ME2143/ME2143ESensorsandActuators

PartIIAdditionalNotesandExamples

CHUICheeKong,PhD
AssociateProfessor
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
NationalUniversityofSingapore

ReviewofMagneticField

d"'l'

p* A*

"t

@. E t a.t

b=

e,

t b, [,

o,<?

b3

o"]

b"]

q.b 2- iatbt
t-t
= a.,If t
[^

*.('.'A''o*

@..

T-*\

a.L

b, +

'+4*L^

b = \^\\ttcc.:S o

[^1, \[ t *,* +(^- *fo"h,.^' t'*St[ (**5^,-["-t".)

+ eu *,^X b

c*:,( 4
*^gu

ou.<..a'-

a-pl

,**!-"a

A n,'Lt:ce. vt

e.-.h^ ci t^"....d*t"^" $*"-t"0 "l lLlo J"*e\

{(^' "*t ( L
tt^*+
#
[lox
vr,ua't-a-.,F-c
f = Ats cta e
A
Coil of l- turn

Coil of l- turn

(7
t<

0=?"
CaO=

Flux = AB cos 60

Figure 1

e.:tt^-- -a'L..- 'sSre-T'eL

Figure 2

+ .H--- $..-\J B

c-t^--yJ , ff +L"-- o *ll

a.,\ t* .t"'"^3e- -t{^- ^T(".{t ,*-"}L tL*- c,-)J pb'f
;

6o degrees

B cos 60

Flux = AB

(,[

B=1 T

'ti*^,,....j

9,

e^*- fi. t

6 r.*r^^gt.

(o **,ns
"o.'( 4
*.,^A a^{,E-o. + ,\ lo-1 *t ; p(o<e{ ; 4
B
ntalae-ttc l.'-(d * [\'tx A"^s\
t r,ti [."^
vtorrno'-\'
+ (0-z T so t1^.* {*Te. }t.^ t,",h +l^- +\^'a^S

C^) (F.5..,*- \)

\v

Ac,.r-rr.ri.r

# = AB

F(** [;hk*;"",.\=Nf

=NAB

= to y e1 x[o-L*L x (o-tT
= + x (6-3 {Ub fit,.,l'-s.

r'f

ub

"T^lt t

uaxzrl.t l(,.^

'f{^.S

prar-Qur.cesil4oirc*'f4[t*'rrl

a.r\ .,r*[ 4 I vt(* , -L*^ tt^t lLx

;

,e)*.e-.4 t ?4rr.o wr'(h&t I

ce,,,'

"d

D (

z) Tt*- satqe- .o,{ A '"of^*c"t *G.^#

a,^ ot,'s *Q*,L )b '*,;Adte eo t'{""}
if t.ra s flyL ( o o 'in f''' d'e("t B '
F.1,.*.-

F(**

(;^(-o5as, A

= VAB

cay (o'

: 4 r (o-3 r

o.S

.= L r (o{ 2<19/bt,.ry.
Rnr .\es

*t^,,\L *t^L eot'l ,

AA = zr

= -z

lo+r&r6t-.a.s -

^"L.lb

-h.rcr

+,c

(a-ifi4if,^-,.,

M^n

",

*-t"(

e-rft Scerer*: l-,-^te-

crr-v=L

A-lra--,k

o*

-J

Jiarlt\

I-t".^,5

++4

VTl

C*o*

P^ 4.,^-

C..=

.l

xb

i,jK
=

^^

4y qL

b.. by

b"

= (atb,-6=u.y)i -(a*1. -azbr)j f

Ca"!) *ayb/) h
(^._ "^5"--F*J.-

= eit

s,-l e

-gz l{T.rLo

k,.-^
F.*-l

f = xY':1'
>I
2\

."o^
.,)
o
t+'ro=
:-t#'

\,
:

a
ll

o\

O' -'(+*(a'uL

= -4xto-a (

,
,
I
t

,/*eu
d
{

r t')

Y-

{zut}"
Bt^

4., qr

Nl

[,i,k
,,r-**

tL

u'41

C,"[-,t'lS

*1,.,e gl

axql

&
&-^(.

