Report - Landslide Inventory & Land Use Mapping, DEM Preparation, Precipitation Threshold Value & Establishment of EW Device - 2012

Rainfall Triggered Landslide Hazard Zonation in Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf Municipalities as well as Introducing Community-based Early
Warning System for Landslide Hazard Management
Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

DEM Preparation, Precipitation Threshold Value & Establishment of Early Warning Devices
ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgrammeII(CDMPII)
MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement(MoFDM)
DisasterManagementandReliefDivision(DMRD)
GovernmentofthePeoplesRepublicofBangladesh
RainfallTriggeredLandslideHazardZonationinCoxsBazar&TeknafMunicipalitiesas
well as Introducing Communitybased Early Warning System for Landslide Hazard
Management
Revised Report on Landslide Inventory and Land-use Mapping, DEM Preparation, Precipitation Threshold
Value & Establishment of Early Warning Devices
TableofContents
Chapter1:
LandslideInventoryMapping,LanduseMapping&DEMPreparation..................................................5
Executivesummary................................................................................................................................................5
1.
LandslideInventoryMapping...............................................................................................................9
1.1.
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................9
1.2.
StatementoftheProblemandDescriptionoftheStudyArea........................................................10
1.2.1. GeneralLandslideHistoryofBangladesh.........................................................................................10
1.2.2. LandslideProbleminCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipality.........................................................12
1.2.3. RegionalPhysiography..........................................................................................................................16
1.2.4. PhysiographicFeaturesofCoxsBazarTownandSurroundings.................................................18
1.2.4.1. Landuse&Topography.........................................................................................................................18
1.2.4.2. DrainageandWaterSupply.................................................................................................................23
1.2.4.3. VegetationandCulture.........................................................................................................................23
1.2.5. PhysiographicFeaturesofTeknafTownandSurroundings..........................................................23
1.2.5.1. Landuse&Topography.........................................................................................................................23
1.2.5.2. DrainageandWaterSupply.................................................................................................................27
1.2.5.3. Climate.....................................................................................................................................................27
1.2.6. TectonicSettingoftheArea..................................................................................................................27
1.2.7. RegionalGeology...................................................................................................................................29
1.2.8. GeologyofCoxsBazarTownandSurroundings............................................................................29
1.2.8.1. GeologicalStructure...............................................................................................................................29
1.2.8.2. Stratigraphy.............................................................................................................................................29
1.2.9. GeologyofTeknafTownandSurroundings.....................................................................................31
1.2.9.1. GeologicalStructure...............................................................................................................................31
1.2.9.2. Stratigraphy.............................................................................................................................................32
1.2.10. PhysicalsettingandHumanInterventionsintheMunicipalities..................................................34
1.3.
CollectionofLandslideInformationfordevelopingtheLandslideInventory...........................35
1.3.1. Overviewoftechniquesused...............................................................................................................35
1.3.1.1. DocumentReviewandFieldInvestigation........................................................................................35
1.3.1.2. Meetingwithlocalgovernmentandotherstakeholders.................................................................37
1.4.
ExplanationonclassificationoffuturerisklevelsusedinInventoryoflandslides...................37
1.5.
LandslideInventorydevelopedthroughfieldmapping.................................................................38
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Chapter2
PrecipitationThresholdValue..........................................................................................................................88
ExecutiveSummary..............................................................................................................................................89
2.
PrecipitationThresholdValue..............................................................................................................92
2.1.
Introduction.............................................................................................................................................92
2.2.
GeneralApproachforestablishmentofRainfallThresholdsofLandslides................................93
2.3.
LiteraturereviewontheExistingThresholdDefinitions................................................................94
2.3.1. ImpactofRainFallonSlopeInstability..............................................................................................94
2.3.2. UnderstandingthetriggersforEstablishmentofRainfallThresholdvalues..............................94
2.3.3. Rainfallandclimatevariablesusedintheliteratureforthedefinitionofrainfallthresholds..95
2.4.
SuggestionsontheApplicableThresholdDefinitionsforCoxsBazaarandTeknaf...............101
2.5.
ConcludingRemarks............................................................................................................................106
Chapter3
EstablishmentofEarlyWarningDevices.....................................................................................................109
Executivesummary............................................................................................................................................110
3.
Establishmentofearlywarningdevices...........................................................................................111
3.1.
Introduction...........................................................................................................................................111
3.2.
ProjectObjectives..................................................................................................................................111
3.3.
ProcessofCommunitybasedLandslideEarlyWarningSystem.................................................112
3.4.
NextStep................................................................................................................................................124
4.
References.............................................................................................................................................128
AnnexA
Descriptiononthelandslideeventscollectedfromnewspaper&othersources
AnnexB
ListoftheinventoryonlandslideeventsinTeknafandCoxsBazar
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ListofTables:
Table1:ChronologyofmajorlandslidesinBangladesh................................................................................10
Table2:ListofMajorLandslideEventsinCoxsBazarMunicipality.........................................................13
Table3:ListofMajorLandslideEventsinTeknafMunicipality..................................................................15
Table4:LandformCharacteristicsoftheCoxsBazarCoastalPlain(Alamet.al.,1999).........................31
Table5:ListofRainfallInducedLandslidesinBangladesh..........................................................................35
Table6:AnExampleofdescriptorsforriskzoningusingpropertylosscriteria......................................37
Table7:Rainfallandclimatevariablesusedintheliteratureforthedefinitionofrainfallthresholdsfor
theinitiationoflandslides.................................................................................................................95
Table8:LandslideInventory(LandslideCatalogue)usedindefiningtheThresholdlimits..................98
Table9:RainfalldataforseverallandslidesoccurredinCoxsBazaarandTeknafintherecenthistory;
here0referstothedayoflandslides.........................................................................................102
Table10:RainfalldataforseverallandslidesoccurredinRangamatiintherecenthistory;here0
referstothedayoflandslide...........................................................................................................105
Table11:RainfalldataforseverallandslidesoccurredinChittagongintherecenthistory;here0
referstothedayoflandslide...........................................................................................................106
Table12:NormalizedcumulativerainfalldataforChittagong..................................................................106
Table13:PrimaryStakeholderAnalysis.........................................................................................................115
Table14:SecondaryStakeholderAnalysis.....................................................................................................116
ListofFigures:
Figure1:PhysiographicmapofBangladesh(Banglapedia;Rashid,1991;Reiman,1993)......................17
Figure2:TectonicsettingoftheBengalbasin.................................................................................................27
Figure3:GeologicalStructuresoftheeasternpartofBangladeshandsurroundings............................28
Figure4:MorophologyoftheCoxsBazarSadar(afterAlametal,1999).................................................31
Figure5:StructuralmapofChittagongHillTracts........................................................................................33
Figure6:GeologicalmapofBangladesh(Alametal.,1990)........................................................................34
Figure7:LocationsofLandslideEventsatCoxsBazarMunicipality........................................................38
Figure8:LocationsofLandslideEventsatTeknafMunicipality................................................................74
Figure9:24Hrsand48HrsrainfalldatabeforelandslidesinCoxsBazaarandTeknaf....................102
Figure10:NormalizedcumulativerainfalldataforCoxsBazaar.............................................................103
Figure11:NormalizedcumulativerainfalldataforTeknaf........................................................................104
Figure12:NormalizedcumulativerainfalldataforRangamatiSimilaranalysiswasdonefor
Chittagongtoo...................................................................................................................................105
Figure13:CommunicationStrategyonLandslideRiskInformationDissemination.............................119
Figure14:DMINgenericdesign.......................................................................................................................122
Figure15:Communitybasedearlywarningsystem....................................................................................124
ListofMap:
Map1:LanduseMapofCoxsbazar(A4size)...............................................................................................20
Map2:LanduseMapofCoxsbazar(A1size)..............................................................................MapFolder
Map3:ContourMapofCoxsbazar(A4size)...............................................................................................21
Map4:ContourMapofCoxsbazar(A1size)..............................................................................MapFolder
Map5:DEMofCoxsBazar(A4size)..............................................................................................................22
Map6:DEMofCoxsBazar(A1size).............................................................................................MapFolder
Map7:LanduseMapofTeknaf(A4size).......................................................................................................24
Map8:LanduseMapofTeknaf(A1size)......................................................................................MapFolder
Map9:ContourMapofTeknaf(A4size)........................................................................................................25
Map10:ContourMapofTeknaf(A1size).....................................................................................MapFolder
Map11:DEMofTeknaf(A4size).....................................................................................................................26
Map12:DEMofTeknaf(A1size)....................................................................................................MapFolder
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ListofPlates:
Plate1:PictorialIllustrationsofFrequentLandslideLocationsinCoxsBazarMunicipality...............14
Plate2:PictorialIllustrationsofFrequentLandslideLocationsinTeknafMunicipality........................15
Plate3:Rootsystemsdevelopedinjointsandinthinkinterbeddedlayers.............................................82
Plate4:Landuseattributes................................................................................................................................84
Plate5:Varioustypesofexcavationsdonebycommunitiesonslopesforcultivationpurposesand
settlementsonhillslopes......................................................................................................................85
Plate6:FieldActivitiesrelatedtoCBEWS.....................................................................................................126
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Chapter1
LandslideInventoryMapping,LanduseMappingand
DEMPreparation
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ExecutiveSummery
InrecentyearsmanylandslideeventshavebeenexperiencedinhillydistrictsofBangladesh
such as Chittagong, Coxs Bazaar, and Teknaf. It shows that a significant landslide hazard
exists for such urban centers and many communities are vulnerable to this newly known
type of hazard in Bangladesh, which may result in severe damages and severe socio
economic consequences in future in many other areas too. The urban centers which are
threatenedbythelandslideeventsintherecentpastarefastgrowingandwithconsiderable
influence in the economic developments of the country. It is therefore essential to have a
realistic understanding of the nature, severity and consequences of likely damages and
losses that possible future landslide events could cause on the vulnerable communities
living near the landslide hazard prone areas and to develop a model for landslide risk
management.
The key to success in future is the study of the events occurred in the past and takes
appropriate proactive actions using the lessons learned. It is necessary to have a critical
evaluationofthefactsassociatedwithpastlandslidesandmoreimportantlywhythereisa
suddenincreaseinnumberoflandslidesandtheirmagnitudeinthetwotargetcities.Also
the findings of such study will serve as the basis for studies in other cities such as
Chittagongwheresimilarescalationoflandslideeventshavetakenplace.
This reportis prepared tosummarizethefindings ofthe activityforInventorying the past

landslideeventsinCoxsBazaarandTeknafMunicipalities.Theactivityhasbeencarriedout
under the Project on Rainfall Triggered Landslide Hazard Zonation in Coxs Bazaar and
Teknaf Municipalities for Introducing a Communitybased Early Warning System for
LandslideHazardManagement.
Anytypeoflandslideriskevaluationaimstodeterminetheexpecteddegreeoflossdueto
alandslide(specificrisk)andtheexpectednumberoflivelost,peopleinjured,damageto
propertyanddisruptionofeconomicactivity(totalrisk)(Varnesetal.,1984).Theactivityfor
Preparation of the Inventory of past landslide events in two target cities namely Teknaf
andCoxsBazar,hasbeencarriedoutwiththreespecificpurposes:
a. recordingallfactsconnectedtopastlandslideeventsintwocitiestofacilitateanalysisof
causativefactorsandcorrespondingimpacts;
b. Identificationofhotspots(ormostvulnerablewards/urbansettlements)oflandslides;
c. Assess the degree of attributes of trigger of landslides in connection to all causative
factors and modifying the weightings assigned to attributes selected as map units if
necessary.
Itisnottheidealsituationtostudythelandslideeventsseveralmonthsaftertheoccurrence
oftheevent.Manyimportantfactorsmaybelostwiththepassageoftimeandinvestigation
teamwillhavedifficultiesinpostulatingthescenariosatthetimeofthedisaster.However
duringtheexecutionoftheactivity,emphasishasbeenplacedonpostulatingtheeventasit
happened, and subsequently evaluating the post disaster scenario. In addition we have
made anattempttostudythecurrentstatusofthelocationandprovidingadescriptionof
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thepostulatedscenarioaswellasthefuturethreat,tosucceedtowardsanevaluationofthe
exposureandacharacterizationofthefuturerisk.
InthecaseofTeknafandCoxsBazaarfollowinginformationrelatedtopastlandslideshas
been collected through collection of past reports prepared by other agencies, field
investigations, interviews with community members, discussions with local authorities etc
inordertodeveloptheinventoryoflandslidesforlast25years:
1. Location(coordinateslatitudeandlongitudeoratleastnameofnearestvillage/city).
2. Date(andifpossible,time)ofoccurrenceforpostulatingthescenario.
3. Rainfalldata
4. Provideadescriptionofthegeologicalandgeotechnicalconditionsofthesiteaswecan
witnessnow
5. Immediateconsequences(quantificationofcasualties,injuriesanddamage)oftheevent.
6. Anyotherevidencestosupportdefinitionofthefuturethreatandtopostulatethetrigger
mechanisms
In developing the inventory our team has gone through several steps and the report
comprisestheoutcome ofcombinedefforts.Thefirststepwastostudytheoldnewspaper
records and prepare the chronology of events as given in the media reports. The project
team has visited archives of few national newspapers and collected the details which are
giveninthereport.Ateamhavehadextensiveeffortsinordertocollectinformationrelated
to past at least 25 years from the field. In the same way Project team has studied the
previous landslide reports prepared by District and Subdistrict administration, respective
LGEDofficesetc.Theinformationprovidedbytheinstitutionslocatedintwocitiessuchas
the Department of Forest, Meteorological Department, armed force division etc also were
very useful. The reports available with other agencies such as Geological Survey of
Bangladesh, Disaster Management Bureau, and Dhaka universityFaculty of Geology,
Chittagong University of Engineering technology (CUET) etc. also provided very useful
informationonpastevents.
The Project team wishes to acknowledge thankfully the assistance provided by all above
mentionedinstitutionsinpreparingthisreport.
Based on the data collected from the combined methods explained above and thro
interviewsofthecommunitymembers,aLandslideInventoryfortwotargetcitieshavebeen
prepared. The accompanying map indicates the locations of all events that have been
studied.Theteamalsohascarriedoutanassessmentonthedegreeofattributesoftriggerof
landslides in connection to all causative factors and modifying the weightings assigned to
attributesselectedasmapunitsifnecessary.
This report has been accomplished as part of project on Rainfall Triggered Landslide
HazardZonationinCoxsBazaarandTeknafMunicipalitiesforIntroducingaCommunity
based Early Warning System for Landslide Hazard Management, CDMP has
commissionedandallocatedtheresponsibilityforimplementingtheprojecttoDatExADPC
Joint Venture. The Project is being implemented under Comprehensive Disaster
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management Programme (CDMP) of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). CDMP is a

program executed by the Ministry of Food and Disaster Management (MoFDM) which is
supportedbyUNDP,DFID,GovernmentofNorway,andtheECetc.
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1. LandslideInventoryMapping
1.1. Introduction
TheincidentsoflandslidesarebecomingaveryfrequentdisasterinmanycountriesinAsia.
Landslidesusuallydonotbringsignificantnegativeimpactsonthedevelopmentinitiatives
like other major disaster events such as earthquakes and floods and the area affected is
comparativelynotverylarge.Thereforelessattentionhasbeengiventolandslideproblems
inmanyofthecountriesinAsia.Howeverduringpastfewyearswehaveseenescalationin
number and magnitude of landslide events in countries such as Bhutan, India, Indonesia,
Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The latest addition to this list may be
Bangladesh. Usually Bangladesh is regarded as a flat country which gets affected often by
flood and cyclone events. However in addition to such frequent hazards; landslides also
continuetoresultinhumansufferings,propertylossesduringrecentyearsespeciallyinthe
southern hilly areas of Bangladesh. As population increases and societies become more
complex, the economic and societal losses due to such events may continue to rise unless
proper attention is given at early stages as increasing anthropogenic activities in the
mountainareascanaddtotheexistingvulnerabilityofcommunitiesfurther.
Bangladeshishighlyvulnerabletoseveralnaturaldisastersandeveryyearnaturalcalamity
upset humans lives and livelihood in some part of the country. Among major disasters
concernedinthecountry,fatallandslideseventsintherecentyearscanbenoted.Exposed
softsedimentaryrocksinthevasttractofmountainousandhillyterrains(18%ofthetotal
area of the country) and interventions of human activities across the slopes caused fatal
landslidestriggeredbythetorrentialmonsoonrainfall.Thehillyterraininthesoutheastern
part of the country has the long history of slope instability. The landslides hazard in
ChittagongCityareaanditssurroundingsoccurredonJune11,2007wasaphenomenalone
that took the life of 127 people and caused injury to hundreds of people and made many
peoplehomeless.Thelandslidesweretriggeredbyuncommonheavydownpourwhichwas
estimated348mmforaperiodofaround12hours.Fatallandslidessubsequentlyoccurred
in 2008 and 2009 at Chittagong city as well as Coxs Bazar and Teknaf (Golam Mahabub
Sarwar2008).In 2010,landslides again took placeinCoxsBazar and Teknafand tookthe
life of around 60 people. Considering the potential rainfall induced landslide hazard in
Bangladesh and recent landslide events, attempt has been taken in CDMPII to develop
landslidehazardmappingofCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipalareas.
ObjectivesofthisReport
ThisreportisasubmissionasapartoftheassignmentbeingcarriedoutjointlybydatExand
ADPC.ThisreportispreparedtosummarizethefindingsoftheactivityforInventoryingthe
past landslide events in Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf Municipalities The report describes the
landslide issues in Bangladesh in general and on Teknaf & Coxs Bazar Municipality in
particular,geomorphologyofCoxsBazarandTeknaf,occurrencesoflandslidesuptodate
in the study areas, detail list of observed landslide events within the administrative
boundariesoftwomunicipalities.
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1.2. StatementoftheProblemandDescriptionoftheStudyArea
1.2.1. GeneralLandslideHistoryofBangladesh
In the recent past, Landslide has become a major concern in the country and became
common in the hilly areas of southeastern Bangladesh. These areas have a long history of
instability.Althoughwritten recordsoflandslideincidentsare veryrare, theyhave been a
hazardtopeopleeversincetheyhavebeenlivingthere.Infact,everyyearespeciallyinthe
rainy season landslides take place in both natural and maninduced slopes. Although,
Bangladesh isadenselypopulatedcountry,thehillyregionpresentsasharpcontrastwith
theoveralldemographicpattern.Thisispartlyduetothelandslidehazardpotentialwhich
discourages many people to live there as well as to build infrastructures; however,
inaccessibility,denseforestcoverandthehillytopographyarealsodiscouragingfactors.
Major processes that cause landslides in Bangladesh are 1) removal of lateral support: a)
erosion by rivers, b) previous slope movements such as slumps that create new slopes, c)
human modifications of slopes such as cuts, pits, and canals; 2) addition of weight to the
slope: a) accumulation of rain water, b) increase in vegetation, c) construction on fill, d)
weightofbuildingsandotherstructures,e)weightofwaterfromleakingpipelines,sewers,
canals,andreservoirs;3)earthquakes;4)5)removalofunderlyingsupport:a)undercutting
byriversandwaves;b)swellingofclays;6)anthropogenicactivitiesasjhumcultivation.
Table1:ChronologyofmajorlandslidesinBangladesh.
Year
1968
1970
1990
1997
1999
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EventDescription
AtKaptaiChandraghonaroadwheretheprotectivevegetationisremoved,thesoil
getsexposedtothemonsoonrainsanderodedrapidly.Thisresultedinlandslides,
and the loose soil washed down the slopes and carried by rivers into the Kaptai
Lake.Asaresult,thereservoirsiltedupandtheauthoritiesconfirmedthatinits30
yearsexistenceithadlostabout25%ofitsvolumeduetosiltation.
SimilareventalongGhagraRangamatiroad.
OccurredonMay30,1990.AffectedthelinkroadembankmentatJhagarbeelarea
ofRangamatidistrict.
AmajorlandslideoccurredinJuly1997atCharaipadaofBandarban.Thetotalarea
affected by it was about 90,000sq m. If such a landslide occurred in Bandarban
Town and any other urban or semiurban centre, the devastation would be
tremendous.
TwobiglandslidesoneinBandarbanandtheotheroneinChittagongoccurredon
11 and 13 August 1999 respectively claiming the life of 17 people. Out of 17
fatalities, 10 were in Chittagong and the rest in Bandarban district. Heavy and
incessant rainfall at that time was one of the causes of sliding. This landslide
affectedLamathanaandtheAzizNagarunionofBandarbandistrict.AzizNagaris
almostaninaccessibleruggedhillyterrain.Landslidebadlyaffectedthevillagesof
Chittaputti, Monargiri, Meounda, Muslimpara, Sonaisari, Bazapara, Kalargiri,
Maishkata, Aungratali, Chionipara, Kariungpara. The 11 August landslide was
followed again on 15 August at Chittaputti area. At least 50 houses were
completely vanished under the solid earth and 300 houses were partly damaged.
About 283.50 ha of cultivated land, 810 ha of household garden, and 50 km
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Year
2000
2003
2005
2006
2007
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EventDescription
unmetalled road were crushed. Road communication between Bandarban
headquarters and remote thanas became snapped. Especially, AziznagarBazalia
roadhadbeenclosedfortrafficduetofallingofhugemassofearthovertheroadat
25 places. Chittagong landslide location was at Gopaipur under Chittagong
Kotwali Thana. The slides crushed two thatched houses at the foot of the hill
claimedthelivesoftheinmatesofthehouseswhowereasleep.
At least 13 people were killed and 20 injured in landslide incidents on the
ChittagongUniversitycampusandotherpartsofChittagongCityonSaturday,the
24 June 2000. The incident was caused due to the deluge of mud and water that
swamped various part of the port city amid torrential rain. The landslides
damagedpropertyworthseverallacsoftakainthoseplaces.
6 members of a family were killed in a landslide at Lighthouse Para near Coxs
Bazartownon16thJune.Twootherpeoplewerealsoinjuredintheincident.
4 people were washed away by raging floodwaters in Fatikchhari upazila in
Chittagongdistrict on28th June asthesituationinsoutheastern and northwestern
districtsworsenedbecauseoftorrentialmonsoonrainsandonrushofhillwaters.
6 people, including four sisters, were buried alive and nine others injured in two
landslides on the outskirts of Coxs Bazar resort town on 29th July. The district
administration and locals believed that torrential monsoon rains and multiple
crackscausedtohillocksbypreviousdaysearthquaketriggeredthemudslidesat
KalataliandPurbaKalataliAdarshaGram,twoneighbouringvillages.
A landslide near the Garo hills at Baramari area of Nalitabari upazila of Sherpur
killedaworkeron9thJune2005.PoliceandwitnessessaidAbdulMajid(35),sonof
lateJanabAliwasdiggingforstoneswhenthelandslidetookplace.Hediedonhis
waytoNalitabariUpazilaHealthComplex.
2constructionworkerswerekilledand2othersinjuredinalandslideatORNizam
RoadHousingSocietyoftheportcitysPanchlaisharea,policeandwitnessessaid
on 3rd August 2005. Sources said that the incident occurred when a big chunk of
earth from nearby hill suddenly collapsed on a hut where four construction
workerswerestaying,besideaunderconstructionbuildingatthePanchlaisharea.
A worker was killed and three others injured in a landslide at Akabpur village,
borderingIndiasTripurastatearea,underKasbaupazilaofBrahmanbariadistrict
on12thOctober2005.
Three children, including two sisters, were killed and another was injured in a
landslide at Shantinagar area adjacent to the Bangladesh Cooperative Housing
SocietyinBayezidBostamithanaintheportcityon31stOctober2005.
A mother and her daughter were buried in a landslide, and her another son is
critically wounded. The landslide was triggered by incessant rainfall at Satkania
upazilaofthedistrictearly7thJuly2006.Theydiedtragicdeathswhenabigchunk
of the nearby hill suddenly fell on their thatched hut at village Mothuradanga
undernorthKanchonaunionoftheupazila.
At least 127 people were killed and hundreds more injured and missing as
torrentialrainssparkedaseriesofdevastatinglandslidesinChittagongon11thJune
2007,plungingthecountryssecondcityintochaos,withpowersuppliessnapped,
theportandairportclosedandresidentsseekingsafetyontheirroofs.Theheaviest
rainfallinquarterofacenturysaturatedthehillsidesinandaroundthecitygiving
residentsnochancetoescapewhenatideofmudandwatersweptdownontheir
homesintheearlyhoursofyesterdaymorning,buryingwholefamiliesundermud
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Year
2008
2009
2010
EventDescription
anddebriswhiletheyslept.Thepowerfulcurrentsimplywashedothersaway.
At least 10 people died in raininduced landslides and wall collapse while two
drownedinrainwateratCoxsBazar3rdJuly2008.Torrentialraincontinuedduring
theweekinTeknaftriggeringthelandslides,sourcesclaimed.
Againon6thJulyLandslidecausedbytorrentialrainskilled4membersofafamily
at Kalyanpara in Teknaf upazila of Coxs Bazar. Meantime, another person was
killedinalandslideatMahajanparainCoxsBazartown,reportedourChittagong
correspondentoftheDailyStar.
AraininducedmudslideatMatijharnainChittagongcityon18thAugust2008left
11 people, almost all of two families, dead and two injured. The mudslide
destroyed14housesofaslumbuiltonahillsidefromwhichthegovernmentwas
relocatingfamiliesapprehendingthedanger.
A landslide claimed the lives of three labourers on the Chitra at Tero Kheda
upazilainKhulnaonMarch282009.Italsolefttwoothersinjured.
Sand and stone from an unprecedented landslide created a natural dam on the
ShankhariveratBandarban,completelyobstructingitsflowforover60hourssince
9thMay2009.Communicationthroughtheriverhasremainedsnappedbecauseof
the20footlongblockadeacrossthe25footwidthoftheriveratGalengainRuma
upazila of the district. This has affected the businesses in the area.
Landslides triggered by heavy rains killedsix people,fiveofthemofa family, in
twoteagardensinSrimangalupazilaon18thMay2009.Witnessessaidabigchunk
ofmudcollapsedonthehillsidehouse.
IncessantrainforthelastfourdaystriggeredamassivemudslideatHarinmaraof
Lama in Bandarban on 31st July 2009 killing 10 people, including six of a family,
anddestroying50houses.
2 people died in a landslide at Dhalirchara of Ramu upazila in Coxs Bazar at
around9amon7thApril2010.Thelandslideoccurredasthetwowerecuttingahill
tobuildtheirhouse.
Atleast52peoplewerekilledinaseriesofraintriggeredlandslidesinCoxsBazar
and Bandarban districts on 15th June 2010. Of them, 47 including five army
personnel died in Coxs Bazar and the rest in Bandarban. Over 100 others were
injured in the landslides. In Himchhari, bodies of the five army personnel were
recoveredwhileonemanwasstillmissing,saidanISPRpressrelease.
A woman was killed and two of her family members were injured critically in a
landslideinon16thDecember.Moynaalongwithherfamilymemberswasdigging
intothehillatNalaparainAmbaganareatoexpandtheirhome,saidFaridAhmed
Chowdhury,seniorstationofficerofAgrabadfirestation,quotingeyewitness.
*Source:Banglapedia,TheDailyStarOnlineandBDNews24
1.2.2. LandslideProbleminCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipality
CoxsBazarisoneoftheattractivetouristplacesinBangladeshduetoitseasyaccessibility
andpresenceofworldslargestseabeach.Overthedecadesthedistricthasdevelopedata
good pace especially targeting the beach where a major part is located in the municipality
area. As a result of the rapid development, there were lots of interventions on the natural
settings of the municipality particularly on the hills. As a result of that, a number of
landslidestookplacewithinthemunicipalitywhichcauseddamagetopropertyandlifeas
well.Mostofthelandslidestookplaceduetodeforestation,hillcuttingandheavyrainfall.
CDMP
12
datEx-ADPC

