10/8/13

Chapter 2
STATICS OF PARTICLE

Objectives

To show how to add forces and resolve

them into components using the
parallelogram law.
To introduce the concept of the free-body
diagram for a particle.
To show how to solve particle equilibrium
problems using the equations of equilibrium.

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CHAPTER 2

Introduction
Study the effect of forces acting on particles
How to replace two or more forces acting on a
particle by a single force having the same effect
resultant force.
Relations which exist among the various forces
acting on a particle in a state of equilibrium
to determine some of the forces acting on the
particle.
Resolution of a force into components

CHAPTER 2

Definitions
Scalar - A quantity characterized by a positive
or negative number is called a scalar.
Examples of scalars used in Statics are
mass, volume or length.

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CHAPTER 2

Definitions
Vector - A quantity that has both magnitude
and a direction. Examples of vectors used
in Statics are position, force, and moment.

CHAPTER 2

Forces on a particle. Resultant of

Two Forces

Force
action of one body on another;
characterized by its point of application, magnitude
and direction
Direction of a force defines by line of action and
sense of the force.
Line of action
infinite straight line along which
the force act; characterized by the angle it forms
with some fixed axis
Sense of the force indicated by an arrowhead

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CHAPTER 2

Force represented by a segment of that line.

Forces P and Q acting on a particle A may be

CHAPTER 2
replaces by a single force R; has the same of the
particle
resultant force
By constructing a parallelogram, the diagonal that
passes through A represents the resultant
parallelogram law for the additional of two forces

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Vector

CHAPTER 2

Vectors
mathematical expression possessing
magnitude and direction; which add according to
parallelogram law.
Two vectors; have the same magnitude and direction
are said to be equal (a)
Two vectors; have the same magnitude, parallel lines of
action and opposite sense are equal and opposite. (b)

a)

b)

Addition of Vectors
Vectors add according to the parallelogram law (PL)
The sum of two vectors P and Q
attach the two vectors
to the same point A and using PL; the diagonal passes
through A represents the sum of vectors P and Q; denoted
by P+Q
The sum does not depend upon the order of the vectors;
the addition of two vectors is commutative
P+Q=Q+P

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CHAPTER 2

Vector Addition

Alternate method for

determining the sum of
two vectors
triangle rule
Draw only half of PL
The sum of the two
vectors; by arranging P
and Q in tip-to-tail
fashion and connecting
the tail of P with the tip
of Q

CHAPTER 2

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CHAPTER 2

Vector Addition

Vector Substraction

CHAPTER 2

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Example 2.1
For vector V1 and V2 shown in figure:
a: determine the magnitude S of their vector sum S = V1 + V2
b: determine the angle between S and the positive x-axis
c: determine the vector difference D = V1 V2
V1= 4 kN
450
300

V2= 3 kN

2.5 Resultant of several concurrent forces

Par/cle A acted by several upon coplanar forces.
P

A

S

A
start

S
end

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S + Q + P = R

OR

S

A start

R

end
Q

Vector addi;on is associated

P+Q+S = (P+Q)+S = S+(P+Q) = S+(Q+P) = S+Q+P

Applica;on is beAer illustrated by the following example:

Example 2.2

Determine the resultant

of the two forces.

150N

100N

30
20

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Solu;on 1 : Graphical Method

using a scale 1cm = 50N
end
150N

The procedure is to start at a

point and arrange the force
vectors ;p-to-tail. Resultant is
the vector beginning from
start and nishing at end .

30

R
100N

20

R = 3.3 cm = 165N - using ruler

= 83.5 - using protractor

start

Solu;on 2: Trigonometry Method

The procedure is iden;cal to the graphical method, but trigonometry is used
to calculate the magnitude and direc;on (angle). These is no need to draw
the polygon to scale.

Prerequisites:
1. LAW OF COSINES:
R 2 = ( A )2 + (B )2 ! 2 AB cos "

2. LAW OF SINES:

R
B
A
=
=
sin ! sin" sin #

3. Must be good in determining angles

Dening ques/on for usage:

Do you know 2 sides and the angle them?
IF answer is YES , then we use the law of cosines
IF answer is NO , then we must use the law of sines

10

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! = 20! + 60! = 80!

Cosine law:
R 2 = 1002 + 1502 " 2(100)(150) cos 80!
R = 165.2 N
Sine Law:
sin # sin 80!
=
150
165.2
# = 63.4!
$ = # + 20! = 83.4!

R = 165.2N

end
150N
30

R

20

80

100N

start

83.4

Resolution of a Force into Components

CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER

A single force F acting on a particle may be replaced by two or

more forces; which have the same effect.
The forces are called components; the process of
substituting them is called resolving the force F into
components
For each force F; exist an infinite number of possible set of
components
Numbers of ways in which a given force F maybe resolved
into two components

MOHD FAUZI HAMID

11

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Resolu;on of a vector is breaking up a vector into

components. It is kind of like using the parallelogram law in
reverse.

