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NMR 06 Hydrocarbon Analysis HC
NMR 06 Hydrocarbon Analysis HC
Hydrocarbon Analysis
Contents
Notes on Fluid Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Predicting Fluid Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Hydrocarbon Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Recommended Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Properties Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Hydrocarbon Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Critical to identification is the understanding of the NMR properties of fluids at reservoir temperature and
conditions.
T2 at reservoir conditions
Hydrogen Index
Some of these properties are dependent on tool, pore size and whether or not the fluid is wetting or nonwetting. Geolog provides a module for the calculation of NMR fluid properties. These properties act as
guidelines for the identification and quantification of hydrocarbons in the reservoir. However, it should be
noted that the calculated fluid properties are the starting point for fluid typing and quantification, since the
fluid properties are also dependent on other factors that cannot be determined during normal petrophysical
analysis.
See also "Properties Calculator" on page 6-5.
Hydrocarbon Analysis
The principles underlying hydrocarbon analysis are described in the Differential Spectrum, Delta Wait
Time Experiments (DTW) on page 1-21.
Hydrocarbon analysis is used for the identification of gas and light oils (< 5 cp). The Hydrocarbon Analysis
modules assume that a significant T1 contrast exists between water and the light hydrocarbons, and that
the gas and oil have different T2 values. These assumptions are valid for high porosity water-wet reservoirs.
f = f HI f f
(Eq. 1)
where:
A
HIf
f exp
( T W S T 1f )
exp
( T W L T 1f )
(Eq. 2)
where:
TWS
TWL
T1f
Recommended Methodology
The following methodology is recommended for hydrocarbon analysis using Geolog.
Step 1
Calculate T1bulk and T1, T2 of oil and gas and reservoir. See "Properties Calculator" on page 6-5
module.
Step 2
Fluids > "Hydrocarbon Analysis" on page 6-7
Use this module to estimate apparent porosity. Porosity can be estimated by extrapolating the
CPMG echo data back to time = 0. A regression through the first few echoes can be used to calculate
the intercept at the y-axis, which is the amplitude at t=0.
Step 3
Fluids > "Inversion" on page 6-8
Use this module to subtract the TWS CPMG data from the TWL CPMG data and invert the resulting
CPMG to a continuous distribution of exponentials (minimum T2 = 0.3ms, maximum T2 = 3000ms,
bins = 30).
Step 4
Check the T2 distribution for gas and oil. Peaks in the T2 distribution should correspond with the
predicted T2 for oil and gas. If the predicted values cannot be correlated with the T2 distribution,
the T2bulk properties will need to be recalculated using the correct parameters. Geolog Xplot can be
used to investigate the distribution of T2 values.
Step 5
Determine the correct values for T2 gas and T2 oil from the peaks in the T2 distribution. Providing
that the T2 peaks are close to the predicted values, T2 oil and T2 gas can be adjusted to reflect the
peaks found in the inverted T2 distribution.
Step 6
Fluids > "Hydrocarbons" on page 6-11
Use this module to calculate the apparent porosity for oil and gas. Use T2 for oil and gas determined
in "Step 4" on page 6-4 and "Step 5" on page 6-4.
Step 7
Fluids > "Corrections" on page 6-15
Use this module to calculate the true porosity for oil and gas.
Properties Calculator
The Fluid Properties module calculates fluid properties relevant for the analysis of NMR data.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Fluid properties to display the nmr_fluid_predict module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-1, "nmr_fluid_predict Parameters" on
page 6-6.
The nmr_fluid_predict Module
Default
Description
TE
HI_GAS
HI_WATER
HI_OIL
HI_MF
FTEMP
MU_OIL
Oil viscosity.
MU_WATER
Water viscosity.
RHO_GAS
Gas density.
T1_WATER
T1_OIL
T1_GAS
DCO_WATER
DCO_WATER
DCO_OIL
DCO_OIL
DCO_GAS
DCO_GAS
T2_OIL
T2_OIL
T2_GAS
T2_GAS
HOIL
HOIL
HWATER
HWATER
HGAS
HGAS
HMF
HMF
T2DW
T2DW
Hydrocarbon Analysis
Porosity
This module calculates NMR porosity by extrapolating the CPMG echoes back to Time = 0 (i.e., the
beginning of the experiment). Fits a regression line to the first few echoes.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Porosity to display the
nmr_tda_phi module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-2, "nmr_tda_phi Parameters" on page 6-7.
The nmr_tda_phi Module
Default
Description
FIRST_ECHO
LAST_ECHO
PHIA_LIM
Maximum porosity.
TE
ECHOA
PHIA_MRIL
PHIA_MRIL
PHIA
PHIA
Supplementary Information
In fluid filled rocks, the volume of rock occupied by fluid is equal to porosity. Petrophysical NMR
measurements utilize hydrogen proton spins to generate a signal. Because hydrogen is abundant in fluids,
the magnitude of the NMR signal is proportional to the formation fluid volume.
