GH ASACHI TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF IASI FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AND BUILDING SERVICES

Profile: CIVIL ENGINEERING
Specialization: CIVIL ENGINEERING-TRAINING
Qualification: Bachelor Engineer
Year of study: 3nd year Education
Form: Day Courses
Academic year: 2013-2014

Civil constructions II
Project

Student:
Mirodone Madalin
Group: 3308

Project theme
The project consists in the design of a multy-storey
building, having one of the following destinations:
1. Block of flats
2. Students acomodation hostel
3. Hotel
The building has UG+G+ 4Fl, meaning that has an
underground floor, ground floor and 4 floors.
The envelope of the building consists of:
- load-bearing walls of reinforced concrete or non
load-bearing walls of hollow brick or cellular concrete block
masonry protected on the external face with al layer of efficient
thermo insulating materials (fireproofed expanded polystyrene
for face wall, mineral wool rigid plates, extruded polystyrene
etc.);
- ventilated or un-ventilated could (insulated) terrace
roof;
- the ground floor plate over unheated basement will
be insulated on the ceiling of the basement;
- the doors and windows can be of multi-layer wood or
PVC profiles with thermal insulating double or triple glassed
window panels with Low CTE float glass. The windows will be
provided with ventilating systems or with three opening
positions in order to provide an adequate thermal protection
and natural ventilation of the indoor space.
The structure will have:
1. Pedestrian or non-pedestrian reinforced
concrete flat roof;
2. Monolithic or precast reinforced concrete
shear walls mixed with lamellar frames;
3. Reinforced concrete stairs;
4. Elastic cross beams.
It is situated in the urban area, Brasov, having acces to all
the city facilities: water supply, electricity, internet

connection, connection to the sewerage infrastructure, acces

roads and other public services.
The project must contain information and details about:
- the type and the composition of structural and for
envelope elements ( walls, columns, floors, foundations, and
roof);
- the joints of the main structural and for envelope
elements;
- the heat conservation capacity of the building;
- the structural performance under the load
combination that contain dead, snow, live loads and seismic
action.
The thermal and structural design and the constructive
details of the elements already mentioned.
The slope of the terrain is about 2%.
The project content :
A. Written part:
- Project theme;
- Project content;
- Technical report;
- The design of the walls and roof for the hygrothermal
conditions;
- The assesment of loads and design load combination;
- The computation of the shear walls sectional
characteristics;
- Stress and strains analysis for the cross shear walls;
B. Drawings:
- Current floor plan scale: 1/50;
- Groundfloor plan scale: 1/50;
- Cross section through the staircase scale: 1/50;
- Roof plan scale: 1/100;
- Consructive details scale: 1/10;

Thermal insulation design

In order to obtain the thickness of the insulation layer a
series of operations and computation are needed. The
unidirectional specific thermal rezistance of a building element
is calculated by the formula:
n

R0,ef =R si +
i=1

di
+ R se
i

2
[ m k /W ].

Where:
d-thickness of the layer
- the thermal conductivity of the material
The thermal rezistance of each element of the building
envelope will be compared with the minimum thermal
rezistance ( Rmin ).
The following condition has to be imposed:
R> Rmin [

m2 K
]
W

'
and Rmin=(1.2, , 1.3)Rmin

Exterior walls
For reinforced concrete wall:
OUTER WALL
No.
1

Material
layer
1/i

Layer thickness [m]

-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Lime plaster

0,03

0,87

R.C. Wall
Rigid mineral
wool
Cement
plaster

0,2

1,62

0,05

0,015

0,93

4
5

d/
0,125
0,03448
28
0,12345
68
0
0,01612
9

1/2

0,042
0,34106
86

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

R.M.W insulation board with basalt fibers type PB 160

For exterior walls the

Rmin =1,21,8=
R> Rmin

if

R'min

is

1,80.

It results that

2
2,16[ m k /W ].

, it results that

0,3410686+

X
> 2,16
0,05

......

X>0,09 m

10cm thick of insulated layer.

The thickness of the insulation layer for the outer wall
made of reinforced concrete will be equal to 10 cm.
No.

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Lime plaster

0,03

0,87

2
3

R.C. Wall
Rigid mineral wool

0,2
0,1

1,62
0,05

Cement plaster
1/2

0,015
-

0,93
-

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

d/
0,125
0,03448
28
0,12345
68
2
0,01612
9
0,042
2,34106
86

For masonry wall:

No.
1

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Lime plaster

0,03

0,87

3
4

Masonry brick wall

Rigid mineral wool

0,2
X

0,30
0,05

5
6

Cement plaster
1/2

0,015
-

0,93
-

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

R> Rmin

if

, it results that

0,8842785+

X
> 2,16
0,05

d/
0,125
0,03448
28
0,66666
67
0
0,01612
9
0,042
0,88427
85

2
[ m k /W ].

X>0,06m .
The thickness of the insulation layer for the outer wall
made of masonry will be equal to 10 cm.

