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CH 7
CH 7
Hillar Klandorf
Paul Yancey
Chapter 7
Endocrine Systems
Amines
Steroids
Steroid hormones
Cholesterol
Pregneneolone
17-Hydroxypregneneolone
Progesterone
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(adrenal cortex hormone)
Androstenedione
Estrone
11-Deoxycorticosterone
Deoxycortisol
Mineralocorticoid
(adrenal cortex
hormone)
Estradiol
Androgens
(male sex hormones)
Corticosterone
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Cortisol
Estriol
Glucocorticoid
(adrenal cortex
hormone)
Estrogens
(female sex
hormones)
Blood vessel
Plasma
protein
carrier
Steroid
hormone
ECF
Plasma
membrane
Cytoplasm
Cellular response
9 New protein
brings about
desired response.
Steroid
hormone
receptor
New
protein
Portion
that binds
hormone
8 New protein
is released from
ribosome and
processed into
final folded form.
Portion
that binds
to DNA
7 Ribosomes
read mRNA
to synthesize
new proteins.
intracellular receptor
specific for it.
DNA-binding
site (active)
6 New
mRNA
leaves
nucleus.
3 Hormone receptor
mRNA
4 Binding
activates gene.
5 Activated
gene
transcribes
mRNA.
DNA
Nucleus
Hormone Gene
response
element
Neuroendocrine reflexes
Biological rhythms
Stimuli
(related to feeding activities)
anterior end of larva
Hormone
secretory cells
in brain
Juvenile
hormone
Brain
Corpus
hormone
allatum
Prothoracic
ecdysone
ecdysone
gland
Larval stages
Pupa
Adult
Pineal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Thyroid
Thymus
Heart
Stomach
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Duodenum
Kidney
Skin
Ovaries in
female
Placenta in
pregnant
female
Testes
in male
Figure 7-1 p269
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin
Maintains circadian rhythms
Pineal
gland
Photoperiod
Retina
Anestrous
Breeding
Melatonin
SCN
Kisspeptin
neuron
GnRH
Pituitary
LH pulse
Frequency
Follicle
Estradiol
feedback
Ovary
Figure 7-8 p282
Hypothalamus
Bone
Anterior
lobe of
pituitary
Posterior
lobe of
pituitary
Hypothalamus
Optic
chiasm
Anterior
pituitary
Connecting stalk
Posterior
pituitary
(b) Enlargement of pituitary gland and its
connection to hypothalamus
Intermediate lobe
Secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
-MSH controls skin coloration via dispersion of
storage granules containing melanin
In lower vertebrates, -MSH is opposed by melaninconcentrating hormone (MCH)
Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) determines skin
color, pelage and feather pigmentation in animals
lacking pars intermedia
Excessive MSH secretion darkens human skin
MSH reduces appetite and suppresses immune system
Posterior pituitary
Connects to the hypothalamus by a neural
pathway
Oxytocin
Social bonding
Contraction of uterine smooth muscle
Ejection of milk from mammary glands
Arginine vasotocin
Involved in osmoregulation
Vasoconstriction
Supraoptic
nucleus
Neurosecretory
neuronal cell bodies
in hypothalamus
(produce vasopressin
and oxytocin)
Hypothalamus
Paraventricular nucleus
Axons
Posterior pituitary
Systemic
arterial blood in
Vasopressin
Neuronal terminals in
posterior pituitary
(release vasopressin
and oxytocin into
systemic blood)
Systemic
venous blood
out
Oxytocin
Figure 7-10 p286
Vasopressin
Nephrons
in kidneys
Increases
permeability
of distal and
collecting
tubules to H2O
Arterioles
throughout
body
Causes
vasoconstriction
Oxytocin
Uterus
Stimulates
uterine
contractions
Mammary
glands
Stimulates
milk ejection
during breastfeeding
Figure 7-10 p286
Prolactin (PRL)
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary
TSH
ACTH
Thyroid
gland
Prolactin
Adrenal