When all the proton spins are aligned in the magnetic field, the NMR signal is proportional to the porosity
of the rock. Consequently, at the start of the CPMG experiment, at t=0, and before relaxation of the proton
spins has occurred, the signal is proportional to porosity.
NMR logging tools are calibrated using a 100% porosity reference (i.e., a water-filled bucket). The
determination of porosity therefore assumes that the hydrogen nuclei in the formation fluid are equal to an
equivalent volume of water such that the Hydrogen Index is 1. Porosity estimates must be adjusted to
reflect variation in the Hydrogen Index of the formation fluid.
Porosity can be estimated by extrapolating the CPMG echo data back to time = 0. A regression through the
first few echoes can be used to calculate the intercept at the y-axis, which is the amplitude at t=0.
Inversion
The module performs an inversion of CPMG data generated from the subtraction of TWS CPMG data from
TWL data. The resultant T2 distribution will contain T2 components associated with hydrocarbons. L2 and
L1L2 inversion parameters use zeroth order regularization methods.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Inversion to display the
nmr_invert_tda module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-3, "nmr_invert_tda Parameters" on
page 6-9.
Default
OPT_COMPRESS
Yes
Description
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
button
to select either yes or no and thus turn data compression on or off.
FIRST_ECHO
LAST_ECHO
COMPRESS_BINS
Default
INVERSION_TYPE
L2
Description
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
to select either L2 or L1L2 inversion (see "Supplementary
Information" on page 6-10).
button
REG_PARAM
NECH_V
TE
Echo spacing.
T2_MIN
T2_MAX
T2_BIN
Number of T2 bins.
ECHO_AMP_A
ECHO_NOISE_A
ECHO_AMP_B
ECHO_NOISE_B
ECHOA, NOISEA, ECHOB and NOISEB should have the same number of echoes (samples) and should have been
acquired using the same echo-spacing (TE). The wait times should be defined so that TWL > TWS.
PHI_T2_DIST_DIFF
T2_TIME_DIFF
ECHO_AMP_DIFF
ECHO_NOISE_DIFF
ECHO_FIT_DIFF
SIGMA_NOISE
INVERT_DIFF_BAD
Supplementary Information
L2 and L1/L2 inversion parameters use zeroth order regularization methods. The L1/L2 hybridization
model attempts to deal with outliers in the CPMG data set. L1/L2 is particularly useful for noisy data or
CPMG decays that display spiking.
L2 Solution
L2 inversion utilizes a design matrix that has a row for each of the data points (in this case, the
CPMG data). Each equation is then multiplied by a number (common to all the equations) that
standardizes the data. Standardization serves to eliminate the effect of small or big
data:parameters ratios. Furthermore, each equation is multiplied by a number that is inversely
proportional to measurement error. The measurement error accounts for equations that have small
measurement errors associated with the data.
The design matrix has 2M - 2 rows where M stands for the number of parameters (number of T2
values).
The first additional M rows contain zeroth order regularization; the first one has 1 in the first
position, . . . the Mth has 1 in the Mth position; all the rest are zeros. This serves to minimize the
length of the model. Algebraically, it lowers the condition number of the matrix thus making the
process of finding the solution more stable.
The rest of M-2 rows have 1 -2 1 around each (no border) parameter. This adds another term to the
minimization, causing less second derivative. This uses the NNLS algorithm as described by
Lawson & Hanson's book "Solving Least Squares Problems", Prentice Hall, 1974. It solves Ax=b in
a least squares sense (A is out matrix, x is T2 distribution, b are the measured echoes), subject to
the condition that each element of x is non-negative, as is needed from a distribution.
L1/L2 Hybridization
Based on Langan et al, Geophysics, 1997, 1183-1195.
Used where the CPMG noise is non-Gaussian and where the data has outliers that will affect
the result.
The standard deviation of the measured echoes and the calculated theoretical curve are compared.
The equations are weighted according to the distance of the actual echoes from the theoretical
curve. Those of about <= standard deviation will have the same weight, as in regular L2
minimization. Those further away will be weighted about inverse proportionally to the distance
from the theoretical curve. This solution is iterative. Once a temporary solution is attained, it is
used to find the weights and to create the input for the next solution. This is done until convergence
of the solution.
T2 Time Constants
The time constants are selected so that they are logarithmically equally spaced. For example, the
default for the CMR is T2 min = 0.3ms, T2 max=3000ms, and the number of time constants
(T2_BINS) is 30.
Incomplete Polarization
The inversion routine automatically corrects for incomplete polarization due to insufficient wait
time. If a polarization correction is not required, the wait time (TW) should be set artificially
high, (e.g. 20s).