No.
1

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Lime plaster

0,03

0,87

3
4

Masonry wall(BCA)
Rigid mineral wool

0,2
0,1

0,30
0,05

5
6

Cement plaster
1/2

0,015
-

0,93
-

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

d/
0,125
0,03448
28
0,66666
67
2
0,01612
9
0,042
2,88427
85

Plate over the unheated basement

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Material layer
1/i

cold
floorin
g
Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Ceramic tiles

0,015

2,03

Mortar bead

0,03

0,93

R.C. Slab
Rigid mineral wool

0,15
X

1,62
0,05

Ceiling plaster
1/2

0,015
-

0,18
-

d/
0,167
0,00738
92
0,03225
81
0,09259
26
0
0,08333
33
0,084

0,46657
32

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

'

Rmin

For plate over the basement the

Rmin =1,22,90=
R> Rmin

if

is

2,90.

It results that

2
3,48 [ m k /W ].

, it results that

0,4665732+

X
2
>3,48
[ m k /W ].
0,05

X>0,1506 m.
The thickness of the insulation layer for the floor over the
unheated basement will be equal to 18 cm.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Ceramic tiles

0,015

2,03

Mortar bead

0,03

0,93

R.C. Slab
Rigid mineral wool

0,15
0,18

1,62
0,05

Ceiling plaster
1/2

0,015
-

0,18
-

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

Terrace roof
'
For terrace roof the Rmin is 5,00 .

It results that

d/
0,167
0,00738
92
0,03225
81
0,09259
26
3,6
0,08333
33
0,084
4,06657
32

Rmin =1,25=

2
6 [ m k /W ].

No.
1

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Ceiling plaster

0,015

0,18

R.C. Slab

0,15

1,62

Sloping layer

0,05

0,93

Water vapour barrier

Extruded
polystyrene

0,002

0,38

0,033

Waterproof layer
Protecting
layer(bitumen)
1/2

0,003

0,38

0,05
-

0,17
-

6
7
8
9

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

W.V.B and W.L. Are -- PVC carpet with =1800 kg/ m3

R> Rmin

if

, it results that

0,4400838+

d/
0,167
0,08333
33
0,09259
26
0,05376
34
0,00526
32
0
0,00789
47
0,29411
76
0,084
0,44008
38

X
2
>6
[ m k /W ].
0,033

X>0,18 m.
The thickness of the insulation layer for the terrace roof will be
equal to 20 cm.
No.
1

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Ceiling plaster

0,015

0,18

R.C. Slab

0,15

1,62

Sloping layer
Water vapour
barrier
Extruded
polystyrene

0,05

0,93

0,002

0,38

0,2

0,033

5
6
7
8
9

Waterproof layer
0,003
0,38
Protecting
layer(bitumen)
0,05
0,17
1/2
Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

d/
0,167
0,0833
33
0,0925
93
0,0537
63
0,0052
63
6,0606
06
0,0078
95
0,2941
18
0,084
6,8485

71

Thermal bridges identification

The computations and the analysis of the thermal
bridges are done in a tabular form.
A tabel where the envelope elements and there
area is presented below:

Envelope's elements
name
ground
Masonr floor
y
1-4
floors
ground
Exteri
Windo floor
or
ws
1-4
walls
floors
ground
floor
Doors
1-4
floors
Inferior plate [A1]
Superior plate [A2]

Envelope's elements surface [sqm]

N
S
E
V
55,46

55,46

36,22
737,8

221,84

221,84

146,88

146,88

4,64

4,3

4,32

4,32

18,76

17,32

17,28

17,28

7,14

1,68

17.22

8,4

241,4
241,4

Envelope's surface
Facade surface [sqm]

36,22

Total
[sqm]

247.5

164.16

26,6
241,4
241,4
1317,
24

257.8

70,64

164.16

A tabel with necessary information about the

volume of the building is shown:

Heated volume
V=A(Hstorey*nost-hslab)
Groundfloor
1..4 Floors
241.4
241.4
2,8
11,20
0,15
0,15
675.9
2703.68

No
.

Building element

Bridge detail

A [sqm]
H [m]
hslab [m]
V [cm3]
Vtotal [m3]

Heat loss
()

Thermal bridge length

(l)

xl

W/mK
4

m
5

W/K
6

Outer corner

0,06

28

1,68

0,04
0,06
0,14
0,09
0,1

56
56
19,4
73,6
73,6

2,24
3,36
2,716
6,624
7,36

Basement

0,15

19,4

2,96

Outer corner

0,06

28

1,68

Current floor &

balcony

0,04
0,06
0,14
0,09
0,11
0,21
0,15

56
56
19,4
43,2
43,2
30,4
30,4

2,24
3,36
2,576
3,888
4,752
6,384
4,56

Basement

0,15

19,4

2,76

Outer corner
Walls intersection
Attic

0,1
0,14
0,15
0,11
0,13

28
28
11,4
45,6
45,6

2,8
3,92
1,71
5,016
5,928

0,18

11,2

2,016

Walls intersection
1.

North faade

Attic
Current floor

Walls intersection
1.

South faade

Attic
Current floor

1.

East faade

Current floor
Basement
1.