^l

,-

L* Xau"^,yle-

A" et.c-t",-a (t= -t.Gcr2 (o-ttC ) ta^,ejs

[o E ,^ 1r ;
{L p.osu,Fr\^<. X dw*d..L
)<

Tt*
pcs

nra.trr,ta-tac

"4.--*

F,x

$(o*

".-*-

;r[;tr*
t-

-u\

y d.-*dd^

-t{*
"^^^A

en\ tt*-

e-(eet{,r*

"[ +L..

;f.*,*c$..,^-r

S^-.q

Ja

L-=

7urcB

ltsr

)r ts

(*t{.6o 2 rto -"L)(tut

Cr

ln
( - t.6o2 r
L(r

Uy . M-' a*e- u*,-'*

tu,,_

\,*-4f-ec
t

t -. (.,."'S
"-l-r^(

D.;.-

cs;

t'"-f, o

rr

*e-cnt**n'-<d

(C>

:l?
Z

'* a

,")q/z

t.;e- a<e4

tn-ff'W :

I U. a^y t*(e_ I
f-r.6ue'rd' fi a i
i

r)uy-

^ls)M,

i-l
4."r., C*G.

Eo*qrt.
A urrie- "t

Gte

! = ( *

.ouvt\e^ q.

,t to A ?unY**s'Jo- 'ta c( J.'*t"q "[

C.="^^n^l-

*tt-

'tt= *-'$"-*(* + +t*

cc!?c^er4*-

B E' o' 5 T

d--=*

"

"''^-

c-Jre

G- .{

,$'o't(^{- t-':"'')"q +

(*t* -!' '^^J a-

ck&s&"'i:^ts

I = t/Bg;@)

e .),

'eL-

*-SG tt4'-t,^ +t'*- u-':<- **J

I z (to A) C I u) ( u.s T)

si;^

F.5A/

t*

"

(1"'),
\

=(to A)( r,,^) (o.sr)(t)

I'"-tJ

-&=to'

*.?*r,-^,.J,u

Do*rT

?o"n)\"

g \ l*"-^5
.L lul'^-t*

Y\

Tolv*o*e*e/

i^,tsVr

tr**

!.t''c<^^-\

ol--n+-'J_ e1**\S
*Yt
t
'*"'isVa'^-*-

J"-l *lu^ wtr

"

C eH F')
- ct,r*ro['i'e- t-'^e

Ll a LA*^/ d'{ \
F*r-Aoo', t",^t
t

^1

c.:iI

#-=

<'

EMF

Example: Magnetic Field around a Long Straight Wire

Consider a long straight wire carrying current I out of the page.
Find expressions for the magnetic field intensity and magnetic flux density in
the space around the wire. Assume that the material surrounding the wire has
permeability .

By symmetry and the right-hand rule, B and H fall in a plane perpendicular to

the wire (i.e., in the plane of the paper) and are tangent to circles having their
centers at the wire.

The magnitude of H is constant for a given radius r. Applying Amperes Law,

The magnetic flux density is

Example: Flux Density in a Toroidal Core

Find an expression for the magnetic flux density on the center line of the core in
terms of the number of coil turns, the permeability of the core, and the physical
dimensions.

We assume that the coil is wound in a symmetrical manner all the way around
the toroidal core. By symmetry, the field intensity is constant in magnitude
along the dash circular center line.

Applying Amperes Law to the dashed path, we obtain

Hl = H2R = NI
Solving for H,

Cof
the total flux and the flux linkages.

area:
The flux is equal to the product of the flux density and the cross sectional

BA

L.NL
- Sptrr',:

uNIrZ
ZR

Note that all the flux links all of the turns, we have

)": N4: uNzlrZ

--TR-

? Til

2-

f ;

lt^t' 'o^B**

tl"^ *;l

B ^5***

hJJ

*^;* )

/f C* S,,*'{'z l"'"W
*1**

t,,..-,,-

f.*l. e

,% ,r'n-o"&'*-J Jt* &'^-\ E

, tt**

f.e-r.^a.;'s .jr,.
H

GA

-$^---.,r

1^2,&o.ee.-s

.ta

s*-*.,ra-{"J. 4w

esr^e_

E".-,,"^-y (e

C*) h

,*T d-'*:*t

4;C lr -V t)
LsA C*'t"^-1',^t-U"-,^"-+.,

)a-arrf

S.r-

"".r-^&--l \

q.+

ea

*--1.-a.$r1 fL-x

+{4-

| .r,^ d."r* tL.

oJ-+
I

a-

^*

,-- .,i^e-

W\r/2

B
H

=i.H
f

>ff

M\5, .-s.u tt*"

-,

&^iq

B=
,i",

oi

7:

* r r lo-1

eL

/A(o

B=

( 4,/* to-r L"L/ f\'^ \ (Jd A)

,1/CtK(o'z
+

--lr
rtD'T

*)

DCMotors

Example
A 50 hp DC motor operates from 220 V DC source with losses 3350 W under
rated full load conditions.
The full load speed is 1150 rpm.
Under no-load conditions, the speed is 1200 rpm.
Find source current and efficiency with full load.