Field survey under this particular study has identified about 147 landslide events within
Coxs Bazar Municipality. These events ranges from small scale mud flow to large scale
slideswherethereweresignificantdamagewereonlifeandproperty.
The identified landslide events in Coxs Bazar Municipality dated back from 1995 to 2010.
The trend of landslide events shows that the number increased with the years which
indicate a positive correlation between new settlements and increase in number of
landslides. About 85% of the landslides in the municipality took place during June 10th to
16th 2010afterheavyrainfallintheregion.FollowingisthelastofLandslidesasidentified
throughfieldsurveyunderthisprojectinCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipalityrespectively.
Table2:ListofMajorLandslideEventsinCoxsBazarMunicipality
ID
Nameofthe
Locality
GPSLocation
X
Y
Date
Damage/
Casualty
ExistingSituationoftheSite
Risk
House
Population
Mohajer
Para
91.97772222
21.43755556
25
21.43577778
1Person
Died
1Person
Died
1House
1Betelleaf
garden
1Betelleaf
garden
1House
High
91.97713889
14
June,2010
June,2008
High
10
70
Low
Low
0
0
0
0
Low
Low
40
3House
Medium
Low
12
0
80
0
1House
1House
1House
1House
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
6
0
2
5
37
0
17
30
1House
1House
1House
1House
Medium
High
Medium
High
2
7
4
3
13
50
27
17
2House
1House
1House
1House
1House
1House
damaged
and1
person
died
1House
High
High
High
High
Low
High
7
10
5
2
4
4
42
60
28
15
24
27
High
33
South
Ganar
Ghona
92.0155
92.01525
21.41661111
21.41727778
2008,2010
june,2010
SouthLar
Para
Adorsha
Gram
92.00541667
21.41375
91.98986111
21.41375
91.99191667
91.99125
21.41322222
21.41511111
91.99155556
91.99294444
91.99419444
91.99638889
21.41705556
21.42036111
21.42177778
21.42661111
92.00027778
92.00283333
92.00255556
92.01044444
21.42438889
21.42505556
21.42452778
21.42252778
13,june,
2010
June
13,2010
june,2010
OLDLS
and
june,2010
June,2010
June,2010
2008,2010
2003,2010
(Repeat)
June,2010
2008,2010
June,2010
2009,2010
92.01111111
92.01075
92.01108333
91.98061111
91.98130556
91.98122222
21.42405556
21.42258333
21.42177778
21.43344444
21.43488889
21.42838889
2006,2010
2004,2010
2008,2010
June,2010
June,2010
June,2010
91.98036111
21.42783333
2008,2010
KolatoliBy
Pass
WestLar
Para
LarPara
South
Dikkul
SouthHaji
Para
10
Badshar
Ghona
11
EastLight
HousePara
CDMP
13
datEx-ADPC

12
Pahartoli
13
Bahar
Chara,
South
Kolatoli
Bahar
Chara
14
15
16
Kolatoli
Baidder
Ghona
91.98252778
91.98375
91.98641667
91.99841667
21.43561111
21.43313889
21.43047222
21.39877778
June,2010
2007,2010
June,2010
June,2010
1House
2House
1House
1House
High
Medium
Medium
Low
6
6
3
14
25
30
17
72
92.00222222
92.00055556
21.39555556
21.39630556
1House
1House
Low
High
0
1
0
7
91.99330556
91.98183333
21.40588889
21.43802778
June,2010
2008,2009,
2010
June,2010
2008,2010
Medium
High
6
15
40
76
91.98111111
21.43855556
2006
1House
1House
damaged
and1
person
died
1House
damaged
and1
person
died
High
20
90
*Source:FieldSurvey,AprilMay,2011
Plate1:PictorialIllustrationsofFrequentLandslideLocationsinCoxsBazarMunicipality
CDMP
VulnerableHousesatEastPahartoli
VulnerableHousesatWestLarPara
VulnerablehousesatMohajerpara
Ghonarpara
14
datEx-ADPC

HousesatHillsideofKolatolii
HousesvulnerabletoLandslideMohajerpara
TherewerealsoseverallandslideincidentsinTeknafMunicipalityoverfewyears.Mostof
these landslides took place due to hill cutting and after heavy rainfall. It is identified that
since2002,18landslidestookplacewhichkilled18peopleanddamagedabout10housesin
themunicipality.FollowingisalistoflandslideeventsinTennaf.
Table3:ListofMajorLandslideEventsinTeknafMunicipality
ID
Nameof
the
Locality
Urumchar
a,Puran
Pallan
Para
Puran
Pallan
Para
GPSLocation
Date
Damage/ Casualty
92.29227778
20.87102778
92.29227778
20.87205556
June,2010 1persondiedand
and2009 1housedamaged
1HouseDamaged
June,2002
92.29111111
20.87227778
June,2010
92.29152778
20.87530556
92.29222222
20.87541667
92.29083333
20.87366667
1persondiedand
1housedamaged
6personsdied&1
June,2010
housedamaged
4personsdied&1
June,2008
housedamaged
5personsdied&1
June,2010
housedamaged
ExistingSituationoftheSite
Risk
High
High
High
High
High
Nil
House
Population
37
15
36
*Source:FieldSurveyAprilMay,2011andComparedwithothermedianews
Plate2:PictorialIllustrationsofFrequentLandslideLocationsinTeknafMunicipality
HousesnearlandslidesiteatUrumerChara
CDMP
HousesLocatedneartheLandslidesiteatPuran
PallanPara
15
datEx-ADPC

LandslideSitesatPuranPallanPara
1.2.3. RegionalPhysiography
Physiography is a description of the physical nature (form, substance, arrangement,

changes)ofobjects,especiallyofnaturalfeatures.
Quaternary (began about 2 million years ago and extends to the present) sediments,
deposited mainly by the Ganges, Brahmaputra (Jamuna) and Meghna rivers and their
numerous distributaries, cover about threequarters of Bangladesh. The physiography and
thedrainagepatternofthevastalluvialplainsinthecentral,northernandwesternregions
have gone under considerable alterations in recent times. The deposition of Quaternary
sediments was influenced and controlled by structural activities. The eastward shift of the
GangesandtistaaswellasthesignificantwestwardshiftoftheBrahmaputraduringthelast
200yearsgivesevidenceofepeirogenicmovementseveninrecentdays.Hillocksandhills
areconfinedtoanarrowstripalongthesouthernspuroftheShillongPlateau,totheeastern
andsouthernportionsoftheSylhetdistrict,andtotheChittagongHillTracts(CHT)inthe
southeast of the country bordering upon the Indian states of Tripura and Mizoram and
Myanmar.
Inthecontextofphysiography,Bangladeshmaybeclassifiedintothreedistinctregions(a)
floodplains, (b) terraces, and (c) hills each having distinguishing characteristics of its own.
Thephysiographyofthecountryhasbeenfurtherdividedinto24subregionsand54units
(Rashid,1991).Majorsubregionsandunitsareasbelow:
i)OldHimalayanPiedmontPlain;ii)TistaFloodplain;iii)OldBrahmaputraFloodplain;iv)
Jamuna(YoungBrahmaputra) Floodplain; v) HaorBasin; vi)SurmaKushiyaraFloodplain;
vii)MeghnaFloodplaina.MiddleMeghnaFloodplain,b.LowerMeghnaFloodplain,c.Old
Meghna Estuarine Floodplain, d. Young Meghna Estuarine Floodplain; viii) Ganges River
Floodplain; ix) Ganges Tidal Floodplain; x) Sundarbans; xi) Lower Atrai Basin; xii) Arial
Beel; xiii) GopalganjKhulna Peat Basin; xiv) Chittagong Coastal Plain; xv) Northern and
EasternPiedmontPlain;xvi)PleistoceneUplands:a.BarindTract,b.MadhupurTractandc.
TipperaSurface;xvii)NorthernandEasternHillsa.LowHillRanges(DupiTilaandDihing
Formations),b.HighHillorMountainRanges(SurmaandTipamFormations)(Figure1).
In the Chittagong region, this unit includes the Sitakunda and Mara Tong ranges and the
complexofhillstothesouthandeastofRamgarh,includingtheeasternpartoftheMiddle
CDMP
16
datEx-ADPC

Feni river valley. The Sitakunda range has 32km long ridge in the middle, which reaches
352matSitakundapeak.Tothenorth,thehighpeaksonthisrangeareRajbariTila(274m)
and Sajidhala (244m). To the south, there is an abrupt fall and Chittagong city heights are
lessthan92m.IntheMaraTongrangeaheightofonly113misreached.Furthernortheast
thehillsarehigher.Thetopographyisdeeplyerodedandrounded;thevalleysarecurved
andalmostisolatedhillocksarecommon.
At the Sitakunda peak, there are several hot springs. There are five broken ranges of hills
betweenKarnafuliriverandthesoutherntipofBangladesh.SouthofBakkhaliriverthehills
reach the sea at Coxs Bazar. Thereafter the main mass of hills goes down the Teknaf
peninsulaastheTeknafrange.ThereisaslightbreakinthewestalongtheRejukhalvalley.
In its northern part, the Teknaf range is comparatively low (61 to 91m). From Whykong a
highridgerunssouth;itsmainpeaksareBaragong(119m),Taunganga(268m),andNytong
(168m).ThesouthwesternendofthisrangeendsatavillagecalledNoakhaliwherethereare
aseriesofimpressivecliffs,some30minheight.TherangeendsatTeknafBazar.Southof
Gorjania (northeast of Teknaf peninsula) these hills continue into Myanmar. The Rejukhal
valleyisanimportantcomponentofthisbrokenuplandscape.
Figure1:PhysiographicmapofBangladesh(Banglapedia;Rashid,1991;Reiman,1993)
CDMP
17
datEx-ADPC

High hill or mountain ranges comprise an almost parallel ridge running approximately
northsouthandwithsummitsreaching3001000m.Theyhaveverysteepslopesgenerally
>40%, often 100% and are subject to landslide erosion. They are mainly underlain by
consolidated shales, siltstones and sandstones. This unit covers most of Chittagong Hill
Tracts,somesmallpartsofsouthernHabiganj,andthesouthandeasternbordersofMaulvi
Bazar. All the mountain ranges of the Hill Tracts are almost hogback ridges. They rise
steeply,thuslookingfarmoreimpressivethantheirheightwouldimply,andextendinlong
narrowridges,whosetopsarebarely30mwide.Mostoftherangeshavescarpsinthewest,
withcliffsandwaterfalls.
Thesearedifferentfromthelowroundedfoothillstothewest.Thereareextensivestretches
oflowhillsandhillocksinbetweentheranges.Fourranges,withanelevationofover300m,
strikeinNSdirectioninthenorthernpartoftheregion.Thewesternmost,thePhoromani
range,reaches463matPhoromani,436matRampahar,and417matBhangamura.Thenext
range eastwards is the Dolajeri; its highest peak is Langtrai (429m). On the eastern side of
this range areseveralhigh waterfalls: twoofthehighesthave fallsof 60and40m. Further
east,acrosstheMainivalleyistheBhuacharirange,whichrisesto611matChangpaipeak.
Theeasternmost,withinBangladesh,istheChipuiLungsirrange(alsoknownastheBarkal
range). Its highest peaks, from north to south, are Khantlang (683m), Thangnang (735m),
Lungtian(679m),Chipui(480m),BaraToung(447m),andBarkal(572m).
South of the Karnafuli there are seven main mountain ranges within Bangladesh. The
Muranja range rises out of the Chunoti hills 5 km east of Harbang, and strikes in a
southeasterly direction. Its wellknown peaks are Muranja (502m), Nashpo Taung (586m),
and Basitaung (664m). East of the Muranja range and also roughly parallel to it are the
Tyanbang, Batimain and Politali ranges. The Tyanbang or Chimbuk range rises south of
SanguriverandcontinuesintoMyanmar. Itsmain peaks are Lulaing (720m),Thainkhiang
(894m), Kro (868m),Rungrang(849m), andTindu(898m).On abranchof theLulaingkhal,
nearLulaingpeak,thereisawaterfallof107mheight.ThehighpeakswithinBangladeshare
Waibung(808m),MowdokTlang(905m),RangTlang(958m),MowdokMual(1,004m)and
Tajingdong,whichisthehighestpeakofBangladesh,officiallycalledasBijoy(1,280m).
1.2.4. PhysiographicFeaturesofCoxsBazarTownandSurroundings
1.2.4.1. LanduseandTopography
TheCoxsBazarcliffrunsfromNNWtoSSEdirectionalongtheshoreofBayofBengal.The
rangeliesontheeasternsideoftheBayofBengal.BeachrunsapproximatelyalongS35E.
Eastern side of the cliff is accompanied by a series of hills. The highest ridge of the Coxs
Bazarhillisabout82mabovethesealevel.Valleysareirregularlysituatedinthishillrange.
Theheightofthecliffalongthebeachvarieswithinanarrowrangefromabout50mto82m
andthesecliffsterminateabruptlyagainstthebeachpresentingverticalsections.
LandUseMapping
As per requirement of Landslide Hazard Zonation mapping, general landuses were

extracted from high resolution satellite images available with the consultant. Geographic
CDMP
18
datEx-ADPC

informationSystem(GIS)softwaresuchasArcGIS10wasusedforextractingthelanduses
by onscreen digitization method. Later on the landuse maps were verified and refined
conductingGPSsurveyatfieldlevel.Landusefeatureswereidentifiedandclassifiedusing
the individual code and separated in different layers during data processing stage, from
where the category wise land use map was drawn using the identification layers of each
landusesfeaturesaspresentedinthetablebelowandMap1&2.
LanduseCategory
LanduseCategory RatingCriteria
Description
A:VaryHigh
Landuseswithhighimpacts Denseurbansettlementsonhills;
tolanddegradation
B:Medium
Landuseswithmedium
Cultivatedareawithpoordrainage;
impactstolanddegradation Denseurbansettlement;
Scatteredsettlements;
Vacanthillyareawithscatteredbushandshrubs;
C:VeryLow
Landuseswithminimum
Forestarea;
impactstolanddegradation Areawithgoodnaturalvegetationcover;
Areawithgooddrainage.
CultivableLand;
UncoveredSoil;
Airportarea;
BeachArea;
Lawlandareawithtidalinfluenced.
ContourMapping&DigitalElevationModel(DEM)
TheDEMofthestudyareaswerepreparedwitha2mPixelsize.DEMofCoxsBazarand
Teknafmunicipalitiesweregeneratedusingthemethodsdescribedbelow:
Spot/Land level data captured from existing topographical map of coastal area of
Bangladesh prepared by FINMAP were used for generating DEM. After scanning &
digitizingthespotlevels/spotheightsfromexistingtopographicmappreparedbyFINMAP,
random field level checking were done at various locations of the project area using GPS
supported Total Station survey. Based on field checking survey necessary refinement and
adjustmentweredoneandthefinalspotheightswereusedasmasspointforpreparing1.5m
intervalcontours(Map3&4)&DEMof2mresolution(Map5&6).
AllspatialinformationordatawerestoredunderacomprehensiveGISdatabasecomponent
in BTM (Northing, Easting, MSL in meter) projection system. Geographic information
System(GIS)softwaresuchasArcGIS10wasusedforthispurpose.
3D Analyst & Spatial Analyst modules of ArcGIS 10 was used for developing contour at
1.5mintervalandDEMof2mpixelsize.
CDMP
19
datEx-ADPC
702000
704000
706000
710000
378000
376000
372000
372000
374000
k k h a
B a
l i
376000
378000
LANDUSE MAP
Cox's Bazar Municipal Area
R i
v e
r
374000
708000
Road (Others)
Landuse
Dense Urban Settlement

Scattered Settlement
Cultivable Land
Forest
Vegetation
Uncovered Soil
Hill
Low Land
364000
Water Body
Drainage Channel
1,000
Sea
702000
704000
706000
500
708000
1,000
710000
Map-1: Landuse Map of Cox's Bazar Municipal Area.

20
2,000 M
364000
366000
Air Port
366000
368000
Road (Main)
368000
Coast Line
370000
Project Boundary
370000
Legend
702000
704000
706000
708000
710000
378000
372000
372000
374000
R i
v e r
374000
376000
k k h a
B a
l i
376000
378000
TOPOGRAPHIC (Contour) MAP

6 - 15
16 - 25
26 - 30
31 - 35
36 - 45
368000
366000
Contour (MSL)
Project Boundary
Coast Line
Road (Main)
Road (Others)
Beach
Drainage Channel
46 - 55
56 - 65
1,000
66 - 80
702000
704000
706000
500
708000
364000
366000
368000
370000
Legend
0-5
364000
370000
1,000
2,000 M
710000
Map-3: Topographic (Contour, 5m) Map of Cox's Bazar Municipal Area.

21
702000
704000
706000
708000
710000
378000
372000
372000
R i
v e r
374000
376000
374000
k k h a
B a
l i
376000
378000
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM)

Road (Main)
Road (Others)
Beach
Drainage Channel
366000
366000
368000
E
Coast Line
370000
368000
F
Project Boundary
370000
Legend
Elevation (MSL)
72 - 81
63 - 72
364000
45 - 54
36 - 45
27 - 36
18 - 27
9 - 18
1,000
0-9
702000
704000
706000
500
708000
Map-5: DEM of Cox's Bazar Municipal Area.

22
364000
54 - 63
1,000
2,000 M
710000

1.2.4.2. DrainageandWaterSupply
Thereareseveralstreamsandstreamletsintheareasurveyedduringthefieldwork.Among
them Rejukhal is the prominent stream of the area and the drainage is mainly effected by
this stream. The Himcharichara, Amtalichara, Hatrachara and Kelatalichara are the other
streams and streamlets of lesser significance. The streamlets are dried up in winter and
becomeactiveintherainyseason.Rejukhalisthemainsourceofwatersupplyofthisarea
and easily navigable throughout the whole season. The distance of Rejukhal from Coxs
Bazartownisabout9.5milestowardssouth.
1.2.4.3. VegetationandCulture
Denseforestwithtropicalevergreentreescoverstheareamakingitdifficulttofindexposure
alongthefoottracksontopofthehills.Theforestshowsamixedvegetationcharacterwith
jaw,Garjan,ShimulandJarooltrees.Bombooandbetelnuttreesarealsopresentinthisarea.
Theforestbecomesmoredenseandgreenwherethewatersupplyissufficient.
Thesoilofthevalleyisfertile,buttheslopelandofthehillislessfertile.Mostoftheareas
arefitforcultivationthroughouttheyear.ThecropsraisedarepaddyandotherRobicrops.
Soil and climate is not suitable for jute cultivation. 0n the slopes of the hill, cultivation of
betel leaf gardens are carried out. Local people produce nonrefined ordinary table salt in
thecoastallandbythelocalprocess.
1.2.5. PhysiographicFeaturesofTeknafTownandSurroundings
1.2.5.1. LanduseandTopography
TheTeknaftownanditsadjoiningareacanbedividedintothreedistinctivephysiographic
units. The units are 1) Eastern Naf River and its adjacent flood plain; 2) Middle Dakhin
Nhila Anticline and 3) Western Bay of Bengal. Among them the middle unit has been
describedbecauseofitsimportancefortheoccurrenceoflandslideevents.
Thetopographicfeaturessuchashillscliffs,streams,escarpmentsetc.characterizethemajor
portionofthecentralhillrange.Thedistributionofvarioustopographicfeaturesismainly
the result of subareal weathering and erosion process of streams. The whole hill range is
characterizedbyisolatedpeaksandridges.Theslopingnatureofthesidesofthehillrange
isnotsame.TheeasternflankoftheAnticlineiswideandgentlethanthewesternflank.
ThehighestridgeofthehillinsidetheTeknafpourashovaareaisabout76mabovethesea
level. Valleys are irregularly situated in this hill range. The height of the cliffs of the hills
varies within a narrow range from about 30m to 76m and these cliffs terminate abruptly
againstthebeachpresentingverticalsections.
Landuse category and methodology applied for preparing landuse & contour maps and
developing DEM were already presented in Article 1.2.4.1. Landuse Map (Map7 & 8),
Contour Map (Map9 & 10) and DEM (Map11 & 12) of Teknaf Pourashova area were
presentedinthereport.
CDMP
23
datEx-ADPC
740000
741000
312000
739000
312000
738000
311000
310000
310000
311000
LANDUSE MAP
Teknaf Municipal Area
a
a
f
R
i
v
309000
308000
308000
309000
Legend
Project Boundary
Road (Main)
Road (Others)
Teknaf_Hill Line
Landuse
Cultivable Land
Forest
Vegetation
Uncovered Soil
Low Land
Water Body
Drainage Channel
738000
500
739000
250
740000
Map-7: Landuse Map of Teknaf Municipal Area.

