Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Header Ligament Crack Detection and Sizing
Header Ligament Crack Detection and Sizing
Header Ligament Crack Detection and Sizing
UT Techniques
by Jimmy Ellis
718-757-9464
utgeek@earthlink.net
associated with
Rick Pfannenstiel, PfiNDE, LLC
860-830-4990 www.PfiNDE.com
PfiNDE, LLC
Pfannenstiel Innovative Non Destructive Examinations, LLC
166 Ingham Hill Road, Old Saybrook, CT 06475
www.PFiNDE.com - 860.830.4990 - rick@PFiNDE.com
Page 2 of 65
Contents
Objective / Scope
Radial and Axial Crack Illustrations
Radial Cracks
FAST-UT
Pitch-Catch
Manual TOFD on flat plate
Flat Plate TOFD Spreadsheet Illustrated
Flat Plate TOFD Calculating Spreadsheets
Axial Cracks
Through Transmission
Illustrations 6% to 66% deep
Through-Transmission Calculations
Trough-Transmission Spreadsheet
Manual TOFD on cylindrical sections
Base Distance vs. Depth Illustrations
Circumferential TOFD arc/chord/depth
Spreadsheet
Circumferential TOFD simulator
by Jimmy Ellis
718-757-9464
Page 3
Page 4
Page 9
Page 9
Page 9
Page 15
Page 16
Page 17
Page 31
Page 31
Page 33
Page 43
Page 50
Page 51
Page 52
Page 61
Page 62
utgeek@earthlink.net
associated with
Rick Pfannenstiel, PfiNDE, LLC
860-830-4990 www.PfiNDE.com
Page 3 of 65
Page 4 of 65
Header Pipe
Penetrations on the
near side. There are
mirror image
pentrations on the
far side. Pendant
piping not shown.
A'
B'
Page 5 of 65
Header Pipe
penetrations
Section B-B'
Radial Section,
Sectioned between penetrations
Section A-A'
Radial Section,
Sectioned through
penetrations
Page 6 of 65
Header Pipe
C'
penetrations
D'
C'
D'
header pipe OD
penetrations
Section C-C'
Axial Section
Sectioned through
penetrations
(only the near side header
pipe wall and penetrations
are shown)
header pipe ID
Section D-D'
Axial Section
Sectioned between
penetrations
(only the near side header
pipe wall is shown)
Page 7 of 65
Header Pipe
B
C
penetrations
C'
B'
header pipe OD
Axial Ligament
Crack
penetrations
Section C-C'
Axial Section
header pipe ID
Section B-B'
Radial Section
Page 8 of 65
Radial
Ligament
Crack
Header Pipe
penetrations
A'
D
D'
Section A-A'
Radial Section
Radial
Ligament
Crack
header pipe OD
header pipe ID
Section D-D'
Axial Section
Page 9 of 65
pitch-catch set-up
45 degree shear wave transducers
surface distance = depth
Page 10 of 65
Page 11 of 65
Page 12 of 65
Page 13 of 65
Page 14 of 65
Page 15 of 65
Manual TOFD
Manual TOFD of radial cracks uses axially oriented transducers in pitchcatch pairs. The transducer pair can scan axially, or circumferentially.
TOFD (Time of Flight Tip Diffraction Testing) is almost universally
performed as an automated ultrasonic test where the scans are electronically
recorded for later display in an image. Special scanners, detectors, hardware
and software is required. The manual technique shown here is somewhat
unique in that it allows TOFD to be performed in real time at a clients
convenience and schedule, with only a normal ultrasonic flaw detector.
This manual TOFD technique compliments the FAST-UT technique. The
FAST-UT technique predominantly uses a high angle L-wave at 70 degrees. This
results in a long surface distance, about 2.75 of surface distance for each inch
of depth. The manual TOFD technique compliments the FAST-UT because it
needs only short surface distances. For example a flaw 6 inches deep can be
sized with only 1.5 of surface distance on each side of the flaw centerline.
Radial cracks in headers have a geometry similar to flat plate as shown in
the previous section D-D. The following sketches and Microsoft Excel
spreadsheet show the geometric relations which make up the manual TOFD setup in flat plate. Then additional spreadsheet derived tables are shown for a
series of increasing base distances in round numbers for examples. The Excel
spreadsheet can calculate a precise table for any chosen base distance.
Page 16 of 65
For use with a machine that has only a 'dual' setting and no 'pitch-catch such as USN52L.