The input power to the dc motor is

Pin = Vsource Isource = Pout + Ploss

Multiply the number of horsepower by 746 to convert from horsepower to

watts.
Substituting values and solving for the source current we have
220 Isource = 50 x 746 + 3350
Isource = 184.8 A

Also we have
n= (Pout/Pin) x 100% = [(50 x 746)/(50 x 746 + 3350)] x 100% = 91.76%

Example

a. Which type of motor would have the most difficulty in starting a highinertia load from standing start?
The synchronous motor has zero starting torque and would not be able to
start a high-inertia load.
b. Which should not be operated without a load?
The series-field dc motor should not be operated without a load because
its speed becomes excessive.

Example: Idealized Linear Machine

(a) Assuming that the bar is stationary at t=0, compute the initial current and
the initial force on the bar. Also, determine the final (i.e. steady-state)
speed assuming that no mechanical load is applied to the bar.

(b) Suppose that a mechanical load of 4 N directed to the left is applied to the
bar. In steady state, determine the speed, the power delivered by VT, the
power delivered to the mechanical load, the power lost to heat in the
resistance RA, and the efficiency.

From the circuit,

(c) Suppose that a mechanical pulling force of 2 N directed to the right is

applied to the moving bar. In steady state, determine the speed, the power
taken from the mechanical source, the power delivered to the battery, the
power lost to heat in the resistance RA, and the efficiency.
When a pulling force applied to the bar to the right, the bar speeds up, the
induced voltage exceeds VT, and current circulates counterclockwise.
Thus, the machine operates as a generator.
In steady state, the force induced by the field is directed to the left and
equals the pulling force.

e,Jk^+

ttf* + t^-

$l.Q-.[ $t.*^td^

2T

u .,t*.tUJ t
g*Z"f

Example: Idealized Linear Machine

(a)

ins that
ia1 fl
uml

Initially,lbr

r*

fi
lied

0, we have

f4

iA(o+)

0,

aild the initiai current is given by

Vr
: fr:

')

6ft

:40

The resulting initlal f*rce on the bar is

:8lix(0t) *+S#4't}#+-

;1tl+)

=LCa"3){to}
In ste*dy state with no
we have

Xoad,

= 2t

}-1

- $*n. *._..o
. =-)
ia

the inducrd voltage equal* the battery valtage. Thus,

e7

=Bht-VT.

Solving f*r tlte vek:city and substitutiag value$ rve get

vr
Bt

tt: ---i-:

?,

40.3,t
2-

9.273
-6|:66,:m/s

''c-a-e-e"4

tamec

directed

tot

the

the

state
resistance,Ra" and the efficiency.

Because the rn*chnni*al force oppars$ thc rnotion of the bar, we have rnolor
acti*n" In steeidy state, the net fol'ce on the bal i* zEra*the folce created by the
r::agnetic fteld eqlnls the l*ad force. Thus, we otltai*

f:

Blia :.fioa<l

S*lving for the cun'cnt and substituting values, we find that

4 :)-.rr
, -l'io"t-=2<oi)
tA:
-r*EJr

From the circuit,

r*0

cA
Neiw, we can

d-eel | 661

Y7

* Rai* * - A.*S(W) *WY

2"

lind the stcady-s(ate spsed:

' - "*
' ' z.at s ^/,
Bl=ry-):'flr-*
lto.T
The mechanical power delivered 6 ,n-l:ilf
,,

r-

r1

ftoaau - at|ffi{l :PffiW

The porver taken fii:m the battely is
(.6L1 t7 .3j
P1=. VTin *2t ,ffi :/b'trf W

Pm :

The power dissipated in the lesistance is

2'>>L

pR:i2uR:ffi

\'J

As a chcck, w'c notc that pl * Pm * 716 to rvithin rounding elrol'. Finally'

the efflciency ol converting electrical power ftom the battery into mechanical
power is
n*

yx

1oo06

=ffi :'ili* :eW"i"

r

j.?

t.l

I
{r"e1-g

i,-y *

*$

(c) Suppose that a mechanical pulling force of 2 N directed to the right is

applied to the moving bar. In steady state. determine the speed" the power
taken from the mechanical source. the power delivered to the batterv. the

power lost to heat in the resistance Ra. and the efficiency.

