THE CITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The city of Cambridge (/kembrd/[2]) is a university city and

the county town of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East
Anglia, on the River Cam, about 50 miles (80 km) north of
London. According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, its
population was 123,867 (including 24,488 students). [3] This
makes Cambridge the second largest city in Cambridgeshire
after Peterborough, and the 54th largest in the United Kingdom.
[4]

There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area

during the Bronze Ageand Roman times; under Viking rule

Cambridge became an important trading centre. The first town
charters were granted in the 12th century, although city status
was not conferred until 1951.
Cambridge is most widely known as the home of the University
of Cambridge, founded in 1209 and consistently ranked one of
the top five universities in the world.[5] The university includes
the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, King's College Chapel,
and the Cambridge University Library. The Cambridge skyline is
dominated by the last two buildings, along with the spire of
the Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church on Hills Rd, the
chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital in the far south of the city
and St John's College Chapel tower.
Today, Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre
known as Silicon Fen a play on Silicon Valley and
the fenssurrounding the city. Its economic strengths lie in
industries such as software and bioscience, many start-up
companies having been spun out of the university. Over 40% of
the workforce have a higher education qualification, more than

twice the national average. Cambridge is also home to

the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, one of the largest
biomedical research clusters in the world.[6]
The green space of Parker's Piece hosted the first ever game of
association football, and the Strawberry Fair music and arts
festival is held on Midsummer Common. Cambridge is adjacent
to the M11 and A14 roads, and is around 50 minutes
fromLondon King's Cross by non-stop train, with other rail links
to Norwich, Birmingham and elsewhere.
Contents
[hide]

1 History
o

1.1 Prehistory

1.2 Roman

1.3 Medieval

1.4 Early Modern

1.5 Industrial Era

1.6 20th century

2 Governance
o

2.1 Local government

2.2 Westminster

3 Geography
o

3.1 Climate
4 Demography

4.1 Historical population

5 Economy

6 Transport

7 Education

8 Culture
8.1 Sport

8.1.1 Football

8.1.2 Cricket

8.1.3 Rugby

8.1.4 Watersports

8.1.5 Other sports

8.1.6 Varsity sports

8.2 Theatre

8.3 Literature and film

8.4 Music

8.4.1 Popular music

8.5 Contemporary art

8.6 Festivals and events

9 Public services

10 Religion

11 Twinned cities

12 See also

13 Panoramic photo gallery

14 References

15 Further reading

16 External links

History[edit]
See also: Timeline of Cambridge
Prehistory[edit]

See also: Prehistoric Britain and British Iron Age

Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area
since prehistoric times. The earliest clear evidence of
occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead
discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College.[7] There is further
archaeological evidence of occupation through the Iron Age,
with evidence of settlement on Castle Hill in the 1st century BC,
perhaps relating to wider cultural changes occurring in
southeastern Britain at this time linked to the arrival of
the Belgae.[8]
Roman[edit]

Main article: Duroliponte

The principal Roman site at Cambridge is a small fort (castrum)
named Duroliponte located on Castle Hill, just northwest of the
city centre and around the location of the earlierBritish village.
The fort was bounded on two sides by the lines formed by the
present Mount Pleasant, continuing across Huntingdon
Road into Clare Street. The eastern side followed Magrath
Avenue, with the southern side running near to Chesterton
Lane and Kettle's Yard before turning northwest at Honey Hill.

[9]

It was constructed around AD 70 and converted to civilian use

around fifty years later. Evidence of widespread Roman

settlement has been discovered in Cambridge including
numerous farmsteads[10] and a village in the Cambridge district
of Newnham.[11]
Medieval[edit]

Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain around 410, the

location may have been abandoned by the Britons, although the
site is usually identified as the Cair Grauth[12]listed among the
28 cities of Britain by the History of the Britons.[13][15] There is
evidence that the invading Saxons had begun occupying the
area by the end of the century.[16]Their settlementalso on and
around Castle Hillbecame known
as Grantebrychge[18] ("Granta-bridge"). (By Middle English, the
name of the settlement had changed to "Cambridge" and
the upper stretches of the Granta changed their name to match.
[19]

) Anglo-Saxon grave goods have been found in the area.

