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PROTECTION
Introduction
Functional
requirements of
relay

Components of protection Unit & non-unit type of

Classification of relay
schemes
protection
a Methods of discrimination
ROUTINE
CONTROL
PANELS

Power system protection

TESTS
for
&
RELAY

Basic structure
relaying scheme

of

OBJECTIVE
QUESTIONS

TYPE

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PROTECTION-OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the following relays gives a fore-warning of a possible major fault
(a) Buchholz relay
(b) Static Relay
a. Thermal relay
Ans: (a)
2. Which of the following conditions actuate a negative sequence relay?
a. L-L fault
b. Overvoltages in the system
c. Reverse power flow
Ans: (a)
3. A relay is said to have an overreach if
(a) it can extend protection over a greater line length
(b) the measured fault impedance is greater than the actual one
a. the measured fault impedance is less than the actual one
Ans: (a)
4. A zero sequence relay responds to
(a) L-G fault
(b) L-L fault
(c) 3-phase fault
Ans: (a)
5. A typical zone 1 fault clearing time in a 3-zone distance protection scheme is about
a. 20 ms
b. 80 ms
c. 200ms
Ans. (b)
6. A typical zone 2 reach of a 3-zone protection scheme is
a. 50%
b. 80%
c. 150%
Ans: (c)
TOP
Introduction
It is required to generate sufficient electrical power at the most suitable locality, transmit it to the load centres at the most economic and ecological price giving due regard to security, continuity and reliability. Interconnected operation of a power system leads to
economic power supplies. However, it presents stability problems and threatens the reliability & continuity of supply. The timely isolation of faulty sections of the system in the interest of stable operation cannot be overemphasized.
Components of protection schemes
Identify the following components in the simple scheme shown in Fig.10
1.
2.
3.

sensors for monitoring the operating conditions

relay system to process and decide if isolation is desired and if so to send trip signals to the circuit breaker
circuit breakers to effect actual isolation

The efficiency of a protection scheme depends upon its ability to

correctly identify the faulty section

isolate it in minimum time

avoid false tripping

Unit & non-unit type of protection

Discuss the basic difference between unit & non-unit type of protection. Give examples.
Distinguish between primary & back-up protection
Stress the need for duplication of protection using 3-zone protection scheme.
Classification of relay
Based upon
1. principle of operation
2. speed of operation
3. derivation of relaying signals
4. functions performed
5. nature of actuating quantity (current, voltage, power, reverse power etc.}
6. number of quantities measured and compared
7. method by which a relay acts upon the circuits protected- Direct/Indirect acting

1.
2.
3.

Distinguish between time overcurrent, directional and differential relays

Explain
Back-up protection
Directional feature of protection & its application
Negative sequence relay
Explain the principle of operation of the induction relay. How are time & current settings provided?

Functional requirements of a relay

1.
2.
3.
4.

Reliability
Sensitivity
Discrimination
Speed of operation

What are internal & through faults?

Methods of discrimination
1.

Discrimination to fault locationBy time

By current magnitude
By time and direction

2.

3.

By distance measurement
By time and current magnitude
By current & voltage balance
By direction of power
By phase comparison
Discrimination to type of fault
By sequence networks
Discrimination to location & type of fault

Basic structure of a relaying scheme

The blocks of the scheme shown in FIG.11 should be explained.
Explain the

Quantities measured by relays

Measuring element: means of measurement, CTs, PTS, and their characteristics

Comparing and control elements

State the functional requirements of a relay.
Explain the requirement of discrimination, and methods employed for achieving proper discrimination.
Explain the following terms:

Reset

Pick-up

Type of contacts

Over-reach

Definite, inverse, and very inverse characteristics of a relay

Power system protection
Principles of differential protection

Circulating current systems

Role of stabilizing resistor and biasing

Balanced voltage systems

Examples of differential relays
Principles of distance protection
3-zone protection, requirements of zonetime settings, schemes of 3-zone protection
Relay characteristics in the impedance plane
Protection of system components
A. Generator protection for

External faults, thermal overloading, unbalanced loading

Stator protection for L-L,L-G, and inter-turn faults

Rotor protection

Reverse power protection

B. Transformer protection

Differential protection

Winding protection

Buchholz relay

Over-current protection
C. Busbar protection
1. Explain the methods & type of earth fault protection
2. Explain the different polar characteristics of distance protection indicating positive & negative torque regions
3. Explain the method of 3-zone protection and method of providing it.
TOP

CONTROL & RELAY PANELS

[IS: 8623-1993]
ROUTINE TESTS

S. NO.

Routine test
Wiring, electrical operation

Protective measures

3
4

Dielectric test at 2.5 kV for 1 min.

Purpose
To inspect the ASSEMBLY including wiring &
function
To check protective measures by application of control
voltage and current injection at secondary
To verify withstanding high voltage test

Insulation resistance
Verification of items as per approved
drawing/ Bills of materials
Verification of routine test reports of
major bought out items, like relays ,
meters etc.

To verify insulation provided on conductive parts

To verify the quantities of required material in the
panel as per approved drawing/B.O.M.
To verify routine test certificates of relays ,
meters, etc.

NOTES: 1. Routine tests are to be considered as Acceptance Tests

2. The routine test Certificates of manufacturer of all bought out items are to be verified.