West faade

Outer corner

0,1

28

2,8

Walls intersection

0,14

28

3,92

Attic

0,15
0,11
0,13

11,4
45,6
45,6

1,71
5,016
5,928

0,18

11,2

2,016

0,25
0,11
0,27
0,18
0,19

36,8
81,6
22,4
36,8
22,4

9,2
8,976
6,048
6,624
4,256

Carpentry S

0,27

193,4

52,218

Carpentry E

0,27

60

16,2

Carpentry N

0,27

116

31,32

Carpentry V

0,27

60

16,2

Current floor
Basement

2.

Floor over the

basement

Basement

3.

Terrace roof

Attic

4.

Openings

Area
(A)
m^2
7

Thermal
resistance (R)
m^2k/w
8

(xl
)
W/K
9

Corrected thermal
resistance (R'j)
m^2k/w
10

Temp. corr.
Factor ()
11

221,8
4

2,88

27,336

2,16884557

123,7905

221,8
4

2,88

32,2

2,00051107

108,7562

2,34

21,39

1,75307162

77,07906

146,8
8

R'm
m2/W
12
1,939566
9

Ax /
R'm
W/K
13

146,8
8

2,34

21,39

1,75307162

206,08

4,06

24,224

2,7483702

0,538

2,748370
2

40,34065

206,08

6,84

10,88

5,02528064

5,025280
6

41,00865

0,7

0,7

165,6257

115,938

77,07906

633,67
99

The general factor of thermal insulation G

This factor of thermal insulation reflects the sum of all
thermal loss trough all the building envelope elements for a
thermal difference of 1 Kelvin () plus the losses because of
ventilation and air infiltration.
GGN
1
A
G=
+ 0.34n
V
R 'm

n=
V=
G=
A=

0,5
2668,29
23
0,40748
52
1162,24

[m^3]
[W/m^3
K]
[m^2}

[W/m3K];

V=
A/V
GN=

2668,29
23 [m^3]
0,43557 m^2/m
45 ^3
0,42

Evaluation of the condensation risk

Datas for Brasov, climatic zone IV: - Ti=+20 C;

- Te= -21 C;
- Te, med= +7.5 C;
- i= 60% ; e= 70%

1. Establishing of the temperature variation in the structure of the element:

T si =T i

(T iT e ,med )
R si [ C]
R

e , med
T iT

di
i
C
x

1
+ []
i
1

T x =T i

a) reinforced concrete wall

No.
1

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Lime plaster

0,03

0,87

d/
0,125
0,03448
28

3
4

R.C. Wall
Rigid mineral wool

0,2
0,1

1,62
0,05

5
6

Cement plaster
1/e

0,015
-

0,93
-

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

0,12345
68
2
0,01612
9
0,042
2,34106
86

Tsi= 19,33 C
T2= 19,14 C
T3= 18,48 C
T4= 7,81

T5= 7,72 C

b) masonry wall

No.
1

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Lime plaster

0,03

0,87

3
4

Masonry wall(BCA)
Rigid mineral wool

0,2
0,1

0,30
0,05

5
6

Cement plaster
1/2

0,015
-

0,93
-

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

Masonry wall(BCA) -- autoclaved concrete blocks with usual joints,
type GBN 30

Tsi= 19,45 C
T2= 19,30

T3= 16,42 C
T4= 7,75 C

d/
0,125
0,03448
28
0,66666
67
2
0,01612
9
0,042
2,88427
85

T5= 7,68 C

c) terrace roof
No.
1

Material layer
1/i

Layer thickness
[m]
-

Thermal conductivity ()
[W/mK]
-

Ceiling plaster

0,015

0,18

R.C. Slab

0,15

1,62

Sloping layer
Water vapour
barrier
Extruded
polystyrene

0,05

0,93

0,002

0,38

0,2

0,033

0,003

0,38

0,05
-

0,17
-

5
6
7
8
9

Waterproof layer
Protecting
layer(bitumen)
1/2

Total thermal rezistance of the element R=

Tsi= 19,69 C

T5= 19,26 C

T2= 19,54 C

T6= 8,20 C

T3= 19,37 C

T7= 8,19 C

T4= 19,27 C

T8= 7,65 C

2. The determination of the saturated vapour pressure of the inside and

outside air (pse,psi) and the saturated vapour pressure on each surface
( ps,si,ps1, ...ps,se).
psi=2340 [Pa]; pse= 1038 [Pa].
a) Reinforced concrete wall
Tsi= 19,33 C ps,si = 2240 [Pa]
T2= 19,14 C ps2 = 2211 [Pa]
T3= 18,48 C ps3 = 2118 [Pa]
T4= 7,81

ps4= 1059 [Pa]

d/
0,167
0,0833
33
0,0925
93
0,0537
63
0,0052
63
6,0606
06
0,0078
95
0,2941
18
0,084
6,8485
71

T5= 7,72 C ps5 = 1051 [Pa]

b) Masonry wall
Tsi= 19,45 C ps,si= 2251 [Pa]
C

T2= 19,3

ps2= 2240 [Pa]

T3= 16,42 C - ps3= 1865 [Pa]

T4= -7,75 C ps4= 1051 [Pa]
T5= 7,68 C ps5= 1044 [Pa]
c) Terrace roof
Tsi= 19,69

ps,si= 2282 [Pa];

T5= 19,26 C

ps5= 2226 [Pa];

T2= 19,54 C ps2= 2267 [Pa];

T6= 8,20 C

ps6= 1088 [Pa];

T3= 19,37 C ps3= 2240 [Pa];

T7= 8,19 C

ps7= 1081 [Pa];

T4= 19,27 C ps4= 2226 [Pa];

T8= 7,65 C

ps8= 1044 [Pa].