Set the L-wave X-ducers to the needed base distance, then input this distance in this spreadsheet.
Set up the screen with the Direct L-wave at 1, the Backwall L-wave at 5 and the Backwall Mode-converted shearwave at 10.
Set the Backwall L-wave echo in the gate and use 'Zero' to calibrate. (L-Dist. is read from S-path displayed)
Measure flaws in the gate to measure L-Distances and refer to the table for depth determination.
For sensitivity setting, set SDH nearest maximum depth of interest at 50%FSH.
receive
send
depth
L-Dist.
flaw
Base Distance
Input Base Distance:
1.0
inches
depth
L-Dist.
(or thickness)
angle
X-ducer angle
beam spreads at
5MHz
30 45
60
Direct
Lwave
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.64
0.71
0.78
0.86
0.94
1.03
1.12
1.21
1.30
1.39
1.49
1.58
1.68
1.77
1.87
1.96
2.06
2.16
2.26
2.35
2.45
2.55
2.65
2.75
2.84
2.94
3.04
3.14
3.24
3.34
3.44
3.54
11.31
21.80
30.96
38.66
45.00
50.19
54.46
57.99
60.95
63.43
65.56
67.38
68.96
70.35
71.57
72.65
73.61
74.48
75.26
75.96
76.61
77.20
77.74
78.23
78.69
79.11
79.51
79.88
80.22
80.54
80.84
81.12
81.38
81.63
81.87
78.69
68.20
59.04
51.34
45.00
39.81
35.54
32.01
29.05
26.57
24.44
22.62
21.04
19.65
18.43
17.35
16.39
15.52
14.74
14.04
13.39
12.80
12.26
11.77
11.31
10.89
10.49
10.12
9.78
9.46
9.16
8.88
8.62
8.37
8.13
OD
Backwall
L-wave
backwall
mode
converted
shearwave
ID
mode
converted
flaw echo
L-wave - flaw
OD
ID
Page 17 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.16
0.24
0.33
0.42
0.52
0.61
0.71
0.81
0.91
1.01
1.11
1.21
1.31
1.41
1.51
1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00
2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50
38.66
57.99
67.38
72.65
75.96
78.23
79.88
81.12
82.09
82.87
83.52
84.05
84.51
84.90
85.24
85.53
85.79
86.03
86.24
86.42
86.59
86.75
86.89
87.02
87.14
87.25
87.35
87.44
87.53
87.61
87.69
87.76
87.83
87.89
87.95
51.34
32.01
22.62
17.35
14.04
11.77
10.12
8.88
7.91
7.13
6.48
5.95
5.49
5.10
4.76
4.47
4.21
3.97
3.76
3.58
3.41
3.25
3.11
2.98
2.86
2.75
2.65
2.56
2.47
2.39
2.31
2.24
2.17
2.11
2.05
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 18 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.27
0.32
0.39
0.47
0.56
0.65
0.74
0.84
0.93
1.03
1.13
1.23
1.32
1.42
1.52
1.62
1.72
1.82
1.92
2.02
2.11
2.21
2.31
2.41
2.51
2.61
2.71
2.81
2.91
3.01
3.11
3.21
3.31
3.41
3.51
21.80
38.66
50.19
57.99
63.43
67.38
70.35
72.65
74.48
75.96
77.20
78.23
79.11
79.88
80.54
81.12
81.63
82.09
82.50
82.87
83.21
83.52
83.80
84.05
84.29
84.51
84.71
84.90
85.07
85.24
85.39
85.53
85.67
85.79
85.91
68.20
51.34
39.81
32.01
26.57
22.62
19.65
17.35
15.52
14.04
12.80
11.77
10.89
10.12
9.46
8.88
8.37
7.91
7.50
7.13
6.79
6.48
6.20
5.95
5.71
5.49
5.29
5.10
4.93
4.76
4.61
4.47
4.33
4.21
4.09
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 19 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.39
0.43
0.48
0.55
0.63
0.71
0.79
0.88
0.98
1.07
1.16
1.26
1.35
1.45
1.55
1.64
1.74
1.84
1.94
2.03
2.13
2.23
2.33
2.43
2.53
2.63
2.73
2.83
2.92
3.02
3.12
3.22
3.32
3.42
3.52
14.93
28.07
38.66
46.85
53.13
57.99
61.82
64.89
67.38
69.44
71.18
72.65
