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Copyright Medicinski fakultet Novi Sad, 2008
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ISBN 978-86-7197-283-3
RECENZIJA
Knjigu "Dr Adolf Hempt i osnivanje Pasterovog zavoda u Novom Sadu" primio
sam na recenziju u elektronskoj verziji. Poznavajui prof. dr Laloevia i njegov interes
prema istoriji medicine i zdravstvene kulture, koji je i pre ove knjige bio pretoen u
vredne radove iz te oblasti, unapred sam oekivao da e mi ta recenzija predstavljati
poseban uitak, to se i obistinilo. Knjiga obuhvata 120 stranica teksta, zajedno sa
likovnim prilozima, uvodnim delom, pogovorom i literaturom. Podeljena je u etiri
znalaki odabrana poglavlja, od kojih je u svakom zaokruen po jedan tematski i
hronoloki segment materije, precizno sreen, literarno i likovno uoblien i prikazan.
Prvo poglavlje posveeno je korenima i poreklu loze Hemptovih, koja je
posedovala plemiku titulu i grb, zatim porodici dr Hempta, te njegovoj linoj i radnoj
biografiji, koja je ila uzlaznom linijom od optinskog lekara u Lukavcu kod Tuzle do
direktora Pasterovog i Higijenskog zavoda u Novom Sadu. U drugom poglavlju autor
knjige je obradio zdravstvene prilike i proirenost besnila u Srbiji s kraja 19. i poetkom
20. veka, opirnije se pozabavio opisom organizacije i rada Pasterovog zavoda u Niu,
prvog te vrste na Balkanu, kao i istorijatom vakcinacije protiv besnila u Evropi i kod
nas. Pri tome se nije postavio samo kao isti hroniar, ve se svojim komentarima
iskazao kao vrsni poznavalac rabiologije uopte. Tree poglavlje posvetio je detaljnom
opisu osnivanja i organizacije rada Pasterovog zavoda i formiranja Epidemiolokog i
Higijenskog zavoda u Novom Sadu, iji je dr Hempt bio upravnik, to je potkrepljeno
nizom zvaninih dokumenata iz tog perioda. U etvrtom i poslednjem poglavlju svoje
knjige dr Laloevi je izvrio analizu naunog znaaja Hemptove vakcine protiv besnila,
te dao prikaz naunih skupova rabiologa i strune literature iz rabiologije onog vremena
u svetu. Jezik kojim se autor slui jednostavan je i pitak, odmeren i znalaki uoblien u
narativni tekst koji je zanimljiv od samog poetka do kraja, pa se knjiga ita u jednom
dahu. Dodatnu vrednost knjizi, koja upotpunjuje i viestruko obogauje tekst, daju
brojni likovni prilozi: lina i porodina prepiska dr Hempta, slubena dokumenta
Pasterovih i Higijenskih zavoda u zemlji, spiskovi u njima zaposlenog osoblja, a
nadasve retke, zanimljive i vredne fotografije zdravstvenih ustanova i linosti iz
vremena koje je opisano u knjizi, kao i fotografije iz porodinog albuma Hemptovih.
Posebnu dragocenost predstavlja fotografijama prikazan, kao na nekom filmu, itav
proces rada i aparature koriene u proizvodnji Hemptove vakcine u Pasterovom zavodu
u Novom Sadu.
Prof. dr Duan Laloevi je svojom knjigom "Dr Hempt i osnivanje Pasterovog
zavoda u Novom Sadu" znaajno obogatio nau medicinsku istoriografiju. Prikupio je,
sistematizovao i na zanimljiv, ali visokostruan nain dao prikaz poetaka organizovane
zdravstvene zatite i preventivne zdravstvene delatnosti Kraljevine SHS i Kraljevine
Jugoslavije, posebno ukazujui i do detalja opisujui osnivanje i rad Pasterovog zavoda
u Novom Sadu i lik njegovog prvog upravnika dr Adolfa Hempta, kako sam autor u
pogovoru svoje knjige kae "od svih novosadskih lekara do danas, jedinog poznatog
imena u svetskoj istoriji medicine".
Novi Sad, 12.11.2007. god.