3. The determination of outside and inside air water vapours partial pressure:
pve , pvi.
pvi =

p sii
;
100

pve =

pse e
100

[Pa].

pvi= 1404 [Pa];

pve= 726.6 [Pa].
4. Computation of the vapour resistivity of each material.
Rv =R v ,1 + Rv , 2+ + Rv , n= Rv , j= d j Dj M [

Mj=

108 54 s1 ;

D =

1
k dj .

a) Reinforced concrete wall

m
]
s

Material layer

Thickness

Lime plaster

0,03

R.C: wall

0,2

R.M.W.

0,1

Cement plaster

0,015
2

Mj
1/Kd
Rv
5400000
858600
000
5,3
000
5400000
000
21,3 2,3E+10
5400000
1,35E+0
000
2,5
9
5400000
575100
000
7,1
000

2
M
Rv,2=
= 8,58* 108 m/s
k
2
d2

Rv,3= 2,3*1010 m/s;

Rv,4= 1,35*109 m/s;
Rv,5= 5,75*108 m/s.
b) Masonry wall
Material layer

Thickness

Lime plaster

0,03

Masonry

0,2

R.M.W.

0,1

Cement plaster

0,015

Mj
1/Kd
Rv
5400000
858600
000
5,3
000
5400000
4,644E+
000
4,3
09
5400000
1,35E+0
000
2,5
9
5400000
575100
000
7,1
000

Rv,2= 8,58*108 m/s;

Rv,3= 4,644* 109 m/s;
Rv,4= 1,35*109 m/s;
Rv,5= 5,75*108 m/s.
c) Terrace roof
Material layer

Layer thickness [m]

Ceiling plaster

0,015

R.C. Slab

0,15

Sloping layer

0,05

Water vapour barrier

0,002

Extruded polystyrene

0,2

Waterproof layer

0,003

Protecting layer(bitumen)

0,05

Mj
1/Kd
Rv
54000000
13770000
00
1,7
0
54000000
1,7253E+
00
21,3
10
54000000
19170000
00
7,1
00
54000000
00
0
0
54000000
1,296E+1
00
12
0
54000000
00
0
0
54000000
00
0
0

Rv,2= 13,77*107 m/s

Rv,3= 1,725*1010 m/s
m/s
Rv,4= 19,17* 108 m/s

R v,5=--R v,6=1,296*1010
Rv,7=--R v,8=---

5. `Graphical representation of the building element.

6. Graphical representation of partial and saturated pressures diagrams.

Loads evaluation
Permanent loads

-given by the self weight of the building elements

1) The self weight of the outer wall made of reinforced concrete:
No.
0
1
2
3
4

Material layer

Specific
weight
(xg)

Layer
thickness

[N/m^3]
[m]
Lime plaster
0,03
17000
R.C. Wall
0,2
24000
Rigid mineral
wool
0,1
1600
Cement plaster
0,015
18000
Self-weight on sq m of the element

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^2]
510
4800

1,3
5

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
688,5
6480
216

160
270
5740

364,5
7749

2) The self weight of the outer wall made of masonry:

No.

Material layer

0
1

Lime plaster
Masonry
wall(BCA)
Rigid mineral
wool
Cement plaster

2
3
4

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

17000

510

0,2

8250

1650

0,1
0,015

1600
18000

160
270

Layer
thickness
[m]
0,03

Self-weight on sq m of the element

1,3
5

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
688,5
2227,
5
216
364,5
3496,
5

2590

3) The self weight the inner wall made of reinforced concrete:

No.
0
1
2
3

Material layer

Layer
thickness

Lime plaster
R.C.
Lime plaster

[m]
0,03
0,2
0,03

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

1,3
5

17000
24000
17000

510
4800
510

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
688,5
6480
688,5

Self-weight on sq m of the element

5820

7857

4) The self weight of the inner wall made of masonry:

No.
0
1
2
3

Material layer

Layer
thickness

Lime plaster

[m]
0,03

Masonry
Lime plaster

0,2
0,03

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

17000

510

8250
17000

1,3
5

1650
510

Self-weight on sq m of the element

2670

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
688,5
2227,
5
688,5
3604,
5

5) The self weight of the terrace roof:

Layer
thickness
[m]

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

5000
24000
18000

75
3600
900

0,002

9150

18,3

No.

