(2),reticulum(3),
internalfocusinglens(4)focusingsleeve(5),lookup(6).

Figure4.Topographictelescope

Thetubelensiscomposedofaachromaticlenssystemandeyepiecetube,the
twolensesarrangedinconcaviateaonetoanother,providingahigh
magnification,orconcaviateatoobjective,givingaclearandbrilliant.

Mainaxisandmovementsofatheodolite:

Theaxesofthetheodolite

a).Mainaxisorvertical(VV')istheaxiswhichpassingthroughthecenterof
languagesandisperpendicularthereto,thecamerarotatesaroundthisaxis
horizontal,verticaloverlapslandmarkstation.

b).Secondaryorhorizontalaxis(OO')throughthecenterandperpendicular
eclimetruluiwhich,inturnthetelescopearoundthisaxiswithvertical
eclimetrul.

c).Axisofthetelescopesight(LL')passesthroughtheopticalcenterofthe
lensandwirecrosshairs

Conditionstobemetbythethreeaxes:

(VV)(OO);

(LL)(OO);

(VV)I(OO)I(LL)={M}.

Thetheodolite,eachlevelhasatoricorsphericalordirectriceaxis(DD'),
wheretheridinglevelwillhavehorizontal

Themovementsofthetheodolite:

a).Horizontalmovementmovementdevicearounditsmainaxis:

Generalmovementrotatingbladewithalidadandreadingclues;

Movementrecordersbladeremainsfixedandonlyrotatesalidadwithreading
clues.

b).Verticalmovementmovementofthetelescopeandtheeclimeteraround
the

secondaryaxis.

Stadia
ItistheinstrumentonwhichwemakethereadingsforL0,L1,L2.

Tripod

ItistheinstrumentonwhichweplacetheTheodoliteinordertomakethe
properreadings.

PlumbBob
A plumb-bob or a plummet is a weight, usually with a pointed tip
on the bottom, that is suspended from a string and used as a vertical
reference line, or plumb-line.

INPUTDATA:

Thesketchofthefacultycourtyardandtherequiredtraverse

Therectangularcoordinatesofthepoints20,21(X,Y,Z).Theinclined
distances,measureddirectlyonthegroundusingthetheodolite,betweenthe
pointsofthetraverseandbetweenthesepointsandtheradiationpoints.

Theangularvaluesofthehorizontaldirectionsandthevertical(zenithal)angles
ofalldirectionsmeasuredfromallthetraversepointsbytheodolite.(allarein
thetable)

Sketchofthetraverse

STAGESOFWORKING
Inordertounderstandhowthemeasurementsweredone,weconsiderone

example(stationpointin20).

weinstallthetheodoliteinpoint20

wemeasuretheheightoftheinstrumentusingthestadia

weputthestadiaabovethepoint20

weaimfromthestationpointthestadialocatedonpoint20

usingthefineadjustingscrewsweslowlyrotatethetheodoliteuntilL0
correspondstotheheightoftheinstrument

havingthemiddleofthecrosshairlocatedexactlyontheheightofthe
instrument,wereadL2andL1
wemakethearithmeticaverageofthesetworeadingsandwewritetheerror
withrespecttoL0.(maximum2mm)

thezenithalangleiswrittendownandonememberofthegroupmakesthe
calculationinordertodeterminetheinclineddistancefromthestationpointto
point20.Theformulais(L2L1)x100xsinV,whereL2andL1arethe
readingsonthestadiaandVisthezenithalangle.

Afterthiswesettheinstrumentinthesecondpositionandwefollowthesame
stepslikeabove.

Havingdatafromtwopositionsoftheinstrument,themoreprecisedatawillbe
thearithmeticmeanofthetwomeasurements.

Havingthisdatawrittendowninthetable,wemovethestadiatothepoint101,
whichisatraversepointinourcase.

Likeinthepreviouscasewerotatethetelescopesuchasthemiddleofcrosshair
tocorrespondtotheheightoftheinstrument.

Havingthisthingdone,theoperatorreadsL2,L1,L0,VandH.

Thememberofthegroupinchargewithcalculationdeterminestheinclined
distancefromthestationpointtotheradiationpointusingthe

sameformulaasaboveandhealsowritesdowninthetablethehorizontal
angleHwhichrepresentsthehorizontalanglefromthetwoalignments.

Afterthis,werotatethetheodoliteinthesecondpositionandwereadagain
allthevaluesneeded(L2,L1,L0,V,H).