cortex
Thyroid
hormone
(T3 and T4)
Mammary
glands
Breast
growth and
milk
secretion
Cortisol
Increased
metabolic rate
Metabolic actions;
stress response
Growth hormone
Adipose tissue,
muscle, liver
Liver
IGF-I
Bone
(ovaries in
females)
Soft tissues
Growth
LH
Metabolic
actions
FSH
Gonads
Sex hormone
secretion
(estrogen and
progesterone in
females,
testosterone in
(testes
in males)
Gamete production
(ova in females,
sperm in males)
Neurosecretory neurons
in hypothalamus (secrete
releasing and inhibiting
hormones into portal system)
Hypothalamus
Capillaries in
hypothalamus
Systemic
arterial
blood in
Endocrine cells of
anterior pituitary
(secrete anterior
pituitary hormones
into systemic blood)
KEY
2
Hypothalamichypophyseal
portal system
Posterior
pituitary
Capillaries in
anterior pituitary
Systemic
venous
blood out
Releasing
and inhibiting
hormones
= Hypophysiotropic hormones
Anterior
pituitary
Growth-influencing hormones
Growth of bone
Articular
cartilage
Bone of epiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
Bone of diaphysis
Marrow cavity
Bone of epiphysis
Diaphysis
Resting
chondrocytes
Epiphyseal plate
Bone of
epiphysis
Chondrocytes
1 undergo cell
Causes
division.
thickening of
epiphyseal
The 2 older
chondrocytes plate
grow larger.
As the extracellular matrix
calcifies, the entrapped
chondrocytes die.
The dead chondrocytes are
cleared away by osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts swarm up from
diaphysis and deposit bone
over persisting remnants of
disintegrating cartilage.
Onset of sleep
Exercise, stress, and hypoglycemia
High protein meal
Ghrelin
Bone of epiphysis
Diaphysis
Resting
chondrocytes
Epiphyseal plate
Bone of
epiphysis
Chondrocytes
1 undergo cell
Causes
division.
thickening of
epiphyseal
The 2 older
chondrocytes plate
grow larger.
As the extracellular matrix
calcifies, the entrapped
chondrocytes die.
The dead chondrocytes are
cleared away by osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts swarm up from
diaphysis and deposit bone
over persisting remnants of
disintegrating cartilage.
Abuse by athletes
Improved meat production in swine
Thyroid
gland
Follicular cell
Colloid
C cell
Thyroid
follicular cell
Blood
Colloid
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
complex
Tg
MIT
I
8b MIT
8a
Tg
4a
T3 T4
Lysosome
DIT 7
T3
T4
MIT
DIT
T3
T4
3
MIT
DIT
T3
T4
5a
4b
DIT
5b
2 DITs
1 MIT + 1 DIT
T3
T4
Thyroid
follicle
responsiveness to catecholamines
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
TRH
TSH
Anterior pituitary
Conversion of
thyroxine (+ GH)
into triiodothyronine
(a)
1 day
(b)
30 days
40 days
Figure 7-18 p302
Stress
Cold in
infants
Hypothalamus
Thyrotropin-releasing
hormone (TRH)
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone
(T3 and T4)
Adrenal
cortex
Adrenal medulla
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Mineralcorticoids
Connective tissue
capsule
Zona
glomerulosa
Zona
fasciculata
Cortex
Glucocorticoids
(sex hormones)
Zona
reticularis
Catecholamines
(b) Layers of adrenal cortex
Medulla
Cholesterol
Pregneneolone
17-Hydroxypregneneolone
Progesterone
17-Hydroxyprogesterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone
(adrenal cortex hormone)
Androstenedione
Estrone
11-Deoxycorticosterone
Deoxycortisol
Mineralocorticoid
(adrenal cortex
hormone)
Estradiol
Androgens
(male sex hormones)
Corticosterone
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Cortisol
Estriol
Glucocorticoid
(adrenal cortex
hormone)
Estrogens
(female sex
hormones)
Stress
Diurnal rhythm
Hypothalamus
Corticotropin-releasing
hormone (CRH)
Anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Adrenal cortex
Cortisol
Metabolic fuels
and building blocks
available to help
resist stress
Blood glucose
(by stimulating
gluconeogenesis
and inhibiting glucose uptake)
Blood amino acids
(by stimulating protein
degradation)
Blood fatty acids
(by stimulating lipolysis)
After a meal
Glucose is plentiful and used as the major energy
source
Excess nutrients are stored as glycogen or
triglycerides
Postabsorptive state
Effects of insulin
Lowers blood glucose and promotes storage of
carbohydrates
Gastrointestinal
hormones (incretins)
Blood glucose
concentration
Major control
Food intake
Parasympathetic
stimulation
Islet cells
Sympathetic stimulation
(and epinephrine)
Insulin secretion
Blood glucose
Blood fatty acids
Blood amino acids
Protein synthesis
Fuel storage
Glucagon
Effects oppose those of insulin
Increases hepatic glucose production and raises
blood glucose levels
Promotes fat breakdown and inhibits triglyceride
synthesis, raising fatty acid levels in blood
Promotes protein breakdown in liver, but does not
affect muscle protein
Blood glucose
cell
cell
Glucagon
Insulin
Blood glucose
to normal
Blood glucose
cell
cell
Glucagon
Insulin
Blood glucose
to normal
Figure 7-26 p321
Blood glucose
Blood glucose
a cell
b cell
a cell
b cell
Glucagon
Insulin
Glucagon
Insulin
Blood glucose
to normal
Blood glucose
to normal
Stepped Art
Figure 7-26 p321
Diabetes mellitus
Elevated blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
Glucose in the urine attracts water to cause
excessive urination
Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
Importance of calcium
In mammals, 99% of calcium (Ca2+) is stored in the
skeleton and teeth
Only free Ca2+ in plasma is biologically active and
subject to regulation
Neuromuscular excitability
Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac and smooth
muscle
Stimulus-secretion coupling
Maintenance of tight junctions between cells
Clotting of blood
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Osteocytic
osteoblastic
bone
membrane
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Mineralized
bone
Outer
surface
Blood vessel
Central canal
Canaliculi
Bone fluid
Lamellae
In canaliculi
Mineralized bone:
stable pool of Ca2+
In central canal
Bone fluid:
labile pool
of Ca2+
1
2
Fast exchange
Slow exchange
(Bone
dissolution)
Plasma
Ca2+
Ca2+
Plasma Ca2+
Plasma Ca2+
Parathyroid glands
Thyroid C cells
PTH
Plasma Ca2+
Calcitonin
Plasma Ca2+
Figure 7-31 p328
Calcitonin
Produced by C cells of the mammalian thyroid
gland, ultimobranchial glands in birds, and
connective tissue sheets around the heart in fishes
Decreases plasma Ca2+ levels
Decreases transfer of Ca2+ from bone fluid into plasma
Decreases bone resorption by inhibiting activity of
osteoclasts
Ability to lower blood Ca2+ is especially important in
marine fishes because of Ca2+ in sea water
Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
Produced in skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol
on exposure to sunlight
Can also be obtained in the diet
Dietary vitamin D
Sunlight
Vitamin D3
Hydroxyl group (OH)
Liver enzymes
25-OH-vitamin D3
Hydroxyl group
PTH
Plasma Ca2+
Kidney enzymes
Plasma PO43
1,25-(OH)2 -vitamin D3
(active vitamin D)
Promotes intestinal
absorption of Ca2+ and
PO43
Figure 7-32 p329
Relieves
Plasma Ca2+
Parathyroid
glands
PTH
Kidneys
Renal tubular
Ca2+ reabsorption
Enhances
responsiveness
of bone to PTH
Activation
of vitamin D
Bone
Mobilization of
Ca2+ from bone
Intestine
Urinary excretion
of Ca2+
Absorption of
Ca2+ in
intestine
Plasma Ca2+
Vitamin D deficiency