Material layer

0
1
2
3

Ceiling plaster
R.C. Slab
Sloping layer
Water vapour
barrier
Extruded
polystyrene

[m]
0,015
0,15
0,05

0,2

9600

1920

Waterproof layer
Protect
layer(bitumen)

0,003

9150

27,45

0,05

11000

550

4
5
6
7

Self-weight on sq m of the element

7090,75

1,3
5

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
101,25
4860
1215
24,705
2592
37,057
5
742,5
9572,5
13

6) the self weight of the current floor with cold finishing:

No.
0
1
2
3
4
5

Material layer

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

24000
18000
24000

360
540
3600

Layer
thickness

1/i
Ceramic tiles
Mortar bead
R.C. Slab
Rigid mineral
wool

[m]
0,015
0,03
0,15
0,18

1600

288

Ceiling plaster

0,015

5000

75

Self-weight on sq m of the element

1,3
5

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
486
729
4860
388,8
101,2
5
6565,
05

4863

7) the self weight of the current floor with warm finishing:

No.
0
1
2
3
4
5

Material layer

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

6000
18000
24000

60
540
3600

Layer
thickness

1/i
Parquet
Mortar bead
R.C. Slab
Rigid mineral
wool

[m]
0,01
0,03
0,15
0,2

1600

320

Ceiling plaster

0,015

5000

75

Self-weight on sq m of the element

1,3
5

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
81
729
4860
432
101,2
5
6203,
25

4595

8) The self weight of the stairs:

No.

Material layer

Layer
thickness

0
1

Finishing( ceramic

[m]
0,015

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteristic
load (gk)

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

1,3
5

24000

360

Design
load
(gd)
[N/m^
2]
486

2
3

tiles)
Mortar bead
R.C. Slab

0,02
0,2

18000
24000

360
4800

Ceiling plaster

0,015

5000

75

Self-weight on sq m of the element

5595

486
6480
101,2
5
7553,
25

Variable loads
1) The self weight of the dividing walls:
No.

Material layer

Layer
thicknes
s

Specific
weight
(xg)

Characteris
tic load
(gk)

[m]

[N/m^3]

[N/m^2]

1
2
3

Lime plaster
Gypsum board
Mineral wool

0,005
0,048
0,08

17000
11000
600

85
528
48

Lime plaster

0,005

17000

85

Self-weight on sq m of the element

the weight of the wall Gk
The equivalent uniform
distrib load

281,988
100

1,3
5

746

daN/m^2
daN/m^2

Live loads
Imposed loads on buildings, arising from occupancy.

Category of loaded area A:

Categories of
laoded areas
floors
stairs

qk
[KN/sq
m]
1,5
3

Desig
n load
(gd)
[N/m
^2]
114,7
5
712,8
64,8
114,7
5
1007,
1
100,7
1

hwall
2,8

N/m^2
daN/m
^2

balconies
not accessible
roofs
accesible roofs

2,5
0,75
1,5

Snow loads
Snow loads
Sk=*Ce*Ct*s
0,k

s0,k=2
[KN/m2]
=0.8
Ce=1
Sk=1.92
[KN/m2]

Where: - is the shape coefficient;

- Ce is the exposure coefficient;
- Ct is the thermal factor;
- S0,k is the characteristic value of the snow load on the
ground;

Loads evaluation
Loads evaluation on the current floor plan:
- Permanent loads from the self weight of the slabs

Type
of
floor

Total
surfac
e

Surfa
ce
with
warm
floori
ng

Pi

St

Sw

Sc

m^2

m^2

m^2

P1
P2
P3

18,19
18,69
25
18,17

0
0
18,17

Surfac
e with
cold
floorin
g

18,19
18,69
25
0

Loads
on
warm
floorin
g
solutio
n
gc
KN/m
^2

Loads
on
cold
floorin
g
solutio
n
gr
KN/m
^2

Weight
of the
warm
floorin
g
solutio
n
Gw

Weight
of the
cold
floorin
g
solutio
n
Gc

KN

5,949

8,93

5,949
5,949

8,93
8,93

0
108,09

Kn
162,43
67
166,92
4
0

Total
weight

No. of
simila
r
floors

Total of
each
type of
floor

Gt

Kn
162,43
67
166,92
4
108,09

KN
324,87
34
333,84
81
216,18

2
2
2

5,949

8,93

14,8

0
4,902
5

5,949

8,93

18,7

10,71

7,99

7,553

8,93

P7

18,19

13,6

4,59

5,949

8,93

33
121,06
22
88,045
2
80,892
63
80,906
4

P8

4,56

4,56

5,949

8,93

P4

20,35

P5

20,35
19,70
25

P6

0
43,779
33
71,350
7
40,988
7
40,720
8

33
121,06
22
131,82
45
152,24
33
121,89
51
40,720
8

1
1
1
1
2
total

- Variable loads
Type
of
floor

Total
surfac
e

Pi

St

m^2
2
18,19
18,69
25
18,17
20,35
19,70
25
18,7
18,19
4,56

1
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8

Unitar
y
variab
le
loads
q
KN/m
^2
3
2,5
2,5
1,5
1,5
2,5
3
2,5
2,5

Variab
le load
Q
KN/m^
2
4
45,475
46,731
25
27,255
30,525
49,256
25
56,1
45,475
11,4