Prof. dr Jovan Maksimovi
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...pripovedao mi je otac jednog jutra na izletu na planinu Sr, veoma
visoko uzdignutu nad Dubrovnikom, kada sam bila sa svojih 15 godina na
letovanju u Dubrovniku, a koja je zbog svoje retke lepote - a posebno zbog
toga to danas ivim u jednom surovom materijalistikom svetu - to ostala u
ivom seanju i do moje devedesetdruge godine ivota.
26
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37
, .
1996.
1. , , 39.
2. Conference Internationale de la Rage, Paris 1927, tome III.
3. . .
. : , . 200 .
, , 1997, 22-25.
4. Hempt A. Versuche mit Hygiama. Wiener Medizinische Presse 1902, 43: 1-6.
5.
:
Association
Familiale
HEMPTINNE
(http://www.dehemptinne.net/doc)
6. .
7. . , 10, .91.
8. Kaiser M, Piringer W. Adolph Hempt+. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift
1943, 56 (49/50): S. 721.
9. Laloevi D. Boravak Dr Adolfa Hempta u Parizu 1925. godine. Med Pregl
1998; LI Suppl. 1 : 61-63.
10. . . 135
60 , -, , 2007.
11. (). - . 1986; 34(9-10):489-493.
12. Sl. glasnik R. Srbije 48/2001, str. 2.
38
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14 (Pasteur L, Chamberland MM, Roux
E. A new communication on rabies. Ed. by Hanon N. Selected Papers in
Virology. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.Y. 1964, 30/36; Baer G,
Neville J, Turner G. Rabbis and Rabies, a pictorial history of rabies through the
ages. Laboratorios Baer, S.A. de C.V. Mexico, 1996, 1-133).
, 1885.
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,
(Method pour prevenir la rage apres morsure. C R. Acad. of
sciences, October 26, 1885, Ci, p. 765-773 et p. 765-773 and p. 774. - Bull. de
lAcad. de medecine, October 27, 1885, 2e sr., XIV, p. 1431-1439. Oeuvres
VI, 603-612.).
METODA PREVENCIJE BESNILA NAKON UJEDA
Luj Paster
Prevencija besnila, onakva kakvu sam ja izlo`io u svoje ime i u ime
svojih saradnika, u prethodnim bele{kama, dovla je sigurno do progresa u
prou~avawu te bolesti; napretka koji je bio vi{e teoretski nego
prakti~an. Me|utim, primena nije uvek bila uspe{na. Na 20 pasa koje sam
tretirao, nisam mogao garantovati da }u vi{e od 15 ili 16 wih u~initi
otpornim na besnilo.
Sa druge strane bilo je korisno zavr{iti taj tretman posledwom
inokulacijom jednim veoma virulentnim kontrolnim virusom, da bi se
potvrdio i oja~ao imunitet. Osim toga, opreznost je zahtevala da se psi
dr`e pod nadzorom du`e od vremena potrebnog za inkubaciju bolesti,
52
53
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starost 14 dana
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12 "
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11 "
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9 "
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8 "
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7 "
"
6 "
"
5 "
"
4 "
"
3 "
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2 "
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1 "
55
meseca i tri
zadovoqavaju}e.
nedeqe
nakon
nesre}e,
wegovo
zdravqe
je
sasvim
35. .
(Vallery-Radot P. Pasteur. Images de sa vie. Hachette, 1967.)
Kako tuma~iti novu metodu - spre~avawe razvoja besnila nakon
ujeda do koje sam upravo do{ao? Nije mi namera da se danas bavim ovim
pitawem u potpunosti. @elim ista}i samo nekoliko preliminarnih detaqa
kako bi se shvatio smisao ovih eksperimenata sa ciqem da se ustanove nove
ideje za najboqe mogu}e izvo|ewe.
Pozivaju}i se na metodu slabqewa smrtonosnog virusa, mo`e se
zakqu~iti o uticaju vazduha u atenuaciji. To zna~i da se boravkom mo`dine
56
57
58
36. ,
"Ecole Normale Superieure"
, , 1857. .
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. .
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1953. ,
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37.
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-
,
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50 , 1942.
,
(, .
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1955, 1-539).
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5%
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1911.
37 72-76
,
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38. (1847 .
1906),
(Babes) 1912.