24
307000
307000
Dense Urban Settlement

Scattered Settlement
500 M
741000
738000
739000
740000
741000
312000
312000
Topographic (Contour) Map

311000
311000
Teknaf Upazila, Cox's Bazar Zila
N
310000
310000
a
f
R
i
v
e
309000
308000
308000
309000
307000
Contour (MSL)
5
10
15
20
40
Project Boundary
45
Road (Main)
50
Road (Others)
55
River/Khal
60
25
65
30
70
35
75
738000
500
739000
250
307000
Legend
500
740000
Map-9: Topographic (Contour) Map of Teknaf Municipal Area.

25
1,000 M
741000
738000
739000
740000
741000
312000
312000
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM)

311000
311000
Teknaf Upazila, Cox's Bazar Zila
N
310000
310000
a
f
R
i
v
e
309000
308000
308000
309000
75 - 80
70 - 75
65 - 70
35 - 40
Project Boundary
25 - 30
Road (Others)
30 - 35
20 - 25
60 - 65
10 - 20
55 - 60
Road (Main)
River/Khal
7.5 - 10
50 - 55
5 - 7.5
45 - 50
2.5 - 5
40 - 45
0.75 - 2.5
738000
307000
307000
Elevation (MSL)
Legend
0
739000
250
500
1,000
740000
Map-11: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Teknaf Municipal Area.

26
1,500 M
741000

1.2.5.2. DrainageandWaterSupply
TheDakhinNhilahillrangeliesbetweentheNafRiverontheeastandtheBayofBengalon
the west. The Naf River flows along with the BangladeshMyanmar International Border
and also runs roughly parallel to the hill range. Most of the streams observed are of
consequent type and locally named chara. The streams are intermittent and dendrite in
pattern.Duringtheinvestigationthestreamsweredry.Thesestreamsareinyouthfulstage
and demonstrated by their characteristic erosion features. The vertical erosion has been
muchfasterthanthelateralerosionandmakingthestreamsnarrowandstraightduetothe
strong current. Random orientation of boulders, pebbles, cobbles suggest that the erosion
processesareactiveinthearea.Thestreamsoftheeasternflankofthehillrangeflowinto
the Naf River and the streams of the western flank of the hill range flow into the Bay of
Bengal. Ladhakhal, RangikhaliChara, Dumdumiakhal, etc. are flowing to the Naf river
whereasDakchara,Noakhalichara,RajarcharaareflowingtotheBayofBengal.
1.2.5.3. Climate
Teknaf is subjected to tropical climate. So, uniform temperature is always present in this
place in comparing with other part of Bangladesh. Teknaf region enjoys three distinct
seasonsnamelythemonsoon,thewinterandthesummer.Theextentofrainfallisabout300
cm. annually. Bulk of the rainfall takes place during the period June to September. The
maximum temperature is 380C, which is attained in the month of May. The weather from
NovembertoMarchisfavorabletoconductfieldworkinBangladesh.
1.2.6. TectonicSettingoftheArea
ThehillrangesofCoxsBazarandTeknafareasarethepartofthewesternextensionofthe
Tertiary Folded Belt of IndoBurman Orogeny (Figure 2). The upper Tertiary sediments of
theareaarearrangedintolongfoldsofsubmeridionaltrend.Theareaischaracterizedbya
series of parallel structures which is the continuation of Arakan Yoma Anticlinorium and
startedtodevelopduringOligocene(Figure3).
Figure2:TectonicsettingoftheBengalbasin.
CDMP
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datEx-ADPC

The Indian Plate moved eastward and went underneath Eurasian Plate resulting eastwest
trendingHimalayan Rangesinthenorth and northsouthtrendingfoldedbeltsofArakan
YomaandNagaLushaiRangesinthe east.ThishappenedpossiblyduringOligocene.The
ranges came into prominent during the late phases of Himalayan upliftment in Plio
Pleistocene.
TheregionalstrikeofthefoldstrendsinNNWSSEdirection.Thefoldingofthiszoneisof
complex type and possesses a number of peculiarities such as box and ridge like form of
anticline,strikingdifferenceinwidthofsynclineandanticlines,andenechelonarrangement
ofstructures.
Figure3:GeologicalStructuresoftheeasternpartofBangladeshandsurroundings.
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1.2.7. RegionalGeology
InChittagong andChittagongHill TractstheUpperTertiarysandyargillaceoussediments

have been folded into a series of long submeridional (NNWSSE) anticlines and synclines
representedinthesurfacetopographybyelongatedhillrangesandinterveningvalleys.The
folded structures are characterized by enechelon orientation with an increasing degree of
intensityandcomplexitytowardtheeast.Accordingly,thefoldedflankisdividedintothree
parallel almost NS trending zones from west to east as: (a) the Western Zone is
characterized by simple boxlike or similar shaped anticlines with steep flanks and gentle
crestsseparatedbygentlesynclines,viz.Matamuhurianticline,Semutanganticline,etc;(b)
theMiddleZoneischaracterizedbymorecompressedstructures,otherthanjustsimplebox
like folds, with ridge like asymmetric anticlines frequently associated with faults and
separated by narrow synclines viz. Sitapahar anticline, Bandarban anticline, Gilasari
anticline, Patiya anticline, Changohtung anticline, Tulamura anticline, Kaptai syncline,
Alikadam syncline, etc; (c) The Eastern Zone is characterised by highly disturbed narrow
anticlines with steep clipping flanks and mostly associated with thrust faults, viz. Belasari
anticline, Subalong syncline, Utanchatra anticline, Barkal anticline, Mowdac anticline,
Ratlonganticline,Kasalongsyncline,SanguValleysynclineandfewothers.
1.2.8. GeologyofCoxsBazarTownandSurroundings
The geology of Coxs Bazar area has been described into two parts, such as 1) geological
structureonwhichCoxsBazartownislocatedand2)stratigraphybywhichthesubsurface
groundandthehillyareaofCoxsBazartownisformedof.
1.2.8.1. GeologicalStructure
CoxsBazartownissituatedonthenortheasternpartoftheInaniAnticline(Figure3).The
structure is bounded by latitudes from 215N to 2125N and longitude from 920E to
9210E.ItisrepresentedbyNNWSSEtrendinglowhillocksattainingmaximumelevation
54.86 m. Tectonically, Inani anticline is situated in the Chittagong Folded Belt of Bengal
Foredeep. The structure runs along the coastline of the Bay of Bengal. The anticline is
dissected into two parts by Rejukhal across the northern pitch. The southern pitch is
representedbyverylowreliefduetosaddleseparatingInanistructurefromDakhinNhila
structure.
Inani is a narrow and elongated structure in which the Tipam Sandstone Formation is
characterizedbysteepzoneinboththeflanks.Maximum70dipwasrecordedinthesteep
zone. In the crestal part the dip varies from 3 to 12. The Tipam Sandstone Formation is
unconformably underlain by the Boka Bil Formation in a gradual low dip. The oldest
exposedrockistheBokaBilFormation.
1.2.8.2. Stratigraphy
TheCoxsBazardistrictisboundinthewestandsouthbytheBayofBengal,intheeastby
thehillrangesofelevationaround100200m.TheBasinofMatamuhuriRiverandBakkhali
river form the morphological pattern on the North of the district. The continent of the
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districtofCoxsBazarincludestwodistinctgeologicalsettingsnamelyTertiaryFoldedBelt
and coastal deposits. The Tertiary Folded Belt extends northsouth as part of the Indo
Burmese mobile belt that is characterized by long narrow folds (Alam et al 1990). Coastal
Holocene deposits overlie the Tertiary rocks, resulting in different surfacial forms. The
presentdaymorphologyoftheareaarebelievedtobeinfluencedbytheHolocenesealevel
rise,tidalandfluvialdischargesandveryspecialtypeofphysicalsetupoftheplainaround
TheTertiaryhillsrepresentthegeologicalstructuresinCoxsBazararea.CoxsBazartown
and surroundings predominantly consist of Dihing Formation and Dupi Tila Formation of
PlioPleistocene age. The Formations are characterized by fine to medium grained poorly
consolidatedsandstoneandclayeysandstoneofvariablecolorsrangingfromyellow,brown
togrey.TothesouthofDihingandDupiTilaFormation,theGirujanclayofPleistoceneand
Neogene age is present followed by Tipam Sandstone Formation of Neogene age. The
formations covers Ukhia Upazila on the south, part of Ramu Upazila on north and north
east and a thin zone to the east of Coxs Bazar. The Girujan Clay Formation is grey to
greenish grey, red mottled silty shale, shale and claystone inter bedded with subordinate
thinlybeddedsiltstoneandcrossbeddedsandstone.TheTipamSandstoneFormationisfine
to mediumgrained sandstone, siltstone and shale, massive to thinly bedded, locally cross
beddedandcurrentbedded.InthesouththeGiruanClayandTipamSandstoneFormations
mergetotheBokaBilFormationoftheNeogeneageandtheBhubanFormationofMiocene
age. The area includes Teknaf Upazila in south and eastern part of Coxs Bazar city. The
formationsarecharacterizedbymassivetothinlybeddedshale,siltstoneandsandstone.
FloodplainandcoastaldepositofHoloceneageoverliesLateTertiaryformationsatplaces
presentingthesurfacialform.MorphologicalpatternoftheNorthernUpazilasofthedistrict
such as Pekua and Chakaria is charaterized by the Matamuhari Basin. The major
geomorphic units of the basin from east to the west are i) Fan ii) Deltaic Plain and iii)
Estuarine plain (Huq and Ahmed, 1997). Kutubdia and a belt on the east bank of the
Moheskhali channel include coastal deposit of Holocene age consisting of beach and dune
sandoverlyinglateTertiaryformations.Thecoastaldepositisalsopresentatthesoutheast
partofthedistrictorthecountryandtothesouthofTeknafbeyondthehillyarea.Alametal
(1999) presents the morphology of Coxs Bazar coastal plain. The schematic crosssection
showsthattheplainiselevatedlandwardandgraduallyslopetowardthesea.Theelevation
of the marginal part of the plain is of the order of 2 to 3 m above mean sea level. The
characteristicsofdifferentlandformsareshowninTable3.Tableshowsthatsedimentofthe
plain varies from very fine silt to medium sand with finer particles at the flood plain and
largestgrainsizefortidalcreeks.
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Figure4:MorphologyoftheCoxsBazarSadar(afterAlametal,1999)
Table4:LandformCharacteristicsoftheCoxsBazarCoastalPlain(Alamet.al.,1999)
1.2.9. GeologyofTeknafTownandSurroundings
The geology of Teknaf area has been described into two parts, such as 1) geological
structureonwhichCoxsBazartownislocatedand2)stratigraphybywhichthesubsurface
groundandthehillyareaofCoxsBazartownisformedof.
1.2.9.1. GeologicalStructure
Teknaf Town and surroundings are located on the Dakhin Nhila Anticline which is the
southernmost structure of ChittagongTripura folded belt, mainly comprises of Neogene
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Sedimentary rocks. It is the western most extension of ArakanYoma Anticlinoriums and

separatedfromthemainbodyoftheArakanYomabyseveralkmwidefloodplainofNaf
River.
The Dakhin Nhila Anticline lies under Teknaf Upazila and Coxs Bazar District and
boundedbylatitudesfrom2052to2107Nandlongitudesfrom9208to9218E.Thehills
and valleys striking N I7W and S 17E represent the axial direction of the anticline. The
maximumelevationisabout266mabovemeansealevel.Thenorthernpitchisrepresented
bylowreliefduetosaddleseparatingfromInaniAnticline,whereassouthernpitchabruptly
merges with the plain land. Dakhin Nhila Anticline is an elongated, asymmetric, and box
like structure. It is a complicated structure due to the presence of longitudinal and
transversefaults.
1.2.9.2. Stratigraphy
TheoldestexposedrockintheDakhinNhilaAnticlineistheUpperBhubanFormationthat
isabout545mthick.TheexposedrockformationsfromoldertoyoungerareUpperBhuban
formation, Boka Bil Formation, Tipam Formation and Dupi Tila Formation. Mostly
argillaceous sediments with little coverage of arenaceous sediments characterize the
structure.TheaxisofthestructurerunsalongNNWSSEdirection.Someportionofwestern
flankandyoungerformationofsouthernpitchhasbeenerodedawayduetoerosionbythe
BayofBengal.
TheaxesoffoldsrunalongNNWSSEdirectionwhichisdisruptedandcomplicatedbythe
presenceofnumerousfaults.Itisgenerallyobservedthattheintensityoffoldingincreases
towards the east. The development of Bengal Foredeep is directly related to the
developmentofHimalayaninthenorthandtheArakanYomaMountainsintheeastdueto
thenortheasterncollisionofIndianplatewithEurasianplate.ThemovementsoftheArakan
SubplateboundedbytheNinetyEastRidgeandcoveringtheeasternandsoutheasternpart
ofBangladesh,havebeensuggestedtohaveresulttheformationoffoldsoftheeasternflank
oftheBengalBasin(Faruquee,1975).
Folds of Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts are the western extension of the Arakan
YomaAnticlinorium,whichareknowninBangladeshasfoldedflankofBengalForedeepof
Bengal Basin. The surface relief of the area is represented by northsouth stretched hills of
sedimentarycover.
From the above discussion, it is observed that the relative movement of the Indian and
Burmese plate has developed the main east west compression in the region. The Burmese
platebeingoverriddentheplatehasbeenservingasthemainpushingagentandasaresult
themagnitudeofforceishigherintheeastthanthewest.
Another major plate movement took place in the Pliocene that resulted in a largescale
movementalongtheDaukiFaultandtheDhubriShearZone.DuringtheEocene,basinwide
emergence andmaximumregression occurredintheBengalBasin,followed bydeposition
of the Barail Group in the Oligocene. But during most of the Miocene the deep basin
featured conspicuous subsidence and Marine transgression and during the late Miocene a
newphaseofstructuralanddepositionaldevelopmenttookplacebecauseofglobaleustatic
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regression. The onset of the final uplift and of structural deformation the Himalayan and
IndoBurmeseorogeniesaswellastherenewedriseoftheShillongPlateauresultedinlarge
scale erosion and thus in the supply of huge quantities of coarsegrained detritus in the
Pliocene(Reimann,1993).
Thisstructurefallsinthetropicalclimatezoneandreceivesheavyshowerduringmonsoon.
Theareaiscoveredbydensemixedforestwithgamari,Chittagongteakandbamboo,shrubs
etc.
Figure5:StructuralmapofChittagongHillTracts
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Figure6:GeologicalmapofBangladesh(Alametal.,1990)
1.2.10. PhysicalsettingandHumanInterventionsintheMunicipalities
CoxsBazarmunicipalitywasconstitutedin1869duringtheBritishPeriodandconvertedto
towncommitteein1959duringPakistanPeriodandaftertheindependenceofBangladeshit
has become the municipality in 1972. Upto its current status, it is a class one municipality
underthe ministryofLocalGovernmentandRuralDevelopment.Themunicipalitycovers
an area of 6.85 sq km with the major landuses like residential, commercial, agriculture, civic,
recreational and hill & forest. Present population of the municipality is about sixtythousand
(projected based on 2001 BBS census) with 9 administrative wards. The trend of urban
population growth of the municipality is steady over last four decades. According to BBS
community series the decadal growth of the municipality is 30.4, 57.2, 33.7, 42.1 and 37.2
which was respectively for the decades of 19511961, 19611974, 19741981, 19811991 and
19912001.
Alargeportionofthemunicipalityiscoveredwithhillyareaswithmediumtolowdensity
forest.Otherpartsofthemunicipalityareflatinnaturewithalargeseashoreonthesouth
westernpartofthemunicipality.Overlastdecadeanumberofphysicalinterventionshave
taken place on across the sea beach through construction of residential hotels and
restaurants. Apart from this, the residential settlement of the municipality has grown
towardssouthwestandsoutheastfocusingtheseabeach.Thisspatialgrowthismainlydue
to the tourist attractions to the district and to the municipality in particular. As a result of
creation of employment opportunities, immigration took place from neighboring districts
and interventions have taken place on the hills where a number of settlements took place
cuttingforestandhills.
It is evident from the field investigation in the hilly part of the municipality are bring
occupiedbytheimmigrantsandtheyarelivinginthe placeswhicharepronetolandslide
events.Duringthefieldsurveyabout65housesinandaroundthehillsideswithabout600
populations were identified which can be considered as vulnerable areas in respect of
landslidehazard.
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Teknaf Upazila is bounded by hilly area andUkhiaupazila on the north, the Bay of
Bengalonthesouthandwest,NafriverandMyanmarontheeast.Theupazilastandsonthe
southeastern extremity of Bangladesh and at a distance of 86 km to the south from Coxs
BazarSadar.AndtheTeknaf(Town)MunicipalityisthemajorurbancenteroftheUpzilawithan
areaof4.05sqkilometerwith9wardsand9mahallasasadministrativeunits.Thedensityof
populationpersqkmis601.Thismunicipalityisverysmallinareaconsideration.However,
thismunicipalityplaysanimportantroleasalandportwithneighboringcountryMyanmar.
Moreover,shrimpcultivationandfishhatcheriesintheregionhavemadethismunicipality
morebusyareaovertheyears.ThepaceofurbanizationinTeknafMunicipalityisnotthat
activeasinCoxsBazarMunicipality.Themajorlanduseofthemunicipalityisagriculture,
residentialwithhousemostlymadeoflocalmaterials,commercialandfisheries.However,
thedamagetothelandslideeventsweredevastatinginnaturesinceabout18peoplediedin
5 landslide events during last 3 years which is comparatively high in the context of
Bangladesh.Alltheseincidentstookplacesincethesettlementswerejustattheendofthe
hillcutslope.
1.3. CollectionofLandslideInformationfordevelopingtheLandslideInventory
1.3.1. Overviewoftechniquesused
1.3.1.1. DocumentReviewandFieldInvestigation
Landslideriskevaluationaimstodeterminetheexpecteddegreeoflossduetoalandslide
(specificrisk)andtheexpectednumberoflivelost,peopleinjured,damagetopropertyand
disruption of economic activity (total risk) (Varnes et al., 1984). Considering the fact, the
study team has used several techniques to develop the landslide inventory for the
municipalityofCoxsBazarandTeknaf.
In the case of Teknaf and Coxs Bazar information related to past landslides has been
collected from two different sources. Among these (a) from the newspaper records and
recordsfromdifferentagency(b)indepthfieldsurveyinbothofthemunicipalities.
An indepth study was carried out on the records of landslide across Bangladesh
particularly in the Chittagong hill tract region. This study was carried out from old
newspapersbothfromlocalandnationallevel.Adetaildescriptiononthelandslideevents
collectedfromnewspaper&othersourcesareattachedasAnnexA.Moreover,recordsfrom
local fire service station and municipality were also taken under consideration for
developing the landslide inventory for the study area as well as for other places in
Bangladesh.FollowingisalistofLandslideeventsindifferentpartsofBangladesh.
Table5:ListofRainfallInducedLandslidesinBangladesh
Sl
No.
1
Date
Year
Location
5thMay
2003
15thJune
2003
Noabadi,
Akhaura,
Chittagong
CoxsBazaar
2003
CDMP
th
29 June
Cause of Latitude
Landslide
HeavyRain 23.8617
Longitude
Fatalities
91.2189
31
HeavyRain
21.5867
92.0748
Potiya,Chittagong HeavyRain
22.3000
91.9833
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Sl
No.
4
Date
Longitude
CoxsBazaar
Cause of Latitude
Landslide
HeavyRain 24.4670
30thJuly
2003
11thJune
2007
91.7500
ChittagongCity
HeavyRain
22.315957
91.833194
128
11thJune
2007
Rangamati
HeavyRain
22.63678
92.145249
3 March
2007
10th
Septembe
r
15th
October
19th
October
19th
October
2007
Coxs
Bazaar HeavyRain
(Sadar)
Nabinagar
in HeavyRain
Chittagong
23.8916667
90.9733333
HeavyRain
22.533333
89.4
HeavyRain
22.894039
91.532741
HeavyRain
NA
NA
12
30thJune
2008
HeavyRain
NA
NA
13
3rdJuly
2008
21.4400
92.0000
12
14
3rdJuly
2008
Coxs
Bazaar, HeavyRain
Moheshkhali,
Teknaf
Moheshkhali
HeavyRain
NA
NA
15
3rdJuly
2008
Teknaf
HeavyRain
NA
NA
Bazaar HeavyRain
NA
NA
HeavyRain
NA
NA
HeavyRain
9
10
11
rd
th
Year
2007
2007
2007
Location
Betbunia,
Rangamati
Madamdevihat ,
Chittagong
Dolhajra
in
Chokoria upazila,
Chittagong
Moheshkhali
Fatalities
16
6 July
2008
17
6thJuly
2008
Coxs
(Sadar)
Teknaf
18
8 July
2008
Ramu,Chittagong
NA
NA
19
2008
Lalkhan Bazar in HeavyRain

