Digestion of Food / Pencernaan makanan

1. Food passes through the alimentary canal along following pathway:

Mouth oesophagus stomach duodenum small intestine large
intestine anus
1. Makanan yang bergerak melalui salur penghadaman diringkaskan seperti
yang berikut:
Mulut esofagus perut duodenum usus kecil usus besar dubur
2. In the mouth, the food is first cut into small pieces by teeth and mixed with
the saliva.
2. Di dalam mulut, makanan dipotong buat kali pertama menjadi cebisancebisan kecil oleh gigi dan dicampurkan bersama air liur.
3. The small pieces of food offer a larger surface area for the amylase
enzyme in the saliva to act on the starch. The amylase changes the starch
into maltose. Saliva is alkaline.
3. Cebisan makanan yang kecil ini menyediakan luas permukaan yang besar
untuk enzim amylase dalam air liur bertindak ke atas kanji. Amilase
mengubah kanji kepada maltosa. Air liur adalah beralkali.
Amylase
amylase
Starch ------------> Maltose
Kanji ------------> Maltosa
4. In the oesophagus, the digested food is swallowed into the oesophagus
through the peristalsis. Peristalsis of the wall of the oesophagus (contraction
and relaxation of the muscular wall) pushes the food down the oesophagus
into the stomach.
4. Di dalam esofagus, makanan yang tercena ditelan ke dalam esofagus
melalui proses peristalsis. Proses peristalsis pada dinding esofagus
(pengecutan dan pengenduran dinding berotot) menolak makanan melalui
esofagus masuk ke dalam perut.
5. In the stomach, the food is mixed with gastric juice produced by glands by
glands in the wall of stomach. Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and
enzymes (rennin and protease). The hydrochloric acid neutralizes the alkali in
the saliva and prepare medium for the two enzymes to act on the food. It also
kills bacteria in the food. Rennin coagulates milk so that it is more easily
digested. Protease digests protein into peptones.
5. Di dalam perut, makanan dicampurkan dengan jus gastrik yang dihasilkan
oleh kelenjar pada dinding perut. Jus gastrik mengandungi asid hidroklorik
dan enzim (renin dan protease). Asid hidroklorik meneutralkan air liur yang
beralkali dan menyediakan medium beasid untuk kedua-dua enzim itu
bertindak ke atas makanan. Asid hidroklorik juga membunuh bacteria dalam
makanan. Enzim renin menggumpalkan susu supaya susu lebih mudah
dicernakan. Enzim protease mencernakan protein kepada pepton.

Protease
Protein ------------> Peptone

protease
Protein ------------> Pepton

rennin
Liquid milk proteins (caseinogens) ------------> solid milk protein (casein)
renin
Protein susu cecair (kaseinogen) ------------> protein susu pepejal (kasein)
6. In the duodenum, the food is mixed with bile and pancreatic juice. Bile
does not contain any enzyme. It neutralizes the acid in the food from the
stomach and changes oil into droplets so that is easier for any enzyme to act
on it. Pancreatic juice is very alkaline. It contains three enzymes, amylase,
protease and lipase. Amylase changes starch into maltose. Protease changes
proteins into peptones. Lipase changes fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
6. Di dalam duodenum, makanan dicampurkan dengan hempedu dan jus
pancreas.Hempedu tidak mengandungi sebarang enzim. Hempedu
meneutralkan asid dalam makanan dari perut dan menukarkan minyak
kepada titisan-titisan supaya lebih mudah untuk mana-mana enzim bertindak
ke atasnya. Jus pankreas adalah sangat beralkali. Jus pankreas mengandungi
tiga jenis enzim, amylase, protease, dan lipase. Enzim amilase menukarkan
kanji kepada maltose. Enzim protease menukarkan protein kepada pepton.
Enzim lipase menukarkan lemak kepada asid lemak dan gliserol.
Amylase
amylase
Starch ------------> Maltose
Kanji ------------> Maltosa
Protease
protease
Protein ------------> Peptone
Protein ------------> Pepton
Lipase
lipase
Fats ------------> Fatty acids and glycerol
Lemak ------------> Lemak
dan gliserol
7. In the small intestine, the digestion is completed in the ileum (second
portion of the small intestine). Carbohydrates are digested into simple sugars
such as glucose and fructose. Proteins and peptones are digested into amino
acids.
7. Di dalam urus kecil, pencernaan dilengkapkan di dalam ileum (bahagian
kedua usus kecil). Karbohidrat dicernakan kepada gula ringkas seperti
glukosa dan fruktosa. Protein dan pepton dicernakan kepada asid amino.
Maltase
maltase
Maltose ------------> Glucose
Maltosa ------------> Glukosa
8. In the large intestine, water is reabsorbed.
8. Di dalam usus besar, air diserap semula.
Function of Liver in Digestion / Fungsi Hati dalam Pencernaan
1. Changes excess amino acids in the body to urea