73.91
75.00
75.96
76.81
77.56
78.23
78.84
79.38
79.88
80.33
80.74
81.12
81.47
81.79
82.09
82.37
82.63
82.87
83.10
83.32
83.52
83.71
83.88
75.07
61.93
51.34
43.15
36.87
32.01
28.18
25.11
22.62
20.56
18.82
17.35
16.09
15.00
14.04
13.19
12.44
11.77
11.16
10.62
10.12
9.67
9.26
8.88
8.53
8.21
7.91
7.63
7.37
7.13
6.90
6.68
6.48
6.29
6.12
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 20 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.51
0.54
0.58
0.64
0.71
0.78
0.86
0.94
1.03
1.12
1.21
1.30
1.39
1.49
1.58
1.68
1.77
1.87
1.96
2.06
2.16
2.26
2.35
2.45
2.55
2.65
2.75
2.84
2.94
3.04
3.14
3.24
3.34
3.44
3.54
11.31
21.80
30.96
38.66
45.00
50.19
54.46
57.99
60.95
63.43
65.56
67.38
68.96
70.35
71.57
72.65
73.61
74.48
75.26
75.96
76.61
77.20
77.74
78.23
78.69
79.11
79.51
79.88
80.22
80.54
80.84
81.12
81.38
81.63
81.87
78.69
68.20
59.04
51.34
45.00
39.81
35.54
32.01
29.05
26.57
24.44
22.62
21.04
19.65
18.43
17.35
16.39
15.52
14.74
14.04
13.39
12.80
12.26
11.77
11.31
10.89
10.49
10.12
9.78
9.46
9.16
8.88
8.62
8.37
8.13
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 21 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
0.76
0.78
0.81
0.85
0.90
0.96
1.03
1.10
1.17
1.25
1.33
1.42
1.50
1.59
1.68
1.77
1.86
1.95
2.04
2.14
2.23
2.32
2.42
2.51
2.61
2.71
2.80
2.90
3.00
3.09
3.19
3.29
3.38
3.48
3.58
7.59
14.93
21.80
28.07
33.69
38.66
43.03
46.85
50.19
53.13
55.71
57.99
60.02
61.82
63.43
64.89
66.19
67.38
68.46
69.44
70.35
71.18
71.94
72.65
73.30
73.91
74.48
75.00
75.50
75.96
76.40
76.81
77.20
77.56
77.91
82.41
75.07
68.20
61.93
56.31
51.34
46.97
43.15
39.81
36.87
34.29
32.01
29.98
28.18
26.57
25.11
23.81
22.62
21.54
20.56
19.65
18.82
18.06
17.35
16.70
16.09
15.52
15.00
14.50
14.04
13.60
13.19
12.80
12.44
12.09
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 22 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.08
1.12
1.17
1.22
1.28
1.35
1.41
1.49
1.56
1.64
1.72
1.80
1.89
1.97
2.06
2.15
2.24
2.33
2.42
2.51
2.60
2.69
2.79
2.88
2.97
3.07
3.16
3.26
3.35
3.45
3.54
3.64
5.71
11.31
16.70
21.80
26.57
30.96
34.99
38.66
41.99
45.00
47.73
50.19
52.43
54.46
56.31
57.99
59.53
60.95
62.24
63.43
64.54
65.56
66.50
67.38
68.20
68.96
69.68
70.35
70.97
71.57
72.12
72.65
73.14
73.61
74.05
84.29
78.69
73.30
68.20
63.43
59.04
55.01
51.34
48.01
45.00
42.27
39.81
37.57
35.54
33.69
32.01
30.47
29.05
27.76
26.57
25.46
24.44
23.50
22.62
21.80
21.04
20.32
19.65
19.03
18.43
17.88
17.35
16.86
16.39
15.95
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 23 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.31
1.35
1.39
1.43
1.48
1.54
1.60
1.67
1.73
1.80
1.88
1.95
2.03
2.11
2.19
2.27
2.36
2.44
2.53
2.62
2.71
2.80
2.88
2.98
3.07
3.16
3.25
3.34
3.44
3.53
3.62
3.72
3.81
3.91
4.00
4.10
4.19
4.29
4.38
4.48
4.57
4.67
4.77
4.86
4.96
5.06
5.15
4.57
9.09
13.50
17.74
21.80
25.64
29.25
32.62
35.75
38.66
41.35
43.83
46.12
48.24
50.19
52.00
53.67
55.22
56.66
57.99
59.24
60.40
61.48
62.49
63.43
64.32
65.16
65.94
66.68
67.38
68.04
68.66
69.25
69.81
70.35
70.85
71.33
71.79
72.23
72.65
73.04
73.43
73.79
74.14
74.48
74.80
75.11
75.40
75.69
75.96
85.43
80.91