Chittagong
CoxsBazar
HeavyRain
22.3399
91.8237
NA
NA
925
injured
2
21
18th
August
18th
August
18thMay
2009
HeavyRain
24.3083
91.7333
22
31stJuly
2009
HeavyRain
22.2251
92.1900
10
23
15thJune
2010
HeavyRain
NA
NA
24
15thJune
2010
Sreemangal
upazila,
Moulvibazer.
Lama
village,
Bandarban
Teknaf,Ukhia,
Ramu
HeavyRain
NA
NA
5134
injured
2010
CoxBazar(Sadar)
HeavyRain
NA
NA
20
25
th
th
15 June
2008
*Source: Different Daily Newspapers from Bangladesh and news web links (For Detail reference, please see
annexA)
Apartfromthelisted/recordedlandslideeventsinthestudyarea,oneteamwasassignedin
thefieldtoidentifythedetailedlandslideeventsinTeknafandCoxsBazarMunicipality.A
two member team was deployed to conduct detail landslide inventory. This inventory
focusedontheLocations(coordinateslatitudeandlongitudeoratleastnameofthearea),
Type of landslide. Using the Cruden & Varnes (1996) classification, specifying at least:
material (Soil earth or debris or Rock), date (and if possible, time) of occurrence,
Consequences (quantification of casualties, injuries and damage), existing landuse of the
area, elements at risk etc. A detail inventory for both Coxs Bazar and Teknaf has been
developed
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InCoxsBazar147pointshavebeenidentifiedwherelandslideeventstookplaceduringlast
25 years. These landslide events are ranging from small slides to big events when whole
structures were buried. Although the total number of casualties are not that in the
municipalitybutthereisapotentialthreattopeopleandpropertysinceexistingsettlements
are located at many of the hills. Similarly about 18 areas have been identified in the
municipality of Teknaf where landslides took place in the past. A good number of people
died during the landslide events in Teknaf municipality. A detail list of the inventory on
landslideeventsinTeknafandCoxsBazarisattachedinAnnexB.
1.3.1.2. Meetingwithlocalgovernmentandotherstakeholders
Thestudyteamhadanumberofmeetingswithdifferentstakeholdersinthemunicipalityof
CoxsBazarandTeknaf.ThefirstmeetingwasarrangedbyCoxsBazarmunicipalitywhere
the representatives from fire service and civil defense, forestry, Bangladesh metrological
department,waterdevelopmentboard,roadsandhighwaysdepartment,BangladeshAnser,
Bangladeshredcross,wardcouncilorfromdifferentwardswerepresent.Themainideaof
theconsultationmeetingwastosharetheideaofthelandslidemappingprojectandalsoto
get the views from different stakeholders from their experiences. Apart from these the
representatives from different departments gave their opinion on the project
implementation which has helped lot during the field survey. The study team also visited
theArmyCamplocatedneartheMarinDrivewhereSevierlandslideeventookplaceon15th
Junewhen6armypersonneldied,20injuredandvehicles&structuresweredamaged.The
armedforcesdivisionsharedtheirexperiencesinrecoveryprocessafterthelandslideevent
inthecamp.
1.4. ExplanationonclassificationoffuturerisklevelsusedinInventoryoflandslides.
For risk to be determined the elements at risk need to be assessed within the flow path of
existinglandslidelocationsassumingtheprobabilityofreoccurrenceofrespectivelandslides
explainedbelowunderchapter4.TheRisktoelementsatriskwithintheobservedlandslide
sites explained below have been categorized based on the recommendation of the JTC1
Report,producedbythejointISSMGE,IAEGandISRMTechnicalCommitteeonLandslide
andEngineeredSlopesasperthefollowingtable,Itshouldberecognizedthatriskzonesare
dependent on the hazard, the elements at risk and risk control factors. If any one of those
altersubsequentlytheriskzoningneedtoberevised.
Table6:AnExampleofdescriptorsforriskzoningusingpropertylosscriteria
ConsequencestoProperty(withindicativeapproximatecostofdamage)(1)
Likelihood of
reoccurrence
1:Catastrophic200%
2:Major60%
3:Medium20%
4:Minor5%
Almost
certain
likely
Possible
Unlikely
Rare
Barely
credible
VeryHigh
VeryHigh
VeryHigh
High
VeryHigh
VeryHigh
High
Medium/Moderate
Low
VeryHigh
High
Medium
Low
VeryLow
5:Insignificant0.5%
Medium/Moder
ateorLow(2)
High
Medium/Moderate Low
Medium/Moderate Medium/Moderate VeryLow
Low
Low
VeryLow
Low
VeryLow
VeryLow
VeryLow
VeryLow
VeryLow
1.asapercentageofthevalueoftheproperty
2.forcell5,maybesubdividedsuchthataconsequenceoflessthan0.1%islowrisk
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1.5. LandslideInventorydevelopedthroughfieldmapping
Asmentionedearlier,anindepthsurveywascarriedouttodothelandslideinventoryon
the municipalities. The inventory includes the Locations (coordinates latitude and
longitudeoratleastnameofthearea),Typeoflandslide.UsingtheCruden&Varnes(1996)
classification, specifying at least: material (Soil earth or debris or Rock), date (and if
possible, time) of occurrence, Consequences (quantification of casualties, injuries and
damage),existinglanduseofthearea,elementsatrisketc.Followingisthedetaildescription
onthemajorlandslidesinCoxsBazarandTeknafMunicipalities.
Figure7:LocationsofLandslideEventsatCoxsBazarMunicipality
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LandslideID:09
Location:SouthGanarGhona,CoxsBazardistrict
Coordinates:
N212500.5,E920104.6
DateofOccurrence:15June2010,3July2008and11 Landslide History: Initiated movement in

June2007.
June 2007, Subsequently activated in July
(The Landslide Occurred around 6:00am due to 2008andJune2010.
heavyrain.
Rainfall:June11,2007:101mmduring24hoursand240mmduring7days(continuousrainfrom4
to11June).
July3,2008:134mmduring24hoursand729mmduring7days(continuousrainfrom27Juneto3
July).
June15,2010:
Geology:Thefailedslopeiswesternscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround15m.The
heightofthefailedpartoftheslopeisaround12mandwidthisaround60m.
Themountainformingbedrockoftheescarpmentisformedofmainlytwolithologicalunitslower
bluish gray thinly laminated moderately weathered shale unit and upper moderately weathered
yellowish brown crossbedded to massive medium to finegrained sandstone and the top part of
this unit about 3 m is highly weathered. The failedmass comprised of highly weathered rock and
moderately weathered rock. After the slideat placesa moderately weathered rockis exposed. The
exposedrockunitsaremostlycomposedoflightbrownfinetomediumgrainedsand,siltandclay.
Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround12m.
Fracturing:Threesetsofjointsareobservedonfailuresurfaceofthebedrockandoneisparallelto
thebeddingplane(158/15)andothertwoarealmostverticalandperpendiculartoeachother(260/85
and100/89).Thejointsarefilledwithweatheredclay,siltandfinesand.
Overburden Deposits: Total overburden comprised of clay, silt and sand material. The material
containstherelicstructureofthebedrockwhichsuggestsittoberesidualsoil.Thesoilthicknessof
the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick. The thickness of
colluvialsoilisaround4m.
SlopeCharacteristics
The escarpment slope is near vertical and the upper part consists of
highly weathered bed rock. Lower part consists of thinly laminated
shale. Light brown color fine to medium grained sand which is about
3minthicknesspresentabovetheshalelayer.
Thefailedmassisapartofthenearverticalescarpmentandthedebris
movedfromtheslopeisunderlainbythetalusmaterial,whichseemsto
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Landuse
Hydrology
LandslideMechanism
Impactofthelandslide
FutureRisks
betheremnantsofpreviouslandslides.
The slope of upper part of the hill is about 18and lower part is about
32.Theupperpartconsistsofhighlyweatheredclaytyperock.Lower
part consists of sand and shale mass. The failed mass is a part of the
upperportion.Thicknessisaround4meters.
The area is mostly covered with barren field with small to medium
height trees and the landslide destroyed a part of the barren field
around 40sqm. Some part of this area is used for tree and betel leaf
gardeningandthreehousesforhumanresidence.Thematerialhasbeen
accumulatedwiththefallentreesduetomovingmass.
Nonaturaldrainagepathisvisibleintheareaofthelandslideandarea
isdry.
The recent history shows that the excessive rainfall is the main
triggering factor of the slide which can be described as debris flow.
Theslidehasbeenreactivatedseveraltimesduringmonsoonperiod.
Thefollowingcanbepostulatedaboutthemechanisms.
The escarpment from where the landslide occurred has three well
developedjointsystems.Oneisparalleltobeddingplaneandothertwo
are vertical and almost perpendicular to each other. Joints are filled
withfineclayeymaterial.Duringtherainyseasontheclayfilledjoints
getsaturatedextrusionofjointstakeplacethusopeningandwidening
thejoints.Duringthedryseasonthewatersaturatedjointswillbecome
dry and shrinks in volume. This reduces the cohesive strength and
bonding .This phenomena has repeated several times during dry and
wet periods until it has broken away from the main mass due to the
combinedeffectofthegravityandlossofcohesion.
No major impacts. Only a small portion of the hill got destroyed
completely
In future this sliding can get repeated as there is a possibility of
destabilization of the mass above the slope. The impact would be
furtherdestructiontothehillandgarden.
In the down slope around 50m away several human settlements are
locatedanddownslopemovementofdebrisflowcancreateimpactto
housesandalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderatetohigh.
LandslideID:21
Coordinates:
Location:SouthGanarGhona,CoxsBazardistrict N212502.2,E920054.9
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DateofOccurrence:15June2010.
Landslide History: Landslide occurred here in
The Landslide Occurred around 5:00am due to June2010.
heavyrain.
Geology:Theheightoffailedpartoftheslopeisaround5mandwidthis around20m.Theexposed
rock units are mostly composed of light brown silt, and fine to medium grained sand; locally
containsdebrisderivedfromlocalbedrock.LithologyofthisareaismainlySand.
Thebedrockismassiveandloosesedimentsintheupperpartandlowerpartiswellconsolidated.
Thefailedmasscomprisedofcompletelyweatheredrockandhighlyweatheredrock.Aftertheslide
atplacesamoderatelyweatheredrockisexposed.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround5m.
Fracturing:Setsofjointsarenotobservedonfailuresurfaceoftherock.
OverburdenDeposits:Totaloverburdencomprisedofclay,siltandfinesandmaterials.Thematerial
theresidualsoillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround1mthick.
The escarpment slope is near vertical to incline and the upper part
consistsofhighlytomoderatelyweatheredrock.Lowerpartconsistsof
finetomediumgrainedsandanditiscomparativelyslightlyweathered.
Landuse
This area completely affected by human intervention. Several houses
there.Somepartofthisareaisusedforgardening.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
Onehouseinfrontofthishillgotdestroyedcompletely.
FutureRisks
destabilizationofthemassabovetheslope.Theimpactwouldbefurther
destructiontothehouseandgarden.
Theriskismoderatetolow.
LandslideID:47
Coordinates:
Location:AdorshaGram,CoxsBazardistrict
N212447.6,
E915930.9
DateofOccurrence:15June2010.
Rainfall:
CDMP
Landslide History: Landslide occurred here in

June,2010.
41
datEx-ADPC

thisunitabout2.5mishighlyweathered.Thefailedmasscomprisedofhighlyweatheredrockand
moderately weathered rock. After the slide at places a moderately weathered rock is exposed. The
Landuse
Hydrology
LandslideMechanism
FutureRisks
Original slope 15.The upper part consists of highly weathered clay

typerock.Lowerpartconsistsofsandandshalemass.Thefailedmass
is a part of the upper portion. The slope of landslide is south west
whichisagainstthebedslope(Northeast).
This area completely affected by human intervention. 12 houses there
andabout80peoplelivinghere.Somepartusedforgardening.
isdry.
triggeringfactoroftheslide.TheslidehasonlybeenactivatedinJune
2010duringmonsoonperiod.
developed joint systems. One is parallel to bedding plane and other
twoareverticalandalmostperpendiculartoeachother.Jointsarefilled
Havemajorimpacts.Threehousesgotdestroyedcompletely.
furtherdestructiontothehillandhumansettlementsandgardens.The
riskismoderatetohigh.
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LandslideID:70
Coordinates:
Location: West Lar Para, Kolatoli Bypass., Coxs N212535.8
E915947.0
Bazardistrict
Date of Occurrence: 15 June, 2010 and 15 June, Landslide History: Initiated movement in June
2003.
2003, Subsequently activated in June 2010
(Repetitive).
Rainfall:June15,2003:77mmduring24hoursand771mmduring13days(continuousrainfrom3to
15June)June15,2010:
this unit about 3 m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and
containstherelicstructureofthebedrockwhichsuggestsittoberesidualsoil.Thethicknessofthe
residualsoillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround2mthick.Thethicknessofcolluvial
soilisaround8m.
The escarpment slope is inclined and the upper part consists of highly
weatheredbed rock. Lower part consistsof laminated shale against the
slope.
Originalslope29.Theupperpartconsistsofhighlyweatheredclaytype
rock. Lower part consists of sand and shale mass. The failed mass is a
partoftheupperportion.Thicknessisaround8meters.
Landuse
Thisareacompletelyaffectedbyhumanintervention.Thereare5houses
andabout30peoplelivinghere.Somepartusedforgardeningandrest
oftheareaisbarrenfield.
Hydrology
isdry.
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LandslideMechanism
FutureRisks
Therecenthistoryshowsthattheexcessiverainfallisthemaintriggering
factoroftheslidewhichcanbedescribedasdebrisflow.Theslidehas
been reactivated several times during monsoon period. The slide has
beenactivatedinJune2003duringmonsoonperiod.
areverticalandalmostperpendiculartoeachother.Jointsarefilledwith
fine clayey material. During the rainy season the clay filled joints get
saturated extrusion of joints take place thus opening and widening the
joints.Duringthedryseasonthewatersaturatedjointswillbecomedry
andshrinksinvolume.Thisreducesthecohesivestrengthandbonding
.Thisphenomenahasrepeatedseveraltimesduringdryandwetperiods
untilithasbrokenawayfromthemainmassduetothecombinedeffect
ofthegravityandlossofcohesion.
Havemajorimpacts.Onehousegotdestroyedcompletelyand2people
diedinJune2003.
destructiontothehill.
In the down slope around 20m away several human settlements are
located and down slope movement of debris flow can create impact to
houses and also people living there. The impact would be further
destructiontothehill.Theriskismoderatetohigh.
Coordinates:
LandslideID:80
Location: Lar Para, Kolatoli Bypass., Coxs Bazar N212530.2,
E920010.2
district
DateofOccurrence:15June,2010and3July2008.
Landslide History: Initiated movement in July

2008,SubsequentlyactivatedinJune2010.
Rainfall:July3,2008:134mmduring24hoursand729mmduring7days(continuousrainfrom27
Juneto3July)
Geology:Thefailedslopeisnothwesternscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround30m.
The height of the failed part of the slope is around 24m and width is around 35 m. The mountain
forming bed rock of the escarpment is formed of mainly two lithological units bluish gray thinly
CDMP
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laminated shale unit and yellowish brown crossbedded to massive medium to finegrained
sandstone.LithologyofthisareaismainlyalterationofShaleandSandstone.Toppartofthisunit
about 2.5 m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and
theresidualsoillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround1mthick.Thesoilthicknessofthe
residualsoillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround2mthick.
highly weathered bed rock. Lower part consists of fine to medium
grained sand. The landslide slope is created against the bed slope. The
joint system is almost vertical. The failed mass is a part of the near
verticalescarpmentandthedebrismovedfromtheslope.
Originalslopeisabout45.Theupperpartconsistsofhighlyweathered
claytyperock.Lowerpartconsistsofalterationofsandandshalemass.
Thefailedmassisapartoftheupperportion.Thicknessisaround2m.
Landuse
The area is mainly used for human settlements. There are more than 7
housesandmorethan50peopleliveinthisarea.Somepartofthisarea
usedforgardening.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
TheslidehasbeenactivatedinJune2008duringmonsoonperiod.
Havemajorimpacts.Onehousegotdestroyedcompletely.
FutureRisks
In the down slope around 10m away the local people residence is
located and down slope movement of larger debris flow can create
impact to houses and also people living there. The risk is moderate to
high.
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LandslideID:86
Coordinates:
Location: South Dikkul, Lar Para, Kolatoli N212517.5,
E920029.1
Bypass.,CoxsBazardistrict
DateofOccurrence:July6,2008.
LandslideHistory:Landslideoccurredherein
July2008.
Rainfall: 64 mm during 24 hours and 927mm during 10 days (continuous rain from 27 June to 6
July)
Geology:Thefailedslopeiswesternscarpofalargeescarpment withaheightofaround15m.The
Themountainformingbedrockoftheescarpmentisformedofmainlytwolithologicalunits:bluish
gray thinly laminated shale unit and yellowish brown crossbedded to massive medium to fine
grained sandstone. Sandstones comparatively loose and less compact. Top part of this unit about
3.5m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and moderately
weatheredrock.Aftertheslideatplacesamoderatelyweatheredrockisexposed.Theexposedrock
unitsaremostlycomposedoflightbrownfinetomediumgrainedsand,siltandclay.Theheightof
thefailuresurfaceisaround13m.
the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick. The thickness of
colluvialsoilisaround8m.
consists of highly weathered bed rock (clay type rock). Lower part
consistsoffinetomediumgrainedsand.Soilmassaccumulatedagainst
the slope. Original slope 32. The failed mass is a part of the upper
portion.Thicknessisaround8m.
Landuse
Theareaismainlyusedforhumansettlements.Therearemorethan5
usedforgardening.Thematerialhasbeenaccumulatedwiththefallen
treesduetomovingmass.
Hydrology
isdry.
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LandslideMechanism
FutureRisks
TheslidehasonlybeenactivatedinJune2009duringmonsoonperiod.
Nomajorimpacts.Onlyahousegotdestroyedpartially.
furtherdestructiontothehill.
In the down slope around 10m away the local human residence is
impacttohousesandalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderateto
high.
LandslideID:87
Coordinates:
Location: South Dikkul, Lar Para, Kolatoli N212520.4,
E920027.2
Bypass.,CoxsBazardistrict.
Date of Occurrence: June 19, 2004 and July 8, LandslideHistory:InitiatedmovementinJune

2006.
2004,SubsequentlyactivatedinJuly2006.
to19June)
July8,2006:100mmduring24hours.
Geology:Thefailedslopeissoutheasternscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround24m.
Theheightofthefailedpartoftheslopeisaround20mandwidthisaround40m.
Themountainformingbedrockoftheescarpmentisformedofmainlytwolithologicalunits:bluish
grainedsandstone.Sandstonescomparativelylooseandlesscompact.Toppartofthissectionabout
47
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3 m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and moderately
theresidualsoillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround1.5mthick.
consistsoffinetomediumgrainedsand.Soilmassaccumulatedagainst
the slope. Original slope 32. The failed mass is a part of the upper
portion.Thicknessisaround7m.
Landuse
Theareaismainlyusedforhumansettlements.Therearemorethan7
usedforgardening.Thematerialhasbeenaccumulatedwiththefallen
treesduetomovingmass.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
Nomajorimpacts.Onlyakitchengotdestroyedpartially.
FutureRisks
impact to houses andalso people living there. The risk is moderate to
high.
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LandslideID:90
Coordinates:
Location: South Dikkul, Lar Para, Coxs Bazar N212531.8
E920025.7
district.
Landslide History: Subsequently activated in

July2008.
Rainfall:134mmduring24hoursand729mmduring7days(continuousrainfrom27Juneto3July)
Themountainformingbedrockoftheescarpmentisformedofmainlythreelithologicalunitsbluish
graythinlylaminatedshaleunit,darkgraymudstoneandyellowishbrowncrossbeddedtomassive
medium to finegrained sandstone. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and
The escarpment slope is vertical and the upper part consists of highly
weathered bed rock (clay type rock). Original slope 36. Middle part
consistsofthickmudstonelayer.Lowerpartconsistsoffinetomedium
grained sand. Soil mass accumulated against the slope. Thickness is
around2m.
Landuse
The areaismainly usedforhumansettlements.There aremorethan 2
usedforgardening.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
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FutureRisks
saturatedextrusionofjointstakeplacethusopeningandwideningthe
Nomajorimpacts.Onlyatreegardendestroyedpartially.
high.
LandslideID:93
Coordinates:
Location: South Dikkul, Lar Para, Coxs Bazar N212526.2,
E920033.2
district
DateofOccurrence:15June2010and3July2008.

Juneto6July)
Geology:Thefailedslopeisnorthernscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround40m.The
Themountainformingbedrockoftheescarpmentisformedofmainlytwolithologicalunitsbluish
graythinlylaminatedshaleunitandupperyellowishbrowncrossbeddedtomassivemediumto
finegrainedsandstoneandthetoppartofthisunitabout4mishighlyweathered.Thefailedmass
comprised of highly weathered rock and moderately weathered rock. After the slide at places a
moderatelyweatheredrockisexposed.Theexposedrockunitsaremostlycomposedoflightbrown
finetomediumgrainedsand,siltandclay.Sandstonescomparativelylooseandlesscompact.The
heightofthefailuresurfaceisaround30m.
50
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Theescarpmentslopeisinclinedandtheupperpartconsistsofhighly
weathered bed rock (clay type rock). Lower part consists of fine to
medium grained sand.Originalslope 31. The failed massis apartof
theupperportion.Thicknessisaround3m.
Landuse
The area is mainly used for human residence. There are more than 4
used for tree gardening. The material has been accumulated with the
fallentreesduetomovingmass.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
triggeringfactoroftheslidewhichcanbedescribedasdebrisflow.
two are vertical and almost perpendicular to each other. Joints are
filledwithfineclayeymaterial.Duringtherainyseasontheclayfilled
joints get saturated extrusion of joints take place thus opening and
widening the joints. During the dry season the water saturated joints
will become dry and shrinks in volume. This reduces the cohesive
strength and bonding .This phenomena has repeated several times
during dry and wet periods until it has broken away from the main
massduetothecombinedeffectofthegravityandlossofcohesion.
Nomajorimpacts.Onlyakitchengotdestroyedpartially.
FutureRisks
impacttohousesandalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderateto
high.
CDMP
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LandslideID:95
Coordinates:
Location: South Dikkul, Lar Para, Coxs Bazar N212521.1
E920037.6
district
DateofOccurrence:15June2010andJuly3,2008.

