LGEC034

Toll Tax Automation Using RF

Introduction:
This project is being designed to bring the RF technology (range limited
wireless communication) in use that is widely used wireless
communication system. It is used in different applications in different
forms like security systems, attendance system, wireless control unit etc.
In this system we are using this technology to make a wireless remote
through which has inbuilt unique identity and can be used notify and
define any person, object etc.
Today, we live in an age of wireless revolution where every effort is
directed towards getting rid of wires. Removing wires not only makes
things easy but also improves speed of operation. For example no one
wants to stop at a toll tax and then mechanically deposit money rather
there needs to be mechanism through which the car neednt be stopped
and still the tax gets deposited. This will help in both achieving customer
satisfaction as well as improving the efficiency of whole system.
Similarly identification of different things has also achieved new heights. It
is very important to keep track of ones assets and hence unique
identification has a major scope of development. This unique identification
system will improve the overall efficiency of the system and will bring
more social security. Through this technology we can keep track of our
pets, clothes, cars and various other things. This technology has
application ranging from commercial purposes to even for an individual.
RF-ID technology merges wireless communication with unique
identification method, in which every source emits its unique Identification
Code (UIC) and then after receiving it, a receiver decrypts the signal and
identifies the particular transmitter. Then this information about the
source is displayed and stored for future use.
This project has been designed as a simple implementation of the toll collection process
automatically in a model form. This should not be considered as a real toll collection system
which requires much more considerations, tests and huge amount of money, before they are
actually put into use.
Note: Here we are designing a system which will identify the tag
thus the user and check for the account balance if balance is
available the predefined amount will be detected and the toll
gate will open else not. Here we have used 4-bit tagging hence
number of users is 15. Every user will have its unique TAG (a
binary sequence).

www.Labsguru.com

Block Diagram:
Transmitter remote (or DIP
tag):
switch as
TAG

POWER
SUPPLY

ENCODER
HT12E

ANTENNA

RF- TX

Toll control Device:

POWER SUPPLY
& REGULATOR

DISPLAY
UNIT

ANTENNA
A

RF-RX

DECODER
HT12D

MICROCONTROLLER

MOTOR

MOTOR
DRIVER
www.Labsguru.com

Block in brief:
Input Section:

1.
2.

4-Bit DIP Switch: Used for 4-bit tagging

3.

Encoder: Consists of HT12E encoder IC that 4 bit parallel data

of the switch matrix into serial data.

4.

RF transmitter 434 MHz:

Modulates the serial data and
transmit it over carrier frequency of 434 MHz.

5.

Antenna: This is simple wire which will transmit the data

through it and receive the data at receiver end.

6.

RF receiver 434 MHz: Receive the modulated serial data.

7.

Decoder: Consists of HT12D decoder IC that converts the

serial data it 4- bit parallel data same as at the transmitter end.

RF transmitter Interface: RF based wireless communication

scheme.

Processing Section:
Microcontroller: Programmed by the user to monitor the input
and generate proper output for the output unit. In general this is the
brain of the system.

Output Section:

Motor Driver: IC L293D will be used which can drive the motor for
change of direction as well as provide proper voltage and current.
DC Motor: Motor as gate control prototype.

16x2 LCD: Used as display device for required data.

Description:
www.Labsguru.com

There are two sections of this system; one is transmitter end and other
one is receiver end. At transmitter end there is an encoder IC which
encodes the 4 bit data and transmits it with a wireless device working at
315/434 MHz. At the receiver end RF receiver receives the data with
antenna and feeds these data to the decoder IC. The decoder IC decodes
the data in 4 bit mode and microcontroller checks the data sequence with
these 4 bits. Display unit is an LCD of 16x2 sizes. It is used for proper
user interaction. The control will identify the tag thus the user and check
for the account balance if balance is available the predefined amount will
be detected and the toll gate will open else not. Here we have used 4-bit
tagging hence number of users is 15. Every user will have its unique TAG
(a binary sequence).

Hardware Components:

HT12E encoder IC
4-bit DIP switch

RF transmitter

RF receiver

AT89S8253 microcontroller

Motor Driver (L293D)

Motors For door lock

Liquid Crystal Display

Power supply block

4-bit DIP Switches: This is simple integrated switch combination

interface with the encoder unit. This will assign different tag to the
buses using 4-bit tagging that is 16 tags.

HT12E
Encoder:
HT12E is
an encoder
integrated circuit of 212 series of encoders. They
are paired with 212 series of decoders for use in
www.Labsguru.com

remote control system applications. It is mainly used in interfacing RF

and infrared circuits. The chosen pair of encoder/decoder should have
same number of addresses and data format . Simply put, HT12E
converts the parallel inputs into serial output. It encodes the 12 bit
parallel data into serial for transmission through an RF transmitter.
These 12 bits are divided into 8 address bits and 4 data bits.HT12E has
a transmission enable pin which is active low. When a trigger signal is
received on TE pin, the programmed addresses/data are transmitted
together with the header bits via an RF or an infrared transmission
medium. HT12E begins a 4-word transmission cycle upon receipt of a
transmission enable. This cycle is repeated as long as TE is kept low.
As soon as TE returns to high, the
encoder output completes its final
cycle and then stops.