During this period, Cambridge benefited from good trade links

across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century, the town
was less significant and was described by Bede as a "little
ruined city" containing the burial site of Etheldreda.
[17]

Cambridge formed part of the border between

the East and Middle Anglian kingdoms and settlement slowly

expanded on both sides of the river.

St Bene't's Church, the oldest standing building in Cambridge.[20]

The arrival of the Vikings in Cambridge was recorded in

the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw,
had been imposed by 878[21] The Vikings' vigorous trading habits
caused Cambridge to grow rapidly. During this period the centre
of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river
to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank.
[21]

After the Viking period, the Saxons enjoyed a return to power,

building churches such as St Bene't's Church, wharves,

merchant houses and a mint, which produced coins with the
town's name abbreviated to "Grant".[21]
In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of
Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill.[17] Like the rest of the
newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of
the King and his deputies. The distinctive Round Church dates
from this period.
The first town charter was granted by Henry I to Cambridge
between 1120 and 1131. It gave Cambridge monopoly of
waterborne traffic and hithe tolls as well as recognising
the Borough court.[22] In 1209, Cambridge University was
founded by students escaping from hostile townspeople

in Oxford.[23] The oldest college that still exists, Peterhouse, was

founded in 1284.[24]
In 1349 Cambridge was affected by the Black Death. Few
records survive but 16 of 40 scholars at Kings Hall died.[25] The
town north of the river was severely affected being almost
wiped out.[26] Following further depopulation after a second
national epidemic in 1361, a letter from the Bishop of Ely
suggested that two parishes in Cambridge be merged as there
weren't enough people to fill even one church.[25]With over a
third of English clergy dying in the Black Death, four new
colleges were established at the University over the following
years to train new clergymen, namely Gonville Hall, Trinity
Hall, Corpus Christi and Clare.[27]
In 1382 a revised town charter effects a "diminution of the
liberties that the community had enjoyed", due to Cambridge's
participation in the Peasants' Revolt. The charter transfers
supervision of baking & brewing, weights & measures,
and forestalling & regrating, from the town to the University.[22]
One of the most well-known buildings in Cambridge, King's
College Chapel, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI.[28] The
project was completed in 1515 during the reign of King Henry
VIII.[28]

Peterhouse was the first college to be founded in the University of

Cambridge.

Early Modern[edit]

Cambridge in 1575

Following numerous deaths in the town due to plague,

sanitation and fresh water was brought to Cambridge through
the construction ofHobson's Conduit in the early 1600s. The
water system brought water from Nine Wells, at the foot of
the Gog Magog Hills, into the centre of the town.[29]
Cambridge played a significant role in the early part of
the English Civil War as it was the headquarters of the Eastern
Counties Association, an organisation administering a
regional East Anglian army, which became the mainstay of the
Parliamentarian military effort prior to the formation of the New
Model Army.[30] In 1643 control of the town was given by
Parliament to Oliver Cromwell, who had been educated at the
University's Sidney Sussex College. The town's castle was
fortified, with troops garrisoned there and some bridges
destroyed to aid the defence. Although Royalist forces came
within 2 miles (3 km) of the town in 1644, the defences were
never used and the garrison was stood down the following year.
[30]

Industrial Era[edit]

In the 19th century, in common with many other English towns,

Cambridge expanded rapidly. This was due in part to increased
life expectancy and also improved agricultural production
leading to increased trade in town markets.[31] Inclosure Acts of
1801 and 1807 enabled expansion of the town over surrounding
open fields and eventually in 1912 and again in 1935 the
boundaries were extended to include areas such as Chesterton,
Cherry Hinton, Fen Ditton, Trumpington, and Grantchester.[30]
The railway came to Cambridge in 1845 after initially being
resisted, with the opening of the Great Eastern London to
Norwich line. The station was placed outside the town centre
following pressure from the University, who restricted travel by
undergraduates.[32] With the arrival of the railway and its
associated employment came expansion of the areas around
the station, such as Romsey Town.[33] The train link to London
stimulated heavier industries, such as the production of brick,
cement and malt.[31]
20th century[edit]