Juneto3July)
Geology:Thefailedslopeisnorthwesternscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround40m.
The mountain forming bed rock of the escarpment is dark gray shale but highly to moderately
weathered on the surface exposure. The bed rock is thinly laminated and highly weathered in the
upperpartandlowerpartiswellconsolidated.Thefailedmasscomprisedofcompletelyweathered
rockandhighly weatheredrock.After the slideat places amoderately weatheredrock isexposed.
The exposed rock units are mostly composed of light brown silt, clay and fine to medium grained
sand.LithologyofthisareaismainlyShaleandSandstone.Sandstonescomparativelylooseandless
compact.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround30m.
theresidualsoillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround2mthick
consists of fine to medium grained sand. Original slope 20. The failed
massisapartoftheupperportion.Thicknessisaround10m.
Landuse
usedfortreegardening.
Hydrology
Nonaturaldrainagepathisvisibleintheareaofthelandslideandareais
dry.
LandslideMechanism
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FutureRisks
andshrinks in volume. Thisreduces the cohesive strengthandbonding
Havemajorimpacts.Ahousegotdestroyedcompletelybutnoinjured.
Inthedownslopearound10mawaythelocalhumanresidenceislocated
and down slope movement of larger debris flow can create impact to
LandslideID:97
Location:SouthHajiPara,CoxsBazardistrict
Coordinates:
N212526.6
E920040.0
Date of Occurrence: 15 June 2010 and 10 June LandslideHistory:InitiatedmovementinJune

2006.
to10June).
Geology: The failed slopeis easternscarpofalarge escarpmentwitha height of around12m. The
graythinlylaminatedmoderatelyweatheredshaleunitandmoderatelyweatheredyellowishbrown
crossbeddedtomassivemediumtofinegrainedsandstoneandthetoppartofthisunitabout1m
ishighlyweathered.Thefailedmasscomprisedofhighlyweatheredrockandmoderatelyweathered
rock. After the slideat placesamoderately weatheredrock isexposed.Theexposed rockunits are
mostly composed of light brown fine to medium grained sand, silt and clay. Sandstones
comparatively loose and lower portion comprises of clayey silt materials. The height of the failure
surfaceisaround10m.
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The escarpment slope is vertical and the upper part consists of highly
weathered bed rock (clay type rock). Lower part consists of fine to
mediumgrainedsandandsiltyclay.Originalslope23.
Landuse
Hydrology
dry.
LandslideMechanism
Impactofthelandslide Have major impacts. Two houses got destroyed completely but no
injured.
FutureRisks
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LandslideID:98
Coordinates:
N212521.3
E920038.7
Date of Occurrence: 15 June 2010 and June 19, LandslideHistory:InitiatedmovementinJune

2004.
to19June)
graythinlylaminatedshaleunitandryellowishbrowncrossbeddedtomassivemediumtofine
grainedsandstoneandthetoppartofthissectionabout3mishighlyweathered.Thefailedmass
finetomediumgrainedsand,siltandclay.Sandstonescomparativelylooseandlesscompact.The
heightofthefailuresurfaceisaround28m.
the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick. The residual soil
thicknessisabout1mandcolluviumssoilisabout11m.
consistsoffinetomediumgrainedsand.Originalslope20.Thefailed
mass is a part of the near vertical escarpment and the debris moved
fromtheslopeisunderlainbythetalusmaterial,whichseemstobethe
remnantsofpreviouslandslides.Thefailedmassisapartoftheupper
portion.Thicknessisaround11meters.
Landuse
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
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FutureRisks

Have major impacts. One house got destroyed completely but no
injured.
high.
LandslideID:99
Coordinates:
N212518.4
E920039.9

Juneto3July)
Geology:Thefailedslopeissouthernscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround25m.The
grained sandstone. Top part of this section about 2.5 m is highly weathered. The failed mass
CDMP
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finetomediumgrainedsand,siltandclay.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround21m.
the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick and the residual soil
thicknessisaround6m.
consists of fine to medium grained sand. Original slope 34. The failed
massisapartofthenearverticalescarpmentandthedebrismovedfrom
the slope is underlain by the talus material, which seems to be the
remnants of previous landslides. The failed mass is a part of the upper
portion.Thicknessisaround6meters.
Landuse
Hydrology
dry.
LandslideMechanism
Impactofthelandslide Havemajorimpacts.Onehousegotdestroyedcompletelybutnoinjured.
FutureRisks
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LandslideID:100
Coordinates:
N212511.5
E920043.3
DateofOccurrence:14June2010
Rainfall:

June2010.
grained sandstone. Top part of this section about 3 m is highly weathered. The failed mass
moderately weathered rock is exposed. Sandstones comparatively loose and less compact. The
consistsoffinetomediumgrainedsand.
Original slope 30. The failed mass is a part of the near vertical
escarpment and the debris moved from the slope is underlain by the
talusmaterial, which seems to be the remnants ofprevious landslides.
The failed mass is a part of the upper portion. Thickness is around 7
meters.
Landuse
Theareaiscoveredwithforestandthelandslidedestroyedapartofthe
forestpatcharound20sqm.Somepartofthisareaisusedforbetelleaf
gardening.Thematerialhasbeenaccumulatedwiththefallentreesdue
tomovingmass.
Hydrology
A water canal (natural drainage path) is visible in the area of the
landslideandtheflowofthiswatercanalismonsoonal.
LandslideMechanism
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FutureRisks
No major impacts. Only a small patch of forest (around 20sqm) got
destroyedcompletely.
Inthedownslopearound10mawaythebetelleafgardenislocatedand
downslopemovementoflargerdebrisflowcancreateimpacttoforests
andalsobetelleafgarden.Theriskismoderatetolow.
LandslideID:103
Location:BadsharGhuna,CoxsBazardistrict
Coordinates:
N21260.4
E915850.2
Rainfall:

june2010.
yellowishbrowncrossbeddedtomassivemediumtofinegrainedsandstone.Toppartofthisunit
about2mishighlyweathered.Thefailedmasscomprisedofhighlyweatheredrockandmoderately
CDMP
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the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick. The colluvial soil is
about10m.
Theescarpmentslopeisnearverticalandtheupperpartconsistsofhighly
weathered rock. Lower part consists of thinly laminated shale. Light
browncolorfinetomediumgrainedsandwhichisabout5minthickness
presentabovetheshalelayer.
Original slope 34. The failed mass is a part of the upper portion.
Thicknessisaround10meters.
Landuse
housesandmorethan15peopleliveinthisarea.Somepartofthisareais
barrenfield.Duetosandonsurfacevegetationislowinthisarea.
Hydrology
dry.
LandslideMechanism Therecenthistoryshowsthattheexcessiverainfallisthemaintriggering
developedjointsystems. Oneis paralleltobeddingplane and othertwo
joints. During the dry season the water saturated joints will become dry
and shrinks in volume. This reduces the cohesive strength and bonding
untilithasbrokenawayfromthemainmassduetothecombinedeffectof
thegravityandlossofcohesion.
Impactofthelandslide Havemajorimpacts.Onehousegotdestroyedcompletelybutnoinjured.
FutureRisks
In the down slope around 8m away the human residence is located and
down slopemovement of larger debris flow can create impact to houses
andalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderatetohigh.
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LandslideID:104
Coordinates:
N212558.6
E915852.2
Rainfall:

June2010.
The mountain forming bed rock of the escarpment is dark gray shale but highly to moderately
weatheredonthesurfaceexposure.Thebedrockisthicklylaminatedandmoderatelyweatheredin
theupperpartandlowerpartiswellconsolidated.Thefailedmasscomprisedofhighlyweathered
rock.Aftertheslideatplacesamoderatelyweatheredrockisexposed.Theexposedrockunitsare
mostlycomposedoflightbrownsilt,clayandfinetomediumgrainedsand.Lithologyofthisareais
mainly Shale and Sandstone. Sandstones comparatively loose and less compact. The height of the
failuresurfaceisaround22m.
contains the relic structure of the bed rock which suggests it to be residual soil. The residual soil
thicknessisabout1mandcolluviulsoilisabout10m.
consists of highly weathered rock. Middle part consists of fine to
medium grained sand. Lower part consists of thinly laminated shale.
Lightbrowncolorfinetomediumgrainedsandwhichisabout10min
thicknesspresentabovetheshalelayer.
Landuse
isbarrenfield.Duetosandonsurfacevegetationislowinthisarea.
Hydrology
LandslideMechanism
CDMP
isdry.
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FutureRisks
Nomajorimpacts.
Inthedownslopearound8mawaythehumanresidenceislocatedand
downslopemovementoflargerdebrisflowcancreateimpacttohouses
LandslideID:107
Coordinates:
N21264.4
E915850.7
Date of Occurrence: 15 June 2010 and June 11, LandslideHistory:InitiatedmovementinJune

2007.
to11June)
Geology: The failed slopeis easternscarpofalarge escarpmentwitha height of around30m. The
yellowish brown crossbedded to massive medium to finegrained sandstone. Top part of this
section about 3 m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and
Sandstonescomparativelylooseandlesscompact.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround25m.
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the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick. The alluvial soil
thiknessisaround8m.
consists of highly weathered rock. Lower part consists of thinly
laminatedshale.Lightbrowncolorfinetomediumgrainedsandwhichis
about15minthicknesspresentabovetheshalelayer.
The failedmass is a part of the near vertical escarpment and the debris
movedfromtheslopeisunderlainbythetalusmaterial,whichseemsto
betheremnantsofpreviouslandslides
Landuse
barrenfield.Duetosandonsurfacevegetationislowinthisarea.
Hydrology
dry.
LandslideMechanism
Impactofthelandslide Nomajorimpacts.
FutureRisks
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LandslideID:108
Coordinates:
Location: East Light House para, Coxs Bazar N212542.2
E915852.4
district
Rainfall:

June2010.
Geology:Thefailedslopeissouthwesternscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround12m.
this unit about 3 m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and
Originalslope25.Thefailedmassisapartoftheupperportion.
Landuse
isusedforgardening.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
Theslidehasbeenactivatedduringmonsoonperiod.
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FutureRisks

Have major impacts. One house got destroyed completely and one
childdiedduringJune2010landslide.
down slope movement of larger debris flow can create impact to
LandslideID:109
Coordinates:
Location: East Light House para, Coxs Bazar N212540.2
E915849.3
district

Juneto3July)
graythinlylaminatedmoderatelyweatheredshaleunitanduppermoderatelyweatheredyellowish
brown crossbedded to massive medium to finegrained sandstone and the top part of this unit
about 3.5 m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and
65
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the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick and the alluvial soil
Original slope 32. The failed mass is a part of the near vertical
escarpment and the debris moved from the slope is underlain by the
talus material, which seems to be the remnants of previous landslides
meters.
Landuse
isusedforgardening.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
beenactivatedduringmonsoonperiod.
Have major impacts. One house got destroyed completely during June
2010landslide.
FutureRisks
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LandslideID:112
Location:Pahartoli,CoxsBazardistrict
Coordinates:
N21268.2
E915857.1
Rainfall:

June2010.
The mountain forming bed rock of the escarpment is formed of mainly moderately weathered
yellowishbrowncrossbeddedtomassivemediumtofinegrainedsandstoneandthetoppartofthis
unit about 3 m is highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and
Fracturing:Setsofjointsarenotobservedonfailuresurfaceofthebedrock.
grainedsand.Originalslope32.Thefailedmassisapartoftheupper
portion.
Landuse
isusedforgardening.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
triggeringfactoroftheslidewhichcanbedescribedasdebrisflow.
Theslidehasbeenactivatedduringmonsoonperiod.
Havemajorimpacts.OnehousegotdestroyedcompletelyduringJune
2010landslide.
FutureRisks
In the down slope around 10m away the human residence is located
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LandslideID:116
Location:Pahartoli,CoxsBazardistrict
Coordinates:
N212559.3
E915901.5
Date of Occurrence: 15 June 2010 and June 11, Landslide History: Initiated movement in June
2007.
Rainfall:June11,2007:101mmduring24hoursand240mmduring7days(continuousrainfrom4to
11June)
Geology: The failed slope is eastern scarp of a large escarpment with a height of around 20m. The
crossbeddedtomassivemediumtofinegrainedsandstoneandthetoppartofthisunitabout4mis
highly weathered. The failed mass comprised of highly weathered rock and moderately weathered
rock. After the slide at places a moderately weathered rock is exposed. The exposed rock units are
mostlycomposedoflightbrownfinetomediumgrainedsand,siltandclay.Theheightofthefailure
surfaceisaround11m.
highly weathered bed rock. Middle part consists of thinly laminated
shale.Lowerpartconsistsoffinetomediumgrainedsand.Lightbrown
color fine to medium grained sand which is about 4m in thickness
presentabovetheshalelayerOriginalslope12.Thefailedmassisapart
of the near vertical escarpment and the debris moved from the slope is
underlain by the talus material, which seems to be the remnants of
previouslandslides.Thefailedmassisapartoftheupperportion.
Landuse
usedforgardening.
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Hydrology
LandslideMechanism
FutureRisks
dry.
Havemajorimpacts.Twohousesgotdestroyedcompletely.
LandslideID:124
Location:SahittikaPalli,CoxsBazardistrict
Coordinates:
N212611.4
E915937.0
Rainfall:

June2010.
crossbeddedtomassivemediumtofinegrainedsandstoneandthetoppartofthisunitabout2.5m
ishighlyweathered.Thefailedmasscomprisedofhighlyweatheredrockandmoderatelyweathered
69
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surfaceisaround29m.
the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick and the alluvial soil
highlyweatheredbedrock(claytyperock).Lowerpartconsistsoffineto
medium grained sand and thickness is around 24m. Original slope 38.
meters.
Landuse
usedforgardening.
Hydrology
dry.
LandslideMechanism
Havemajorimpacts.Onehousegotdestroyedcompletely.
FutureRisks
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LandslideID:129
Coordinates:
Location: Barachara, South kolatoli, Coxs Bazar N212346.7
E920002.0
district
Rainfall:

June2010.
surfaceisaround25m.
the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1.5m thick. The colluvial soil
thicknessisabout8m.
highlyweatheredrock.Middlepartconsistsofthinlylaminatedshaleand
lowerpartconsistsfinetomediumgrainedsand.Originalslope31.The
failedmassisapartoftheupperportion.Thicknessisaround8meters.
Landuse
The area is mainly used for human residence. There are more than
2housesandmorethan11peopleliveinthisarea.Somepartofthisarea
isusedforgardeningandsomepartisusedforpaddyfield.
Hydrology
Natural drainage path is visible in the area of the landslide. A stream
locallynamedchharaisflowingperennially.
LandslideMechanism
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FutureRisks
No major impacts. Only some part of tree garden got destroyed
completely.
Theriskismoderatetohigh.
LandslideID:143
Location:BaidderGhuna,CoxsBazardistrict
Coordinates:
N212616.9
E915854.6

Juneto3July)
Geology:Thefailedslopeisnorthernscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround3om.The
surfaceisaround20m.
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highly weathered bed rock. Middle part consists of fine to medium
grained sand and lower part consists of thinly laminated shale. The
failedmassisapartoftheupperportion.
Landuse
isusedforgardening.
Hydrology
isdry.
LandslideMechanism
Have major impacts. One house got destroyed completely and one
peoplediedduring2008landslide.
FutureRisks
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Figure8:LocationsofLandslideEventsatTeknafMunicipality
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LandslideID:03
Coordinates:
Location: Fakirer Mura, Puran Pallan Para, Teknaf N205221.4
E921734.2
MunicipalArea
DateofOccurrence:June15,2010andJuly6,2008
LandslideHistory:InitiatedmovementinJuly
Juneto6July)
Geology:Thefailedslopeisnortheasternscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround35m.
thisunitabout3.5mishighlyweathered.Thefailedmasscomprisedofhighlyweatheredrockand
The sandstone rock is massive and poorly consolidated in the upper part and lower part is well
consolidated.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround30m.
OverburdenDeposits:Totaloverburdencomprisedofclaysandmaterial.Thematerialcontainsthe
relicstructureofthebedrockwhichsuggestsittoberesidualsoil.Thesoilthicknessoftheresidual
soillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround1mthick.Thecolluvialsoilthicknessisaround
8m.
grainedsand.
The original slope of the hill is about 48. The upper part consists of
highly weathered clay type rock. Lower part consists of sand and shale
mass. The failed mass is a part of the near vertical escarpment and the
debris moved from the slope is underlain by the talus material, which
seemstobetheremnantsofpreviouslandslides.
meters.
Landuse
andabout24peoplelivethere.Somepartusedforgardening.
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Hydrology
LandslideMechanism
FutureRisks
dry.
beenreactivatedseveraltimesduringmonsoonperiod.
joints. During the dry seasonthe water saturated joints will become dry
Nomajorimpacts.Onlyasmallportionofthehillgotdestroyed.
destructiontotheforest.
Inthedownslopearound10mawaythelocalpeopleresidenceislocated
anddownslopemovementofdebrisflowandbouldercancreateimpact
topeoplehouseandalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderatetolow.
Theimpactwouldbefurtherdestructiontothehill.
LandslideID:04
Coordinates:
Location: Puran Pallan Para, Teknaf Municipal N205221.3
E921730.9
Area
DateofOccurrence:June15,2010
Rainfall:

June2010.
The mountain forming bed rock of the escarpment is formed of mainly moderately weathered
yellowish brown clayey silt and the top part of this unit about 4 m is highly weathered. The failed
masscomprisedofhighlyweatheredrockandmoderatelyweatheredrock.Aftertheslideatplacesa
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finetoveryfinegrainedsand,siltandclay.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround22m.
the residual soil layer which overlays the bed rock mass is around 1 m thick. The alluvial soil
consistsofhighlyweatheredrock.Lowerpartconsistsofclayeysilt,clay
andveryfinegrainedsand.Thefailedmassisapartoftheupperportion.
Thicknessisaround11m.
Landuse
andabout8peoplelivethere.Somepartofthisareaisusedforgardening.
Somepartofthisareaishighlyvegetated.
Hydrology
Anaturaldrainagepath(Chhara)isvisibleintheareaofthelandslideand
thewaterflowisperennial.
LandslideMechanism
Impactofthelandslide Nomajorimpacts.Onlyasmallportionofthehillgotdestroyed.
FutureRisks
and down slope movement of debris flow can create impact to people
houseandalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderatetohigh.
LandslideID:06
Coordinates:
E921729.5
Area

June2010.
DateofOccurrence:June15,2010
Rainfall:
Geology:Thefailedslopeissouthwesternscarpofalargeescarpmentwithaheightofaround45m.
Themountainformingbedrockoftheescarpmentisformedofmainlythreelithologicalunitsbluish
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gray thinly laminated moderately weathered shale unit, moderately weathered yellowish brown
crossbeddedtomassivemediumtofinegrainedsandstoneandlightyellowishcolorclayeysilt.Top
partofthisunitabout5mishighlyweathered.Thefailedmasscomprisedofhighlyweatheredrock
and moderately weathered rock. After the slide at places a moderately weathered rock is exposed.
The exposed rock units are mostly composed of light brown fine to medium grained sand, silt and
clay.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround40m.
OverburdenDeposits:Totaloverburdencomprisedofclay,siltandfinesand.Thematerialcontains
the relic structure of the bed rock which suggests it to be residual soil. The soil thickness of the
residualsoillayerwhichoverlaysthebedrockmassisaround1mthick.Colluvialsoilisabout10m.
Theescarpmentslopeisnearverticalandtheupperpartconsistsofhighly
weathered rock. Lower part consists of thinly laminated shale. Light
browncolorfinetomediumgrainedsandwhichisabout8minthickness
presentabovetheshalelayer.
meters.
Landuse
Hydrology
dry.Howeversomewaterisobservedseepingfromtheexposedjoints.
LandslideMechanism
developed joint systems. One isparallel to bedding planeand other two
untilithasbrokenawayfromthemainmassduetothecombinedeffectof
thegravityandlossofcohesion.
Impactofthelandslide Have major impacts. 2 houses got destroyed completely. 7 people dead
and1peopleinjured.
FutureRisks
and down slope movement of debris flow can create impact to people
houseandalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderatetohigh.
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LandslideID:08
Coordinates:
E921728.6
Area
July2008.
Rainfall:209mmduring24hoursand1332mmduring12days(continuousrainfrom25Juneto6
July)
The mountain forming bed rock of the escarpment is formed of mainly two lithological units
yellowish brown crossbedded to massive medium to finegrained sandstone and light yellowish
colorclayeysilt.Toppartofthisunitabout5mishighlyweathered.Thefailedmasscomprisedof
highly weathered rock and moderately weathered rock. After the slide at places a moderately
weathered rock is exposed. The exposed rock units are mostly composed of light brown fine to
mediumgrainedsand,siltandclay.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround35m.
consistsofhighly weathered rock. Lowerpart consistsofclayesilt and
finegrainedsand.
meters.
Landuse
and about 8 people live there. Some part of this area is used for
gardening.
Hydrology
is dry. However some water is observed seeping from the exposed
joints.
LandslideMechanism
Nomajorimpacts.Onlyasmallpartofhillgotdestroyed.
FutureRisks
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In the down slope around 10m away the local people residence is
located and down slope movement of debris flow can create impact to
peoplehouseandalsopeoplelivingthere.Theriskismoderatetohigh.
LandslideID:11
Coordinates:
E921731.3
Area
July2008.
Rainfall: 209 mm during 24 hours and 1332mm during 12 days (continuous rain from 25 June to 6
July)
The mountain forming bed rock of the escarpment is formed of mainly two lithological units
yellowish brown crossbedded to massive medium to finegrained sandstone and light yellowish
colorclayeysilt.Toppartofthisunitabout5mishighlyweathered.Thesandstonerockismassive
and poorly consolidated in the upper part and lower part is well consolidated. The failed mass
comprised of completely weathered rock and highly weathered rock. After the slide at places a
moderatelyweatheredrockisexposed.Theheightofthefailuresurfaceisaround35m.
Theescarpmentslopeisnearverticaltoinclineandtheupperpartconsists
of highly weathered rock. Lower part consists of light brown color fine to
medium grained sand which is about 22m in thickness. Light yellowish
color clayey silt which is about 17m in thickness present above the sand
layer.Thefailedmassisapartoftheupperportion.Thicknessisaround10
meters.
Landuse
This area completely affected by human intervention. There are 4 houses
Hydrology
No natural drainage path isvisiblein the area of the landslide and area is
dry.
LandslideMechanism The recent history shows that the excessive rainfall is the main triggering
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Impactofthe
landslide
FutureRisks
factor of the slide which can be described as debris flow. The slide has
Nomajorimpacts.Onlyasmallpartofhillgotdestroyed.
destabilization of the mass above the slope. The impact would be further
In the down slope around 10m away the local people residence is located
anddownslopemovementofdebrisflowcancreateimpacttopeoplehouse
1.6. Attributesthatcanbederivedfromthemappingofpastlandslidesandinventorying
pastlandslidesforlandslidehazardMappingintwocities.
The project team has analyzed the past landslides reported in the Inventory (around 147
landslideeventsinCoxsbazarand18landslideeventsinTeknaf)toseewhetherthereisa
correlationbetweeneventsintwomunicipalities.Theresultsoftheanalysisaregivenbelow;
Geologyattributes
a) CoxsBazar
b) Teknaf
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It is seen from the past landslide Inventory that there are 45 categories of rock types
observed on the failed slopes but predominant rock types to be shale and sandstones. All
otherrocktypesarevariationsofthesamewiththinnerinterbeddingandpresentlyhighly
to completely weathered. It is seen that all such main Rock types also are subjected to
weathering to a different degree or covered with a Residual soil layer where the relic
structure was intact .In certain cases it have had a colluviums layer that has been
accumulatedontheslope,which overlaytheweatheredbedrocklayerortheresidualsoil
layer.Sincethemappinghasbeencarriedoutseveralmonthsinsomecasesyearormore,it
isdifficulttoestablishtheproperboundariesortopostulatethesituationwithinthefailure
mass.Howeveritisevidentthatthemajorimpactindestabilizingtheslopeisduetointer
bedding of clay and sand layers in predominant rock types of Shale and Sandstone
weathering penetrated along the thinner layers to a greater depth. Apparently these inter
bedded layers are result of weathering along the bedding plane which usually occurs in a
near horizontal angle. Combination of weathering along bedding planes and two fracture
zonesobservedintheareaareinfluencingthedetachmentofrockmassfromthemainbed
rock and tend to destabilize under gravity. It is easy to have water saturation along such
layers and interplay of several joints with bedding plane always create wedge failures or
downslopemovementofblocks.Howeversincemajorityofthelayerisinhighlyweathered
condition or covered with residual soil or weathered colluviums now we see it as a mass
dislocationcontainingamixtureofrockandsoilsoitisimperativetoseesuchmovements
asDebrisflows.Thevegetation(seePlate:03)alsoplayamajorroleindestabilizationofsuch
massasrootsystemsdevelopedinwhetherthinlayerscanhelpexpansionofjointsystems
aswellasbeddingplaneswhichhelpwaterpenetrationdeepintorockmasswhichalways
increasesthepotentialoffailure.
Plate3:Rootsystemsdevelopedinjointsandinthinkinterbeddedlayers
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Geomorphologyandslopecategoryattributes
A) CoxsBazar
B) Teknaf
The project team has taken an attempt to analyses the slope angles of failed slopes to see
whetheranydominancecouldbeseeninthevariousslopeangles.Fromtheevidenceofthe
pastlandslidesitisseenthatthemostdominantcategoryamongfailedslopesistheslopes
betweenslopeangleof1630.Similarcorrelationcanbeseeninbothmunicipalityareas.The
otherdominantcategoryistheslopeswithslopeangleof3145.Theslopeswithslopeangle
of 45 or less than 15 are less dominant among failed slope categories. The other factor
evident from the past landslides is the fact that when the slope angle increases number of
landslidesinslopeshigherthan45becomesless.Itismainlyduetothefactthat,whenthe
slope becomes higher the probability of retention of any weaker layer or soil mass is
becoming less and under gravity such slopes tend to get eroded systematically. So the
retainedmassthicknesswillnotbesohighandsuchslopesprobablywillnotfaileasily.In
certain cases apparently there are block failures which have been occurred along near
verticaljointsalongescarpmentslopeselsewherebutsuchfailureshavenotbeenseenasthe
dominantfailuremodewithinthetwotargetcities.
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Plate4:Landuseattributes
a)
CoxsBazar
b)
Teknaf
Theprojectteamhasobservedseverallanduseclassesintheareasubjectedtomappingin
twotargetmunicipalities.Howeverthedominantlanduseclassesseeninfailedslopesare
either abandoned land after cultivation or land covered with homesteads. This is seen as
major reason for death of people as near settlements always communities used to grow
vegetables;fruittreessuchasbananaonslopesandsuchlandusepracticesareresponsible
for destabilization of slopes. The abandoned slopes also are previously used land for
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cultivation of vegetables; lentils etc and absence of vegetation cover increased the water
percolationwhichincreasesthepotentialfordestabilization.Manytypesofhumanactivities
caused disturbances to natural slope such as cultivation, removal of earth for construction
purposes,excavationsetc.Thehumansettlementareasaremainlysubjectedtolandsliding
due to such human interventions (pl. see Plate 05). Thick forests areas have not been
subjectedtolandslidesandhoweverpartiallyforestedareasweresubjectedtolandslides.
Plate5:Varioustypesofexcavationsdonebycommunitiesonslopesforcultivationpurposesand
settlementsonhillslopes
AttributesofOverburdendeposits
a) CoxsBazar
b) Teknaf
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Overburden deposits usually are consists of colluviums, residual soil and completely
weathered rock. In certain cases weathering penetrated highly in to rock mass and thick
overburden has failed under gravity. It is seen from the past landslides thicker the
overburden tendency for failure becomes also higher. Communities used to stay in areas
closer to thick overburden layer as it can be used for cultivation purposes but such slopes
alsohaveseenasmostvulnerableslopesforlandslides.
1.7. Conclusions
Thefollowingconclusionscanbemadefromtheanalysisofhistoricaleventsreportedinthe
CoxsBazaarandTecknafMunicipalities.
a. Most prominent rock type occurs in both municipality areas are shale and sandstones.
The landslides are mostly seen in such dominant rock types but probability of
occurrence is higher in the above rock types when they consist of thin interbedded
layers of sand and clay. It may be due to the fact that such thin layers have a higher
tendencyforwaterpercolationandresultantpenetrationofweatheringdeepintorock
mass.
b. Landslidesalsoareinfluencedbyrockfracturing.Combinationofoccurrenceofbedding
planes and fracture systems within a same area has a higher tendency for wedge
failures. Weathering along joint places in particular filling in fractures increases the
potentialforlandsliding.Ofteninsuchareasblockfailuresmayoccur.
c. Homesteads and abandoned land areas are the key land uses reported as most
vulnerablelandusers.Inmostcasesthefarmershavethetendencytousethelandand
abandoned the same after few seasons and move to a new location. Such general
tendency of people for cultivation on slopes needs to be stopped as a prevention
measure.Oftendisturbancestonaturalslopesalsoareduetootherhumaninterventions
such as excavations for construction, removal of earth etc but this sort of human
interventionsmayincreasethepotentialfordestabilizationofslopes.
d. In certain places thick overburden has been observed. Such observed slopes are
comprised of colluviums, residual soil and completely weathered rock. It is seen from
thepastlandslidesthatthickertheoverburdentendencyforfailurebecomesalsohigher.
e. Findings of this study will become a very good input to landslide hazard mapping. In
particulartheanalysiscarriedoutonslopes,geology,thicknessofoverburdenetcwillbe
usedinfinalizingtheratingsystemforfindingtheattributesforhazardoccurrence.
1.8. General Recommended future actions for systematic maintenance of landslide