76.50
72.26
68.20
64.36
60.75
57.38
54.25
51.34
48.65
46.17
43.88
41.76
39.81
38.00
36.33
34.78
33.34
32.01
30.76
29.60
28.52
27.51
26.57
25.68
24.84
24.06
23.32
22.62
21.96
21.34
20.75
20.19
19.65
19.15
18.67
18.21
17.77
17.35
16.96
16.57
16.21
15.86
15.52
15.20
14.89
14.60
14.31
14.04
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 24 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
1.50
1.51
1.53
1.55
1.58
1.62
1.66
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.86
1.92
1.98
2.05
2.12
2.19
2.27
2.34
2.42
2.50
2.58
2.66
2.75
2.83
2.92
3.00
3.09
3.18
3.26
3.35
3.44
3.53
3.62
3.72
3.81
3.90
3.99
4.09
4.18
4.27
4.37
4.46
4.55
4.65
4.74
4.84
4.93
5.03
5.12
5.22
3.81
7.59
11.31
14.93
18.43
21.80
25.02
28.07
30.96
33.69
36.25
38.66
40.91
43.03
45.00
46.85
48.58
50.19
51.71
53.13
54.46
55.71
56.89
57.99
59.04
60.02
60.95
61.82
62.65
63.43
64.18
64.89
65.56
66.19
66.80
67.38
67.93
68.46
68.96
69.44
69.90
70.35
70.77
71.18
71.57
71.94
72.30
72.65
72.98
73.30
86.19
82.41
78.69
75.07
71.57
68.20
64.98
61.93
59.04
56.31
53.75
51.34
49.09
46.97
45.00
43.15
41.42
39.81
38.29
36.87
35.54
34.29
33.11
32.01
30.96
29.98
29.05
28.18
27.35
26.57
25.82
25.11
24.44
23.81
23.20
22.62
22.07
21.54
21.04
20.56
20.10
19.65
19.23
18.82
18.43
18.06
17.70
17.35
17.02
16.70
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 25 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
1.75
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.85
1.88
1.92
1.97
2.02
2.07
2.12
2.18
2.24
2.30
2.37
2.44
2.51
2.58
2.66
2.73
2.81
2.89
2.97
3.05
3.13
3.22
3.30
3.39
3.47
3.56
3.65
3.74
3.82
3.91
4.00
4.09
4.18
4.27
4.37
4.46
4.55
4.64
4.74
4.83
4.92
5.02
5.11
5.20
5.30
3.27
6.52
9.73
12.88
15.95
18.92
21.80
24.57
27.22
29.74
32.15
34.44
36.61
38.66
40.60
42.44
44.17
45.81
47.35
48.81
50.19
51.50
52.73
53.90
55.01
56.06
57.05
57.99
58.89
59.74
60.55
61.33
62.06
62.76
63.43
64.08
64.69
65.27
65.83
66.37
66.89
67.38
67.85
68.31
68.75
69.17
69.58
69.97
70.35
70.71
86.73
83.48
80.27
77.12
74.05
71.08
68.20
65.43
62.78
60.26
57.85
55.56
53.39
51.34
49.40
47.56
45.83
44.19
42.65
41.19
39.81
38.50
37.27
36.10
34.99
33.94
32.95
32.01
31.11
30.26
29.45
28.67
27.94
27.24
26.57
25.92
25.31
24.73
24.17
23.63
23.11
22.62
22.15
21.69
21.25
20.83
20.42
20.03
19.65
19.29
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 26 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.09
2.12
2.15
2.19
2.24
2.28
2.33
2.39
2.44
2.50
2.56
2.62
2.69
2.76
2.83
2.90
2.97
3.05
3.12
3.20
3.28
3.36
3.44
3.52
3.61
3.69
3.77
3.86
3.94
4.03
4.12
4.21
4.29
4.38
4.47
4.56
4.65
4.74
4.83
4.92
5.02
5.11
5.20
5.29
5.39
2.86
5.71
8.53
11.31
14.04
16.70
19.29
21.80
24.23
26.57
28.81
30.96
33.02
34.99
36.87
38.66
40.36
41.99
43.53
45.00
46.40
47.73
48.99
50.19
51.34
52.43
53.47
54.46
55.41
56.31
57.17
57.99
58.78
59.53
60.26
60.95
61.61
62.24
62.85
63.43
64.00
64.54
65.06
65.56
66.04
66.50
66.95
67.38
67.80
68.20
87.14
84.29
81.47
78.69
75.96
73.30
70.71
68.20
65.77
63.43
61.19
59.04
56.98
55.01
53.13
51.34
49.64
48.01
46.47
45.00
43.60
42.27
41.01
39.81
38.66
37.57
36.53
35.54
34.59
