Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Seminar Report ON: Holography
A Seminar Report ON: Holography
A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
Holography
BY
Akshay Baisane
ROLL NO.: 06
OF
Department of Printing Engineering, Pune Vidyarthi Grihas College of
Engineering and Technology, Pune.
UNDER GUIDENCE
OF
PROF. A. R. Mahajan
HOLOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE
Prof. A. R. Mahajan
Prof. A. R. Mahajan
(Seminar Guide)
(Head of Department)
HOLOGRAPHY
Acknowledgement
Akshay Baisane
(T. E. Printing)
HOLOGRAPHY
CONTENTS
No
TITLE
Page No
Introduction
Principal Of Holography
Holography Vs Photography
Characteristics Of Hologram
Types Of Holograms
Recording Of Holograms
Conclusion
10
References
11
HOLOGRAPHY
Introduction
Holography is the process and technique used to create holograms.
holos means whole or entirely
gram means message or recording
PRINCIPAL OF HOLOGRAPHY
THE PHYSICAL PRINCIPAL OF HOLOGRAPHY IS INTERFERENCE
Holograms are photographs of three dimensional impressions on the surface of light
waves. Therefore, in order to make a hologram you need to photograph light waves. This
presents something of a dilemma. As we all know, it can be
problematic to take a photograph of a quickly moving object. If
you've ever had a picture come back blurred from the film lab, you
know all too well. When a person moves too quickly in a
photograph, their image blurs. Try to imagine the problems
associated with trying to photograph a photon. To start, a light
wave moves at the speed of light. Thats about 300.000 kilometers
per second. Thats more than half way to the moon in a second. Considerably faster than
someone's hand waving. In fact, its so fast that the very idea of even capturing it on film
would appear impossible. What we need is a way to stop the photon so it can be
photographed. And this technique is called interference.
HOLOGRAPHY
Imagine yourself standing on a small bridge over a of still water. Lets further imagine
that you were to drop a pebble into the pond. As it hits the water it creates a circular
wave. This wave radiates outwards in an ever growing circular path. We've all done this.
Now, if you drop two pebbles in the water, you would create two circular waves, each of
which would grow in size and eventually cross the path of the other wave and then
continue on its individual expanding path. Where the two circular waves cross each other,
you might say that they interfere with each other. And the pattern that they make is called
an interference pattern.
When two light waves pass through each other each wave acts like a bump to the other.
And the result is like rapids of light. The standing wave patterns are stationary even
though the light waves energy continues to move. When waves meet they perform
addition and subtraction. When two waves of equal size meet at their high points (called
crests), they add together to make a wave twice as high at that point. Conversely, where
two waves of equal size meet at their low points (call troughs) they addtogether to
become twice as low.
If the waves add and get higher its called constructive interference. If the waves subtract
or cancel altogether its called destructive interference.
HOLOGRAPHY
Ordinary photographic film is only sensitive to radiant energy. Thus, photographs only
record the intensity of light, which is related to the amplitude of the light:
Intensity = Amplitude2
In contrast, holograms can effectively freeze and preserve the wavefront of light that
carries all the information, both amplitude and phase, contained in the scene.
As
Characteristics of Hologram
Holograms have unique characteristics. These are discussed below:
HOLOGRAPHY
TYPES OF HOLOGRAMS
Holograms may be classified in a number of different ways depending on their thickness,
method of recording, method of reconstruction etc
There are two basic types of holograms:
Reflection holograms
Transmission holograms
HOLOGRAPHY
(i) Reflection holograms form images by reflecting a beam of light off the surface of the
hologram.
This type of hologram produces very high quality images but is very
expensive to create.
(ii) Transmission holograms form images by transmitting a beam of light through the
hologram.
RECORDING OF HOLOGRAMS
HOLOGRAPHY
The laser provides a highly coherent source of light. The beam of light hits the beam
splitter, which is a semi-reflecting plate that splits the beam into two: an object beam and
a reference beam.
The object beam is widened by a beam spreader (expanding lens) and the light is
reflected off the object and is projected onto the photographic plate.
The reference beam is also widened by a beam spreader and the light reflects off a
mirror and shines on the photographic plate.
The reference and object
beams
meet
photographic
create
the
at
the
plate
and
interference
HOLOGRAPHY
10
HOLOGRAPHY
beams
create
recorded
photographic
onto
plate
the
as
an
interference pattern.
USES OF HOLOGRAMS
Why should holography be used?
The reasons for using Hologram and holographic products are as follows:
Pass Around Value: Since holograms have impressive appearance, it is likely that
people will bring them to top notice of colleagues and associates.
Impact: It is a known fact that holograms are looked at significantly and longer
than other graphic mediums because they are eye-catching. Any name or logo or
slogan on the hologram has greater impact and the message is enforced.
Security: Holograms are widely used for security purpose. It is not possible to to
duplicate holograms and hence they have become an essential part of many
government and commercial security programs. Holograms are applied to
documents, ID cards, currency, and product labels.
Retention: Holograms are certain objects which can be treasured for a long time
which is not the case with another object, be it a pen or a calendar or a diary.
11
HOLOGRAPHY
Benefits of Holograms
Applications of holograms
Holography is a very useful tool in many areas, such as in commerce, scientific research,
medicine, and industry.
Some current applications that use holographic technology are:
Holographic interferometry is used by researchers and industry designers to test and
design many things, from tires and engines to prosthetic limbs and artificial bones and
joints.
Supermarket and department store scanners use a holographic lens system that directs
laser light onto the bar codes of the merchandise.
12
HOLOGRAPHY
Holographic optical elements (HOEs) are used for navigation by airplane pilots. A
holographic image of the cockpit instruments appears to float in front of the windshield.
This allows the pilot to keep his eyes on the runway or the sky while reading the
instruments. This feature is available on some models of automobiles.
Medical doctors can use three-dimensional holographic CAT scans to make
measurements without invasive surgery.
education.
Holograms are used in advertisements and consumer packaging of products to attract
potential buyers.
Holograms have been used on covers of magazine publications. One of the most
memorable Sports Illustrated covers was the December 23, 1992 issue featuring Michael
Jordan. Holograms have also been used on sports trading cards.
The use of holograms on credit cards and debit cards provide added security to
minimize counterfeiting.
Holography has been used to make archival recordings of valuable and/or fragile
museum artifacts.
Sony Electronics uses holographic technology in their digital cameras. A holographic
crystal is used to allow the camera to detect the edge of the subject and differentiate
between it and the background. As a result, the camera is able to focus accurately in dark
conditions.
Holography has been use by artists to create pulsed holographic portraits as well as
other works of art.
13
HOLOGRAPHY
Conclusion
Holograms are widely used in our day to day life. So holograms manufacturer have very
significant business. Now a days much more valuable application of holograms are
invented .
Holograms provides 3D dimentional view of object which makes it better than
conventional photography. Manufacturing process is also not so complicated. In short and
simple terms, hologram is three-dimensional laser photography, containing depth and
parallax, which mean the ability to see around the object.
REFERENCES
14
HOLOGRAPHY
Cited Patent
Filing date
Publication date
Applicant
Title
US2867263 *
Apr 4, 1955
Jan 6, 1959
Woodford
John
US4289821 *
Surface replication on
a coated substrate
US4427732 *
Surface replication on
a coated substrate
US4758296 *
McGraw Stephen P
Method of fabricating
surface
relief
holograms
Bartlett
Francis
Method of applying
patterns to vinyl floor
coverings
15