When a putling force applied to the bar to the right, the bar speeds up, the
induced voltage exceeds Vr, dlud current circulates counterclockwise.
Thus, the machine operates as a generator.
In steady state, the force induced by the field is directed to the left and
equals the

pulling force.

J',-Blis=/irtrtt
Solvi::g for:

i; ;::rd suh*titu{i*g vi*1ues, ri'e fincl thal

' 'fPutt 2
!'/4
il Ix$.3\
,r--

*f,.6e

7'33 3

f=0

vr

3-313 z. t( 7

x V7* R;ix - 2 * $.05y)-rt *p#3

Now. we can firtd the steady-s,ot. tryif,,
7'(r(
ea 'H
e,1

o:fi:ffi:J,-Trtw/s
v

The mechanical power delivered by the pulling force is

pnt

:.fpuilu:z&f#t : y,*{tv1

The porver absorbecl by the lrattery

pt

Vria

,t

C Ce 1
,. , ,,
Zy*{tl :12.-r{w

The power dissipated in the resistance is

a-

;,a : {R :9"6#fu{r15

,t:

'zz2.

rss
7

#x

roo%

:Wr!r{*:u**}^st -*?
1-La2*

'Y**,
i^7**f

"

rp*-

ft.^

- 7-.-"-\

o-1^^,,."-o{e--'s't.u

w;$-r-Xe-

1.,^-, ,

4- sL*^t D c

Va D ReE,q f FA
9.^

T&=., :

_
\
,-ft

I*

hF
-?-

t*-aa"^'^ilal efl)

A".,

Ra(
I

hJC;e

,**L^,-

vr=R-ftr-+Eq
sd!e4_ ^= KpL,"^
F;"* O

V1 :

CF

P-*+Td*.,

fftEq

1*)

R,1

.:trY6
lA",= tr (vr
-''

3(rr"")

Example: Shunt-Connected DC Motor

A 50-hp DC shunt motor has the
magnetization curve shown below.
The DC supply voltage is 240 V, the
armature resistance is 0.065 ohms,
the field resistance is 10 ohms, and
the adjustable resistance is at 14
ohms. At a speed of 1200 rpm, the
rotational loss is 1450 W. If this
motor drives a hoist that demands a
torque of 250 Nm independent of
speed, determine the motor speed
and efficiency.

Equivalent circuit:

The field current is given by:

Next, we use the magnetization curve to find the machine constant K.

From the curve, the induced armature voltage EA = 280 V at IF = 10 A, and
nm=1200 rpm.
Since E A K m and the machine speed in radians per second is m nm
the machine constant is:
K

EA

280
2.228V .
1200(2 / 60)

Solving for speed,

To find efficiency, we compute the output power and input power,

2
,
60

J) g

kuctet - ftvr,trz"fuJ

o:La*aele'-ddc-S

sf-J

t'{-s+d""

Va r R*Ir + R*T* +
=r
J_p,

S**-

V1 = ReI+t RoTe-re+_@

Sr,r...^.

S*.*- Eft = tr/ *^

.,-.$ $ = Kr IF /
e = K Kr To *.^ :
.,).

S",b O
tlt?

u^^ T,q

---@

RrI* +R(IB + KKpL..'*E6

Va

AF tR*+

+ KKp*^

,r."- TJ.", = 96 Tn =

3r @; c
^r
-^.

kq

T5rrA

E4

k' k v TrT+

2_

K Kp Vr
1J.., = ( Rr r RA +rKi=il1

= K Kp q"

Example: Series-Connected DC Motor

the resistances. rotatio

the power output" and then the new speed and output power

if the load torque

increases to 24 Nm.

Since we are neglecting losses, the output torque and power are equal to the

developed torque and power, respectively.

The angular speed is
da61

:!'t1s1 X

2x

*:125.7rad/s

and the output power is

Pclevl

Poutl

r,in1Ioutl

t" "1..*- ^ t1'r="-\ .X,^4il +

150tt

' o

9-t.."et*c.^r..-or[eA DL
wrofar.

