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41.electric Current Through Gases
41.electric Current Through Gases
CHAPTER 41
1. Let the two particles have charge ‘q’
–31
Mass of electron ma = 9.1 10 kg
–27
Mass of proton mp = 1.67 10 kg
Electric field be E
Force experienced by Electron = qE
accln. = qE/me
For time dt
1 qE
Se = dt 2 …(1)
2 me
For the positive ion,
qE
accln. =
m
4 mp
1 qE
co
Sp = dt 2 …(2)
2 4 mp
Se 4mp
2.
Sp
me
= 7340.6
m 9.1 10 31
a) S = distance travelled
.m
1 2
= at = 439.56 m = 440 m
2
–3
b) d = 1 mm = 1 10 m
w
–3 1 1.6 5 5 2
1 10 = 10 t
2 9.1
w
9.1
1018 t = 1.508 10 sec 1.5 ns.
2 –9
t =
w
0.8 5
A C
3. Let the mean free path be ‘L’ and pressure be ‘P’
L 1/p for L = half of the tube length, P = 0.02 mm of Hg
As ‘P’ becomes half, ‘L’ doubles, that is the whole tube is filled with Crook’s dark space.
Hence the required pressure = 0.02/2 = 0.01 m of Hg.
4. V = f(Pd)
vs = Ps ds
vL = Pl dl
Vs Ps ds 100 10 1mm
Vl Pl dl 100 20 x
x = 1 mm / 2 = 0.5 mm
5. i = ne or n = i/e
‘e’ is same in all cases.
We know,
41.1
Electric current through gases
2 / RT –23
i = AST e = 4.52 eV, K = 1.38 10 J/k
19 23
n(1000) = As (1000) e 4.521.610 / 1.3810 1000
2
–17
1.7396 10
a) T = 300 K
19 23
n(T) AS (300)2 e 4.521.610 / 1.3810 300
–55
= 7.05 10
n(1000K) AS 1.7396 10 17
b) T = 2000 K
19 23
n(T) AS (2000)2 e4.521.610 / 1.3810 2000
11
= 9.59 10
n(1000K) AS 1.7396 10 17
c) T = 3000 K
19 23
n(T) AS (3000)2 e4.521.610 / 1.3810 3000
16
= 1.340 10
n(1000K) AS 1.7396 10 17
6. i = AST2 e / KT
m
i1 = i i2 = 100 mA
4 4
A1 = 60 10 A2 = 3 10
co
S1 = S S2 = S
T1 = 2000 T2 = 2000
1 = 4.5 eV
K = 1.38 10
–23
J/k g.
2 = 2.6 eV
ng
4.51.61019
4 2 23
i = (60 10 ) (S) (2000) e1.3810 2000
ye
2.61.61019
4 2 23
100 = (3 10 ) (S) (2000) e1.3810 2000
Dividing the equation
.m
4.51.610 2.61.610
i 1.382
( )
1.3820
e
100
w
i i
20 e11.014 20 0.000016
100 100
w
= 4.5 eV = 2.6 eV
4 2 2 4 2 2
A = 60 10 A/m – k A = 3 10 A/m – k
i = AST e / KT
2
S 3 10 T e
4 2 1.38T 1023
3 10 e
8 1.38T10 23 = e 1.38T 1023 3 10
4
Taking ‘ln’
9.21 T = 220.29
T = 22029 / 9.21 = 2391.856 K
41.2
Electric current through gases
2 / KT
8. i = AST e
i = AST
12
e / KT
i T 2 e / KT
12 / KT
i T e
2 2
i T / KT KT T KT / KT
e e
i T T
2 4.51.61019
i 2000 1.3810 23 1 1
= e = 0.8690
i 2010 2010 2000
i 1
1.1495 = 1.14
i 0.8699
4 2 2
9. A = 60 10 A/m – k
–8 2 4
= 4.5 eV = 6 10 /m – k
–5 2 –23
S = 2 10 m K = 1.38 10 J/K
m
H = 24
The Cathode acts as a black body, i.e. emissivity = 1
co
4
E = A T (A is area)
E 24
T4 = 2 1013 K 20 1012 K
A 6 10 2 10 5
8
T = 2.1147 10 = 2114.7 K
3
g.
ng
= AST e / KT
2
Now, i
4.51.610 19
5 –5 2 23
= 6 10 2 10 (2114.7) e 1.38T10
ye
–3
= 1.03456 10 A = 1 mA
10. ip = CVp3 / 2 …(1)
.m
CVp1/ 2 …(2)
dv p 2
w
ip dv p CVp3 / 2
1 dip 3
ip dv p 2V
dv p 2V
dip 3ip
2V 2 60
R= 4 103 4k
3ip 3 10 10 3
11. For plate current 20 mA, we find the voltage 50 V or 60 V.
Hence it acts as the saturation current. Therefore for the same temperature, the plate current is 20 mA
for all other values of voltage.
Hence the required answer is 20 mA.