58
,
60
. (Paul Remlinger)
1918. 7284 . ,
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61
, ,
(Alivizatos)
, 1918.
" - ".
72 .
150-200
,
24
( .
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1986; 34(9-10):489-493).
, 1925.
.
40.
,
1918-1926.
41. 1922,
.
62
1. Baer G, Neville J, Turner G. Rabbis and Rabies, a pictorial history of rabies
through the ages. Laboratorios Baer, S.A. de C.V. Mexico, 1996, 1-133.
2. . 1800-1918 ,
, 1974.
3. . . , , 1937.
4. .
- . . . 1929, 12.
5. - . . 1895;
1(23-24):797-810.
6. - . " ",
, , 1896.
7. . ; . . 1896, 8:
426-430, 468-471.
8. . (II), , , 1985; 152-153.
9. Laloevi D., Lazarevi-Ivanc Lj, Stankov S.: Mogunosti ekonomine
proizvodnje vakcine protiv besnila sa kulture elija. Med Pregl 1997; 50(11-12):
565-568.
10. Laloevi D, Stankov S, Lazarevi-Ivanc Lj, Laloevi V, Kneevi Ivana.:
Immunogenicity of BHK- rabies vaccine in human volunteers. Med Pregl 1998;
LI Suppl. 1 : 17-19.
11. Laloevi D, Pavlovi R, Jovanovi M, Jermolenko Gordana, Petrovi M.
Aktuelni problemi u dijagnostici i profilaksi besnila kod ljudi i ivotinja. Clinica
veterinaria 2001, Budva 11-15. jun, Zbornik radova, 39-43.
12. Laloevi D. Osamdeset godina Pasterovog zavoda u Novom Sadu i 100 godina
naune profilakse besnila u Srbiji. Med Pregl 2001; 54(Suppl 1): 7-22.
13. Laloevi D, Laloevi V. Besnilo. U: Dimi E, Jovanovi J, uredn. Akutne
infektivne bolesti. Medicinski fakultet Novi Sad, 2001, 387-397.
14. , 1900-1985. , 1990.
15. Pasteur L. Method pour prevenir la rage apres morsure. C R. Acad. of sciences,
October 26, 1885, Ci, p. 765-773 et p. 765-773 and p. 774. - Bull. de lAcad. de
medecine, October 27, 1885, 2e sr., XIV, p. 1431-1439. Oeuvres VI, 603-612
16. , . . , ,
1955, 1-539.
17. Pasteur L, Chamberland MM, Roux E. A new communication on rabies. Ed. by
Hanon N. Selected Papers in Virology. Prentice Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.Y.
1964, 30/36.
18. (). -
. 1986; 34(9-10):489-493.
19. , . 1912, . 244.
20. Vallery-Radot P(asteur). Pasteur. Hachette, Paris 1938.
, , .
, 1939. . .
63
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1930.
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(Annales de lInstitut Pasteur) Zentralblat fr Mikrobiologie.
52. 1932.
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Copyright by Foto Harkanji Novi Sad, Kralja Petra 7
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lyssae
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. Zentralblattu fur Bakteriologie
Referate Band 107 No 17/18 20.
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. ,
1. . (lyssa) . .
, 1931. 1-78.
2. . . .
1997. 1-72.
3. Laloevi D. Osamdeset godina Pasterovog zavoda u Novom Sadu i 100 godina
naune profilakse besnila u Srbiji. Med Pregl 2001; 54(Suppl 1): 7-22.
4. Laloevi D., Lazarevi-Ivanc Lj, Stankov S.: Mogunosti ekonomine proizvodnje
vakcine protiv besnila sa kulture elija. Med Pregl 1997; 50(11-12): 565-568.
5. Laloevi D, Stankov S, Lazarevi-Ivanc Lj, Laloevi V, Kneevi Ivana.:
Immunogenicity of BHK- rabies vaccine in human volunteers. Med Pregl 1998; LI
Suppl. 1 : 17-19.
6. Laloevi D, Laloevi V, Kneevi I, Lazarevi-Ivanc Lj. Bioloka proizvodnja u
preventivnoj medicini. Razvoj vakcina protiv besnila u Jugoslaviji. Savetovanje o
biotehnologiji u Vojvodini, SANU ogranak u Novom Sadu, 12-13. 09. 2002. Zbornik
radova 179-183.
