Assingnment no 1

Name-Kunal Jain.
Sub - water & waste water treatment.
Roll no - 59
(Ground water sources and treatment)

Introduction
Resources of water
1 Water resources are sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses
of water include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities.
2 97 percent of the water on the Earth is salt water and only three percent is fresh
water;
3 slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.The
remaining unfrozen freshwater is found mainly as groundwater, with only a
small fraction present above ground or in the air.
4 The majority of human uses require freshwater.Fresh water is a renewable
resource.
5 Sources of fresh water are
i) Surface water.
ii) Under river flow.
iii) Ground water.
iv) Frozen water.
v) Desalination

Ground water :1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore
spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated
deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water.
the world's supply of groundwater is steadily decreasing, with depletion
occurring most prominently in Asia and North America
Groundwater is recharged from, and eventually flows to, the surface
naturally; natural discharge often occurs at springs and seeps, and can
form oases or wetlands.
Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal,
and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells
Typically, groundwater is thought of as liquid water flowing through shallow
aquifers, but, in the technical sense, it can also include soil
moisture, permafrost (frozen soil), immobile water in very low
permeability bedrock, and deep geothermal or oil formation water

Sources of ground water:1. Meteoric Water

It includes waters formed by infiltration of atmospheric precipitation like rain,
sleet, snow, hail etc. as well as by the infiltration of water of rivers and lakes.
As we know, falling on the earth's surface, atmospheric precipitation is distributed
in a number of ways-a part of the water enters the soil by infiltration, a part is
returned to the atmosphere through evaporation and another part flows over the
ground surface as runoff to lower levels.
Water of such origin apparently constitutes the bulk of ground water, which is
evident from the fluctuation of water level in the wells with the changing of
seasons.
2. Condensational Water
This water is mainly the source of replenishment of ground waters particularly in
deserts and semi deserts, where precipitation is scanty and there is rapid
evaporation. In such regions, there is ground water at certain depth below the
surface. This is believed to be due to the following process:
The moist air at the surface of the earth is always warmer than the air of the soil,
particularly in summer. Accordingly, there exists a difference in the pressure
between the water vapour in the atmosphere and in the soil.
Because of the pressure gradient, water vapour from the atmosphere penetrates the
rocks and are converted to water through condensation when the temperature falls.
This may lead to the accumulation of a certain amount of water in rocks in arid and
desert regions.
3. Connate Water
This is also known as fossil water and includes water entrapped in sediments at the
time of their deposition on lake or sea bottom. They are classified in to two types
as syngenetic and epigenetic connate water.

The syngenetic connate water was trapped in the sediments containing it, whereas
the epigenetic connate water are those which entered from the basins into the rocks
that had formed earlier. Connate water often occurs in rock units with oil.

4. Juvenile Water
It is also known as magmatic water as it is associated with the magmatic activities
within the crust. With the cooling of magma, its gaseous contents and water vapour
etc. separate out from it.
The water vapour then gets condensed into superheated water and move upwards
from a region of high temperatures and pressures to that of low temperature and
pressure. This is also called virgin water.
5. Mixed Source Water
It is quite natural to expect that along their complex-migration routes the aforesaid
waters get mixed up and thus constitute ground water of a mixed type.

Physical and chemical charcterstics of ground water:-

General Treatment process of ground water:-