Outline

Reading: Livingston, Chapter 8.1-8.7

Plancks Constant
Wave-Particle Duality of Light
Wave-Particle Duality of Electrons
Wave-Particle Duality: Momentum and Energy
Schrodingers Equation
Probability Density
Case 1: Free Electron
Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle
Case 2: Potential Barrier (E<V)
Case 3: Potential Barrier (E>V)
Case 4: Tunneling
Case 5: Infinite Potential Well
Case 6: Finite Potential Well

Chapter 8

Diffraction
What if wavelength of light ~ periodic atomic spacing?

Chapter 8

Planck: Energy of Electromagnetic Wave

Relationship between energy and frequency:

E = h =
E =

hc

Plancks Constant: 6.626 x 10-34 J-s

=
Chapter 8

h
=" h bar"
2
3

Wave-Particle Duality of Light

Effects which are NOT explained by wave properties:
1. Photoelectric Effect: e- ejected from matl surface when exposed to light

2. Compton Scattering: increase in the wavelength of light scattered by an eincrease , decrease in E

E=

hc

particle-particle collision:
electron and photon (light particle)
Chapter 8

p=

4
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/photoelectric

Wave-Particle Duality of Electrons

If light can act as particles, can electrons act as waves?
de Broglies Hypothesis: e- can have wave-like nature defined by p = mv
and p = h/
Davisson and Germer Experiment:
If e- is a wave and ~d,
Braggs Law of Diffraction: n = 2d sin
diffraction should be observed.
For an e- with an
applied V, the energy
is E= eV.

Need to apply correct V.

Chapter 8

Wave-Particle Duality: Momentum and Energy

Chapter 8

Example: Wave-Particle Duality

Calculate the wavelength of a 50 g golf ball traveling at a velocity of 20 m/s.

Chapter 8

Schrodingers Equation: Electron Wave Equation

Remember:

+ V = i
2m
dt
2

=i

+ j +k
z
y
x

m = mass of electron
V = potential energy of electron

Manipulate equation so that it is easier to use:

Separate variables:

( x, y, z , t ) = ( x, y, z ) (t )
2
d

2 + V = i
2m
dt

Divide by :

2
i d

2 + V =
2m
dt

LHS and RHS must equal constant, E:

Multiply by :

2 2

+ V = E
2m

Edt =
E=

i d
dt

(t ) = e

iEt

E =

= e i t

Time-independent Schrodingers Equation

(stationary states)
Chapter 8

Schrodingers Equation: Electron Wave Equation (cont.)

2 2

+ V = E
2m

Time-independent Schrodingers Equation

(stationary states)

K .E. + P.E. = E
p2
K .E. =
2m
Momentum operator:

p = i

Please just believe for now

Chapter 8

Probability Density
Electron is BOTH particle AND wave = fuzzy in time and space

*
z
Chapter 8

10

1 Dimension

Case 1: Free Electron

V(z)=0

2 + V = E
2m

( x, y, z , t ) = ( x, y, z ) (t )

( x, t ) = Ae

i (t kz )

+ Be

Time-dependent Scrodingers Equation

i (t + kz )

* = A2 + B 2

z
Chapter 8

11

Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle

Electron is BOTH particle AND wave = fuzzy in time and space

pz h

infinite uncertainty in position

*
z

p = k

2k 2
E=
2m

Other forms of uncertainty principle:

pz

Et h
Chapter 8

12

Example
Laser light is normally monochromatic. However, when the pulse time
becomes sufficiently short, the energy range can broaden to cover the entire
range of visible light (and a laser beam becomes white). Below what pulse
time will this phenomenon occur?

Chapter 8

13

1 Dimension

Case 2: Potential Barrier (E<V)

2 2

+ V = E
2m

Region 1

Region 2

V=Vo
E

z=0

Solutions to time-independent Schrodingers Equation

Region 1:

1 ( x) = Ae

ik1 z

+ Be

ik1 z

k1 =

2mE

k2 =

2m(E Vo )

Region 2:

2 ( x) = Ce

ik 2 z

+ De

ik 2 z

Boundary conditions:

Chapter 8

14
14

1 Dimension

Case 2: Potential Barrier (E<V) (cont.)

2 2

+ V = E
2m

Region 1

Region 2

V=Vo
E

z=0

Interface Continuity

Chapter 8

15
15

E
V=Vo

1 Dimension

Case 3: Potential Barrier (E>V)

2 2

+ V = E
2m

Region 1

Region 2

z=0

Solutions to time-independent Schrodingers Equation

Region 1:

1 ( x) = Ae

ik1 z

+ Be

ik1 z

k1 =

2mE

k2 =

2m(E Vo )

Region 2:

2 ( x) = Ce

ik 2 z

+ De

ik 2 z

K2 is REAL!!!