From the 1930s to the 1980s, the size of the city was increased
by several large council estates.[34] The biggest impact has been
on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of East
Chesterton, King's Hedges,
and Arbury where Archbishop Rowan Williams lived and worked
as an assistant priest in the early 1980s.[35]
During the Second World War, Cambridge was an important
centre for defence of the east coast. The town became a
military centre, with an R.A.F. training centre and the regional

headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex,

Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire,
and Bedfordshire established during the conflict.[30] The town
itself escaped relatively lightly from German bombing raids,
which were mainly targeted at the railway. 29 people were killed
and no historic buildings were damaged. In 1944, a secret
meeting of military leaders held in Trinity College laid the
foundation for the allied invasion of Europe.[31] During the war
Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000
people from London, as well as for parts of the University of
London.[30]
Cambridge was granted its city charter in 1951 in recognition of
its history, administrative importance and economic success.
[30]

Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a

prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of

England Diocese of Ely. In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping
arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though
this was demolished in 2006.[36] Other shopping arcades
followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library
for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian
housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of
the city. This latter project was controversial at the time. [37]
The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia
Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University.
Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has
its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858
by John Ruskin. The Open University also has a presence in
the city, with an office operating on Hills Road. Cambridge City

Council plans to renew the area around the Corn Exchange

concert hall, and plans for a permanent ice-skating rink are
being considered after the success of a temporary one that has
been on Parker's Piece every year for the past few years. [38]

Governance[edit]
Local government[edit]

Map showing the electoral boundaries of the city.

See also: Cambridge local elections

Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district served by Cambridge
City Council. Cambridge Local Authority District covers most of
the City's urban area but some extends outside this into South
Cambridgeshire District. Cambridge is one of five districts within
the county of Cambridgeshire, and is bordered on all sides by
the mainly rural South Cambridgeshire district. The city
council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in
the market square. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by
King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a Mayor,
[39]

although the first recorded Mayor, Harvey FitzEustace,

served in 1213.[40] City councillors now elect a mayor annually.

For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards:

Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East
Chesterton,King's Hedges,
Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen
Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton. The
political composition of the city council is currently:
25 Labour councillors, 14 Liberal Democrat, 2 independent and
oneConservative.[41]
Each of the 14 wards also elects councillors to Cambridgeshire
County Council. Responsible for services including school
education, social care and highways, since 2013 the County
Council has had No Overall Control.
Westminster[edit]

See also: Cambridge (UK Parliament constituency)

The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of
the city. Julian Huppert (Liberal Democrats) was elected
Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 general election,
succeeding David Howarth. One area of the city, Queen Edith's
ward,[42] lies in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose
MP is Andrew Lansley (Conservative), elected in1997. The city
had previously elected a Labour MP from 1992 to 2005 and
prior to this, usually elected a Conservative after the Second
World War. However, the Conservatives have seen their share
of the vote fall over the past 20 years.
The University of Cambridge used to have a seat in the House
of Commons, Sir Isaac Newton being one of the most notable
holders. The Cambridge University constituency was abolished
under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of

Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the

other university constituencies.

Geography[edit]
Girton

Histon and Impingt

Coton

Cambridge

Grantchester

Aerial view of Cambridge city centre

Cambridge is situated about 50 miles (80 km) north-by-east of

London. The city is located in an area of level and relatively lowlying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between 6 and
24 metres (20 and 79 ft) above sea level.[43] The town was thus
historically surrounded by low lying wetlands that have been
drained as the town has expanded.[44]
The underlying geology of Cambridge consists of gault clay
and Chalk Marl, known locally as Cambridge Greensand,
[45]

party overlayed by terrace gravel.[44] A layer of phosphatic

nodules (coprolites) under the marl were mined in the 19th

century for fertiliser. It became a major industry in the county,
and its profits yielded buildings such as the Corn

Great Shelfo

Exchange, Fulbourn Hospital and St. John's Chapel until

the Quarries Act 1894 and competition from America ended
production.[45]
The River Cam flows through the city north from the village
of Grantchester. It is bordered by water meadows within the city
such as Sheep's Green as well as residential development.
[44]

The name 'Cambridge' is derived from the river.[46] Like most

cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of

high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly
commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as
Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common. Many
of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised. Population growth
has seen new housing developments in the 21st century, with
estates such as the CB1[47] and Accordia schemes near the
station,[48] and developments such as Clayfarm[49] and
Trumpington Meadows[50] planned for the south of the city.
Climate[edit]