inventory.
1. Itisnecessarytohaveasystematicrecordingoflandslidesandconductingofmapping
and inventorying them soon after the occurrence of landslides. Many useful evidences
willbedestroyedornotbeavailablewhenmappingisundertaken aftersometimesas
theareaswillbedisturbedtoagreatextent.
2. Itisusefultoidentifyanodalagencyforlandslideriskmanagementasthereisaneed
for a depositary of all landslide related reports and evidences. The same institutions
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should be empowered to undertake inventorying the events and developing the

database.Itiscriticaltohavemoreinformationoncausativefactorsanddevelopmentof
scientificfactualinformationwhichcanbeusedfordesigningsaferslopes.
3. It is critical to undertake community level interventions to increase the awareness on

landslideissue.Mostlycommunitieslivinginlandslideproneareasneedtounderstand
thefactthatwhenlivinginlandslideproneareas,iftheyundertakeactivitiestodisturb
theslopethatwillincreasetheirvulnerabilityfurther.
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Chapter2
PrecipitationThresholdValue
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ExecutiveSummary
Rainfall is a recognized trigger of landslides, and investigators have long attempted to
determine the amount of precipitation needed to trigger slope failures. Based on the used
rainfall measurements, empirical rainfall thresholds can be grouped in three broad
categories: (i) thresholds that combine precipitation measurements obtained for a specific
rainfall event, (ii) thresholds that consider the antecedent conditions, and (iii) other
thresholds.
Considerableeffortshavebeenmadetounderstandthetriggersforlandslidingin natural
systems, with quite variable results. Review of the literature reveals that no unique set of
measurements exists to characterize the rainfall conditions that are likely (or not likely) to
triggerslopefailures.
Rainfalldatasince1950sandlandsliderecordswerecollectedtoformulaterainfallthreshold
values for this area. Following conclusions and recommendations could be made
consideringtherainfallandlandslidedataavailableinthesetwolocationshavingreferredto
numberofreferencesonthistopic.
CoxsBazaarandTeknafshowthataround130mmduring24hrsrainfallor300mmrainfall
during48hrsrainfallcouldcausealandslideinCoxsBazaarandTeknaf.However,globally
the last night rain causes landslides to occur in the early morning. Then, the day before
couldalsobeconsideredas24hrsrainfallandinthatcase,rainfallwouldbe170mm/24hrs.
ThisvalueexactlyfitswithCorominasandMoya(1999)valuesdefinedforSpainandBrand
etal.(1988)valuesforHongKong.Further,italsohassomecloserelationshipwithBandara
(2008) findings for Sri Lanka an evacuation warning. However, if hourly rainfall could be
found,itwouldbeasupportingdataforabetterprediction.
Further, when the two locations such as Teknaf and Coxs Bazaar taken separately, the
followingresultscouldbeestimated.
Data fromTeknafgives around 170mmduring 24 hrsrainfallor 420mm rainfallduring48

hrsrainfallcouldcausealandslide.However,thedaybeforecouldalsobeconsideredas24
hrsrainfallandinthatcase,rainfallwouldbe250mm/24hrs.
DatafromCoxsBazaargivesaround96mmduring24hrsrainfallor185mmrainfallduring
48hrsrainfallcouldcausealandslide.However,thedaybeforecouldalsobeconsideredas
24hrsrainfallandinthatcase,rainfallwouldbe90mm/24hrs.
ADPC team has formulated the threshold values mentioned in this report
using the available data which needs improvement as more data becomes
available. Whenever a landslide happens in the concerned area, it is a must to collect this
informationandupdatetheproposedthresholds.
ADPC team is in the process of setting up the Community Based system for
early warning in two pilot communities. The precipitation threshold values recommended
tobeusedasfollows;
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*WarninglimitforAlert75mminTeknafand50mmrainfallfor24hoursforCoxsBazaar
Increase vigilance and observe appearance of any symptoms of slope destabilization on
critical slopes. If such symptoms can be observed immediately move out from the
criticalslopearea.Otherwiseusethislimitforhavingvigilance.
NoteIfCoxsbazaargetsgenerallyhigherrainfallinthisrange,theneveryrainydayisan
alert day. On the other hand, since Coxs Bazaar is so urbanized, this range rainfall could
cause heavy damages due to landslides. If we take average daily rainfall in Coxs Bazaar
since1950,itisaround9.8363mmperday.MaximumdailyrainfalloccursinJuneandJuly
and it is also around 3040 mm per day. So having a rainfall more than 50 mm could be
consideredasanalertsituation.
*Warning limit for getting ready for evacuation to safer location from high
risklocations100mminTeknafand75mmrainfallfor24hoursforCoxsBazaarGetready
forevacuation,undershortnotice
*Warning for Evacuation) 150 mm in Teknaf and 90mm rainfall for 24 hours for Coxs
BazaarWarningforevacuationtosaferplaces.
The critical locations where these warnings should be imposed will be identified through
landslidehazardmappinginCoxsBazaarandTeknaf.
NoteSometimes,previousnightraincanalsobecontinuingtillthedisasterhappens.Then,
we may see a very small value next day, but landslide too occurs. This has happened in
Teknaf. Considering these facts, as the range is too high from 100 to 200, we can go for
150mmforadditionalsafety.
Hourly rainfall data is very important these days as heavy intense short term rainfalls are
causingnooflandslidesallovertheworld.Oncehourlyrainfalldatawillbeavailablesuch
dataalsoneededtobefactoredintoaboveEWlimits.Infuture,dataintervalforrecording
should be on hourly basis. Local Met Department should be advised to collect data using
hourly precipitation. As it is not the practice of Met Department of Bangladesh to release
suchdata,itisrecommendedifthefocalagencycoulddiscussandagreeonreleasinghourly
data at least during monsoon periods for this kind of nationally important disastrous
situations.
Itshouldbenotedthatthemainsetbackindefiningthegeologyrelatedspecificthresholds
is the availability of rainfall data. Because the rainfall data for Teknaf and Coxs Bazaar
represents the two regions and site specific sets of data is not available. Even if we use
differentgeologytopreparethresholds,finallywehavethesamerainfalldata.Thereforeit
should be encouraged the community participation in collecting rainfall data for further
improvementsoftheseproposedthresholds.
It is strongly recommended that at least two automatic rain gauges have to be made
available at respective target municipalities. ADPC has already made a request to NGI for
the same under RECLAIM project but it may be better if similar request can be made by
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GeologicalSurveyofBangladeshtoo.Itisgoodiftheautomaticraingaugescouldbesetup
soonbeforethecommencementofthenextmonsoonrains.
ItisessentialaNodalAgencyorresponsibleagencycanbeidentifiedforEWforlandslides.
The same agency should continue data processing and updating the accuracy of threshold
limitsinthefuture.
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2.
PrecipitationThresholdValue
2.1.
Introduction
Morethan300peoplehavebeenkilledinlandslidesinChittagonginrecentyears.Nineteen
people,12ofthemchildren,diedinlandslidesinCoxsBazaardistrictinthefirsthalfofJuly
2010 alone. On 3 July, this year, 14 people died in raininduced landslides at Teknaf and
UkhiasubdistrictsofCoxsBazaar,whiletwopeopleinonefamilywereburiedaliveunder
mud the following day. On 14 July two more died under a mudslide at Himchhari in the
samedistrict.InJune2007,alandslideatMatiJharnacolonyofLalkhanBazar,rightinthe
heartofChittagong,killed127peopleandinjured100moreduringannualmonsoonof2008,
whenahillcollapsedontoanadjacentslum.
As seen from the above the incidents of landslides are becoming a very frequent disaster
event in hill districts of Bangladesh. Landslides usually do not bring significant negative
impactsonthedevelopmentinitiativeslikeothermajordisastereventssuchasearthquakes
andfloodsandtheareaaffectediscomparativelynotverylarge.Thereforelessattentionhas
beengiventolandslideproblemsinmanyofthecountriesinAsia.Duringpastfewyearswe
have seen escalation of landslide events in Bangladesh not only in number but also in
magnitude. Usually Bangladesh is regarded as a flat country which gets affected often by
flood and cyclone events. However in addition to such frequent hazards; now we need to
considerthatlandslideeventsalsocontinuetoresultinhumansufferings,propertylosses
as seen from the events that occurred during the recent past. Such increases have been
reported especially in the southern areas of Bangladesh. As population increases and
societies become more complex, the economic and societal losses due to such events may
continuetoriseunlessproperattentionisgivenatearlystagesasincreasinganthropogenic
activitiesinthemountainareascanaddtotheexistingvulnerabilityofcommunitiesfurther.
Like in other countries one of the reasons for aggravation of landslide problem in
Bangladeshislackofawarenessonthecausativefactorstriggermechanismoflandslidesetc.
Thisisacommonproblemforatriskcommunitieslivinginlandslideproneareasaswellas
for most of the regulatory authorities, planning authorities as well as for service sector. In
mostcasesunplannedhumanactivitiesorillegalsettlementsinhazardproneareasareseen
as reasons for high socioeconomic impacts due to various hazard events. In case of
landslidestheauthoritiesinvolvedinhumansettlementplanninganddevelopmentdonot
haveanapproachforintegratingthelandslideriskreductionmeasuresinlanduseplanning
due to lack of awareness on most essential important factors. As well the authorities
responsible for infrastructure development in the service sector such as water, power and
energy, road development etc do not give adequate attention to landslide problem and its
potential impact due to same reason. The professionals involved in land use planning or
otherdevelopmentcontrolanddevelopmentprogramsseethisasanewproblemanddonot
haveadequateknowledgeoncausativefactorsormeasurestoreducetheimpactforsocio
economic development of hill districts of Bangladesh. Usually when the development
decisionsaretakeninhillyareas,thelandslidepronenessandissuesrelatedtoreductionof
impactsorcreationofmuchneededawarenessontheissuesingeneralisnotconsideredas
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animportantfactor.Inmostcases,theimpactoflandslidesisvisiblewhentheservicesare
disruptedorseveraldeathsarereportedcausedbylandslideevents.
TheProjectinitiatedbyCDMPonRainfallTriggeredLandslideHazardZonationinCoxs
BazaarandTeknafMunicipalitiesaswellasIntroducingCommunitybasedEarlyWarning
System for Landslide Hazard Management can be considered as a major step by
Bangladeshauthoritiesforpromotinglandslideriskreductionforsustainabledevelopment
of hill country districts of Bangladesh. This will help in much needed awareness on the
causativefactorsandinterventionsforreducingthelandsliderisk.Thisalsowillpromotea
dialogue between decision makers at city level, landslide professionals with vulnerable
communitieslivinginlandslideproneareasaboutthetheoreticalandpracticalaspectsand
issues related to landslide hazard mitigation and increased preparedness. The proposed
programactivitiesaredesignedtobeimplementedthroughaconsultativeprocesstoarrive
atasuitablestrategywhichcanbereplicatedwithinalllandslideproneareasofBangladesh.
This report on Development of precipitation threshold limits for landslide prone areas in
Cox bazar and Technaf Municipalitiesis a fulfilment of one of the main activities of the
aboveproject.
Thisactivitywillhavefollowingobjectives;
Developmentofamethodologyfordeterminingthethresholdlevels
Investigateandprovideanoverviewofdefinitionofthersholdlimitsbyothercountries
pronetolandslides
Analysis of Rainfall data pertinenet to historical landslides recorded within the two
municiplaities
Determinationofthersholdlimitsoftwomuniciplaities
2.2.
GeneralApproachforestablishmentofRainfallThresholdsofLandslides
Rainfall is a recognized trigger of landslides, and investigators have long attempted to

determine the amount of precipitation needed to trigger slope failures, a problem of
scientificandsocietalinterest.Rainfallthresholdscanbedefinedonphysical(processbased,
conceptual) or empirical (historical, statistical) basis. Empirical rainfall thresholds are
definedstudyingrainfalleventsthathaveresultedinlandslides.Thethresholdsareusually
obtainedbydrawinglowerboundlinestotherainfallconditionsthatresultedinlandslides
plotted in Cartesian, semilogarithmic, or logarithmic coordinates. Most commonly, the
thresholds are drawn visually, i.e., without any rigorous mathematical, statistical, or
physical criterion. Where information on rainfall conditions that did not result in slope
failuresisavailable,thresholdsaredefinedasthebestseparatorsofrainfallconditionsthat
resultedanddidnotresultinslopeinstability.Empiricalrainfallthresholdsfortheinitiation
of landslides have been proposed at the global (worldwide), regional, and local scale.
Reviewoftheliteraturerevealsthatnouniquesetofmeasurementsexiststocharacterizethe
rainfall conditions that are likely (or not likely) to trigger slope failures (see Table 1).
Languageinconsistenciesanddisagreementontherequisiterainfallandlandslidevariables
make it difficult to compare the thresholds. Based on the used rainfall measurements,
empirical rainfall thresholds can be grouped in three broad categories: (i) thresholds that
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combine precipitation measurements obtained for a specific rainfall event, (ii) thresholds
thatconsidertheantecedentconditions,and(iii)otherthresholds.
2.3.
LiteraturereviewontheExistingThresholdDefinitions
2.3.1.
ImpactofRainFallonSlopeInstability
Studies performed elsewhere on the impact of rainfall on slope instability indicates that
moderateshowersoflongdurationaremoredangerousthanhighintensityshowersofshort
duration because a shower of long duration provides sufficient time for the rainwater to
infiltrate to the critical depth in a given slope. The above findings show that rainfall
intensities that arelessthan thecoefficient ofpermeability ofthesoil maynotsaturatethe
soil below the root zone. Rainfall intensities that are significantly higher than the soil
absorptioncapacitymayalsonotpenetratethroughthesoilwithinagivendurationdueto
therunoff(www.fao.org/docrep/T1765E/t1765e0q.htm).
Evaluation of changing effective stress conditions due to pore water pressure variations is
rather a complex problem, especially if they are addressed within the impacts of slopes
vegetationandthenatureofthesubsoil.Accordingtopreviousstudies,thebestapproach
toevaluatetheimpactofgroundwaterconditionsistomeasuretheinsitusuctionandthe
pore water pressure. However, cost of instrumentation that can accurately measure these
parameters has overridden the incorporation of these parameters into the suggested
evaluationmethodology,specificallyattheselectedscaleofmapping.
2.3.2.
UnderstandingthetriggersforEstablishmentofRainfallThresholdvalues
Rainfall threshold values vary from region to region due to differences in exiting soil
characteristicsandclimatologicalpatternsindifferentareas.Therefore,acompletestudyof
therainfallpatternsinlandslideproneareasandtheirrecordsoflandslideswillhelppredict
reasonablethresholdvaluesofrainfallandusethemasatoolforlandslideforecasting.With
this,therefore,collectionofcriticalrainfallvalueswithsufficientgeologicaldatapertinentto
previous landslides in the two cities namely Teknaf and Coxs Bazaar is of paramount
importance in establishing precipitation threshold limits. It can be subsequently used for
developinglandslideEWSforthebenefitofthepeoplewhoarevulnerabletolandslidesin
bothcities.
Considerableeffortshavebeenmadetounderstandthetriggersforlandslidingin natural
systems,withquitevariableresults.Forexample,workinginPuertoRico,LarsenandSimon
found that storms with a total precipitation of 100200mm, about 14mm of rain per hour
forseveralhours,or23mmofrainperhourforabout100hourscantriggerlandslidesin
thatenvironment.RafiAhmad,workinginJamaica,foundthatforrainfallofshortduration
(about 1 hour) intensities of greater than 36mm/h were required to trigger landslides. On
the other hand, for long rainfall durations, low average intensities of about 3mm/h
appeared to be sufficient to cause land sliding as the storm duration approached
approximately100hours.CorominasandMoya(1999)foundthatthefollowingthresholds
existfortheupperbasinoftheLlobregatRiver,EasternPyreneesarea.Withoutantecedent
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rainfall, high intensity and short duration rains triggered debris flows and shallow slides
developedincolluviumsandweatheredrocks.Arainfallthresholdofaround190mmin24
hinitiatedfailureswhereasmorethan300mmin2448hwereneededtocausewidespread
shallow land sliding. With antecedent rain, moderate intensity precipitation of at least
40mm in 24 h reactivated mudslides and both rotational and translational slides affecting
clayey and siltclayey formations. In this case, several weeks and 200mm of precipitation
wereneededtocauselandslidereactivation.AsimilarapproachisreportedbyBrandetal.
(1988)forHongKong,whofound thatifthe24hourantecedentrainfallexceeded200mm
thentherainfallthresholdforalargelandslideeventwas70mmhr1.
Finally,Caine(1980)establishedaworldwidethreshold:
I=14.82D0.39
where:Iistherainfallintensity(mmh1),Disdurationofrainfall(h)
Thisthresholdappliesovertimeperiodsof10minutesto10days.Itispossibletomodifythe
formula to take into consideration areas with high mean annual precipitations by
considering the proportion of mean annual precipitation represented by any individual
event.
2.3.3. Rainfallandclimatevariablesusedintheliteratureforthedefinitionofrainfall
thresholds
Project team has carried out a literature survey to obtain information on the rainfall and
climate variables used in the literature for the definition of rainfall thresholds for the
initiationoflandslides.Table7liststhevariable,theunitsofmeasuremostcommonlyused
for the parameter, and the author(s) who first introduced the parameter. It shows that the
nomenclature used is not consistent in the literature, and different definitions have been
usedforthesameorsimilarvariables.
Table 7: Rainfall and climate variables used in the literature for the definition of rainfall
thresholdsfortheinitiationoflandslides.
VARIABLE
DESCRIPTION
UNITS
Rainfall duration. The duration of the rainfall

eventorrainfallperiod.
Durationofthecriticalrainfallevent.
Cumulative event rainfall. The total rainfall
measuredfromthebeginningoftherainfallevent
tothetimeoffailure.Alsoknownasstormrainfall.
h indicates the considered period in hours; d
indicatestheconsideredperiodindays.
Normalizedcumulativeeventrainfall.Cumulative
event rainfall divided by MAP (EMAP=E/MAP).
Alsoknownasnormalizedstormrainfall.
h,ordays
FIRST
INTRODUCED
Caine(1980)
h
mm
Aleotti(2004)
Innes(1983)
Guidiciniand
Iwasa(1977)
DC
E(h),(d)
EMAP
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VARIABLE
DESCRIPTION
UNITS
Critical rainfall. The total amount of rainfall from

the time of a distinct increase in rainfall intensity
(t0) to the time of the triggering of the first
landslide(tf).
Normalized critical rainfall. Critical rainfall
dividedbyMAP(CMAP=C/MAP).
Daily rainfall. The total amount of rainfall for the
dayofthelandslideevent.
Normalizeddailyrainfall.Dailyrainfalldividedby
MAP(RMAP=R/MAP).
Rainfallintensity.Theamountofprecipitationina
period, i.e., the rate of precipitation over the
considered period. Depending on the duration of
the measuring period, rainfall intensity measures
peakoraverageprecipitationrates.
Normalized rainfall intensity. Rainfall intensity
dividedbyMAP(IMAP=I/MAP).
Maximumhourlyrainfallintensity.Themaximum
hourlyrainfallintensity.
Peak rainfall intensity. The highest rainfall
intensity (rainfall rate) during a rainfall event.
Availablefromdetailedrainfallrecords.
Mean rainfall intensity for final storm period. h
indicates the considered period, in hours, most
commonlyfrom3to24hours.
Criticalhourlyrainfallintensity.
mm
CMAP
R
RMAP
I
IMAP
IMAX
IP
(h)
IC
If
IfMAP
A(d)
AMAP
A(y)
A(y)MAP
FC
CDMP
Rainfall intensity at the time of the slope failure.