Havingthedatawrittendowninthetablewecanaimthenextpointwhich
canbearadiationpointorapointfromthetraverse.Wefollowthesame
stepslikeaboveinordertodeterminethedistancesandanglesforallthe
points,bothradiationandtraverse.

Determinationoftheclosingerroronhorizontalanglesandits
compensation
=

= 3397.98

Thisamounthastobeequaltotheamountoftheinternalanglesofthensides
polygon:

(n2)*200g=(172)*200g=3400g

Becauseoftheunavoidableinstrumentalandmeasuringerrors,betweenthetwo
valuestherewillbeacertaindifferenceknownastheangularclosingerror.
n 2 200g = 2.02

Asarulethiserrorhastobesmallerthenthetolerance.
= 1.50 19 = 6.5383

Inthiscase,theerrorissmallerthenthetolerance,so,bycompensation,the
correctionwillbeequalinmagnitudebutwithanoppositesigntotheoneof

theclosingerror.

= 2.02

Theunitarycorrectionis:
2

.02

= 19

= 0.1063

anditisgoingtobedistribuitedequallytoallthemeasuredangles,obtaining
thusthecompensatedhorizontalangles:

,i=101,102,,119

Asverification,theamountofcompensatedangleswillbeequaltothetheoretic
amount.
= 3400

Transmitionofthereferencegridbearingtoallsidesofthe
traverse
Thisoperationiscarriedoutwiththeaidofthereferencegridbearing(101
119)andthecompensatedhorizontalangles.

 200 +

Thevaluesofthegridbearingareenteredinthesixthcolumn.

Reductiontothehorizontaloftherelativecoordinatesofthe
inclineddistances
Sinceinthefieldtherehavebeenmeasureddirectlytheinclineddistances,di,in
thesametimethezenithalangles,Zi,ofthedirectionshavebeenmeasured.The
reductiontothehorizontaloftheinclineddistancesismadeusingthefollowing
formula:
sin

Thevaluesofthehorizontaldistancesareenteredintheseventh

column.

Determinationoftherelativecoordinatesofthetraversepoints
Therelativecoordinatesarecalculatedusingthegridbearingofthe

sidesofthetraverseandthedistancesreducedtothehorizontal.

Thevaluesoftherelativecoordinatesarewrittenintheeighthcolumnandof
intheninthcolumn.

Determination oftheclosingerroroncoordinatesand
compensationoftherelativecoordinates(onlyforthetraverse
points)
Havingaclosedcircuittraverse,thealgebraicamountsoftheprojectionsofthe
sidesofthetraverseonthetwoaxis(i.e.,thealgebraicamountsoftherelative
coordinates)shouldfulfillthefollowingconditions:
= 1.2725

= 0.8571

i=101,102,119

= 1.5342

= 0.045

1733

= 1.5457

1.5457

=
= 1.2725m

=
= 0.8571m

1.2725

421.8197

= 0.003

| |

0.8571

429.9306

= 0.002

| |

andaccordingtothem,thepartialcorrectionsforeachoftherelativecoordinate

isdeterminateas:

==

Asanobservation,thesignsofthepartialcorrectionsarethesamewiththe
singsofthetotalcorrections.

Byalgebraicamountofthepreviouslycalculatedrelativecoordinateswiththe
correspondingpartialcorrections,thecompensatedrelativecoordinateswillbe
obtainedas:
=+

=+

Thevaluesofthecorrectedrelativecoordinatesarewritteninthe

tenthcolumnandofintheeleventhcolumn.

Aftercompensation,thealgebraicamountsoftherelativecoordinateswillbe
equaltozero:
=0, =0

Determinationofabsoluteplanecoordinatesofthetraversepoints
Usingtheabsolutecoordinatesofthesupportingpoint101weshalladd,stepby
stepandcumulated,thecompensatedrelativecoordinates,thusobtainingthe
absolutecoordinatesofallstationpoints.
+

Asaverification,thefinalcoordinatesof101willbeequaltotheinitial

ones(X=0,Y=0).

Thevaluesoftheabsolutecoordinatesarewritteninthethirteenth

columnandof

inthefourteenthcolumn.

Determinationoftherelativecoordinatesofthetraversepoints
(levelcoordinateZ)

tan

Thevaluesoftherelativecoordinatesarewritteninthetwelfth

column.

Determinationoftheabsolutecoordinatesofthetraversepoints
(levelcoordinateZ)
+

Thevaluesoftheabsolutecoordinatesarewritteninthefifteenth

column.