Cambridge currently has two official weather observing stations,

the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), about 2
miles (3 km) north of the city centre, and theCambridge
University Botanic Garden, about 1 mile south of the city centre.
In addition, the Digital Technology Group of the
University's Computer Laboratory[51] maintains a weather station
on the West Cambridge site, displaying current weather
conditions online via web browsers or an app, and also an
archive dating back to 1995.[52]
The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly
influenced by the Gulf Stream. Located in the driest region of

Britain,[53][54] Cambridge's rainfall averages around 570 mm

(22.44 in) per year, around half the national average,[55] with
some years occasionally falling into the semi-arid (under
500 mm (19.69 in) of rain per year) category. The last time this
occurred was in 2011 with 380.4 mm (14.98 in)[56] of rain at the
Botanic Gardens and 347.2 mm (13.67 in) at the NIAB site.
[57]

Conversely, 2012 was the wettest year on record, with

812.7 mm (32.00 in) reported.[58] Snowfall accumulations are

usually small, in part because of Cambridge's low elevation,
and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.
Owing to its low lying, inland, and easterly position within the
British Isles, summer temperatures tend to be somewhat higher
than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those
recorded in the London area. July 2006 for example recorded
the highest official mean monthly maximum (i.e. averaged over
the entire month) of any month at any location in the UK since
records began; 28.3 C (82.9 F), at both the NIAB[59] and
Botanic Garden[60] observing stations. Cambridge also often
records the annual highest national temperature in any given
year 30.2 C (86.4 F) in July 2008 at NIAB[61] and 30.1 C
(86.2 F) in August 2007 at the Botanic Garden[62] are two recent
examples. The absolute maximum stands at 36.9 C (98.4 F)
[63]

set on 10 August 2003, although a temperature of 37.5 C

(99.5 F)[64] was recorded on the same day at the Guildhall

rooftop weather station in the city centre and is acknowledged
by the Met Office. Before this, the absolute maximum was
36.5 C (97.7 F) set at the Botanic Garden[65] in August 1990.
The last time the temperature exceeded 35 C (95 F) was July

2006 when the maximum reached 35.6 C (96.1 F) at the

Botanic Garden[60] and 35.8 C (96.4 F) at NIAB.[66]Typically the
temperature will reach 25.1 C (77.2 F) or higher on over 25
days of the year over the 19812010 period,[67] with the annual
warmest day averaging 31.5 C (88.7 F)[68] over the same
period.
The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanic
Garden site was 17.2 C (1.0 F), recorded in February
1947[69] Although a minimum of 17.8 C (0.0 F) was recorded
at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879. [70] More
recently the temperature fell to 15.3 C (4.5 F) on 11 February
2012,[71] 12.2 C (10.0 F) on 22 January 2013[72] and 10.9 C
(12.4 F)[73] on 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air
frosts ranges from 42.8 days at the NIAB site,[74] to 48.3 days at
the Botanic Garden[75] per year over the 19812010 period.
Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanic Garden will
fall to 8.0 C (17.6 F).[76] Such minimum temperatures and
frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of
southern and central England.
Sunshine averages around 1,500 hours a year or around 35%
of possible, a level typical of most locations in inland central
England.

[hide]Climate data for Cambridge University Bot

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Record high C (F)

14.9

18.8

23.9

27.4

(58.8)

(65.8)

(75)

(81.3)

Average high C (F)

7.4
(45.3)

8.0
(46.4)

11.1
(52)

13.8
(56.8)

Average low C (F)

1.4
(34.5)

1.2
(34.2)

3.0
(37.4)

4.3
(39.7)

Record low C (F)

16.1
(3)

17.2
(1)

11.7
(10.9)

6.1
(21)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

45.96
(1.8094)

34.58
(1.3614)

38.57
(1.5185)

40.34
(1.5882)

So

[show]Climate data for Cambridge Unive

[hide]Climate data for Cambr

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Average high C (F)

7.3
(45.1)

7.7
(45.9)

10.6
(51.1)

13
(55

Average low C (F)

1.6
(34.9)

1.3
(34.3)

3.1
(37.6)

4
(39

Average precipitation mm (inches)

46.6
(1.835)

34.5
(1.358)

38.3
(1.508)