94
IV
, ,
,
, , 1927. .
,
1925. , 1927. .
e
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, ,
, 1925. .
, ,
-,
.
75 , , -
, ,
.
25. 1925. :
Paris XV. Institut Pasteur 25 Rue Dutot Dr A. Hempt
tovana gospodjo Kolega! Ovde se radi jo sasma kao pred 40
godina i iz pijeteta nee da napuste staru metodu, dok su jo ivi stari
saradnici Pasteurovi. Mladja generacija vrlo se zanima za nau rapidnu
metodu koja e imati sigurno budunost. Pre podne radim u divnoj
biblioteci sabiram celu noviju literaturu nae struke, koja je rastreena
po svim moguim urnalima na vie jezika nego li mogu svladati ali
veinu ipak razumem. Posle podne radim praktino histoloki i
bakterioloki. Pozdravljam Vas i Vaega supruga. Srdano Va Dr
Hempt.
40
, ,
.
95
77.
, (25. . 1925)
1927.
, 25 30.
.
,
, ,
, .
6 .
96
,
, , .
,
,
. 84-85. :
Our new process is as follows:
The spinal cord and brain of rabbits infected subdurally with fixed virus
and killed at the beginning of the agony, are removed by a sterile process. The
meninges and vessels adhering there to are removed in a dark room. The cord
is then placed in an ether vessel which is provided with wire netting, the cord
being suspended in the ether so as to be penetrated evenly by the ether. The
brain on the other hand after all the ventricles have been opened wide, is laid
open and rolled out into a flat leyer which must be as even as possible. A few
parallel incisions are made in the tissue of the midbrain and cerebellum, and
the whole is then spread out on the wire netting so as to ensure uniform action
by the ether on all parts. The cord is removed from the ether after 72 hours,
after which period it is, in the great majority of cases, entirely non-virulent.
The brains are left to the action of the ether for 96 hours and are laid, as is the
etherised cord, in a 1% carbolic glycerine solution (30 parts glycerine beaume
30 neutral plus 70 parts distilled water), being left to lie in dark-coloured
receptacles protected against the light and at the temperature of the ice chest
for not less than 20 days before being used for the preparation of vaccine.
By spreading the cord and brain on the wire netting placed in the ether
vessel (or on a fine sieve of German silver) we prevent them from remaining
steeped in the layer of their own grease and lipoid which is deposited at the
bottom of the vessel from the very beginning of the etherisation process, as
otherwise large parts of the surface of the brain and cord would completely
escape the action of the ether and remain virulent.
In this way we obtain brain and cord which have been slowly and
evenly attenuated and are completely nonvirulent. The brain and cord not only
preserve their complete immunising capacity, but as a result of the thorough
extraction of fat become entirely hydrophile, so that they yield much finer
emulsions than original substances or substances that have been subjected to a
less thorough fat-removing process. They are accordingly much more easily
and speedily adsorbed when injected sub-cutaneously, and they provoke
immediately a powerful irritation resulting in the direct formation of rabicide
substances.
98
79.
, 25-30. 1927.
99
1925. ,
, , . ,
, Hence, we now work with completely dead vaccines.
80.
, 1927. ,
,
( , . . 1930).
1927. ,
. : ...
,
,
,
.
5-6
12 .
... ( A. . 1931, 3: 242).
100
1938.
,
(Hempt A. Ueber eine karbolisierte
antirabische Aether-Vaccine und ihren Schutzwert bei Mensch und Tier.
Behringwerk-Mitteilungen/Heft 9, 1938, 1-60).
101
.
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.
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83.
1930. , ,
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102
,
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( , , 1955, 1-539). ,
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1956. (Schneider
LG, Cox JH, 1994).
84.
103
,
.
Landry .
,
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,
.
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, 10.000 .
100% .
, . ,
,
(Laloevi D, Laloevi V, Sari M, i
sar. Smrtni sluaj tokom postekspozicione vakcinacije protiv besnila obolelog
od Parkinsonove bolesti. Med Pregl 2004).
.
, ,
,
, .
,
.