Settingftl:ltp:O,ffi

KKF-vi
rd"u:m:KKfr,

Y7

Thus. for a fixed supply volt ageVT-,torque is inversely proportional to speed squared,
and r /e can write

I.l*,'l

Ta""z

4,,,

fir,1
Solving far a4,2 and substituting values, we have

Q)nt7:

0)nt'1

l,r.,z

24

which corresponds 1o
t't1p77:848.5 rPm

Finally, the output power with the heavier loacl is

Pout2

Trlev?.@na

2133

ACSignalsandPower

F4Ezl

+\lMEzt+3e Syu-^-"+-1 Nat- AC n.3--{n .-i

C"G(UT

(""'-",
CfiEG

A 3*-it^so.zfJ u'AFae-: vCt2= Vonc^C*+e)

Ar*.**'( :tLJ O ,i .I .[-2*r,
-)

^*

tn^-n*

(wt + e ) -

<r.

cJ = LtT
f

tra.F

=-e

an

-p\- k4a.x E -

Rta-l\ r-^-l -)

t'*o* t e s a.

+
5,'...

V,^

* c*+ e) a
oo1

'r-

T.

V,^ oa Cuv +e)

v&):
Vr.*^ c,,t

= -*

t**

A.-5.

..a ,

'L
L ta,tzr( F=

g'7.
>Tl

{.tr-*
clT

ffi
C9

66C,

-rT

= ,.-J,o.ag " +

FdlSG

Vn-. ), J*

F--^.r,

d.

S.^-

-r4.h;

v--L* . U.{^

g^. (w

, + t -."1 t" cJcrJ*J. St*+t-F 4 v"l*.-g* t Yl"*I t. a\ }^e4 *-'+a.^-44

v^!i,.,*-

b.^n.^r.

VCt

) = V*

vn^^s:J+
t

!_

Oea

(-)

V n^,

2-

cz's C

uL + g )

vi*o(*? +e)

,{e

ME2143/]VIE2143E AC Sienals and Power: Examples

Example: Power Delivered to a Resistance by a Sinusoidal Source
Suppose thnt a voltage given by v(/)
100 ecs(100nr) V is applied to a 50-Q resistance. Sketch v(t) to scale versus time. Find the rms value of the voltage and the
average power delivered to the resisJance. Find the power as a function of time and
sketch to scale.

v(t):

Vu,.t'E(*t+e)

From the given v(t) equation,

ar

1002u,

andf: atl2n :

50 }Jz, T:llf:20 ms.

p(r) (V)
100

2t) i,tg

'---7

/lm

t
(rns)

-r 00

The peak value of the volt*ge is Vn * 1{ifi Y. Thus. the rrns value is
Vr,r/&:7A.77V. Then, the average pcwer is

p-.* : vil'
,avs
R

Y'*'

: 1oo w
- {7a'7D2
50

The power as a lunction oJ time is given by

7t(t1

:+ :IIb#Sg,

= 2oocos2(1oozr) w

p(r) (w)

(La- f*fua-*'*. k-t{t"-*'*'

CI ***\
P.,,,-

100

Itk
,;
(ms)

luo

A.G UC.ll-

{oo Q,

Ttuw'a-tt'

Ll..t*1

+, A-SJ S.;t'*Y" c&s

f L*"-=

Vr

Ut

-t

V.

:-

: zo Lqs"
Lo Z-Y5

"

(rs" )

Lo

j
co.c-vs*)'r
zo
=
z

Lozs

"+ (t> {-}"

?-

Vu-r

(-Y 5')

",o

o
Vu- ( c'4

(+" tct

-)

U,,* C,./r

"J

- (q"1y

"

Uu'^

e -J
s-i- O) = Vv*c-t
(}

SL*

*;^('-ts

t"-,^

<.v

s^l $

r@

a)4 e

(1.r?
zz- go.