41
(1.6

Mean monthly sunshine hours

58.3

77.1

110.7

15

Sour

[show]Climate data for Camb

Demography[edit]
The demography in Cambridge changes considerably in and
out of University term times, so can be hard to measure.
In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of
Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared
with a national average of 92.12%.[81] Within the University, 84%
of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white
(including overseas students).[82]
Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of
people in the highest paid professional, managerial or
administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%)[83] and a much lower than
average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%). [83] In
addition, a much higher than average proportion of people have
a high level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma,
Master's or PhD), (41.2% vs. 19.7%).[84]
Historical population[edit]

Year

1749

Population

6,131

Year

1901

Population

38,379

1911

40,027

1801

10,087

1921

59,212

1811

11,108

1931

66,789

1821

14,142

1951

81,500

1831

20,917

1961

95,527

1841

24,453

1971

99,168

1851

27,815

1981

87,209

1861

26,361

1991

107,496

1871

30,078

2001

108,863

1891

36,983

2011

123,900

Local census 1749[85] Census: Regional District 18011901[86] Civil Parish 1911
1961[87] District 19712011[88]

Economy[edit]
The town's river link to the surrounding agricultural land, and
good road connections to London in the south meant

Cambridge has historically served as an important regional

trading post. King Henry I granted Cambridge a monopoly on
river trade, enabling this area of the economy to flourish. [89] The
town market provided for trade in a wide variety of goods and
annual trading fairs such as Stourbridge Fair and Midsummer
Fair were visited by merchants from across the country. The
river was described in an account of 1748 as being "often so full
of [merchant boats] that the navigation thereof is stopped for
some time".[90] For example, 2000 firkins of butter were brought
up the river every Monday from the agricultural lands to the
North East, particularity Norfolk, to be unloaded in the town for
road transportation to London.[90] Changing patterns of retail
distribution and the advent of the railways led to a decline in
Cambridge's importance as a market town.[91]
Today Cambridge has a diverse economy with strength in
sectors such as research & development, software consultancy,
high value engineering, creative industries, pharmaceuticals
and tourism.[92] Described as one of the "most beautiful cities in
the world" by Forbes in 2010,[93] tourism generates over 350
million for the city's economy.[94]
Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to
as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the
density of high-tech businesses and technology incubatorsthat
have developed on science parks around the city. Many of
these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university
colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the
university.[95] Cambridge Science Park, which is the largest
commercial R&D centre in Europe, is owned by Trinity College;

[96][97]
[98]

St John's is the landlord of St John's Innovation Centre.

Technology companies include Abcam, CSR, ARM

Limited, CamSemi, Jagex and Sinclair.[99] Microsoft chose to

locate its Microsoft Research UK offices in a University of
Cambridge technology park, separate from the main Microsoft
UK campus in Reading.
Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd., founded in 1898 by
W. G. Pye, who worked in the Cavendish Laboratory; it began
by supplying the University and later specialised in wireless
telegraphy equipment, radios, televisions and also defence
equipment.[31] Pye Ltd evolved into several other companies
including TETRA radio equipment manufacturerPye
Telecommunications. Another major business is Marshall
Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city.
The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each
other. The software company Autonomy Corporation is located
at the Business Park on Cowley Road.

Transport[edit]
Main article: Transport in Cambridge

A guided bus on the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway

Because of its rapid growth in the 20th century, Cambridge has

a congested road network.[100] The M11 motorway from east

London terminates to the north-west of the city where it joins

the A14, a major freight route which connects the port
of Felixstowe on the east coast with the Midlands. The A428
connects the city with Bedford and St Neots, and the A1303 to
Newmarket and beyond to Colchester.
As a university town lying on fairly flat ground and with traffic
congestion, Cambridge has the highest level of cycle use in the
UK.[101]According to the 2001 census, 25% of residents travelled
to work by bicycle. Furthermore, a survey in 2013 found that
47% of residents travel by bike at least once a week. [102]
Cambridge has several bus services including routes linking
five Park and Ride sites all of which operate seven days a week
and are aimed at encouraging motorists to park near the city's
edge.[103] Since 2011, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway has
carried bus services into the centre of Cambridge from St
Ives, Huntingdon, Peterborough and other towns and villages
along the routes, operated byStagecoach and Go Whippet.[104]
Cambridge railway station has direct rail links to London with
termini at London King's Cross (via the Cambridge Line and
the East Coast Main Line) and Liverpool Street (on theWest
Anglia Main Line). There is a non-stop train to King's Cross
every half-hour during off-peak hours, with a journey time of
approximately 50 minutes.[105] Trains also run toKing's
Lynn and Ely (via the Fen Line), Norwich (via the Breckland
Line), Leicester, Birmingham, Peterborough, Stevenage, Ipswic
h and London Stansted Airport. A second station, Cambridge
Science Park, is under construction and is due to open in 2015.
[106][107]

