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Alkanes: H H C H H
Alkanes: H H C H H
Name
Molecular formula
CnH2n+2
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
C1H2x1+2 = CH4
C2H2x2+2 = C2H6
C3H2x3+2 = C3H8
C4H2x4+2 = C4H10
C5H2x5+2 = C5H12
C6H2x6+2 = C6H14
C7H2x7+2 = C7H16
C8H2x8+2 = C8H18
C9H2x9+2 = C9H20
C10H2x10+2 = C10H22
Molar
mass
(g mol-1)
16
30
44
58
72
86
100
114
128
142
Physical
state at room
temperature
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
No. of
isomers
Methane
CH4
Ethane,
C2H6
Propane,
C3H8
0
HCH
H
H H
HCCH
H H
H H H
HCCCH
H
Butane,
C4H10
H H H H
HCCCCH
H H H H
n-butane
H
H
H
H C C C H
H HCH H
2 - methyl propane
Pentane,
C5H12
H H H H H
HCCCCCH
H H H H H
n-pentane
H
H
H H
H C C C C H
H HCH H H
H
2-methyl butane
H HCH H
H C C C H
H HCH H
2,2-dimetyl propane
Hexane,
C6H14
H H H H H H
HCCCCCCH
H H H H H H n-hexane
H
H
H H H
H C C C C C H
H HCH H H H
H
2 - methyl pentane
H H
H
H H
H C C C C C H
H H HCH H H
3 - methyl pentane
H
H
H H C H H H
H
H
H H CH
H
C
C
C C H
H C C
C
C H
H
HCH
H
H
H HCH
H - dimethyl
H butane
2,2
H 2,3 - dimethyl butane
H
Physical Properties
Physical properties of alkanes
i.
cannot conduct electrity
ii.
less dense than water
iii.
dissolve in organic solvents, insoluble in water
iv.
low melting and boiling points
Conclusion:
- molecule held together by weak intermolecular forces
- properties of covalent compound
- gradually steady increase as the number of carbon in alkane
increases
6. Steps to name branched alkanes;
i.
determined and named the long chains
ii.
determined and named the branch chain
CH3
: methyl
C2H5 OR
CH2CH3
: ethyl
C3H7 OR
CH2CH2CH3 : prophyl
iii.
give number to the carbon atoms in long chain, which started from the nearest
branched
iv.
The number for carbon atom which branched emerged from, must put before/infront
the alkyl
v.
Named the branched first, followed by the named of long chains
The word di, tri is used if the branched chains is more than one
Chemical Properties
Reactivity of alkanes
1. Not reactive/unreactive because saturated hydrocarbon
2. Did not decolourized purple solution of acidified potassium manganate(VII)
3. Did not decolourized reddish brown solution of bromine water
4. Neutral.
Combustion of alkanes
1. In the presence of sufficient oxygen, alkanes burns to form carbon dioxide and water.
complete combustion
Chemical equation:
i. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
ii.
C2H6
iii.
C4H10 + 13/2 O2
4CO2
C6H14
iv.
+ 7/2
O2
+ 19/2 O2
2CO2
+ 3H2O
+
6CO2
5H2O
7H2O
CH4 + 3/2 O2
CO + 2H2O
2CH4 + 3 O2
2CO + 4H2O
H C H +Cl-Cl
H
|
H C Cl + HCl
|
H monochloromethane
Second stage;
H C Cl +
Cl2
Cl
|
H C Cl + HCl
|
H dichloromethane
Cl
|
H C Cl + HCl
|
Cl trichloromethane
Cl
|
Cl C Cl + HCl
|
Cl tetrachloromethane
Third stage ;
Cl
H C Cl +
Cl2
Fourth stage;
Cl
H C Cl +
Cl
Cl2
Alumina, Al2O3
C9H20 (ce) C2H6 (g) + C7H14 (g)
Panas
Nonana
Etana
Heptena
Alumina, Al2O3
C9H20 (ce) C2H6 (g) + C7H14 (g)
Panas
Nonana
Etana
Heptena