One of the two components; P is known

CHAPTER 2
The second component; Q is obtained by applying the
triangle rule; joining the tip P to the tip of F; the
magnitude and direction of Q are determined
graphically or by trigonometry
Once Q has been determined, both components of P
and Q should apply at A

12

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The line of action of each component is known

CHAPTER 2

The magnitude and sense of the components are

obtained by applying the parallelogram law and
drawing lines; through the tip of F parallel to the given
lines of action
Two well defined components of P and Q; determined
graphically or by trigonometry.

The direction of one component may be known while the

magnitude of the other component is to be as small as
possible (minimum)
The appropriate triangle is drawn

Qmin

P and Qmin is
perpendicular

13

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Rectangular Components of a Force

Force F resolved into a component Fx along the x axis

and Fy along the y axis; the parallelogram drawn to obtain
the two component is a rectangular
The X and y axis may be chosen in any two
perpendicular directions

CHAPTER 2

The magnitude of the components Fx and Fy;

Fx = F cos !
Fy = F sin !
Scalar component Fx is positive when the vector
component Fx has the same sense as the x axis; and
negative when Fx has the opposite sense. Same goes to
Fy component.
The angle, !, defined by;

tan ! = Fy/ Fx
The magnitude F of the force can be obtained using
Pythagorean theorem;

F = ! Fx2 + Fy2

14

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Addition of Forces by Summing

x and y Components

CHAPTER 2

When three or more forces are to be added; practical

trigonometry solution may be difficult.
An analytical solution; resolving each force into two
rectangular components
The horizontal comps.; added into a single force Rx;
and the vertical comps. into a single force Ry.
The forces Rx and Ry then be added vectorially into
the resultant R of the given system

CHAPTER 2

Rx = Px + Q x + S x
Ry = Py + Qy + S y
Rx =

! Fx

Ry =

R = (Rx )2 + (Ry )2

! Fy

#R &
y
! = tan"1 % (
%$ R ('
x

15

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Solu;on 3: Rectangular Component

150cos30 100sin20
100N
150sin30
! +ve: Rx =

30

" Fx

Rx = 100 cos 20! # 150 sin 30!

150N

20

Ry

Rx = 18.97 N ( ! )
$ +ve: Ry =

100cos20

"F

Ry = 100 sin20! + 150 cos 30!

Ry = 164.1 N ( $ )

Rx

R = (18.97)2 + (164.1)2 = 165.3 N

" 164.1 %
!
!=tan-1 $
' = 83.4
# 18.97 &

Example 2.3
Determine components of the 100N force along the a-a and b-
b axes
100 N
a
b

25

60

Ans: Fa-a = 204.9 N, Fb-b = 235.7 N

b
a

16

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Example 2.4
Determine the resultant R and the minimum force P, if the
resultant of the forces is ver/cally downwards.

30
P
100 N
Ans: P = 50 N !, R = 86.6N !

Example 2.5
Three forces, F1, F2 and F3 act on point A, determine the
resultant, R.
F1 = 200N

F2 = 100N

20
40
45

F3 = 300N
Ans: R = 207.8N, = 11.13

17

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Example 2.6
Three forces, F1, F2 and F3 act on point A. If the resultant is
known to be on the a-a axis, determine the magnitude of F3
and the resultant R.
F1 = 200 N
F2 = 100N

20
40

30
45

A
a

F3

Ans: R = 178.6 N, F3 = 230.4 N

F1 = 200 N
200cos20
a200sin20
20

Solution 1
The assumption in direction
of R must be stated

40

30

y
F3cos45

45

F3

! +ve: R x =

"F

F3 = 100N

Rcos30

a
F3sin45

Rsin30

Solving for R and F3

R cos 30 = 100 cos 40 # 200 sin20 # F3 cos 45 equ.(1) - equ.(2):

1.366R = !244
0.866R = 8.2 # 0.707F3 ......(1)
R = !178.6 N replace in equ.(1)
$ +ve: Ry = " Fy
0.866(!178.6) = 8.2 ! 0.707F3
#R sin 30! = 100 sin 40! + 200 cos 20! # F
F3 = 230.4 N
#0.5R = 252.2 # 0.707F3 ......(2)
!

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Solution 2
F1 = 200 N

F3 = 100N

20
40

30

30

45

F3

Use slanting axes where

the forces are resolved
through 90 component
are not vertical and
harizontal

Solution 3

end1

polygon

45

F1 = 200 N
20

R1

F3

end2

F3 = 100N
40

30
start

19