Cambridge also has its own airport; Cambridge Airport is used

mainly by charter and training flights, and to fly in aircraft for
maintenance.[108][109][110] There is also a very limited number of
seasonal flights to Verona and Jersey.

Education[edit]

Anglia Ruskin University evolved from the nineteenth century

Cambridge School of Art, opened by educationistand art figure John
Ruskin in 1858.

See also: List of schools in Cambridgeshire

Cambridge's two universities,[111] the collegiate University of
Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University,
serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates.
[112]

Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student

population at 17,662,[113] and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000

students across its two campuses (one of which is outside
Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period.[114] State
provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road
Sixth Form College, Long Road Sixth Form College,
and Cambridge Regional College.
Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils
from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are
administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which
maintains 251 schools in total,[115] 35 of them in Cambridge city.

[116]

Netherhall School, Chesterton Community College, the

Parkside Federation (comprising Parkside Community

College and Coleridge Community College), North Cambridge
Academy and the Christian inter-denominational St. Bede's
School provide comprehensive secondary education.[117] Many
other pupils from the Cambridge area attend Village Colleges,
an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which
serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education
centres outside of school hours.[118] Independent schools in the
city include The Perse School, Sancton Wood School, St Mary's
School and The Leys School.[119]

Culture[edit]
Sport[edit]

Football[edit]

Parker's Piece

Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of

modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by
members of the University in 1848. The Cambridge Rules were
first played on Parker's Piece and had a "defining influence on
the 1863 Football Association rules." which again were first
played on Parker's Piece.[120]
The city is home to Cambridge United F.C., who play at
the Abbey Stadium. They were elected to the Football

League in 1970 and reached the Football League Second

Division in 1978, although a serious decline in them in the mid
1980s saw them drop back down to the Football League Fourth
Division and almost go out of business. Success returned to the
club in the early 1990s when they won two successive
promotions and reached the FA Cup quarter finals in both of
those seasons, and in 1992 they came close to becoming the
first English team to win three successive Football League
promotions which would have taken them into the newly
created FA Premier League. But they were beaten in the
playoffs and another decline set in, which was completed in
2005 when they were relegated from the Football League and
for the second time in 20 years narrowly avoided going out of
business. After nine years of non league football they returned
to the Football League in 2014 by winning the Conference
National playoffs.
Cambridge City F.C. of the Southern Football League Premier
Division now play in the adjoining village of Histon. Formed in
Cambridge in 1908 as Cambridge Town, the club
were Southern Premier League champions in 1962-63, the
highest they have finished in the English football pyramid. After
a legal dispute with their landlords,[121] the club left their home
ground in Cambridge in order to groundshare with fellow
Southern League Premier club Histon F.C. in 2013-14.
Cricket[edit]
As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football,
Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from
1817 to 1864.[122] The University of Cambridge's Cricket

ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home

grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC.[123] There
are seven amateur cricket clubs within the city: Cambridge
Granta, Camden, Cambridge St Giles, New Chesterton
Institute, Fen Ditton, Romsey Town and Cherry Hinton.[124]
Rugby[edit]
The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football. Rugby
Union club Cambridge R.U.F.C. play in National Division One at
their home ground, Grantchester Road, in the southwest corner
of the city. Cambridge Eagles Rugby League team competed in
the National Conference League East Section, but played their
home games outside the city in Sawston. The club folded in
2006, and Cambridge is now represented by Cambridge Lions.
Watersports[edit]

Punting on the River Cam is a popular recreation in Cambridge

The River Cam running through the city centre is used for
boating. The University and its colleges are well known for
rowing and theCambridgeshire Rowing Association, formed in
1868, organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the
University.[125] Rowing clubs based in the city include City of
Cambridge RC, Cambridge '99 RC, Cantabrigian RC and Rob
Roy BC. Shallower parts of the Cam are used for

recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is

propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.
Other sports[edit]
Cambridge is home to two Real Tennis courts out of just 42 in
the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club.[126] British
American Football League club Cambridgeshire Cats play at
Coldham's Common. Cambridge Royals Baseball Club
compete in the British Baseball Federation in 2011.
[127]