33.69
32.83
32.01
31.22
30.47
29.74
29.05
28.39
27.76
27.15
26.57
26.00
25.46
24.94
24.44
23.96
23.50
23.05
22.62
22.20
21.80
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 27 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.29
2.30
2.33
2.36
2.39
2.42
2.46
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.76
2.82
2.88
2.94
3.01
3.08
3.15
3.22
3.29
3.36
3.44
3.51
3.59
3.67
3.75
3.83
3.91
3.99
4.08
4.16
4.25
4.33
4.42
4.50
4.59
4.68
4.76
4.85
4.94
5.03
5.12
5.21
5.30
5.39
5.48
2.54
5.08
7.59
10.08
12.53
14.93
17.28
19.57
21.80
23.96
26.05
28.07
30.02
31.89
33.69
35.42
37.07
38.66
40.18
41.63
43.03
44.36
45.63
46.85
48.01
49.13
50.19
51.22
52.19
53.13
54.03
54.89
55.71
56.50
57.26
57.99
58.70
59.37
60.02
60.64
61.24
61.82
62.38
62.92
63.43
63.94
64.42
64.89
65.34
65.77
87.46
84.92
82.41
79.92
77.47
75.07
72.72
70.43
68.20
66.04
63.95
61.93
59.98
58.11
56.31
54.58
52.93
51.34
49.82
48.37
46.97
45.64
44.37
43.15
41.99
40.87
39.81
38.78
37.81
36.87
35.97
35.11
34.29
33.50
32.74
32.01
31.30
30.63
29.98
29.36
28.76
28.18
27.62
27.08
26.57
26.06
25.58
25.11
24.66
24.23
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 28 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
2.50
2.51
2.52
2.53
2.55
2.57
2.60
2.62
2.66
2.69
2.73
2.77
2.82
2.87
2.92
2.97
3.02
3.08
3.14
3.20
3.26
3.33
3.40
3.47
3.54
3.61
3.68
3.75
3.83
3.91
3.98
4.06
4.14
4.22
4.30
4.38
4.47
4.55
4.63
4.72
4.80
4.89
4.97
5.06
5.15
5.24
5.32
5.41
5.50
5.59
2.29
4.57
6.84
9.09
11.31
13.50
15.64
17.74
19.80
21.80
23.75
25.64
27.47
29.25
30.96
32.62
34.22
35.75
37.23
38.66
40.03
41.35
42.61
43.83
45.00
46.12
47.20
48.24
49.24
50.19
51.12
52.00
52.85
53.67
54.46
55.22
55.95
56.66
57.34
57.99
58.63
59.24
59.83
60.40
60.95
61.48
61.99
62.49
62.97
63.43
87.71
85.43
83.16
80.91
78.69
76.50
74.36
72.26
70.20
68.20
66.25
64.36
62.53
60.75
59.04
57.38
55.78
54.25
52.77
51.34
49.97
48.65
47.39
46.17
45.00
43.88
42.80
41.76
40.76
39.81
38.88
38.00
37.15
36.33
35.54
34.78
34.05
33.34
32.66
32.01
31.37
30.76
30.17
29.60
29.05
28.52
28.01
27.51
27.03
26.57
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 29 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
2.75
2.76
2.77
2.78
2.80
2.81
2.84
2.86
2.89
2.93
2.96
3.00
3.04
3.09
3.13
3.18
3.23
3.29
3.34
3.40
3.46
3.52
3.59
3.65
3.72
3.78
3.85
3.92
4.00
4.07
4.14
4.22
4.30
4.37
4.45
4.53
4.61
4.69
4.77
4.85
4.94
5.02
5.10
5.19
5.27
5.36
5.45
5.53
5.62
5.71
2.08
4.16
6.23
8.28
10.30
12.31
14.28
16.22
18.12
19.98
21.80
23.57
25.30
26.98
28.61
30.19
31.72
33.21
34.64
36.03
37.37
38.66
39.91
41.11
42.27
43.39
44.47
45.52
46.52
47.49
48.42
49.33
50.19
51.03
51.84
52.62
53.38
54.11
54.81
55.49
56.15
56.78
57.40
57.99
58.57
59.13
59.67
60.19
60.70
61.19
87.92
85.84
83.77
81.72
79.70
77.69
75.72
73.78
71.88
70.02
68.20
66.43
64.70
63.02
61.39
59.81
58.28
56.79
55.36
53.97
52.63
51.34
50.09
48.89
47.73
46.61
45.53
44.48
43.48
42.51
41.58
40.67
39.81
38.97
38.16
37.38
36.62
35.89
35.19
34.51
33.85
33.22
32.60
32.01
31.43
30.87
30.33
29.81
29.30
28.81
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 30 of 65
L-Dist.