Boundary conditions: E>Vo , no reflected wave from right side, D=0

2 ( x) = Ce ik z
2

Chapter 8

16
16

E
V=Vo

1 Dimension

Case 3: Potential Barrier (E>V)

Region 1

2 2

+ V = E
2m

Region 2

z=0

Interface Continuity

@ x = 0, 1=2
d 1 d 2
=
@ x = 0,
dz
dz

Ae

ik1 z

+ Be

ik1 z

= Ce

ik 2 z

Aik1e ik1z Bik1e ik1z = Cik 2 e ik 2 z

A+ B = C

k1 ( A B ) = k 2C

B k1 k 2
=
=
A k1 + k 2

E E V
E + E V

Ratio of
reflected to
incident amp

k1 ( B * B )
R=
k1 ( A * A)

Reflection Coeff

C
2k1
=
=
A k1 + k 2

2 E
E + E V

Ratio of
transmitted to
incident amp

k 2 (C * C )
T=
k1 ( A * A)

Transmission Coeff

Chapter 8

17
17

Example
What do you expect
classically?
What do you expect based
on quantum mechanics?
Calculate the reflection
coefficient for the matter
wave.

Chapter 8

18

Example (cont.)
What do you expect
classically?
What do you expect based
on quantum mechanics?
Calculate the reflection
coefficient for the matter
wave.

Chapter 8

19

1 Dimension

Case 4: Tunneling (E<V)

2 2

+ V = E
2m
Solutions to time-independent Schrodingers Equation
Region 1:

1 ( x) = Ae

ik1 z

+ Be

ik1 z

k1 =

2mE

k2 =

2m(E Vo )

k1 =

2mE

Region 2:

2 ( x) = Ce

ik 2 z

+ De

ik 2 z

Region 3:

3 ( x) = Feik z
1

Chapter 8

20
20

Review
E
V(z)=0

Region 1

Region 2

V=Vo
E

1. What would you expect to happen classically?

2. What happens quantum mechanically?

z=0
E
V=Vo
Region 1

Region 2

z=0

Chapter 8

21

Case 5: Infinite Potential Well

V=infinity

2 2

+ V = E
2m

z=0

V=0

V=infinity

z=L

Solutions to time-independent Schrodingers Equation

Chapter 8

22
22

Case 5: Infinite Potential Well (cont.)

n2h2
En =
8mL2

Chapter 8

23

Example
1. Sketch a plot of n versus E for an infinite potential well.
2. If the width of the well increases by a factor of 2, how
does the energy change?

Chapter 8

24

Paulis Exclusion Principle

Rule of quantum mechanics that allows only two electrons (one spin up and
one spin down) to fill each energy level

Chapter 8

25

Case 6: Finite Potential Well (Quantum Well)

How do energy wavelength and energy levels change qualitatively if potential
barriers are not infinite?

Chapter 8

26

Review Questions
1. Name and explain two experiments that showed photons are
particles.
2. Name and explain an experiment that showed electrons are waves.
3. What relationship did Planck find between frequency and energy?
Momentum and wavelength?
4. How are momentum and energy treated differently for particles and
waves?
5. What is the physical meaning of wave function?
6. What is Schrodingers Equation (S.E.)? What does each term
represent?
7. What are general solutions to the time-dependent and timeindependent S.E.? What is the relationship between E and k?
8. Give the general procedure for solving S.E. for a potential profile.
9. What is Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle tell us?

Chapter 8

27

More Review Questions

1. What are the allowed energies for an infinite potential
well?
2. What is the ground state energy?
3. What are the excited energy levels?
4. How many electrons per energy level?
5. How to electrons move and down in energy levels?
6. If the potential barriers are made finite, how do the
energy levels and wavelength change?

Chapter 8

28

Important Equations
p=

p = mv

pz h

Et h

p = k

E = h =

E =

(t ) = e

= e it

n
n = An sin
L

p2
E=
2m

n = 2d sin

2 2
d

+ V = i
2m
dt
iEt

mv 2
E=
2

hc

1 ( x) = Ae

ik1 z

2 2

+ V = E
2m
+ Be

n2h2
En =
8mL

2k 2
E=
2m

ik1 z

n = 1,2,3...

B k1 k 2
=
=
A k1 + k 2

E E V
E + E V

R=

C
2k1
=
=
A k1 + k 2

2 E
E + E V

k (C * C )
T= 2
k1 ( A * A)

k1 ( B * B )
k1 ( A * A)

Chapter 8

prob _ distrib = *

if =

E
h
=
ni2 n 2f
2
8mL
h

Plancks Constant: 6.626 x 10-34 J-s

h
2

29