Hydrocarbons
This module performs quantification of hydrocarbons based on a search of the CPMG data for T2
components predicted for gas and oil. Estimates PHIA associated with oil and gas. There are two options
available for performing the search: "Exact" on page 6-11 and "Search Range" on page 6-13.
Exact
The Exact search method will invert the differential echo to time constants that are exactly specified.
Options are available for Oil, Gas and Oil+Gas.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Hydrocarbons > Exact to display
the nmr_tda1 module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-4, "nmr_tda1 Parameters" on page 6-12.
The nmr_tda1 Module
Default
Description
FLUIDS
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
select the fluid phases to search for (oil, gas, oil+gas).
OPT_COMPRESS
button to
yes
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
button to
select either yes or no and thus turn data compression on or off.
FIRST_ECHO
Default
Description
LAST_ECHO
COMPRESS_BINS
NECH_V
TE
Echo spacing.
T2_COMP1
T2_COMP2
Note: T2_COMP1 and T2_COMP2 are T2 components associated with hydrocarbons found in the reservoir where
T2_COMP1 < T2_COMP2. Normally, T2_COMP1 is gas and T2_COMP2 is light oil. The T2 components are
predicted from the equations, and the inspection of T2 distributions obtained from the inversion of the differential
echo-train. Hydrocarbon analysis assumes that the hydrocarbons decay with a single exponential, and that the
hydrocarbons are non-wetting.
ECHO_AMP_A
ECHO_NOISE_A
ECHO_AMP_B
ECHO_NOISE_B
PHIA
HC_SIGMA
HC_SIGMA
HC_DIST
HC_DIST
HC_BAD
HC_BAD
PHIA_COMP1
PHIA_COMP1
PHIA_COMP2
PHIA_COMP2
ECHO_FIT
ECHO_FIT
DIFF_ECHO
DIFF_ECHO
Search Range
The Search Range method allows the user to specify a range over which to search, and will find the best
relaxation time constant to fit the data. If two fluid phases are specified (Oil+Gas), the user must specify
two different ranges over which to search for the best relaxation time constants.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Hydrocarbons > Search Range
to display the nmr_tda1a module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-5, "nmr_tda1a Parameters" on page 6-14.
The nmr_tda1a Module
Default
Description
FLUIDS
Double click in the field then click on the Dropdown List
to select the fluid phases to search for (oil, gas, oil+gas).
button
REG_PARAM1
BINS
FIRST_ECHO
LAST_ECHO
Last echo of the CPMG data to be included in the inversion; all echoes
lying between the FIRST_ECHO and LAST_ECHO contribute to the
solution.
Default
Description
COMPRESS_BINS
NECH_V
TE
Echo spacing.
T2_COMP1_MIN
T2_COMP1_MAX
T2_COMP2_MIN
T2_COMP2_MAX
Note: T2_COMP1 and T2_COMP2 are T2 components associated with hydrocarbons found in the reservoir where
T2_COMP1 < T2_COMP2. Normally, T2_COMP1 is gas and T2_COMP2 is light oil. The T2 components are
predicted from the equations, and the inspection of T2 distributions obtained from the inversion of the differential
echo-train. Hydrocarbon analysis assumes that the hydrocarbons decay with a single exponential, and that the
hydrocarbons are non-wetting.
ECHO_AMP_A
ECHO_NOISE_A
ECHO_AMP_B
ECHO_NOISE_B
PHIA
HC_DIST
HC_SIGMA
HC_BAD
PHIA_COMP1
PHIA_COMP2
DIFF_ECHO
Corrections
This module corrects PHIA calculated for gas and light oil for variable Hydrogen Index and incomplete
polarization due to an insufficient wait time.
Operation
1. Select Petrophysics > NMR > Hydrocarbon analysis > Corrections to display the
nmr_tda2 module.
2. Set the required input Values as described in Table 6-6, "nmr_tda2 Parameters" on page 6-16.
Default
PHIT_MAX
Description
Maximum allowed porosity.
TW_S
TW_L
HOIL
HGAS
T12B_OIL
T12B_GAS
PHIA
PHIA_OIL
PHIA_OIL
PHIA_GAS
PHIA_GAS
PHIT_OIL
PHIT_OIL
PHIT_GAS
PHIT_GAS
BVW
BVW
PHIT
PHIT
Total porosity.
BVW_OIL
BVW_OIL
BVW + Oil.
BVW_OIL_GAS
BVW_OIL_GAS
Supplementary Information
To calculate the true porosity, the apparent porosities must be corrected for incomplete polarization and
Hydrogen Index.
A
f = f HI f f
(Eq. 3)
where:
A
HIf
f exp
( T W S T 1f )
exp
( T W L T 1f )
(Eq. 4)
where:
TWS
TWL
T1f
Index
F
fluid
properties of NMR data, predicting 2
N
NMR
proton spins aligned in the magnetic field 8
P
predicting
fluid properties of NMR data 2
Z
zeroth order regularization methods 10