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Lipid, Membrane and Celullar Transport
Lipid, Membrane and Celullar Transport
LIPID
LIPIDS, MEMBRANE AND
CELLULAR TRANSPORT
CHAPTER VII
3/17/2015
LIPID
GENERAL FUNCTION OF
LIPIDS
a-hydrophilic head
b-hydrophobic tail
b
Transmission(signal transduction)
Communication between cell (steroid and
hormone)
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FATTY ACIDS:
THE COMMON NAMES
Saturated
Fatty Acids
Unsaturated
Fatty Acids
Propionic Acid
CH3CH2COOH
Myristoleic acid
CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Butyric Acid
CH3(CH2)2COOH
Palmitoleic acid
CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Valeric Acid
CH3(CH2)3COOH
Sapienic acid
CH3(CH2)8CH=CH(CH2)4COOH
Caproic Acid
CH3(CH2)4COOH
Oleic acid
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
Example of
trans fatty
acids:
Burger and fries
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TRIACYLGLYCEROL
TRIACYLGLYCEROL
Oil
Fat
1 Fatty Acid + 3 Glycerol = Triacylglycerol
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GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
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GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPIDS
Uses in membranes:
Each glycerophospholipid molecule consists of a
small polar head group and two long hydrophobic chains
In the cell membrane, the two layers of phospholipids are
arranged as follows:
The hydrophobic tails point to each other and form a fatty, hydrophobic center
The ionic head groups are placed at the inner and outer surfaces of the cell
membrane
SPHINGOLIPIDS
Sphingolipids are a class of lipids containing a
backbone of sphingoid bases, a set of aliphatic amino
alcohols that includes sphingosine
Play important roles in signal transmission and cell
recognition
Sphingolipidoses, or disorders of sphingolipid
metabolism, have particular impact on neural tissue
A sphingolipid with an R group consisting of a
hydrogen atom only is a ceramide
Other common R groups include phosphocholine,
yielding a sphingomyelin, and various sugar monomers
or dimers, yielding cerebrosides and globosides,
respectively
Cerebrosides and globosides are collectively known
as glycosphingolipids
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SPHINGOLIPIDS
SPHINGOLIPIDS
Simple Sphingolipids
Ceramides
Complex Sphingolipids:
Sphingomyelins
Glycosphingolipids
Cerebrosides
Sulfatides
Gangliosides
Inositol
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SPHINGOLIPIDS
Sphingoid bases are the fundamental building
blocks of all sphingolipids
The main mammalian sphingoid bases are
dihydrosphingosine and sphingosine, while
dihydrosphingosine and phytosphingosine are
the principle sphingoid bases in yeast
Sphingosine,
dihydrosphingosine,
and
phytosphingosine may be phosphorylated
SPHINGOLIPIDS
FUNCTIONS:
Protect the cell surface against harmful
environmental factors by forming a
mechanically
stable
and
chemically
resistant outer leaflet of the plasma
membrane lipid bilayer
Cell recognition and signalling
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STEROID
STEROIDS
FUNCTIONS:
Steroid hormones
Produce sex difference or support reproduction androgens, estrogens, and progestagens
Corticosteroids include glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids:
Regulate many aspects of metabolism and immune function, whereas mineralocorticoids
help maintain blood volume and control renal excretion of electrolytes
Most medical 'steroid' drugs are corticosteroids
Anabolic steroids:
A class of steroids that interact with androgen receptors to increase muscle and bone
synthesis
There are natural and synthetic anabolic steroids
In popular language, the word "steroids" usually refers to anabolic steroids
Cholesterol, which modulates the fluidity of cell membranes and is the principal
constituent of the plaques implicated in atherosclerosis
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MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Integral proteins
Span lipid bilayer
Transmembrane proteins
Hydrophobic regions consist of one or more stretches of nonpolar
amino acids
Often coiled into alpha helices
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE
N-terminus
C-terminus
a Helix
CYTOPLASMIC
SIDE
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MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
Signal
Enzymes
Glycoprotein
Receptor
ATP
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the
cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
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ER
Transmembrane
glycoproteins
Secreted
and
integral
membrane proteins, lipids
and
associated
carbohydrates transported
to membrane by these
vesicles
Secretory
protein
Glycolipid
Golgi
apparatus
Vesicle
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face
Extracellular face
Secreted
protein
Transmembrane
glycoprotein
Plasma membrane:
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Transport proteins
Some create hydrophilic channels across membranes for
polar molecules or ions to pass through
Example: Aquaporin : water channel protein
Carrier proteins
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WATER
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
Equilibrium
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Lower
concentration
of solute (sugar)
Higher
concentration
of sugar
Same concentration
of sugar
Osmosis
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane
H2O
Selectively
permeable membrane: sugar molecules cannot pass
through pores, but
water molecules can
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Isotonic solution
solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell -->
no net water movement cell remains same size
Hypertonic solution
external solute concentration is greater than that inside the
cell-->cell loses water
Hypotonic solution
external solute concentration is less than that inside the cell--> cell
gains water
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Channel protein
Solute
CYTOPLASM
CHANNEL PROTEIN
Facilitated diffusion
transport proteins speed movement of molecules
across the plasma membrane
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+
CYTOPLASM
[Na+] low
[K+] high
Na+
Na+
Cytoplasmic
bonds to
the sodium-potassium pump
Carrier protein
P
ADP
ATP
Na+
binding stimulates
phosphorylation by ATP.
Phosphorylation causes
the protein to change its
conformation, expelling Na+
to the outside.
Solute
CARRIER PROTEIN
P
P
K+
Extracellular
binds
to the protein, triggering
release of the phosphate
group.
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Passive transport
Active transport
ELECTROGENIC PUMPS
ATP
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
+
+
H+
H+
Proton pump
H+
H+
H+
CYTOPLASM
H+
ATP
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
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COTRANSPORT
ATP
ER
H+
H+
+
H+
Proton pump
H+
Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
Diffusion
of H+
H+
H+
H+
+
+
Sucrose
Transmembrane
glycoproteins
Secretory
protein
Glycolipid
Golgi
apparatus
Vesicle
Plasma membrane:
Cytoplasmic face
Secreted
protein
Extracellular face
Transmembrane
glycoprotein
Plasma membrane:
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Endocytosis
Cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles at the
plasma membrane
Reversal of exocytosis, involving different proteins
ENDOCYTOSIS
Three types of endocytosis:
Phagocytosis (cellular eating):
Cell engulfs particle in a vacuole
Receptor-mediated endocytosis:
Binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle
formation
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ENDOCYTOSIS
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS
Coat protein
Receptor
Ligand
Coated
vesicle
Coated
pit
A coated pit
and a coated
vesicle formed
during
receptormediated
endocytosis
(TEMs).
Coat
protein
Plasma
membrane
0.25 m
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