No.of
simila
r
floors

Total of
each
type of
floors

Qt

KN
5
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2

6
90,95
93,462
5
54,51
30,525
49,256
25
56,1
45,475
22,8
449,07
88

Permanent loads from the self weight of the walls

67
121,06
22
131,82
45
152,24
33
121,89
51
81,441
6
1483,3
75

Type
of
floor

Total
surfa
ce

The
surfac
e of
the
openin
gs

Ei

St

So

m^2

m^2

E1

15,96

2,4

E2

15,96

1,92

E3

10,92

2,76

E4

10,08

2,16

E5

10,92

0,72

E6

10,08

2,4

E7

10,08

1,68

E8

10,08

3,12

Permanent loads from the self weight of the

ext walls
Walls
Loads
Weight
surfac
on wall
Loads
of the
Weight
e
withou
from
wall
of the
withou
t
carpent without carpent
t
openin
ry
openin
ry
openin
gs
gs
gs
Sn
gp
go
Gn
Go
KN/m^ KN/m^
m^2
2
2
KN
KN
105,07
13,56
7,749
0,5
64
1,2
108,79
14,04
7,749
0,5
6
0,96
28,531
8,16 3,4965
0,5
44
1,38
27,692
7,92 3,4965
0,5
28
1,08
35,664
10,2 3,4965
0,5
3
0,36
26,853
7,68 3,4965
0,5
12
1,2
29,370
8,4 3,4965
0,5
6
0,84
24,335
6,96 3,4965
0,5
64
1,56

Total
weight
of the
wall

No.of
simil
ar
walls

Tota
eac
type
floo

Qt

KN
106,27
64
109,75
6
29,911
44
28,772
28
36,024
3
28,053
12
30,210
6
25,895
64

KN
212
2

219
2

59,8
2

57,5
2

72,0
2

28,0
1

30,2
1

51,7
2

731

Type
of
floor

Total
surfa
ce

The
surfac
e of
the
openin
gs

Ii

St

So

m^2

m^2

I1

15,96

I2

15,96

I3

15,96

2,1

Permanent loads from the self weight of the

int walls
Walls
Loads
Weight
surfac
on wall
Loads
of the
Weght
e
withou
from
wall
of the
withou
t
carpent without carpent
t
openin
ry
openin
ry
openin
gs
gs
gs
Sn
gp
go
Gn
Go
KN/m^ KN/m^
m^2
2
2
KN
KN
57,519
15,96
3,604
0,5
84
0
125,39
15,96
7,857
0,5
77
0
49,951
13,86
3,604
0,5
44
1,05

Total
weight
of the
wall

No.of
simil
ar
walls

Total of
each
type of
floors

Qt

KN
57,519
84
125,39
77
51,001
44

KN
115,03
97
125,39
77
102,00
29

2
1
2

I4

15,96

2,1

13,86

7,857

0,5

I5

10,08

1,89

8,19

7,857

0,5

I6

10,92

1,89

9,03

7,857

0,5

I7

10,08

10,08

7,857

0,5

I8

15,96

2,66

13,3

7,857

0,5

108,89
8
64,348
83
70,948
71
79,198
56
104,49
81

1,05
0,945
0,945
0
1,33

109,94
8
65,293
83
71,893
71
79,198
56
105,82
81

Loads evaluation on the terrace roof plan:

- Permanent loads from the self weight of the slab

- Variable loads
Type
of
floor

Total
surfac
e of
the
floor

Unitar
y
variab
le load

Pterr
-

St
m2

q
KN/m2

P1,terr

213,5
4

1,5

Variab
le load
Qterr
Kn
4=2X
3
320,3
1

No. of
similar
floors
5
1

Total
of
each
type
of
floors
Qt,terr
KN
6=4X
5
320,3
1

2
2
2
1
1

219,89
6
130,58
77
143,78
74
79,198
56
105,82
81
1021,7
38

Type
of
floor

Surfac
e of
the
floor

Pi

St

P1

Loads
on the
terrac
e floor

gc
KN/m
Type
Attic
m^2
^2
of
surfac
213,5
floor 4 9,572
e
Pi

St

m^2

E1,att

27,36

Total
weight

No.of
similar
floors

Total
loads

Gterr

Qt

Loads
Total KN
from
weight
2044,0
the 05
attic
gc
Gatt
KN/m
^2
KN
131,49
4,806
22

No.ofKN
similar
2044,0
1 walls 05

- Permanent
loads from
the self
weight of the
attic
Total
load

Gt,att

KN
131,49
22

Loads evaluation on the whole building

G = G1 + G2 + G3 + G4 + G5
G1 = G2 = G3 = G4 = Gc
G=4xGc + G5= 16845,4 KN
Gc = Ge,walls + Gi,walls + Gslab + ndi(Qlive or Gd,walls)=
3416,28 KN
G5 = Gt,terr + Gt,att + 0.5 Gwall + ndi (Sk or Qk)= 3180,24 KN

Active cross-section of vertical elements

(stanchions)

Element no. 1

Iy= 407752.2850 cm4=0.0041 m4;

Ix= 111918304.62 cm4= 1.119 m4.
-

Active sections to shear force:

Amt= b*h/k= 20*390/1.1= 7090.91 cm2= 0.71 m2.