:
I
*-"!. t* l*fl
F "t-" t'-'*^*
V*

cea (tc 'oi

U,r.^

-)

o . s 31+

2 *o"ol
-a
-^
l6-(}

/r

lz 22.h

2q "*11

L q "1

*l

c''4' (

'-+

Example: Analysis of a Wye-Wye system with 0.2H inductance and 50 ohms

resistance

A balanced positive-sequence wye-connected 60 -Hz three-phase source has

line-to-line voltage of Vr : 1000 V. This source is connected to a balanced
wye-connected load. Each phase of the load consists of a0.2-H inductance in
series with a 100-ohms resistance. Find the line-to-neural voltages, the line
currents and the power delivered to the load. Assume that the phase of Vun is

zero'
ntt'?u.t''& d! r'"--

.--"VL

fT

Vy
\ ' --

{-l*
rr*r{-$e-

!a"r-

,.,.!..-t, " !
i*.]t" -,*;,.J

q1

t{aqd

?&s line-t*-n*xfr*l v*l**g* is 1S00 / r,6 = 577,4 V, trll* phuxo arg*e w*s
*px*1{iu,d in *hs p:.*b.**n'r sf*lemsrt" $* r** wiJl *ssxxs th*? the pk*se of
Vsruisa&r*. ?hexwe**v*, 'ld**u Vu,n ,ve* i \i^*-to*'u-"-"-[ *t'"g*J .^*.f*t--rc.,*^ce t
L

Y**SIT,Sc0' U*,*3??"4x.-1t0" {n*S7?.'{El?il" L["^"b.

?ha niruuit {ur th* s phuse is Eh*wn hel*ry, {}ilo *xT **nsidur * x**tnsl
*p*rx***i*N ** axisl i:t * **lqnqqd Y-Y *qnnuuti'sn &ve* if *xu is **t
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ACMotors

Example: DC to AC power conversion for 3-phase induction motor

A 4-pole induction motor drives a load at 2500 rpm. This is accomplished by
using an electronic converter to convert a 400-V DC source into a set of 3-phase
AC voltages.
Given that the frequency of the AC voltages is 86.8 Hz assuming that the slip is
4%. The load is 2 hp. If the DC-to-AC converter has a power efficiency of 88%
and the motor has a power efficiency of 80%, estimate the current taken from
the DC source.

Solution:

Pout,motor = 2 hp x 746 = 1492 W

The input power to the motor is:
Pin,motor = Pout,motor/motor = 1492/0.80 = 1865 W
Pout,converter = Pin,motor
The input power to the converter is:
Pin,converter = Pout,converter/convertor = 1865/0.88 = 2119.32 W

Finally, the current taken from the 400-V source is:

I = Pin,converter/400 = 2119.32/400 = 5.298 A

Example: Slip and Frequency of rotor current in a 3-phase induction motor

A 5-hp four pole 60-Hz 3-phase induction motor runs at 1750 rpm under fullload conditions. Determine the slip and frequency of the rotor current at full
load.
Estimate the speed if the load torque drops in half.

Slip frequency (in Hz), fslip = s f = 0.02778 x 60 = 1.667 Hz.

In the normal range of operation, slip is approximately proportional to output

power and torque.
At half power, we estimate that s = 0.02778/2 = 1.389%.
This corresponds to a speed of 1775 rpm.

Torq ue-Speed Characteristlcs

(continue)
Example:
The torque-speed characteristics of
a 60-Hz induction motor and a load
are shown in the figure. How many
poles does the motor have? ln
steady-state operation, find the
speed, the slip and the output
power.

(Answers: 4-pole motor; 1400 rpm,

22.22%,3665 W)
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StepperMotorOperation

Off

On

S
Off

Off
Off

Off

On
Off

t= t0 = t4

Off

t= t1

Off

N
N

Off

On

Off

Off

On
t= t2

On

Off

t= t3

Half stepping to double the resolution.

N
Off

On
Off

ComparisonofElectricMotors

SteppermotorSmallpowerdevice;Accurate,repeatablepositioningapplication,forexample,
movingtheheadinaninkjetprinter.
BrushlessDCmotorpermanentmagnetsteppingmotorwithpositionsensorandenhancedcontrol
unit.Lowpowerapplicationindifficultenvironment.

Thesynchronousmotorhaszero
startingtorqueandwouldnot
beabletostartahighinertia
load.

n s

AC3phaseinductionmotor
Theseriesfielddc
motorshouldnotbe
operatedwithouta
loadbecauseitsspeed
becomesexcessive.

ACsinglephaseinductionmotor
withauxiliarywindingforself
starting
=Splitphasemotor

Holdingtorque

Cutoff speed

nm

Stepper motor