Cambridge has two cycling clubs Team Cambridge[128] and

Cambridge Cycling Club.[129] Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic

Club[130] is the city's track and field club, based at the University
of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track.
Motorcycle speedway racing took place at the Greyhound
Stadium in Newmarket Road in 1939 and the contemporary
local press carried meeting reports and photographs of racing. It
is not known if this venue operated in other years. The team
raced as Newmarket as the meetings were organised by the
Newmarket Motorcycle Club.[citation needed] The Romsey Town
Rollerbillies play roller derby.[131] City of Cambridge Swimming
Club is based at Parkside Swimming Pool. Cambridge Handball
Club competes in the national Super 8 league and also has a
team competing in the eastern regional league. The city is
represented in polo by Cambridge Polo Club, based in Barton,
just outside the city.
Varsity sports[edit]
Cambridge is also known for the sporting events between
the University of Cambridge and the University of Oxford,

especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race,
though many of these do not take place within Cambridge.
Theatre[edit]

Cambridge Corn Exchange

Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a

venue with 666 seats in the town centre.[132] The theatre often
has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The
largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances
is the Cambridge Corn Exchange with a capacity of 1800
standing or 1200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century
former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety
of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea
parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with
temporary stage.[133]The City Council renovated the building in
the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre,
dance and music performances.[133]The newest theatre venue in
Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, part of Cambridge Junction in
Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2005 and
hosts theatre, dance, live music and comedy[134] The ADC
Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and
typically has 3 shows a week during term time. It hosts

the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club which has

produced many notable figures in British comedy. The Mumford
Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by
both student and non-student groups. There are also a number
of venues within the colleges.
Literature and film[edit]

See also: University of Cambridge Literature and popular

culture
The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels,
including Douglas Adams' Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective
Agency, Rose Macaulay'sThey Were Defeated,[135] Kate
Atkinson's Case Histories,[136] Rebecca
Stott's Ghostwalk[137] and Robert Harris's Enigma,[138]
[139]

while Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th-

century Cambridge.[140] Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter

of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge
childhood in her memoir Period Piece and The Night Climbers
of Cambridge is a book written by Noel Symington under the
pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the
Colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s. [141]
Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa
Pearce's Tom's Midnight Garden and Minnow on the Say, the
city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's
fictional college in Porterhouse Blue.[142]
Music[edit]

Popular music[edit]
Pink Floyd are the most notable band with roots in Cambridge.
The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalist Syd

Barrett was born and lived in the city, and he and another
founding member, Roger Waters, went to school together
at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys. David Gilmour, the
guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident
and attended the nearby Perse School. Bands who were
formed in Cambridge include Henry Cow, Katrina and the
Waves, The Soft Boys,[143] Ezio[144] Horace X,[145]The Broken
Family Band,[146] Uncle Acid & the Deadbeats,[147] and the popclassical group King's Singers, who were formed at the
University.[148] Solo artist Boo Hewerdine[149]is from Cambridge, as
are drum and bass artists (and brothers) Nu:Tone and Logistics.
Singers Matthew Bellamy,[150] of the rock band Muse, and Olivia
Newton-John[151] were born in the city. 2012 Mercury
Prize winners Alt-J are based in Cambridge.[152][153]
Live music venues hosting popular music in the city include
the Cambridge Corn Exchange, Cambridge Junction and the
Portland Arms.
Contemporary art[edit]

Cambridge is home to the internationally regarded Kettle's

Yard gallery and the artist run Aid and Abet project Space. A
short distance to the west of Cambridge is Wysing Arts Centre,
one of the leading research centres for the visual arts in
Europe.[154]
Festivals and events[edit]