Element no. 2

Moments of inertia:

Iy= 152724057.9710 cm4=1.527 m4;

Ix= 626666.6667 cm4= 0.0062 m4.
-

Active sections to shear force:

Amt= b*h/k= 20*420/ 1.1= 7636.3636 cm2= 0.7636 m2.

Element no. 3

Moments of inertia:

Iy= 1959557.8365 cm4= 0.0196 m4

Ix= 19943960.6821 cm4= 0.1994 m4
-

Active sections to shear force:

Amt= b*h/k= 20*100/ 1.1= 1818.1818 cm2= 0.181 m2

Element no. 4

- Moments of inertia:
Iy= 42824506.4480 cm4= 0.428 m4;
Ix= 802032785.2187 cm4= 8.02 m4.
-

Active sections to shear force:

Amt= b*h/k= 20*640/1.1= 11636.36 cm2= 1.163 m2

Element no. 5

- Moments of inertia:
Iy= 349549.3146 cm4= 0.0035 m4
Ix= 57586056.746 cm4= 0.576 m4
-

Active sections to shear force:

Amt= b*h/k= 20*310/ 1.1= 5636.3636 cm2= 0.5636 m2

Active cross section of the girdes/coupling

beams
Beam no. 1

- Moments of inertia:
Iy= 1675104.1667 cm4= 0.0167 m4
Ix= 475416.6667 cm4= 0.00475 m4

- Active area :
Amt= b*h/k= 1545.4545 cm2= 0.1545 m2

Beam no. 2

- Moments of inertia:
Iy= 1023681.3946 cm4= 0.0102 m4
Ix= 9013971.7916 cm4= 0.0901 m4
- Active area:
Amt= b*h/k= 20*175/1.1= 3181.818 cm2=0.3181 m2

Beam no.3

- Moments of inertia:
Iy= 654811.2108cm4= 0.00654 m4
Ix= 8997592.2445cm4= 0.0899 m4
- Active area:
Amt= b*h/k= 20*175/1.1= 3181.818 cm2= 0.3181 m2

Seismic load distribution

-

Corner period Tc for Brasov is: 0.7 s.

Base shear force : Fb= 0.18*Gtot= 0.18*16845.4=3032.172 KN
Gtot= Gterrace+4*Gfloor= 16845.4 KN
Coefficient s for 5 storeys is 10.87.
Shear walls with two lines of openings
The wall consists of stanchion elements E1, E3, E5, and
coupling beams R3 and R2. The structure is symmetrical so
that there are two walls like that.
1.119+0.1994 +0.576
1
I m,i= ()=0.631
3
n
1
I me =
3 i=1

m4

K me =

1
K = 1 ( 1.19107 +0.2110 7+ 0.61710 7 )=0.672107 KN /m
3 i=1 m , i 3

K m 1=

Em 1I m 1 31071.119
=
=1.19107 KN /m
he
2.95

Em= 3000 KN/cm2= 3*107KN/m

he= 2.80 m.
K m 3=

Em 3I m 3 31070.1994
=
=0.2110 7 KN /m
he
2.95

K m 5=

Em 5I m 5 31070.576
=
=0.617107 KN /m
he
2.95

K r = K r , i=( 0.281107 +0. 379107 ) =0.66107 KN /m

i=1

3
7
6ErI r 2 L 3
6310 0.0901 8.27
7
K r 2=

0.44=0.28110 KN / m
L
l2
8.27
2.59

[]

[ ]

L= 827.81 cm= 8.27 m

l2=l0+2a=200+2*29.75= 259.5 cm= 2.59 m
1
1
1
=
=
=
=0.44
30I r
300.0901
2.26
1+
1+
0.31812.592
Ar ,tl 2
l3=160+2*29.75= 219.5 cm=2.19 m
1
1
=
=
=0.36
30I r
300.0899
1+
1+
2
2
0.31812.19
Ar ,tl

K r 3=

3
6ErI r 3 L 3
631070.0899 8.27

0.36=0.379107 KN /m
L
l3
8.27
2.19

[]

[ ]

n1

K
=
= i=1
K me n

K r ,i
=

K m ,i

0. 6610 7
=0.98
0.67210 7

i=1

I m ,i

=1+ i=1 2
L1,n

1
0.631
1
=1+
=1.007
2
A m 1+ A m 5
8.27 0.71+ 0.5636

s=0.142

the overall moment of inertia:

n

I0 =

1.007
I m=
0.631=90.77 m4
1 i=1
0.007

I es ,1=

sI 0
0.21290.77
=
=11.58 m4
I
10.870.14290.77
1+
1+ 2S s 0
14.7521.4546
H Am , t

A m ,t =0.5636+0.181 +0.71= 1.4546 m2

Shear walls with one unsymmetrical opening
The wall consists of the coupling beam R1 and of the
stanchions E2 and E4.
The structure is symmetrical so that there are two walls like
that.
1
0.0062+8.02
4
I me= ( I m 2 + I m 4 )=
=4.0131m
2
2
Kr=

3
6ErI r L 3
6310 70.00475 5.897

0.73=0.53107 KN /m
L
l2
5.897
1.595

[]

L= 5.897 m
l=1+2*a=1+2*0.35*0.85=1.595 m
=
1+

1
=
30I r

Ar ,tl

1
1
=
=0.73
300.00475
1.36
1+
2
0.15451.595

K me =

K m 2+ k m 4
=6.01965 KN /m
2

K m2=

Em 2 + I m 2 3107 +0.0062
=
=0.0093107 KN /m
2
2

K m4 =

E m 4 + I m 4 3107+ 8.02
=
=12.03107 KN /m
2
2

1.

