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12 Synchronous Generator Operation
12 Synchronous Generator Operation
12 Synchronous Generator Operation
Synchronous Generator
Operation
Isolated generator
Control prime mover throttle
to control speed
We consider:
isolated generator
generator connected to a large
system
two generators connected in
parallel
generator ratings
Spring 2003
Spring 2003
Eaf
XsIa
Ia
Va
Ia V
a Load
jXsIa
Va
Ia
3
Eafsin()
=XsIacos()
Eafcos()-Va
=XsIasin()
3VaE af sin()
Xs
Q = 3VaIa sin() =
3Va (E af cos() - Va )
Xs
Eaf
P = 3VaIa cos() =
Spring 2003
jXs
Eaf
Spring 2003
Increase P at constant Q
XsIa
Eaf
Ia
Spring 2003
Va
Spring 2003
Ia
XsIa
Eaf
XsIa
Eaf
Va
Ia
Spring 2003
Increase Q at constant P
approximate representation of a
large power system
Va
Spring 2003
Governor characteristic
bus
f
[Hz]
f
[Hz]
10
gen
load
fnl
fnl
sp=-P/f
PB [kW] PB1
P
[kW]
Spring 2003
11
Spring 2003
Pload
PG1
PG [kW]
12
f
[Hz]
f [Hz]
fnl
Raise
Pload
f
Pload
Pload
PB [kW] PB1
Spring 2003
PB2
PG1
PG2 PG [kW]
13
P1 [kW] P1
Spring 2003
f [Hz]
f
Spring 2003
14
Excitation system
characteristic
sq=-Q/V
P2
Q
[kVAr]
P2 [kW]
15
Spring 2003
Synchronous Generators:
Ratings
16
= 3 VL ,rated IL ,rated
Rated power factor gives the
intersection of the field heating
curve and the armature
heating curve
Spring 2003
P2 [kW]
Vnl
Raise
Pload
P1 [kW] P1
P2
17
Spring 2003
18
Eaf
Eaf
jXsIa
Va
Ia
Va
Ia
P = 3VaIa cos() =
Eaf=Va + j XsIa
Spring 2003
Eafsin()
=XsIacos()
XsIa
3VaE af sin()
Xs
Q = 3VaIa sin()
19
Spring 2003
20
P
3VaEaf /Xs
3VaIa
3VaEaf /Xs
3(VaEaf /Xs)sin()
= 3VaIacos()
3Va2/Xs
P = 3VaI a cos() =
3VaE af sin()
Xs
3Va2/Xs
Q = 3VaIa sin()
21
Spring 2003
3VaIa
Q
0
22
Armature heating
limit at rated Va
3VaIa
3VaEaf /Xs
3Va2/Xs
3VaIa
P = 3VaIacos()
Q = 3VaI a sin()
Spring 2003
rated
3VaEaf /Xs
Field heating
limit at rated Va
P = 3VaI acos()
Q = 3VaI a sin()
-3Va2/Xs
Spring 2003
23
Spring 2003
24
Q
(pu)
Armature heating
limit at Va = 1 pu
VaIa
0
rated
Armature heating
limit at Va = 1 pu
Q
(pu)
VaIa
P
(pu) Field heating
limit at Va = 1 pu
Xs < 1.0 pu
rated
-Va2/Xs
25
Armature heating
limit at Va = 1 pu
Q
(pu)
Spring 2003
-Va2/Xs
P
(pu) Field heating
limit at Va = 1 pu
Steady-state
stability limit
Spring 2003
Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)
VaIa
rated
26
Q
(pu)
VaIa
0
Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)
Steady-state
stability limit
-Va2/Xs
Spring 2003
P
(pu) Field heating
limit at Va = 1 pu
Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)
rated
P
(pu)
Transient
stability limit
-Va2/Xs
Prime mover torque limits
27
Spring 2003
28
Q
(pu)
Xs > 1.0 pu
(typical)
VaIa
0
rated
P
(pu)
-Va2/Xs
Turbine-generator capability
Spring 2003
29