Strawberry Fair

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly

during the British summer. Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211,
when it was granted a charter by King John.[155] Today it exists
primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market
attached and is held over several days around or close
to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer
Common is also the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and
children's fair, with a series of market stalls. For one week in
May, on nearby Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer
Festival is held. Started in 1974, it is Britain's second largest
beer festival outside London. 90,000 pints of beer and
a tonne of cheese were served in 2009.[156]
Cambridge Folk Festival, one of the largest festivals of folk
music in the UK, is held annually in the grounds of Cherry
Hinton Hall on the outskirts of the city. The festival has been
organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The
Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of
classical music, held in the University's colleges and chapels.
[157]

The Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week

season of open-air performances of the works of William

Shakespeare, held in the gardens of various colleges of the
university.[158]Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was

held annually in July, but moved to September in 2008 to avoid

a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival.[159]
The Cambridge Science Festival, typically held annually in
March, is the United Kingdom's largest free science festival.[160]

Public services[edit]

Addenbrooke's Hospital

Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS

Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres in the
city and ateaching hospital at Addenbrooke's. Located on
the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's is one of
the largest hospitals in the United Kingdom and is a designated
regional trauma centre.
The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and
has an ambulance station on Hills Road.[161] The smaller
Brookfields Hospital stands on Mill Road.[162] Cambridgeshire
Constabulary provides the city's policing; the main police station
is at Parkside,[163] adjacent to the city's fire station, operated
by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.[164]
Cambridge Water Company supplies water services to the city,
[165]

while Anglian Water provides sewerage services.[166] For the

supply of electricity, Cambridge is part of the East of

England region, for which the distribution network

operator is UK Power Networks.[167] The city has no power

stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a Cambridge
Regional College development, can be seen in King's Hedges.
[168]

Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public
library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855.[169] It was
moved to the Guildhall in 1862,[169] and is now located in
the Grand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in
September 2009,[170] after having been closed for refurbishment
for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when
the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.[170][171]

Religion[edit]

Great St Mary's Church marks the centre of Cambridge, while

the Senate House on the left is the centre of the University. Gonville
and Caius Collegeis in the background.

Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a

significant part of the city's architectural landscape. Like the rest
of Cambridgeshire it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ely.[172] A
Cambridge-based family and youth organisation, Romsey Mill,
had its centre re-dedicated in 2007 by the Archbishop of York,
and is quoted as an example of best practice in a
study[173] into social inclusion by the East of England Regional
Assembly.

Great St Mary's Church has the status of "University Church".

[174]

Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold

services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of

England, while the chapel of St Edmund's College is Roman
Catholic.[175] The city also has a number of theological
colleges training clergy for ordination into a number of
denominations, with affiliations to both the University of
Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University.
Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia and
is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English
Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield
Road, St Laurence's on Milton Road, St Vincent De Paul
Church on Ditton Lane and by the church of St Philip Howard,
in Cherry Hinton Road.[176] There is a Russian Orthodox church
under the Diocese of Sourozh who worship at the chapel
of Westcott House,[177] and a Greek Orthodox church under
the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.[178]There are
three Quaker Meetings in Cambridge, located on Jesus Lane,
Hartington Grove, and a Meeting called "Oast House" that
meets in Pembroke College.[179]
An Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre is located
on Thompson's Lane, operated jointly by the Cambridge
Traditional Jewish Congregation and the Cambridge University
Jewish Society, which is affiliated to the Union of Jewish
Students.[180][181] The Beth Shalom Reform synagogue which
previously met at a local school,[182] has recently purchased land
to construct a purpose-built synagogue building.[183] There is also

a student-led egalitarian minyan which holds services on Friday

evenings.
The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the
Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings
Hedges[184] serve the city's community of around 4,000 Muslims
until a planned new mosque is built.[185]
A Buddhist centre was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre
on Newmarket Road in 1998.[186] In 2005 local Hindus began
fundraising to build a shrine at the Bharat Bhavan Indian
cultural centre off Mill Road[187] where Hindu groups conduct
worship.[188] The shrine was completed in 2010.[189]

Twinned cities[edit]
Cambridge is twinned with two cities. Like Cambridge, both
have universities and are also similar in population; Heidelberg,
Germany since 1965,[190] and Szeged, Hungary since 1987.[190]

See also[edit]
England portal

List of bridges in Cambridge

Cambridge News

Cambridge museums

Cambridge Poetry Festival

Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies

Gog Magog Downs

Panoramic photo gallery[edit]

Trinity Street

King's Parade

Silver Street

Quayside

Cambridge skyline

Cambridge King's Parade at St Mary's

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