12. P = 1 W, p = ?
Vp = 36 V, Vp = 49 V, P = IpVp
41.3
Electric current through gases
P 1
Ip =
Vp 36
3/2
Ip (Vp)
3/2
Ip (Vp)
Ip (Vp )3 / 2
Ip Vp
3/2
1/ 36 36
Ip 49
1 36 6
Ip 0.4411
36 Ip 49 7
P = Vp Ip = 49 0.4411 = 2.1613 W = 2.2 W
13. Amplification factor for triode value
Charge in Plate Voltage Vp
==
m
Charge in Grid Voltage Vg
250 225 25
co
= 12.5 [ Vp = 250 – 225, Vg = 2.5 – 0.5]
2.5 0.5 2
14. rp = 2 K = 2 103
gm = 2 milli mho = 2 10
= rp gm = 2 10 2 10
3
–3
mho
–3
g.
= 4 Amplification factor is 4.
ng
4
15. Dynamic Plate Resistance rp = 10 K = 10
Ip = ?
Vp = 220 – 220 = 20 V
ye
Vp
16. rp = at constant Vg
Ip
w
rp =
(13 3) 10 3 A 10
w
Ip
gm = = constant
Vg v p
Considering the points on 200 V line,
(13 3) 10 3 10 10 3
gm = A 2.5 milli mho
[( 4) ( 8)] 4
= rp gm
3 –3 –1
= 8 10 2.5 10 = 8 1.5 = 20
17. a) rp = 8 K = 8000
Vp = 48 V Ip = ?
Ip = Vp / rp) / Vg = constant.
So, Ip = 48 / 8000 = 0.006 A = 6 mA
b) Now, Vp is constant.
Ip = 6 mA = 0.006 A
41.4
Electric current through gases
gm = 0.0025 mho
Vg = Ip / gm) / Vp = constant.
0.006
= = 2.4 V
0.0025
18. rp = 10 K = 10 103
= 20 Vp = 250 V
Vg = –7.5 V Ip = 10 mA
Ip
a) gm = Vp = constant
Vg
Ip 15 103 10 10 3
Vg =
gm / rp
5 10 3 5
= 3
2.5
20 /10 10 2
m
rg = +2.5 – 7.5 = –5 V
Vp
b) rp = Vg = constnant
co
Ip
4 Vp
10 =
(15 10
4
Vp = 10 5 10
3
10 10 3 )
–3
= 50 V g.
ng
Vp – Vp = 50 Vp = –50 + Vp = 200 V
19. Vp = 250 V, Vg = –20 V
1.41
a) ip = 41(Vp + 7Vg)
ye
1.41 1.41
41(250 – 140) = 41 (110) = 30984 A = 30 mA
1.41
b) ip = 41(Vp + 7Vg)
.m
Differentiating,
0.41
dip = 41 1.41 (Vp + 7Vg) (dVp + 7dVg)
dVp
w
Now rp = Vg = constant.
dip
w
dVp 1 106 6 –3 3
or = 10 2.51 10 2.5 10 = 2.5 K
dip 41 1.41 1100.41
w
c) From above,
dIp = 41 1.41 6.87 7 d Vg
dIp
gm = = 41 1.41 6.87 7 mho
dVg
= 2780 mho = 2.78 milli mho.
d) Amplification factor
3 –3
= rp gm = 2.5 10 2.78 10 = 6.95 = 7
3/2
20. ip = K(Vg + Vp/) …(1)
Diff. the equation :
1/2
dip = K 3/2 (Vg + Vp/) d Vg
1/ 2
dip 3 V
K Vg 0
dVg 2
41.5
Electric current through gases
1/2
gm = 3/2 K (Vg + Vp/) …(2)
1/2 3 2
From (1) ip = [3/2 K (Vg + Vp/) ] 8/K 27
3
ip = k (gm) gm 3 ip
21. rp = 20 K = Plate Resistance
–3
Mutual conductance = gm = 2.0 milli mho = 2 10 mho
Amplification factor = 30
Load Resistance = RL = ?
We know
A= where A = voltage amplification factor
rp
1
RL
rp gm
A= where = rp gm
rp
1
RL
m
20 103 2 10 3 4RL
30 = 3=
20000 RL 20000
co
1
RL
3RL + 60000 = 4 RL
RL = 60000 = 60 K
g.
ng
22. Voltage gain =
rp
1
RL
ye
When A = 10, RL = 4 K
4 103
10 = 10
rp 4 103 rp
.m
1 3
4 10
3 3
40 10 10rp = 4 10 …(1)
w
when A = 12, RL = 8 K
8 103
w
12 = 12
rp 8 103 rp
1
w
8 103
3 3
96 10 + 12 rp = 8 10 …(2)
Multiplying (2) in equation (1) and equating with equation (2)
3
2(40 10 + 10 rp) = 96 10+3 + 12rp
3
rp = 2 10 = 2 K
Putting the value in equation (1)
3 3 3
40 10 + 10(2 10 ) = 4 10
3 3 3
40 10 + 20 10 ) = 4 10
= 60/4 = 15
41.6