Availablefromdetailedrainfallrecords.
Normalized rainfall intensity at the time of the
slope failure. Rainfall intensity at the time of the
slopefailuredividedbyMAP(IfMAP=If/MAP).
Antecedent rainfall. The total (cumulative)
precipitation measured before the landslide
triggering rainfall event. d indicates the
consideredperiodindays.
Normalized antecedent rainfall. Antecedent
rainfalldividedbyMAP(AMAP=A/MAP).
Antecedent yearly precipitation up to date of the
event. The total (cumulative) yearly precipitation
measured before the landslide triggering rainfall
event.
Normalized antecedent yearly precipitation up to
date of the event. Antecedent yearly precipitation
dividedbyMAP(A(y)MAP=A(y)/MAP).
Sumofnormalizedantecedentyearlyprecipitation
and normalized event rainfall (FC=A(y)MAP+EMAP).
Alsoknownasfinalcoefficient.
96
FIRST
INTRODUCED
Goviand
Sorzana(1980)
mm
Goviand
Sorzana(1980)
Crozierand
Eyles(1980)
Terlien(1998)
mm/h
Caine(1980)
1/h
Cannon(1988)
mm/h
Onoderaetal.
(1974)
Wilsonetal.
(1992)
mm
mm/h
mm/h
Goviand
Sorzana(1980)
mm/h
mm/h
Heyerdahletal.
(2003)
Aleotti(2004)
1/h
Aleotti(2004)
mm
Goviand
Sorzana(1980)
Aleotti(2004)
mm
Guidiciniand
Iwasa(1977)
Guidiciniand
Iwasa(1977)
Guidiciniand
Iwasa(1977)
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VARIABLE
DESCRIPTION
UNITS
MAP
Mean annual precipitation. For a rain gauge, the

long term yearly average precipitation, obtained
from historical rainfall records. A proxy for local
climaticconditions.
Averagenumberofrainydaysinayear.Forarain
gauge, the long term yearly average of rainy (or
wet)days,obtainedfromhistoricalrainfallrecords.
Aproxyforlocalclimaticconditions.
Rainyday normal. For a rain gauge, the ratio
between the MAP and the average number of
rainydaysinayear(RDN=MAP/RDs).
Ratio between the MAP of two different (distant)
areas.
Relationship between Normalized cumulative
rainfall before a particular landslide (7 days prior
or3daysprior)anddays
mm
RDs
RDN
N
Y
FIRST
INTRODUCED
Guidiciniand
Iwasa(1977)
Wilsonand
Jayko(1997)
mm/#
Wilsonand
Jayko(1997)
Barberoetal.
(2004)
Nawagamuwaet
al.(2011)
mm/day
The database of rainfall thresholds for the possible occurrence of landslides was
compiled through a thorough review of the existing literature on rainfall induced
landslides.Referencessectionliststhemainreferencescollected.
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Table8:LandslideInventory(LandslideCatalogue)usedindefiningtheThresholdlimits
ID Day
Month
Year
Location
Closest
Rainfall
Station
Rangamati
Rangamati
Heavyand
incessantrainfall
Heavyand
incessantrainfall
Heavyand
incessantrainfall
30
12
1990 Jhagarbeelareaof
Rangamatidistrict.
1997 CharaipadaofBandarban
11
1999 Bandarban
Rangamati
13
1999 Gopaipur,Chittagong
Chittagong
15
1999 Chittaputtiarea,Chittagong
Chittagong
24
Chittagong
2000 ChittagongUniversity
campus
2003 Noabadi,Akhaura
15
2003 CoxsBazaar
29
10
30
11
12
CDMP
Trigger
Latitude
Longitude Fatalities
Injuries/damage
Source
linkroadembankment
Banglapedia
90,000sqmwas
affected
10
13
50houses
completely,300houses
partly
20peopleinjured
Chittagong
delugeofmudand
water
Heavyrains
23.8617
91.2189
31
Durham
CoxsBazar
Heavyrains
21.5867
92.0748
2003 Patiya,S.Bangladesh
Heavyrains
22.3
91.9833
2003 CoxsBazaar
CoxsBazar
Heavyrains
24.467
91.75
2005 Baromariinsherpur
Durham
andDaily
Star
Durham
andDaily
Star
Durham
andDaily
Star
bdnews24
2005 ORNizamRoadHousing
Societyoftheportcitys
Panchlaisharea,
Brahmanbaria
Heavyrains
bdnews24
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ID Day
Month
Year
Location
Closest
Rainfall
Station
Trigger
Latitude
Injuries/damage
Source
Duringdigging
soil
bdnews24
Chittagong
Rains
bdnews24
massivelandslide
Atleast4
bdnews24
Chittagong
Rains
bdnews24
2005 Akabpurvillage,bordering
IndiasTripurastatearea,
underKasbaupazilaof
Brahmanbariadistrict
2005 Shantinagarareaadjacentto
theBangladeshCooperative
HousingSocietyinBayezid
Bostamithanaintheport
city
2006 Jhinaigatiupazillain
Sherpur
2006 Satkaniaupazila,
Chittagong
2007 Chittagong
Chittagong
Rain
22.315
91.833
128
11
2007 Rangamati
Rangamati
Heavyrain
22.636
92.145
19
10
2007 NabinagarinChittagong
Chittagong
Rains
23.891
90.973
20
15
10
2007 Betbunia
Rains
22.533
89.4
21
2008 CoxsBazaar,Moheshkhali,
Teknaf
Heavyrains
21.44
92
20(total)
22
Rains
9+1
TheDaily
Star,
23
Teknaf
Rains
24
2008 Teknafupazila
headquarters,Ukhia
upazila
2008 valleyinDumperangof
TeknafSadar
2008 FakirerMura
Coxs
Bazar,
Teknaf
Teknaf
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
PressTV,
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
Teknaf
Rains
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
13
13
10
14
31
10
15
16
17
11
18
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ID Day
Month
25
26
18
27
23
28
29
29
30
18
31
31
32
33
15
34
16
12
Year
Location
2008 KalyanparainTeknaf
upazilaofCoxs
Bazar,MahajanparainCoxs
Bazar
2008 Matijharnain
Chittagong,CoxBazar
2008 MotijharnaofLalkhan
Bazarintheportcity
2009 TeroKhedaupazilain
Khulna
2009 Shankhariverat
Bandarban,
2009 Sreemangalupazila,
Moulvibazer.
2009 HarinmaraofLamain
Bandarban
2010 DhalircharaofRamu
upazilainCoxsBazar
2010 Teknaf,Ukhia,Ramu,Coxs
BazarandBandarban
districts)
2010 NalaparainAmbaganarea
intheportcity
Closest
Rainfall
Station
Coxs
Bazar,
Teknaf
Trigger
Heavyrains
Chittagong, Heavymonsoon
Coxsbazar rains
Chittagong Earthquakerain?
Latitude
Injuries/damage
Source
4+1
TheDaily
Star,
22.3399
91.8237
11
25injured
22.344
91.8188
no
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
bdnews24
Rains
Rangamati
Rains
Heavyrain
24.3083
91.7333
Rangamati
4daysHeavyrain
22.2251
92.19
10
50housesdestroyed
CoxsBazar
cuttingahillto
buildtheirhouse
Heavyrain
56
34injured
TheDaily
Star,
TheDaily
Star,
Coxs
Bazar,
Teknaf,
Rangmati
Chittagong
diggingintothe
hill
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2.4.
SuggestionsontheApplicableThresholdDefinitionsforCoxsBazaarandTeknaf
Mostofthe thresholdvaluesdefinedinTable7considershourlyrainfall values.Rainfalldata

for the definition of rainfall thresholds for the initiation of landslides defined in Table8
considerhistoricaldailyrainfalldata.HourlyrainfalldataforCoxsBazaarandTeknafarenot
available for any such analysis. Therefore, some other norms are also considered which
consideronlythedailyrainfall.
CorominasandMoya(1999)foundthatthefollowingthresholdsexistfortheupperbasinofthe
LlobregatRiver,EasternPyreneesareainSpain.Withoutantecedentrainfall,highintensityand
short duration rains triggered debris flows and shallow slides developed in colluvium and
weatheredrocks.Arainfallthresholdofaround190mmin24hinitiatedfailureswhereasmore
than300mmin2448hwereneededtocausewidespreadshallowlandsliding.Withantecedent
rain,moderateintensityprecipitationofatleast40mmin24hreactivatedmudslidesandboth
rotational and translational slides affecting clayey and siltyclayey formations. In this case,
several weeks and 200mm of precipitation were needed to cause landslide reactivation. A
similar approach is reported by Brand et al. (1988) for Hong Kong, who found that if the 24
hourantecedentrainfallexceeded200mmthentherainfallthresholdforalargelandslideevent
was70mmhr1.
Bandara(2008)discussedthethresholdlimitspreparedafterstudyingnumberoflandslidesin
SriLankawiththecorrelationofthelandslideoccurrenceandthedailyrainfalloftheincidence
day or day before. According to the studies following generalized threshold limits were
decidedforthewholelandslideproneareasofSriLanka.
Typeone
AlertWarningRainfallexceed75mmwithin24hoursandcontinue
Typetwo
WarningforgettingreadyforevacuationRainfallexceed100mmwithin
24hoursandcontinue
Typethree
Evacuation warning Rainfall exceed 150mm within 24 hours or 75mm
withinanhourperiodandcontinue
Historical rainfall data related to landslide events are summarized as shown in Table9 for a
cleardefinitionforCoxsBazaarandTeknaf.
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Table9:RainfalldataforseverallandslidesoccurredinCoxsBazaarandTeknafintherecenthistory;
here0referstothedayoflandslides
Noofdayspriortolandslide (ValuesinBold)
Rainfallinmm
Location
Teknaf
Date
3/7/2008
+1
71
106
158
98
61
33
367
53
73
CoxsBazaar
3/7/2008
25
49
88
187
152
94
134
45
89
CoxsBazaar
15/6/2003 17
21
110
66
13
42
77
84
CoxsBazaar
30/7/2003 7
11
85
31
46
72
162
93
61
3/7/2008
71
106
158
98
61
33
367
53
73
3/7/2008
71
106
158
98
61
33
367
53
73
6/7/2008
98
61
33
367
53
73
89
209
144
6/7/2008
187
152
94
134
45
89
64
132
35
Teknaf
upazila
headquarters,
Ukhiaupazila
valley
in
Dumperang
of
TeknafSadar
Kalyanpara
in
Teknaf
upazila of Coxs
Bazar,Mahajanpara
inCoxsBazar
Teknaf
15/6/2010 0
58
40
68
481
91
CoxsBazar
15/6/2010 0
41
15
75
78
132
186
FollowinggraphshowninFigure9canbepreparedconsideringthelast24and48hrsrainfall
(includingthedayofdisasterandthepreviousday).
Figure9:24Hrsand48HrsrainfalldatabeforelandslidesinCoxsBazaarandTeknaf
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Thisgivesaround130mmduring24hrsrainfallor300mmrainfallduring48hrsrainfallcould
cause a landslide in Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf. However, globally the last night rain causes
landslidestooccurintheearlymorning.Then,thedaybeforecouldalsobeconsideredas24hrs
rainfallandinthatcase,rainfallwouldbe170mm/24hrs.ThisvalueexactlyfitswithCorominas
and Moya (1999) values defined for Spain and Brand et al. (1988) values for Hong Kong.
Further, it also has some close relationship with Bandara (2008) findings in Sri Lanka for an
evacuationwarning.However,ifhourlyrainfallcouldbefound,itwouldbeasupportingdata
forabetterprediction.
DatafromTeknafgivesaround170mmduring24hrsrainfallor420mmrainfallduring48hrs
rainfall could cause a landslide. However, the day before could also be considered as 24 hrs
rainfallandinthatcase,rainfallwouldbe250mm/24hrs.
DatafromCoxsBazaargivesaround96mmduring24hrsrainfallor185mmrainfallduring48
hrsrainfallcouldcausealandslide.However,thedaybeforecouldalsobeconsideredas24hrs
ThesamedatawasanalyzedthewayNawagamuwaetal(2011)hasproposedandtheFigure10
and 11 show the relationship considering the cumulative rainfall values from 7days till the
landslideforCoxsBazaarandTeknafrespectively.
Figure10:NormalizedcumulativerainfalldataforCoxsBazaar
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Figure11:NormalizedcumulativerainfalldataforTeknaf
Methodology to use this proposed method by Nawagamuwa et al (2011) is as follows. Lets

consider the relationship found for Coxs Bazaar. This gives a relationship between (Cumulative
rainfall/cumulative rainfall on the day of disaster) and no of days (from 6 days prior to the disaster)
Y=0.1454X-0.0264
Cumulative _ Ra inf all
= 0.1454(days ) 0.0264
Cumulative _ Ra inf all _ disasterday
To develop this equation, 6 days proir to the disaster has been considered. If the cumulative rainfall 4days
prior to the disaster then, no of days = 3.
Lets use the landslide data of Coxs Bazaar ( even on 6th July 2008)
*cumulative rainfall 4days prior to the disaster = 380
no of days = 3
380
= 0.1454(3) 0.0264
Predicted cumulative rainfall on the day of disaster =927
Actual cumulative rainfall on the day of disaster =710
now, this can be further tested.
no of days = 4
425
= 0.1454(4 ) 0.0264
Threshold value is getting closer.
no of days = 5
514
= 0.1454(5) 0.0264
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Threshold value is almost the same as the actual rainfall. This means, 2 days prior to the disaster,
threshold value could be predicted with more accuracy.Twootherlocationswerealsoconsideredfor
theanalysis,suchasRangamatiandChittagong.Table10givesrainfalldataofRangamatifor
fewlandslides.
Table 10: Rainfall data for several landslides occurred in Rangamati in the recent history; here 0
referstothedayoflandslide
Noofdayspriortolandslide Rainfall(mm)
Location
Date
Jhagar
beel
area
of 30/05/1990
Rangamatidistrict.
CharaipadaofBandarban
12/7/1997
Bandarban
11/8/1999
+1
14
14
11
17
13
39
25
16
80
84
Rangamati
25
52
16
21
26
146
18
27
65
192 58
34
596
ShankhariveratBandarban,
11/6/2007
9/5/2009
7
Harinmara of Lama in
Bandarban
31/07/2009 0
Figure 12: Normalized cumulative rainfall data for Rangamati Similar analysis was done for
Chittagongtoo.
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Table 11: Rainfall data for several landslides occurred in Chittagong in the recent history; here 0
referstothedayoflandslide
Location
Gopaipur,Chittagong
Chittaputtiarea,Chittagong
ChittagongUniversitycampus
Noabadi,Akhaura
Shantinagar area adjacent to the
Bangladesh Cooperative Housing
SocietyinBayezidBostamithanainthe
portcity
Satkaniaupazila,Chittagong
Chittagong
NabinagarinChittagong
MatijharnainChittagong
MotijharnaofLalkhanBazarintheport
city
Noofdayspriortolandslide
Date
13/8/1999
15/08/1999
24/06/2000
5/5/2003
7
29
9
1
0
6
5
28
3
17
5
9
86
1
0
4
28
0
28
0
3
86
123
6
0
2
0
110
0
8
1
123
206
29
55
0
110
57
22
0
1
206
53
234
1
31/10/2005
18
8/7/2006
11/6/2007
10/9/2007
18/08/2008
0
0
1
11
0
3
0
106
40
23
0
0
32
22
7
8
1
4
35
31
7
42
84
2
63
3
160
38
132
88
40
104
45
425
50
129
23/08/2008
38
104
129
11
Table12:NormalizedcumulativerainfalldataforChittagong
Data of these Rangamati and Chittagong areas do not provide conclusive thresholds as Coxs
Bazaar and Teknaf. However, 200mm rainfall within last 48 hrs could be considered for this
area.
2.5.
ConcludingRemarks
Rainfall data since 1950s and landslide records were collected to formulate rainfall threshold
values for this area. Following conclusions and recommendations could be made considering
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the rainfall and landslide data available in these two locations having referred to number of
referencesonthistopic.
Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf show that around 130mm during 24 hrs rainfall or 300mm rainfall
during 48 hrs rainfall could cause a landslide in Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf. However, globally
thelastnightraincauseslandslidestooccurintheearlymorning.Then,thedaybeforecould
alsobeconsideredas24hrsrainfallandinthatcase,rainfallwouldbe170mm/24hrs.Thisvalue
exactly fits with Corominas and Moya (1999) values defined for Spain and Brand et al. (1988)
valuesforHongKong.Further,italsohassomecloserelationshipwithBandara(2008)findings
forSriLankaanevacuationwarning.However,ifhourlyrainfallcouldbefound,itwouldbea
supportingdataforabetterprediction.
DatafromTeknafgivesaround170mmduring24hrsrainfallor420mmrainfallduring48hrs
rainfall could cause a landslide. However, the day before could also be considered as 24 hrs
DatafromCoxsBazaargivesaround96mmduring24hrsrainfallor185mmrainfallduring48
hrsrainfallcouldcausealandslide.However,thedaybeforecouldalsobeconsideredas24hrs
ADPC team has formulated the threshold values mentioned in this report using the available
datawhichneedsimprovementasmoredatabecomesavailable.Wheneveralandslidehappens
in the concerned area, it is a must to collect this information and update the proposed
thresholds.
ADPCteamisintheprocessofsettinguptheCommunityBasedsystemforearlywarningin
twopilotcommunities.Theprecipitationthresholdvaluesrecommendedtobeusedasfollows;
*WarninglimitforAlert75mminTeknafand50mmrainfallfor24hoursforCoxsBazaar
Increasevigilanceandobserveappearanceofanysymptomsofslopedestabilizationoncritical
slopes. If such symptoms can be observed immediately move out from the critical slope area.
Otherwise use this limit for having vigilance. Note If Coxs bazaar gets generally higher
rainfallinthisrange,theneveryrainydayisanalertday.Ontheotherhand,sinceCoxsBazaar
is so urbanized, this range rainfall could cause heavy damages due to landslides. If we take
average daily rainfall in Coxs Bazaar since 1950, it is around 9.8363 mm per day. Maximum
daily rainfall occurs in June and July and it is also around 3040 mm per day. So having a
rainfallmorethan50mmcouldbeconsideredasanalertsituation.*Warninglimitforgetting
ready for evacuation to safer location from high risk locations 100 mm in Teknaf and 75mm
rainfallfor24hoursforCoxsBazaarGetreadyforevacuation,undershortnotice
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*WarningforEvacuation)150mminTeknafand90mmrainfallfor24hoursforCoxsBazaar
Warningforevacuationtosaferplaces.
The critical locations where these warnings should be imposed will be identified through
landslidehazardmappinginCoxsBazaarandTeknaf.
NoteSometimes,previousnightraincanalsobecontinuingtillthedisasterhappens.Then,we
may see a very small value next day, but landslide too occurs. This has happened in Teknaf.
Considering these facts, as the range is too high from 100 to 200, we can go for 150mm for
additionalsafety.
Hourly rainfall data is very important these days as heavy intense short term rainfalls are
causingnooflandslidesallovertheworld.Oncehourlyrainfalldatawillbeavailablesuchdata
alsoneededtobefactoredintoaboveEWlimits.Infuture,dataintervalforrecordingshouldbe
on hourly basis. Local Met Department should be advised to collect data using hourly
precipitation.AsitisnotthepracticeofMetDepartmentofBangladeshtoreleasesuchdata,itis
recommended if the focal agency could discuss and agree on releasing hourly data at least
duringmonsoonperiodsforthiskindofnationallyimportantdisastroussituations.
Itshouldbenotedthatthemainsetbackindefiningthegeologyrelatedspecificthresholdsis
theavailabilityofrainfalldata.BecausetherainfalldataforTeknafandCoxsBazaarrepresents
thetworegionsandsitespecificsetsofdataisnotavailable.Evenifweusedifferentgeologyto
prepare thresholds, finally we have the same rainfall data. Therefore it should be encouraged
the community participation in collecting rainfall data for further improvements of these
proposedthresholds.
Itisstronglyrecommendedthatatleasttwoautomaticraingaugeshavetobemadeavailableat
respectivetargetmunicipalities.ADPChasalreadymadearequesttoNGIforthesameunder
RECLAIMprojectbutitmaybebetterifsimilarrequestcanbemadebyGeologicalSurveyof
Bangladesh too. It is good if the automatic rain gauges could be set up soon before the
commencementofthenextmonsoonrains.
ItisessentialaNodalAgencyorresponsibleagencycanbeidentifiedforEWforlandslides.The
sameagencyshouldcontinuedataprocessingandupdatingtheaccuracyofthresholdlimitsin
thefuture.
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Chapter3
EstablishmentofEarlyWarningDevices
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ExecutiveSummery
Geographically, 38.7% of fatal landslide events, and 34.5% of landslide deaths, occurred in
SouthAsia.Intermsofoccurrenceoflandslidefatalitiesbynation,Bangladeshstandsthemost
affected country including China, Indonesia, India, Nepal and Vietnam. Apart from regular
events, in 2007 in Bangladesh, heavy rainfall caused a landslide at the commercial city
ChittagonginBangladeshkilling86peopleand100otherpeopleinjured.
ADPCincollaborationwithComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgram(CDMP)hasbeen
implementing projecttoaddresstherisksoflandslidesinCoxsBazar andTeknaf.This effort
corroborates to bring the science, society and institutions together to deal with the landslides
risks. The primary objective of this project is to to introduce communitybased early warning
systemasapilotbasisinBangladeshformanaginglandslidehazard.
Since the project inception, various activities were conducted both at the city and community
level.Preliminaryvisitstocommunitypronetolandslides,earlywarningauditinsixdifferent
key areas such as communication and coordination, warning reception, local hazard
monitoring, local warning dissemination, preparedness and administrative compliance, city
level workshops to develop consensus on most vulnerable locations and communities to
landslides, rapport building with vulnerable communities, PDMC and other city officials,
trainingandorientationprogramforvolunteersandcommunitybasedfacilitators,community
riskassessmentandearlywarningandmonitoringsystemdevelopment.
In continuation of the community based early warning system, Downscale the early warning
information products at local level, Alignment of hazard monitoring and risk profiling into
earlywarningsystem,Developmentofdecisionsupportsystematthecitylevel,Collectionand
processing of rain gauge data at the municipality level, Installation of Rain Gauge at the
Communitylevelanddisplaysystemandsimulationandmockdrillswouldbefacilitated.
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3.
Establishmentofearlywarningdevices
3.1.
Introduction
In 2007 a total of 395 fatal landslide events were recorded, inducing a total of 3017 deaths
worldwide. This is considerably lower than the average over the period 20032006, which is
4399 excluding losses associated with the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, or 10976 if estimated
landslide deaths from this event are included. Nonetheless the total of over 3000 deaths
continues to demonstrate that previous estimated of human losses from landslides have
massively underestimated the true costs. Geographically, 38.7% of fatal landslide events, and
34.5%oflandslidedeaths,occurredinSouthAsia.Intermsofoccurrenceoflandslidefatalities
by nation, Bangladesh stands the most affected country including China, Indonesia, India,
NepalandVietnam.Apartfromregularevents,in2007inBangladesh,heavyrainfallcauseda
landslide at the commercial city Chittagongin Bangladesh killing 86 people and 100 other
peopleinjured.Thelandslidephenomenonandsettlementinthoseareashavebeenconstantly
debatedinvariousdomainsincludingpoliticalgroups,NGOs,governmentagenciesandmedia
aswell.Duetolackofawarenesstounderstandthenatureofpreeventsymptomstotakeaction
beforethe eventoccur,hascompoundedthe problemmanifold.Inmostofthe case,landslide
occursintheeventofflashfloodsorearthquakes.Thismakesthecaseoflandslideassecondary
hazardwhilefocusturnedtothefloodsandearthquakes.Inaway,landslidehaslargelybeen
ignoredandsubsidedfromthedisasterriskreductionstrategytoincorporateasamainhazard.
ADPCincollaborationwithComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgram(CDMP)hasbeen
implementing projecttoaddresstherisksoflandslidesinCoxsBazar andTeknaf.This effort
corroborates to bring the science, society and institutions together to deal with the landslides
risks.Communityinboththecitiesarefacinglandsliderisksondailybasiswhicharesomehow
indicate the extensive hill cutting and lack of awareness on landslide. To address these two
issues, a community based early warning system has been proposed to set up to increase
awareness among community to monitor landslide events as well as reduce hill cutting
activities.
3.2.
ProjectObjectives
The primary objective of this project is to model the slopes in Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf
municipal areas susceptible/potential to failure triggered by heavy rainfall and to introduce
communitybasedearlywarningsystemasapilotbasisinBangladeshformanaginglandslide
hazard.
The secondary objective is to use the project experience as a model for landslide disaster risk
reduction in two hazard prone cities in Bangladesh and assist stakeholder institutions to
formulatealongtermlandslidehazardmitigationstrategyforBangladesh
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3.3.
ProcessofCommunitybasedLandslideEarlyWarningSystem
Preliminary visit to Coxs Bazar and

