Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19 The Chemistry of Metabolism
1)
Which of the following is incorrect?
A)
Animals and humans metabolize compounds in the same way.
B)
Chocolate is metabolized as a toxin in dogs.
C)
All humans metabolize compounds in the same way.
D)
A and B

A and C

E)

Answer:

Section: 19.0

2)
Which of the following statements is/are true about metabolism?
A)
reactions that living organisms carry out to obtain energy and to synthesize required compounds
B)
reactions that organic chemists carry out to obtain energy and to synthesize required compounds
C)
reactions that consist of catabolic and anabolic reactions
D)
A and C

B and C

E)

Answer:

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

D
Section: 19.0

3)
Which of the following is not true about catabolic reactions?
A)
Catabolic reactions require NAD+ for a coenzyme.
B)
Catabolic reactions are most often oxidation reactions.
C)
Catabolic reactions are most often reduction reactions.
D)
Catabolic reactions require an oxidizing coenzyme.
E)
Catabolic reactions break down complex molecules into simpler ones.
Answer:

Section: 19.0

4)
What are catabolic and anabolic reactions?
Answer:

Catabolic reactions are reactions where complex molecules break down into simple molecules and energy.
Anabolic reactions are reactions which require and consume energy in order to convert simple molecules into complex
biomolecules.
Section: 19.0

5)
List the four stages of catabolism and briefly explain the significance of each.
Answer:

The first stage of catabolism is called digestion. In this stage, fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are hydrolyzed into fatty

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

acids, monosaccharides, and amino acids respectively. The second stage is one in which these hydrolytic products are
converted into compounds which can enter the citric acid cycle (acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, citric acid cycle intermediates). The
third stage of catabolism is the citric acid cycle itself. For every acetyl-CoA that enters the cycle, two molecules of carbon
dioxide are formed. The final stage of catabolism is called oxidative phosphorylation. Herein, every NADH that was
formed in the earlier stages is converted into three ATPs.
Section: 19.0

6)
Which of the following statements is/are true about metabolism?
A)
reactions that living organisms carry out to obtain energy and to synthesize required compounds
B)
reactions that organic chemists carry out to obtain energy and to synthesize required compounds
C)
reactions that consist of catabolic and anabolic reactions
D)
A and C

B and C

E)

Answer:

Section: 19.0

7)
Describe digestion.
Answer:

During digestion the foods consumed are hydrolyzed to different compounds. Fats are hydrolyzed to fatty acids.
Carbohydrates are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides. Proteins are hydrolyzed to amino acids.
Section: 19.1

8)
List the four stages of catabolism.
Answer:

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

1. digestion
2. conversion of fatty acids, monosaccharides, and amino acids to compounds that can
enter the citric cycle
3. the citric acid cycle
4. oxidative phosphorylation
Section: 19.1

9)
In a process known as oxidative phosphorylation, every NADH that is formed in carrying out oxidation reactions in the
early stages of catabolism is converted into __________.
A)
three ATPs

two ATPs

B)

C)

four FADHs
D)
six acetyl-CoAs
E)
none of the above
Answer:

Section: 19.2

10)
For what compound is ATP an abbreviation?
A)
adenine triphosphate
B)
adenosine tetraphosphate
C)
adenine tetraphosphate
D)

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

adenosine triphosphate
E)
adenine triphosphoric acid
Answer:

D
Section: 19.2

11)
Which of the following statements best explains the source of energy behind the ATP molecule?
A)
the energy released when a phosphoanhydride bond of ATP is broken
B)
the energy released when adenosine binds to the phosphate
C)
the energy released when ribose binds to the phosphate
D)
the energy released when adenine binds to ribose
E)
the energy released when ATP is reduced
Answer:

Section: 19.2

12)
Draw the chemical structure of adenosine triphosphate, (ATP).
Answer:

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

Section: 19.2

13)
Propose a mechanism for the conversion of D-glucose to D-glucose-6-phosphate using ATP as a source of the phosphate.
Answer:

Section: 19.2

14)
What is the name of the compound that catalyzes the reaction of glycerol with ATP to form glycerol-3-phosphate?
Answer:

glycerol kinase

Section: 19.3

15)
What is the function of a kinase?
Answer:

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

A kinase is an enzyme that puts a phosphoryl group on its substrate.

Section: 19.3

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

16)
Which of the enzymes below catalyze -oxidation?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase
glycerol kinase
enoyl-CoA hydratase
hexokinase
aldolase
pyruvate kinase
enolase
phosphoglyceromutase
3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
A)

IV, VII, VIII, X

B)
I, III, IV, VI

II, III, V, XI

II, V, IX, X

C)

D)

E)

I, III, VI, VIII

Answer:

C
Section: 19.3

17)
Which of the following enyzmes are used to catalyze glycolysis?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

enolase
glycerol kinase
aldolase
glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase
enoyl-CoA hydratase

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

hexokinase
pyruvate kinase
phosphoglyceromutase
3-L-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
A)

II, IV, VI, VII, IX

B)
I, III, VIII, IX, X
C)
I, V, VII, VIII, X
D)
III, V, VI, VII, IX
E)
II, IV, VII, VIII, X
Answer:

B
Section: 19.4

18)
Describe the difference between what has happens to pyruvate under aerobic versus anaerobic conditions.
Answer:

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA so it can enter the citric acid cycle. Under anaerobic
conditions, pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Under anaerobic conditions in yeast, pyruvate is decarboxylated to
acetaldehyde which oxidizes NADH to NAD+.
Section: 19.5

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

19)
Which of the following enyzmes are used to catalyze citric acid cycle?
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
XIII.

enolase
glycerol kinase
aldolase
aconitase
acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
citrate synthase
enoyl-CoA hydratase
hexokinase
pyruvate kinase
phosphoglyceromutase
fumarase
NADH
succinate dehydrogenase
A)

I, III, IV, XII

B)

III, IV, XII, XIII

C)
IV, V, VI, XII
D)
IV, VI, XI, XIII
E)
II, VI, IX, X
Answer:

D
Section: 19.6

20)
Explain the results from oxidative phosphorylation.
Answer:

Oxidative phosphorylation is the fourth stage of catabolism where each of the three NADH molecules formed from one
cycle through the citric acid cycle is converted to three ATPs and each FADH 2 is converted to two ATPs. So NADH is

Essential Organic Chemistry (Bruice)

Chapter 19

oxidized back to NAD+ and FADH2 is oxidized back to FAD.

Section: 19.7

21)
Describe anabolism.
Answer:

Anabolism involves the synthesis of fatty acids, monosaccharides, and amino acids from acetyl-CoA, pyruvate, and citric
acid intermediates. The products from anabolism are used to form fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Section: 19.8