, (- ,
. .
. . 1961).
,
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( ).
104
(1955)
4 14.000 ,
0,028% ( . . 1955), ,
0,009%, 80.715 1935. ( . .
1963). 8
1949. 1956. ,
,
.
,
, ,
1 : 200 (Bahri F, t al. Neurological
complications in adults following rabies vaccine prepared from animal brains.
Presse Med. 1996).
0,069%, 10
(Lafrenz M. Complications after antirabies
treatment using the Hempt-vaccine. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1975).
1977. .
, . ,
3500
. (Nyerges G, Jaszovszky S, Pintr A, Homp
Z. The encephalitogenicity of the Hempt vaccine. Dev Biol Stand. 1977).
.
(1871, - 1932, ),
.
( ),
,
.
( . . 1920,
11-12: 445-455). ,
. .
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105
,
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fixe,
.
1927. .
,
, ,
( 85).
1927.
( ., 67: . ., . 21).
,
29. 30. 1927. , ,
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1000
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10 5
. ,
18 .
1947.
.
1980.
,
.
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,
. , ,
1947.
200.000 1958.
. ,
106
,
1958.
.
,
, ,
( .
. 1950; Nikolitsch M. Prventive antirabische
impfung der hunde. Die Kleinertierpraxis, 1965).
,
. ,
, 1947.
200.000 152.707,
80 . 163
66 , 2202
. 1948.
( . .
1946. 1963. . .
1964).
5
4
3
2
umrlo qudi
1
0
1959
1957
1955
1953
1951
1949
180 163
160
160
140
106
120
96
100
80
65
37
60
29 23
29 23
40
20
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1947
registrovano `ivotiwa
1. ( - ; - )
107
,
.
1964. 9 ,
1980. .
1971. ,
, .
,
1980. , 1983. .
86. ,
: . . -
(1874-1943). . 1976.
109
87. . . ,
, 1960-
: . (+2008),
.
,
.
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110
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100 ,
100 .
.
, ,
. 2-3
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.
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.
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.
.
,
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.
(1952. .)
.
.
111
( ).
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.
, .
.
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post mortem
.
, . .
sectio caesarea
.
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1953.
. ,
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.
_________________________________
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112
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88. .
113
,
. 1927 1981.
364.574 307 ,
0,08%,
. 35 (0,009%)
28 , 7 . ,
,
. , 414
. 21.469
, , .
,
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1952.
( ).
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,
.
1976. : " , ,
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, .
, .
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.
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."
114
5. . -
. . . 1927, 7(10): 148.
6. , , , .
. .
1963, 91(2): 141-148.
7. .
. . 1931, 33(3): 234-246.
8. Hempt A. Ueber eine karbolisierte antirabische Aether-Vaccine und ihren
Schutzwert bei Mensch und Tier. Behringwerk-Mitteilungen/Heft 9, 1938,
1-60.
9. Hempt A. Sur une methode rapide de traitement antirabique. Annales de
lInstitut Pasteur 1925, 39(7): 632-640.
10. .
-.
1937, 4(7): 3-10.
11. - , .
. . . 1961, 18(5): 481-482.
12. Lafrenz M. Complications after antirabies treatment using the Hemptvaccine. Z Gesamte Inn Med. 1975 Jun 15;30(12):419-23.
13. Lalosevic D. Historical review and current status of rabies prophylaxis in
Yugoslavia. WHO Conference on Oral Immunization of Foxes Agains
Rabies in Central and Eastern Europe, Portoro, 8-9. XI 1996, pp. 53-60.
14. Lalosevic D. Historical review and current status of rabies prophylaxis in
Yugoslavia., In Lalosevic D, ed. Selected Papers on Rabies Prophylaxis,
Novi Sad, 1996, 11-18.
15. Lalosevic D. Rabies prophylaxis in Yugoslavia. International Rabies
Meeting, Paris 1997, Abstract 6.16.
16. Laloevi D. Boravak Dr Adolfa Hempta u Parizu 1925. godine Med Pregl
1998; LI Suppl. 1 : 61-63.
17. Lalosevic D. Spreading of rabies on the south of Europe. Rabies Bull Eur
2001, 2: 43.
18. .