Teknaf At the initial stage of project, a
team of experts of ADPC including senior,
intermediate and junior technical staff
made visit to both the cities. The objective
ofthisvisitwastointroduceandsharethe
purpose of the project to the municipality
and the primary stakeholder; the
vulnerable community. Transect walk and
directobservationmethodologywereused
to observe the landslide locations and
affected habitation and their pattern. Project related information were shared at both
level;communityandmunicipality.Sincecommunityistheprimarystakeholderofthis
project,itwasessentialtounderstandthelandslideriskperspective.Communitybased
focalpersonswerealsoidentifiedwhowilltakealeadroleinfacilitatingtheCBEWS1.
Early Warning Audit Hazard ready toolkit is primarily an audit or investigation on

earlywarningsystemdevelopmenttounderstandthestrengthsandweaknessesofthe
existing information dissemination process from national to community level. It
provides an opportunity to
enquire six different key areas
of early warning systems such
as
communication
and
coordination,
warning
reception,
local
hazard
monitoring, local warning
dissemination, preparedness
andadministrativecompliance.
This helps in bridging the gaps
amongthesekeycomponentsof
earlywarningsystemaswellas
exploringopportunitiestomake
theearlywarningdisseminationprocesssimplerandeffective.
As the four key elements of early warning focus on risk knowledge, monitoring and
warning service, dissemination and communication and response capability, the
hazard ready toolkit has align these perspectives as well as to touch upon the cross
1
CBEWS- Community based Early Warning System
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cuttingissuessuchasgovernanceandinstitutionsarrangement,multihazardapproach,
ownershipoflocalcommunities,genderperspectivesandculturaldiversity.Thehazard
ready toolkit primary highlights the set of roles played by various agencies such as
communities, local governments, national governments, regional institutions and
organizations,internationalbodies,nongovernmentalorganizations,theprivatesector,
the science and academic institutions. The early warning audit was conducted both at
the community and municipality level. Though the municipal authorities in both the
citiespayadequateattentioninrespondingtothelandslideeventsmostly,butlandslide
monitoringandpreparednessiskeyconcernforcommunityandauthorities.Duetohigh
priorities given to cyclone, storm surge and floods, landslide always considered to a
secondary hazard induced by incessant rain, cyclone and storm surge and so as
monitoringandearlywarningatalllevelsfromnationaltocommunity.
City level meetings and workshops City

level workshops were organized and
project related objectives, activities and
outcomes
were
shared.
In
the
chairmanship of Mayor, the workshops
were presided by elected councilors,
PDMC2members,localmetofficeandRed
Crescent representative. In the workshop,
the most vulnerable communities within
thecitywereidentifiedbytheparticipants
to implement the community based
activities on landslide risk reduction.
During the workshop, the consensus was development that, municipality would take
lead role in the implementation of the project. It was also discussed that the elected
commissioner would be a change agent in this project and mobilizes community on
landslideriskreduction.
IdentificationofmostvulnerablecommunitiesDuringtheworkshop,representatives
from different agencies identified the vulnerable locations and communities to
implement the project. Past events on landslide were also the major consideration for
selectingcommunity.DuringtheinitialvisitstoCoxsBazarandTeknaf,alltheprobable
vulnerablecommunitieswereidentifiedbasedonMunicipalityrecommendations.After
that, all vulnerable communities sat together to identify most vulnerable communities
among them. Following are the criteria that have been implied during the discussion
withcommunity,wardcouncilors,andpouroshavarepresentatives;
Pasteventsoflandslides;
Lossoflivesandproperty;
2
PDMC- Pouroshava Disaster Management Committee
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Populationdensity;
Women,children,personswithdisabilitiesandelderly.
Therewascommonconsensusonidentifiedcommunitiespronetolandslidesforboth
cities.BelowmentionedaretheidentifiedcommunitiesinbothCoxsBazarandTeknaf:
Teknaf
CoxsBazar
Risk3
Risk4
Location
Location
PuranPallanPara
High
MohajerPara
High
Urumchara,PuranPallanPara
High
S.M.JadiPahar
High
FakirerMura,PuranPallanPara
High
Source:FieldSurvey
3
4
Rapport building with vulnerable communities With the identification of the

vulnerablecommunities,volunteersandcommunityfacilitatorswereidentifiedineach
selected communities. These volunteers and community facilitators would act as a
changeagentforlandslideriskreduction.
Orientation and Training Program for

Volunteers and Community facilitators
With the identification of the community
based facilitators and volunteers, training
on early warning system was organized to
orient. In this training, the focus was to
discuss about the CDMP Landslide and the
basicsofearlywarningcomponentssuchas
risk knowledge, monitoring and warning,
dissemination and communication and response capability. The training also covered
the processofcommunitybaseddisasterriskreduction(CBDRR)andhowtomobilize
vulnerablecommunity.
Stakeholders Analysis In determining the target beneficiary groups, it is crucial to

conduct a stakeholder analysis and identify which group among the vulnerable is the
most vulnerable. This analysis therefore focused on vulnerable groups living in the
landslidelocations.
Risk category has been assigned based on the previous incidents as well vulnerable locations based on critical
slopes.
Risk category has been assigned based on the previous incidents as well vulnerable locations based on critical
slopes.
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Table13:PrimaryStakeholderAnalysis5
Group
Issues
Needs
Vulnerability
CoxBazarandTeknaf
Men/youth
Women/children
Personswith
differentabilities
Elderly
Duringthefocusgroupdiscussionswithmen/youth,itwasfoundthatthereislack
ofunderstandingoftheriskthatlandslidecarries.Participantsrespondedthat,
theyareawareoftheconsequencesoflandslidebutitisdifficultforthemto
understandwhichparticularlocationwouldhighvulnerabilitytolandslide.Inthe
groupdiscussionitwasalsofoundthat,participantsdidnothaveunderstanding
aboutCRITICALSLOPE.Duetothislackofawareness,lotofconstructionsare
takingplaceonCRITICALSLOPE,howeverthiscanbeavoidedtoagreatextentto
identifythelocationswhichcanbeusedtoconstructhouses.
Duringthefocusgroupdiscussionwithwomen,itwasfoundthatthe
understandingonlandslideriskamongwomenismoreorlesssamewith
men/youth.Someoftheparticipantsdidrecognizethatmostofthetimewomen
stayathomeasmengooutforlivelihood.Inthiscasewomenbecomemore
vulnerablethanmen.Thisalsodependsonthetimeoflandslideevent(day/night)
Inspecificgroupdiscussionswithpersonswithdifferentabilities,itwasfound
that,inthecommunity,theyarethemostvulnerablegroup.Thereasonsthat
participantsbroughtupduringthediscussionswere;verylimitedparticipationin
anyofthecommunityorpublicmeetings,limitedinteractionswiththeongoing
communitybasedactivities.Asmostofthetime,personswithdifferentabilities
stayathomeclosebyplacesduetothehouseholdrestrictions.
Duringthegroupdiscussionwithelderlyitwasfoundthat,intermsof
understandingthenatureandsymptomsoflandslides,groupofelderlypeople
havevastknowledge.Wateroozing,cracks,hillcuttingweresomeofthe
symptomsthatparticipantsdiscussed.Butduetolackofparticipationin
communitybasedactivities,elderlypeopledonottakeinteresttofacilitatethe
LandslideRiskReductionprocessandduetoculturalbarrier,elderlypeopleare
lessmobilethanmen/youthorwomen.
Createawarenessonlandslide
risks.
Trainingandorientationabout
theCRITICALSLOPEand
LandslideOBSERVATION.
TrainingonConstructionof
HouseonSLOPES.
Medium
Createawarenessonlandslide
risks.
Trainingandorientationon
LandslideOBSERVATION
ProvideleadroleinLandslide
EarlyWarningSystem
Sameasabove
High
High
Sameasabove
High
There are two kinds of stakeholders; Primary and Secondary. The above matrix gives information on Primary Stakeholders because of the direct impact of
the disasters.
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Table14:SecondaryStakeholderAnalysis
Group
Issues
Needs
Bangladesh
Meteorological(BMD)
Department
TheBMDprovidesrainfallforecastandwarnings.The
existingproblemiswiththelimitedunderstandingto
interprettherainfalldataandpredictlandslideeventor
warning.
BMDcandownscaletherainfallrelatedinformationat
thecitylevelandlocalmetofficecanassistmunicipality
todevelopLOGBOOKtoOBSERVEorMONITORthe
THRESHOLDVALUESforLANDSLIDES
CitylevelMetOffice
PDMC
NGOs
ThelinkagebetweencitylevelmetofficeandPDMCisweak
intermsofutilizinginformationgeneratedbytheBMDfrom
nationaltolocaloffice.
PDMCmembersaremostlyelectedmembersrepresenting
thedifferentwardsandnormallytheydonotgetinvolvedin
thisearlywarningactivityatall.
NGOshaveintensiveoutreachinCoxsBazarandTeknafbut
havelittleinterventionsonCBEWS.
Thelocalmetofficecanplayakeyroleinmechanizing
theinformationfromBMDatnationalleveltothecity
levellinkedwithPDMC.
PDMCisanassetforthecitywhichhaslinkedtothe
community,giventheopportunitytomobilizecommunity
onEWS,PDMCwouldbeabletodoso.
WiththeassistanceofNGOs,theoutreachcanbe
maximizedindifferentcommunitysettings.
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Community Risk Assessment (CRA) After conducting the training, the next step
was to facilitate community risk
assessment. Under this activity,
risk mapping, early warning
action
planning
and
implementation were facilitated
throughtheidentifiedvolunteers
and community based facilitator.
Risk and resource maps were
developed for each of the
community and ward level. The
purpose of the risk and resource
mapareasfollows:
Community will be able
tounderstandaboutcriticalslopeinlandslidelocations.
Community will be able to identify vulnerable houses and people over the
space.
Communitywillbeabletoidentifythesymptomsoflandslides.
Theriskandresourcemaphasalsoidentifiedtheevacuationroutewithinthe
communityintheeventoflandslides.
Review and validation of Community Risk Assessment (CRA) process after

accomplishmentofCRAprocess,areviewandvalidationactivitieswereconducted
inboththecitiesatthecommunitylevel.Inthereviewandvalidationprocess,each
identifiedcommunityreviewedtheriskandresourcemapsandidentifiedthegaps.
Following were the information updated during the validation process at the
communitylevelwherevolunteers,wardcouncilors,teachers,andrepresentatives
fromvulnerablehouses
Some of the risk and resource maps did not have the community level
demographicinformation.
Duringthemappingprocess,riskswerecategorizedintothree;high,medium
and low risks. During the discussion with community it was found that,
someofthehouseswereexactlylocatedonthecriticalslopesandsomeat
thefoothill.Basedonthediscussionwithcommunity,houseslocatedatthe
critical slopes have been identified as VERY HIGH RISK and houses at
foothillasHIGHRISK.
Someoftherisksandresourcemapsdidnothavelegendmentioned.
Houses of important resource persons such as volunteers ward councilors
andteacherswerenotlocatedonthemap.
Developmentofevacuationmap
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House Located at the Foothill in

Teknaf
House Located at the Critical Slop in

Teknaf
Risk and Resource Map Validation in

Teknaf
Risk and Resource Map Validation in

Coxs Bazar
CDMP
ADPC
Development of Communication Strategy After the completion of risk and

resource map validation, a communication strategy is being developed at the
community level. The communication strategy deals with the communication and
dissemination procedure before and during the landslide event. Following are the
standardstepsthathavebeenadoptedtodevelopthecommunicationstrategy:
118
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Demarcation of Clusters within the identified community The identified

community has been grouped as cluster to design the communication and
dissemination strategy at the community level. How the information would
bedisseminatedtoeachofthevulnerablelocation.
Identification of Cluster level volunteers within community the
demarcation of clusters within community then identified the cluster
volunteers.Eachclustervolunteerwouldhavelistofkeyresourcepersonsto
mobilize households in that particular cluster as well as to other cluster
volunteerstoprovidelandslideearlywarninginformation.
Communication Process The communication process was also discussed
witheachcommunityonHOWeachclusterwillcommunicateinternallyand
externallywithregardstolandslideearlywarningsystem.
Internal, within cluster and external communication process Each cluster
has discussed and defined the communication process. Cluster volunteers
willhaveinternalcommunicationwithregardstoearlywarninginformation
collection and dissemination. On the other hand, cluster volunteers would
also communicate with other cluster counterpart as a part of community
mobilization before and during the landslide event. At the same time, these
cluster volunteers would also communicate with external agencies such as
Pouroshava,RedCrescent,NGOsandotherresponseagencies.
Figure13:CommunicationStrategyonLandslideRiskInformationDissemination
InCoxsBazar,eachcommunityhasfourclustersandinTeknaf,thereare3clusters.
Thedemarcationofclustersisbasedonasfollows:
InCoxsBazarThecriteriaoffourclusterswithinthecommunityisbasedon
the geographic location and area. The geographical area in selected
119
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communityisbiganditisdifficultforvolunteerstomanage.Itwasdecided
by the volunteers that, there should be four clusters in S.M. Jati Pahar and
Mohajeer Para so that communicate the early warning effectively and
communitycanbemobilizedeasily.
InTeknafThecriteriahereisbasedonlocationofvolunteers.Therearethree
clusters inselectedcommunitywhereclustervolunteers arelocated inthree
differentlocations.
Development of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) at community level The

standardoperatingprocedurewasalsodevelopedduringvalidationofCRAprocess.
Key mobilizers within each cluster and stakeholders for SOP were also developed.
ThepurposeofSOPistohaveaSIMPLEGUIDELINEatthecommunitylevelsothat
specific roles and responsibilities can be performed. The develop SOP is at the
consultation stage and wouldbe finalizedduringthesimulation.Itis alsobetterto
give this guideline a local name rather than SOP which is more technical. What
should be the name of this guideline will also be discussed with community.
Following is the format that have been developed for SOP and written by
communitythemselves:
Change
Agentsof
Early
Warning
System
Cluster
Volunteers
Ward
Councilors
Religious
Leaders
CDMP
ADPC
Responsibilities
Before
During
Facilitatetheriskandresourcemap
developmentandinstallationofEarly
WarningDisplayBoard
MonitoringVeryHighVulnerableHouses
andregularcontactandPutColorcodeto
themostvulnerablehouses
MaintenanceofEarlyWarningEquipment.
CollectdatafromRainGaugeandinterpret
Disseminateearlywarninginformationto
VulnerableHousesinClusters
FacilitateSimulation/Drillonregularbasis
Mobilizecommunitytodevelopandupdate
RiskandResourceMap
Disseminateearlywarninginformationto
variouskeypersonsinthecommunity,
schoolteacher,religiousleaderand
Pouroshavaauthorities.
CommunicatewithWard
Councilorsandresponse
agencies
FacilitateEvacuationforother
possiblelandslideareas
Informothercluster
volunteerstobevigilant
Mobilizecommunitytodevelopandupdate
riskandresourcemap
Regularpublicannouncementabout
Landslideprotectionandvigilance
120
CoordinatewithResponse
agencies.
Facilitateevacuationprocess
forotherpossiblelandslide
areas.
Keepintouchwithother
clustervolunteersand
externalagencies
CoordinatewithResponse
agencies.
areas.
datEx-

externalagencies
Teachers
DiscussonHillCuttinganditsconsequences CoordinatewithResponse
withchildren
agencies.
Participateinthedevelopmentofriskand
resourcemapalongwithchildren
areas.
Orientchildrentodiscussaboutlandslide
withtheirparentsandsiblings
ParticipateinSimulation/Drillonregular
externalagencies
basiswithchildren
RedCrescent DiscussonHillCuttinganditsconsequences CommunicatewithWard
Councilorsandresponse
withhouseslocatedinveryhighriskareas
agencies.
developmentandinstallationofEarly
WarningDisplayBoard.
FacilitatePublicAwarenessonregularbasis Informothercluster
volunteerstobevigilant
SocialWorker DiscussonHillCuttinganditsconsequences FacilitateEvacuationforother
withhouseslocatedinveryhighriskareas
FacilitatePublicAwarenessonregularbasis
YouthClub
DiscussonHillcuttinganditsconsequences FacilitateEvacuationforother
withhouseslocatedinveryhighriskareas.
development.
School
DiscusswithPeerGroup,parentsand
Children
siblingsaboutlandslides
resourcemaps
ParticipateinPublicAwarenessCampaign
onLandslides
ParticipateinSimulation/Drill
Women
DiscussonHillcuttinganditsconsequences FacilitateEvacuationforother
withhouseslocatedinveryhighriskareas.
development.
Personswith
Discusswithhouseholdmembersabout
Disabilities
landslides
resourcemaps
ParticipateinPublicAwarenessCampaign
onLandslides
ParticipateinSimulation/Drill
SourceCommunityConsultation
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Early warning and monitoring system development after conducting the

community risk assessment, early warning and monitoring system has been
developed. Numerous areas of possible interventions were identified through this
activity. Encouragingly, most of the identified possible interventions have already
beenincorporatedintotheProjectdesign.Inthissection,theimportantthingnowis
to analyze how to best implement these interventions. Analysis on local institutions
mechanismandcommunitylevelsocialdynamicsareveryimportantinthisregard,
astheyhelpidentifyexistingmechanisms/institutionstheProjectcantakeadvantage
of to ensure smooth implementation and sustainability of the project impacts.
Following mechanism has been discussed with municipality and community to act
upontoestablishearlywarningandmonitoringsystemdevelopment:
Downscale the early warning information products at local level At the

national level in Bangladesh BMD have been engaged intensively to develop
variety of information products on rainfall data and forecasts. These products
requiredtobeanalyzedinthelocalcontextsothattheessenceofthegenerated
informationremainsthesamebuttheinterpretationchangesfromMacroMeso
Micro levels. In other words, the developed early warning information at the
nationallevelrequiresguidancetobetranslatedatthecityandcommunitylevel
fordifferentusers.
Figure14:DMINgenericdesign
Alignment of hazard monitoring and risk profiling into early warning system
Themostimportantaspectinearlywarningsystemistomonitorthehazardand
understandhowandwhereitwillhavethesevereimpactwithinthelocation.In
the current scenario, hazard monitoring is being done by the government
agenciesatvariouslevelssuchasmeteorologicaldepartmentandlocalmetoffice
etc.Tocomplementtheexistingefforts,theriskprofilingcanbebroughtintothe
picture to develop the scenarios in case of hazard turns into disaster. This will
122
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also help monitoring institutions, government agencies, designated response

agencies,
volunteers, nongovernment organizations to make their response smart and
effectiveintimesemergency.
DevelopmentofdecisionsupportsystematthecitylevelAtpresentthecityhas
very limited capacity to develop decision support system. Most of the time,
decision support system utilization or analysis takes place at the national level
whichinvariablytakestimetoreachtomicrolevel.Tominimizetheinformation
transmissioncostaswellasincreasethereactiontime,thereisaneedtodevelop
the capacity of the city level officials to engage in developing decision support
system.Ifcityispronetolandslidehazardwithhighvulnerabilities,inthiscase
theDSSwouldassistcitytoprepareandrespondtolandslides.Mostofthework
atthecitylevelwithregardstodisasterriskreductiontakesplacewithouttheuse
of risk maps and resource inventory, risk profile, vulnerability maps and
inundationmapsandtheseinformationaretherequirementsofcityleveldisaster
management authorities. The diagram shows the disaster management
information network (DMIN) which has covered both slow and rapid onset
hazard.Usingtheexistingresourcesandsystem,theDSScaneasilybedeveloped
atthecitylevel.
Collection and processing of rain gauge data at the municipality level The
information collected at the community level would be send to municipality.
Municipalitywouldalsohaveadisplaysystemtorecordtherainfalldataonday
to day basis. Municipality would closely work with local meteorological
departmenttoobserveandinterprettheraingaugedataandwillactaccordingly.
Installation of Rain Gauge at the Community level and display system Since
thescientificstudyhasbeendonetodevelopthethresholdvaluesusingrainfall
data and soil quality, rain gauges have been installed in various strategic
locationsinthecommunityvulnerabletolandslides.Volunteersandcommunity
basedfacilitators havebeentrained tocollectthe rain falldata throughtherain
gauge.Theseraingaugeshavethreedifferentcolorcodesasshownbelow:
Colorcode
Level
Evacuate
Ready
Alert
Threshold Values
Actions
Theinformationcollectedbyvolunteersandfacilitatorsateachoftheraingaugewouldbe
displayedatthecommunitylevelusingadisplayboard.Thedisplayboardwouldbe
locatedinastrategicplacewithinthecommunity.
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Figure15:Communitybasedearlywarningsystem
Based on community consultation, regarding the display board where community by
themselveshasdecidedthebestpossiblestructurefortheinformationtobedisplayed.The
locationtoinstallthedisplayboardhasalsobeenfinalized.Thedevelopedriskandresource
mapwouldbecomputerizedandprintedandinstalledwithearlywarningsystemasshown
above.
3.4.
NextStep
Bangladeshhasdevelopedtheinformationproductsrelatedtoearlywarningatthenational
level. These information products require to be translated to the city as well as at the
community level by understanding what information products are required by the
community and in what language or communication medium. The effort here is to bring
science,institutionsandsocietytogethertominimizeorreducetheimpactofdisaster.The
current intervention is to strengthen the DMIN would be an additional advantage for
developing a community based early warning system (CBEWS). Below mentioned activity
detailarethenextsteptorealizethecommunitybasedearlywarningsystemonLandslides
inCoxsBazarandTekanf:
1. InstallationofRaingaugesatthecommunitylevel.
2. TrainingofClusterVolunteersonCommunityBasedEarlyWarningSystem
3. InstallationofRiskInformationDISPLAYBOARDincludingriskandresourcemaps,
evacuationmapandearlywarningonLandslides.
4. DevelopmentofDecisionSupportSystem(DSS)attheCitylevel.
5. SimulationandMockDrills
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Plate6:FieldActivitiesrelatedtoCBEWS
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CDMP
ADPC
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AnnexureA
Descriptiononthelandslideeventscollectedfrom
newspaper&othersources
CDMP
ADPC
137
datEx-

AnnexB
ListoftheinventoryonlandslideeventsinTeknafandCoxsBazar
CDMP
ADPC
138
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CDMP
ADPC
139
datEx-

Report - Landslide Inventory & Land Use Mapping, DEM Preparation, Precipitation Threshold Value & Establishment of EW Device - 2012

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Rainfall Triggered Landslide Hazard Zonation in Coxs Bazaar and Teknaf Municipalities as well as Introducing Community-based Early

Warning System for Landslide Hazard Management

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

This reportis prepared tosummarizethefindings ofthe activityforInventorying the past

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

management Programme (CDMP) of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB). CDMP is a

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Physiography is a description of the physical nature (form, substance, arrangement,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

As per requirement of Landslide Hazard Zonation mapping, general landuses were

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Dense Urban Settlement

Map-1: Landuse Map of Cox's Bazar Municipal Area.

TOPOGRAPHIC (Contour) MAP

Map-3: Topographic (Contour, 5m) Map of Cox's Bazar Municipal Area.

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM)

Map-5: DEM of Cox's Bazar Municipal Area.

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Map-7: Landuse Map of Teknaf Municipal Area.

Dense Urban Settlement

Topographic (Contour) Map

Teknaf Upazila, Cox's Bazar Zila

Map-9: Topographic (Contour) Map of Teknaf Municipal Area.

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM)

Teknaf Upazila, Cox's Bazar Zila

Map-11: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Teknaf Municipal Area.

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

InChittagong andChittagongHill TractstheUpperTertiarysandyargillaceoussediments

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Sedimentary rocks. It is the western most extension of ArakanYoma Anticlinoriums and

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Lalkhan Bazar in HeavyRain

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

DateofOccurrence:15June2010,3July2008and11 Landslide History: Initiated movement in

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Landslide History: Landslide occurred here in

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,

Original slope 15.The upper part consists of highly weathered clay

Report on Landslide Inventory & Land-use Mapping,