angle
X-ducer angle
(or thickness)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5
3.00
3.01
3.01
3.03
3.04
3.06
3.08
3.10
3.13
3.16
3.20
3.23
3.27
3.31
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.61
3.66
3.72
3.78
3.84
3.91
3.97
4.04
4.10
4.17
4.24
4.31
4.39
4.46
4.53
4.61
4.69
4.76
4.84
4.92
5.00
5.08
5.16
5.24
5.33
5.41
5.49
5.58
5.66
5.75
5.83
1.91
3.81
5.71
7.59
9.46
11.31
13.13
14.93
16.70
18.43
20.14
21.80
23.43
25.02
26.57
28.07
29.54
30.96
32.35
33.69
34.99
36.25
37.48
38.66
39.81
40.91
41.99
43.03
44.03
45.00
45.94
46.85
47.73
48.58
49.40
50.19
50.96
51.71
52.43
53.13
53.81
54.46
55.10
55.71
56.31
56.89
57.45
57.99
58.52
59.04
88.09
86.19
84.29
82.41
80.54
78.69
76.87
75.07
73.30
71.57
69.86
68.20
66.57
64.98
63.43
61.93
60.46
59.04
57.65
56.31
55.01
53.75
52.52
51.34
50.19
49.09
48.01
46.97
45.97
45.00
44.06
43.15
42.27
41.42
40.60
39.81
39.04
38.29
37.57
36.87
36.19
35.54
34.90
34.29
33.69
33.11
32.55
32.01
31.48
30.96
30
45
60
17-43
32-58
47-73
Page 31 of 65
Page 32 of 65
depth = 0.6"
70 degree sending
transducer
70 degree receiving
transducer
soundpath
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
70 degree, shear
= 0.060
d = 0.6"
Page 33 of 65
depth = 0.94"
65 degree sending
transducer
65 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
65 degree, shear
= 0.094
d = 0.94"
Page 34 of 65
depth = 1.34"
60 degree sending
transducer
60 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
60 degree, shear
= 0.134
d = 1.34"
Page 35 of 65
depth = 1.81"
55 degree sending
transducer
55 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
55 degree, shear
= 0.181
d = 1.81"
Page 36 of 65
depth = 2.34"
50 degree sending
transducer
50 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
50 degree, shear
= 0.234
d = 2.34"
Page 37 of 65
depth = 2.93"
45 degree sending
transducer
45 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
45 degree, shear
= 0.293
d = 2.93"
Page 38 of 65
depth = 3.57"
40 degree sending
transducer
40 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
40 degree, L-wave
= 0.357
d = 3.57"
Page 39 of 65
depth = 4.26"
35 degree sending
transducer
35 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
35 degree, L-wave
= 0.426
d = 4.26"
Page 40 of 65
depth = 5.00"
30 degree sending
transducer
30 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
30 degree, L-wave
= 0.500
d = 5.00"
Page 41 of 65
depth = 5.77"
25 degree sending
transducer
25 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
25 degree, L-wave
= 0.577
d = 5.77"
Page 42 of 65
depth = 6.58"
20 degree sending
transducer
20 degree receiving
transducer
D = 20"
10" radius
transducer angle shown
depth as a fraction of the radius
depth, d, in inches
R = 10"
20 degree, L-wave
= 0.658
d = 6.58"
Page 43 of 65
Page 44 of 65
R=1
R = hypotenuse
Page 45 of 65
= 90 -
= transducer angle
Page 46 of 65
included angle =
D = Diameter = (R O.D.) X 2
C X
2
360
Page 47 of 65
adj
hyp.