100 . . . 2001,
(. 1): 7-22.
19. Laloevi D, Laloevi V, Jovanovi V. Besnilo u Vojvodini. Zarazna i
parazitarna oboljenja ljudi i ivotinja u Vojvodini, zbornik radova, Matica
srpska, 2003, 255-261.
20. Laloevi D, Laloevi V, Sari M, i sar. Smrtni sluaj tokom
postekspozicione vakcinacije protiv besnila obolelog od Parkinsonove
bolesti. Med Pregl 2004,57(9-10): 487-492.
115
116
( ):
117
4000
.
(Hydrophobia symptomatica ex morsu Canis
rabidi). , ,
.
,
. ,
, 1925.
, , 1989. .
, , , , ,
.
1874, ,
,
, ,
, 1922.
, 1943. .
. ,
.
, .
,
.
. .
, ,
,
, .
20. ,
, ,
, .
,
.
______________________________
118
89.
1927.
119
Dr Adolf Hempt
and foundation of Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad
by
Duan Laloevi, MD, Ph.D.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Summary
Rabies prophylaxis has 4000 years long history. From Old Century
medicine we have knowledge that rabies was transmitted by dogs bite
(Hydrofobia simptomatica ex morsu Canis rabidi). Edward Jener, who has
established first immunization with vaccinia against variola, used bath in cold
water for human rabies therapy. From the Louis Pasteur time, general
microbiology and especially rabiology, were developed and human rabies
vaccination started. Although numerous modifications of Pasteurs treatment
were made, vaccine prepared by Dr Adolf Hempt was the most successful and
it was accepted in all central European countries, like Germany, Austria,
Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. Hempts
vaccine has had longest use, from 1925 in Yugoslavia, to 1989 year in
Hungary.
Dr Adolf Hempt was born in 1874 y. in Novi Sad, in former
Austrian/Hungarian Monarchy, today Serbia, Yugoslavia. He graduated
medicine in Gratz, worked as military doctor in Grossencersdorf near Vienna,
after that in Lukavac in Bosnia, as a community doctor. During First World
War he was commander of military hospital in Trieste. In 1921, he arrived to
Novi Sad, and became founder and director of Pasteur Institute.
In 1925 Dr Hempt introduced new modification of animal brain derived
rabies vaccine, completely inactivated and delipidized with ether and phenol.
He introduced short time procedure for vaccination scheme, which was used
only 6 days. Pasteur treatment was given up to 21 days, started with small
amount and finished with large quantities of live virus vaccine. Hempt was
standardize rabies vaccination with safety and better quality rabies vaccine,
with higher immunogenicity and without myelin after ether treatment, which
was causal agent of neuroparalytic complication after rabies vaccination.
At Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad, dr Hempt organized manufactured rabies
vaccine production with semiautomatic machines for preparation emulsion of
infected animals brains. After that, glass ampoules were filled in sterile
conditions. At that time, his work and this installation for vaccine production
was very interesting, and many doctors from all over the world, came to
Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad, to learn about Hempts technology.
Dr Hempt died in 1943 year. Today, Pasteur Institute in Novi Sad is
cultural monument and museum dedicated to dr Hempt and his successor dr
Milan Nikolic, famous rabiologist, too.
120
CIP -
Novi Sad
616.98:578.824]:929 Hempt A.
616.98-08:578.824]:615.371(497.1)
616.98-08:578.824]:061.22(497.113 Novi Sad)(091)
LALO[
LALO[EVI],
EVI], Du{
Du{an
Dr Adolf Hempt i osnivawe Pasterovog zavoda u Novom Sadu
/ Du{an Lalo{evi}. - Novi Sad : Medicinski fakultet : Nau~no
dru{tvo za istoriju zdravstvene kulture Vojvodine : Dru{tvo
za popularizaciju nauke, 2008 (Novi Sad : Mala kwiga). 120 str. : ilustr. ; 22 cm
Tira` 200. - Bibliografija uz svako poglavqe. - Summary.
ISBN 978-86-7197-283-3
a) Pasterov zavod - Novi Sad - Istorija b) Besnilo Prevencija - Vakcina - Jugoslavija c) Hempt, Adolf
(1874-1943)
COBISS.SR-ID 229978631