1. Menukarkan asid amino yang berlebihan kepada urea

2. Changes excess glucose into glycogen stored in the liver until it is used
again as glucose
2. Menukarkan glukosa yang berlebihan kepada glikogen disimpan dalam
hati sehingga digunakan semula sebagai glukosa
3.
3.
4.
4.

Makes bile which is stored in gall bladder

Menghasilkan hempedu yang disimpan di dalam pundi hempedu
Stores iron, vitamin A and vitamin D
Menyimpan unsur besi, vitamin A, dan vitamin D

5. Breaks down harmful chemicals, such as alcohol and drugs, into harmless
substances
5. Menguraikan bahan-bahan kimia berbahaya seperti alkohol dan dadah
kepada bahan-bahan yang tidak berbahaya
Part of
digestive
system
Bahagian
sistem
pencernaan
Mouth
Mulut

Source of
secretion
Sumber
rembesan

Secretion
Rembesan

Enzyme
Enzim

Salivary
glands
Kelenjar liur

Saliva
Air liur

Amylase
Amilase

Wall of
oesophagus
Dinding
esofagus

Mucus
Mukus

Gastric
glands
Kelenjar
gastrik

Gastric juice
Jus gastrik

(a) Rennin
Renin
(b) Protease
Protease

Oesophagus
Esofagus

Stomach
Perut

Action on
food
Tindakan ke
atas
makanan
Starch
maltose
Kanji
maltosa
Makes the
passage
smooth for
food to move
during
peristalsis
Menjadikan
laluan licin
untuk
makanan
bergerak
semasa
peristalsis
(a) Milk
droplets
(coagulated)
Susu

Liver
Hati

Bile
Hempedu

Pancreas
Pankreas

Pancreatic
juice
Jus pancreas

(a) Amylase
Amilase
(b) Protease
Protease
(c) Lipase
Lipase

Duodenum
Duodenum

Part of
digestive
system
Bahagian
sistem
pencernaan
Small
intestine
(ileum)
Usus kecil
(ileum)

Source of
secretion
Sumber
rembesan

Intestinal
glands
Kelenjar usus

Secretion
Rembesan

Intestinal
juice
Jus usus

Enzyme
Enzim

(a) Several
sugarsplitting
enzymes
Beberapa
enzim
pemecah
gula
(b) Protease
Protease

titisan-titisan
(dikentalkan)
(b) Protein
peptones
Protein
pepton
Emulsifies
fats
Mengemulsi
fats
(a) Starch
maltose
Kanji
maltosa
(b) Protein
peptones
Protein
pepton
(c) Fats
fatty acids +
glycerol
Lemak
asid lemak +
gliserol
Action on
food
Tindakan ke
atas
makanan
(a) Complex
sugars
simple sugars
(e.g. glucose)
Gula
kompleks
gula ringkas
(contohnya
glukosa)
(b) Peptones
amino
acids
Pepton
asid amino

Summary of digestion / Ringkasan pencernaan