2K r
20.5310 7
=
=
=0.088
K m 2+ K m 4 12.0393107

 =1+

2.

Im 2 + I m 4
L

1
0.0062+8.02
1
=1+
=1.12
2
A m 2 + Am 2
1.163+0.7636
5.897

s= 0.426
- the overall moment of inertia:
I0 =

1
1

Am2 A m 4

I es,2=

5.897

1
1

0.7636 1.163

1.12=86.55 m

sI 0
0.42690.77
38.668
=
=
=19.768 m2
SsI 0
10.870.42686.55 1.9561
1+
1+ 2
14.7521.9266
H Am , t

A m ,t =1.163+0.7636=1.9266 m2
Distribution factor computation:
C d ,i=

I es ,i
n

I es, i
i=1

C d ,2=

I es ,2

I es, i

19.768
19.768
=
=0.31
19.7682+ 11.582 62.696

i=1

Shear base seismic force:

Fb ,2=C d 2F b=0.313032.172=956.041 KN

The equivalent load distributed along the height of the storey :

q s=

2nF b 2 25956.041
=
=108.027 KN /m
( n+ 1 ) H
614.75

Determination of the N,V,M diagrams for the wall no. 2,

wall with one line of unsymmetrical openings.
The moments in the stanchions are computed with the relation:
M me =m

M mi=

qs
100

M meI mi
I me

Shear force and bending moment in the stanchions:

Sectio
n

ms

0-1

14,1

1-0

-8,07

1-2

9,1

2-1

-3,5

2-3

5,09

3-2

-0,29

3-4

2,09

4-3

1,51

Mme
Mm2
Mm4
Vm2
3313,
2,559
3311,
87
866
31
1896,
1,465
1895, 0,371
66
11
2
102
2138,
1,652
2137,
739
112
087
822,5
0,635
821,9 0,344
92
43
56
639
1196,
0,924
1195,
284
093
359
68,15
0,052
68,10 0,295
76
65
5
405
491,2
0,379
490,8
048
441
254
354,8
0,274
354,6 0,221
896
142
155
553

Vm4

480,03
85

445,80
69

382,12
02
286,59
01

4-5

0,29

5-4

1,71

68,15
761
401,8
949

0,052
65
0,310
452

68,10
496
401,5
844

0,123
085

159,21
67

Shear force and bending moments in the coupling beams:

m , + M m ,inf
M
M r=

Qij =

M ij + M ji
l0

Sectio
n
0-1

ms
14,1

1-0

-8,07

1-2

9,1

2-1

-3,5

2-3

5,09

3-2

-0,29

3-4

2,09

4-3

1,51

4-5

0,29

5-4

1,71

Mme
Mm2
Mm4
Mr4
3313,8 2,5598 3311,3
7
66
1
1896,6 1,4651
- 1416,
6
1 1895,2
11
2138,7 1,6521 2137,0
39
12
87
822,59 0,6354 821,95 1315,
2
3
6
13
1196,2 0,9240 1195,3
84
93
59
68,157 0,0526
- 1127,
6
5 68,105
25
491,20 0,3794 490,82
48
41
54
354,88 0,2741 354,61 845,4
96
42
55
41
68,157 0,0526 68,104
61
5
96
401,89 0,3104 401,58 469,6
49
52
44
89

Mr2

Vr

1,094
75

1417,
21

1,016
68

1316,
15

0,871
44

1128,
13

0,653
58

846,0
94

0,363
1

470,0
52

Gravitational load distribution

Axial load and shear force o the shear wall:

Sectio

Axial

M2 stanchion

M4 stanchion

0-1
1-0
1-2
2-1
2-3
3-2
3-4
4-3
4-5
5-4

load on
the
shear
wall [N]
2245455
,7
2021076
,99
1765881
,63
1541504
,64
1286309
,28
1061932
,28
806736,
919
582359,
923
327164,
563
0

Axial
load

Shear
force
V

1417,
2

0,371

1316,
14

0,344

1128,
13

0,295

846,0
9

0,221

470,0
5

0,123

Total
axial
load on
the
stanchio
n
2244038
,5
2021076
,99
1764565
,49
1541504
,64
1285181
,15
1061932
,28
805890,
829
582359,
923
326694,
513
0

Axial
load

Shear
force V

1417,
2

480,08
35

1316,
14

445,80
69

1128,
13

382,12
02

846,0
9

286,59
01

470,0
5

159,21
67

Total axial
load on
the
stanchion
2242621,
297
2021076,
992
1763249,
352
1541504,
636
1284053,
026
1061932,
279
805044,7
394
582359,9
231
326224,4
631
0