HT12D
decoder:
HT12D is
a decoder integrated circuit that
belongs to 212 series of decoders. This
series of decoders are mainly used for
remote control system applications,
like burglar alarm, car door controller,
security system etc. It is mainly
provided to interface RF and infrared
circuits. They
are
paired
with
12
2 series of encoders. The chosen pair
of encoder/decoder should have same
number of addresses and data format.
In simple terms, HT12D converts the serial input into parallel outputs.
It decodes the serial addresses and data received by, say, an RF
receiver, into parallel data and sends them to output data pins. The
serial input data is compared with the local addresses three times
continuously. The input data code is decoded when no error or
unmatched codes are found. A valid transmission in indicated by a
high signal at VT pin. HT12D is capable of decoding 12 bits, of which 8
are address bits and 4 are data bits. The data on 4 bit latch type
output pins remain unchanged until new is received.

Microcontroller Details: This unit is the brain of the system. This is

responsible for the full control of the system. The microcontroller used
here is a common 8 bit Atmel microcontroller AT89s8253.It is a lowpower, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with12K bytes of
In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash program memory and 2K bytes of
EEPROM data memory. It has 32 programmable input output lines.
www.Labsguru.com

Features:
12K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Program
Memory
SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2K Bytes EEPROM Data Memory
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
2.7V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz (in x1 and x2 Modes)
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Nine Interrupt Sources
Enhanced UART Serial Port with
Framing
Error
Detection
and
Automatic Address Recognition
Enhanced SPI (Double Write/Read
Buffered) Serial Interface

Programmable Watchdog Timer

RF
transmitter
&receiver:
This RF
module comprises of an RF Transmitter and
an RF
Receiver.
The
transmitter/receiver
(Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 434
MHz. An RF transmitter receives serial data and
transmits it wirelessly through RF through its
antenna connected at pin4. The transmission
occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by
an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the
transmitter.
Motor Driver: Used to drive the DC motors as directed by the
microcontroller. This is the OUTPUT block. Here we used L293D to drive the
motors .whatever signals it receives from the microcontroller on the basis of that it will
drive the motors.
An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables a voltage to be applied across a load in
either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC
www.Labsguru.com

motors to run forwards and backwards. H-bridges are

available as integrated circuits, or can be built
from discrete components.

MOTOR: For the gate prototype we will be

using a motor. The control of this motor will show opening and closing of
gate. A direct current (DC) motor is a fairly simple electric motor that uses
electricity and a magnetic field to produce torque, which turns the motor.
At its most simple, a DC motor requires two magnets of opposite polarity
and an electric coil, which acts as an electromagnet. The repellent and
attractive electromagnetic forces of the magnets provide the torque that
causes the DC motor to turn.

Liquid Crystal Display: This is 16x2 B/W LCD for the display of the data.

Power Supply Block: The power supply consists of a step down

transformer 230/12V, which steps down the voltage to 12V AC. This is
converted to DC using a Bridge rectifier. The ripples are removed using a
capacitive filter and it is then regulated to +5V using a voltage regulator
7805 which is required for the operation of the microcontroller and other
components.
Note: Remote unit is DC battery powered.

Software
Components:
This unit consists of the
programming unit that is
the compiler used.
The MIKRO
C
for
8051
Compiler is a powerful featurerich development tool for Atmel's
8051 microcontrollers. It is
designed to provide the user with
www.Labsguru.com

the easiest possible solution for developing applications for embedded systems without
compromising on performance. Its highly advanced integrated development environment
(IDE), broad set of library routines, ready-to-run and comprehensive documentation should
be more than enough to get anyone off to a great start when developing 8051 applications.
ADVANTAGES OVER TRADITIONAL TAGGING SYSTEM:

Modernizes the entire tracking system.

It is a very user friendly and can even be used by childrens.
Simple to operate and can be installed in a short time.
Can be used to track virtually everything.
No scope for error in detection of RF-ID tags.
Facilitates quick and accurate detection and tracking is possible instantaneously.
Re-usable by simply attaching the tag to some other object.
Easier to manage with very less demand on man-power.
It has a variable range of operation and hence it can be used at almost all places.

APPLICATIONS:
This RF ID tagging system can used to keep a track of shipping goods and vehicles in
a completely automated manner. The transport vehicle can be tracked at the shipping
and the receiving organization to automatically update delivery status.
These tags can be employed in cars and buses with readers placed at the toll taxes, bus
stops and security checks. This modernizes the whole system of travel and saves a lot
of time and money.
It can be installed at air ports to felicitate the distribution of luggage by putting up an
RF-ID tag on luggage and then at the distribution counter the luggage can be easily
sorted out.

www.Labsguru.com