RO.D. = 1 = hyp
cos = adj
hyp
(hyp = RO.D = 1)
cos = adj
1
cos = adj
adj
= RO.D. - depth
depth = 1 - cos
Page 48 of 65
adj.
opp.
hyp.
( =1 )
cos =
adj.
hyp.
hyp.
cos =
adj.
Page 49 of 65
Through-Transmission
Soundpath
or
Manual TOFD 'Base Distance'
(chord length)
adj.
opp.
hyp.
( =1 )
cos =
adj.
hyp.
hyp.
cos =
adj.
Page 50 of 65
Outside Diameter
(OD)=
20
Circumference
(inches)=
62.83
sound
transducer angle mode
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
included
angle
2
shear
shear
shear
shear
shear
shear
L-wave
L-wave
L-wave
L-wave
L-wave
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
Arc distance
Depth
Circumferential
Circumferential
Distance (as a
Distance
Depth, as a fraction of the
fraction of C)
(inches)
radius
= C X 2
/ 360
= 1 - COS
0.111
0.139
0.167
0.194
0.222
0.250
0.278
0.306
0.333
0.361
0.389
6.98
8.73
10.47
12.22
13.96
15.71
17.45
19.20
20.94
22.69
24.43
0.060
0.094
0.134
0.181
0.234
0.293
0.357
0.426
0.500
0.577
0.658
Chord
Depth
(inches)
= 2 COS X (RO.D.)
0.60
0.94
1.34
1.81
2.34
2.93
3.57
4.26
5.00
5.77
6.58
6.84
8.45
10.00
11.47
12.86
14.14
15.32
16.38
17.32
18.13
18.79
= 1 X RO.D.
= 1.414 X RO.D.
= 1.732 X RO.D.
Page 51 of 65
Manual TOFD
Manual TOFD of axial cracks uses radial oriented transducers in pitchcatch pairs. The transducer pair can scan axially, or circumferentially.
The previous set-up shown for TOFD on flat surfaces is adapted for
cylindrical shaped scanning surfaces. The only difference being that the Base
Distance lies on a chord within the volume of the material. The same Excel
spreadsheets previously shown for flat plate are adapted for sizing of axial
cracks.
The following sketches show some of the relations of Base Distance, LDistance, chord length and arc or circumferential length.
Then the basis for calculations of Base-Distance and circumferential
distance are shown.
The final spreadsheet is the spreadsheet used for set-up of manual TOFD
on cylindrical scanning surfaces.
Page 52 of 65
arc distance
chord distance
R-O.D.
R-I.D.
Page 53 of 65
R-I.D.
R-O.D.
Page 54 of 65
2
R- I.D.
R- O.D.
= base-to-radial angle (this was the transducer angle for thru-transmission testing)
2
= included angle
Page 55 of 65
direct L-wave
Backwall
L-wave
Page 56 of 65
flaw
Backwall
L-wave
L-Distance as
read from UT
machine as
Soundpath
Page 57 of 65
Depth of
material not
examined by
TOFD.
flaw
Depth as read
from TOFD tables
for a given Base
Distance, for the
L-Distance
measured.
Backwall
L-wave
Page 58 of 65
included angle =
D = Diameter = 2 X RO.D .
C X
2
360
Page 59 of 65
adj
hyp.
RO.D. = 1 = hyp
cos = adj
hyp
(hyp = RO.D = 1)
cos = adj
1
cos = adj
adj
= RO.D. - depth
depth = 1 - cos
Page 60 of 65
Manual TOFD
'Base Distance'
(chord length)
adj.
opp.
hyp.
( =1 )
cos =
adj.
hyp.
hyp.
cos =
adj.
manual TOFD 'Base Distance' (chord length)= 2 cos (times the radius to the outer diameter)
Page 61 of 65
Base Distance =
Outside Diameter
(OD)=
20
Inside Diameter
(OD)=
16
circumference
(inches)=
62.83
RO.D. = 10
RI.D. = 8
Arc distance
base to radial
angle (degrees)
78.46
included
angle
(degrees)
23.07
Circumferential
Distance (as a
fraction of C)
= 2
/ 360
11.54
0.064
Depth
4.03
0.020
Depth
(inches)
Depth to ID
of the TOFD
'Backwall Lwave'
0.20
1.80
Page 62 of 65
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Page 65 of 65