Chapter 25 – Industrial Revolution

-Great Britain’s Advantages

-Factors of Production (Land, Labor, Capital)
-Access to raw materials / resources
-Britain had coal and iron ore
-Colonies had timber, cotton, etc.
-Entrepreneurs – people who take a risk to start a business
-Water – transportation and power
-Stong navy
-Markets to sell own goods
-Government’s laws support business

-Agricultural Revolution (food up = population up = workers up = product up = cost

down = higher standard of living)
-Better harvest methods
-Jethro Tull’s mechanical seed drill and horse drawn plow in 1701
-Charles Townshend’s crop rotation and soil fertilization
-Enclosure movement – public lands forced in / forces small farmers out of work

-Textile Industry (clothing)

-Cottage Industry (domestic system) – people work at home
-Inventions
-John Kay’s Flying Shuttle 1733
-Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny 1764
-Arkwright’s Water Frame 1769
-Edmund Cartwright’s Water Loom 1785
-Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin 1793
-Increased demand for more materials
Factory System
-Set up by rivers
-Division of labor (specialized jobs)
Produced faster and cheaper

-Heavy Industry – Textile factory in Manchester, England 1771

-Henry Cort’s Puddling Furnace 1780 (burned out impurities from iron)
-Henry Bessemer’s Bessemer Process 1850’s (steel from iron) (England)
-James Watt’s Steam Engine 1769 (burned coal)
-George Stephenson’s Rocket 1829 (train 20mph) “Iron Horse”
-Alessandro Volta’s Electric Battery 1800 – Italy
-Michael Faraday’s Magnetic Generator (runs a magnet through copper coils)
-Effects of Industrialization (p640)
-Population increase
-Raised standard of living… eventually
-Improved transportation
-Increased education
-Increased middle class
-Urbanization (rural to city)
-Low wages (Men- $1, Women- $0.60, Children- $0.25)
-Poor living/working conditions (tenements)
-Child labor disasters
-Disease/crime increase

-New Economic Theories

-Laissez-Faire (government hands off business)
-Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of the Nations (Capitalism)
-Thomas Malthus “As population increases, food will not keep up.”
-David Ricardo “Iron Law of Wages” “Poverty is better than nothing.”
-Socialism – Means of Production are publicly owned
-Utopia
-Charles Fourier created “Phalansteries”… failed.
-Robert Owen failed in Indiana
-Communism “Complete Socialism” where property and means of production are
owned by the government
-Karl Marx “Class Struggle”
-Wrote “Communist Manifesto” 1848
-Proletariat (Workers) will overthrow
-Bourgeoisie (factory workers)

-Reforms
-Political
-Catholic Emancipation Act 1829 (England) gave access to govt. jobs
-Reform Bill of 1832 gave vote to upper middle class men
-Before 1832, only wealthy land owning men had suffrage (5%)
-With the bill, 7% can now vote
-Redrew voting districts “fairly”
-Chartist Movement 1838 sought
-Annual elections
-All male suffrage
-Secret ballot (granted in 1872)
-Eliminate land requirement for parliament
-Pay members of Parliament
-All requests are granted by 1900’s except annual elections.
-Reform bill 1867 gave vote to working class men
-1884 Male rural workers get suffrage 28%
-Women’s Social and Political Union fought for suffrage
-Women’s suffrage – over age 30 - Now 74%
 -Women’s Suffrage Movement in Britain
-Pankhurst family and Crazy Davison (Tackles Horse)
-1903 WSPU formed (militant)
-Pankhurst women arrested, jailed, …hunger strikes
-Davison becomes a speed bump for the King’s horse at Derby
-1918 Suffrage for British women (after WWI)
-Women’s Suffrage Movement in USA
-Mott, Stanton 1848 Seneca Falls NY
-Issued “Declaration of Sentiments”
-1888 D.C. International Meeting
-1893 Chicago intermeet
-1920 19th Amendment
-Women’s Suffrage Worldwide
-1895 New Zealand
-1902 Australia
-1906 Finland (Part of Russia)
-1913 Norway

-Economic and Social

-Factory Act 1833 – First Child Labor Law – England
-Under 9 can’t work
-10 to 13 can work 9 hour days
-14 to 18 can work 12 hour days
-Education Act 1870 – England
-Created public schools
-Unions organize to get better conditions
-Combination Acts banned unions in England 1800
-Combination acts banned in unions in England 1800
-Repeated 1824
-National insurance act – England 1911
-Americans Unions
-Knights of Labor protected all types of workers but failed
-American Federation of Labor 1881 protected skilled workers
-Unions disliked by employers