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Chapter 3 Electromagnetism
Chapter 3 Electromagnetism
3.1
{ figure (a)}
{ figure (b)}
4. Magnetic fields also can be produce by an electric current in a wire.{ figure (b)}
5. If you hold a compass near a wire through which current is owing, the needle on the
compass will be deected.
6. Electromagnet is a temporary magnet. It is made by winding a coil of insulated wire
round a soft iron core.
11. When the arrow is coming out of the page, you see the head of the arrow ().
12. When the arrow is going into the page, you see the tail of the arrow ().
13. Magnetics Effects of a Current Carrying Conductor - Straight Wire
a. The magnetic field generated by a straight wire are concentric circles around the
wire as shown in figure (a) below.
b. Take notes that when the direction of the current is reversed, the direction of the
magnetic field line is also reversed.
c. The direction of the magnetic field line can be determined by the Maxwell's
Screw Rule or the Right Hand Grip Rule.
d. Right Hand Grip Rule
Grip the wire with the right hand, with the thumb pointing along the direction of
the current. The other fingers give the direction of the magnetic field around the
wire. This is illustrated in the figure below.
f.
A stronger current will produce a stronger magnetic field around the wire
as shown below.
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The strength of the field decreases out as you move further out. This is
illustrated in diagram below. Thus, you must be very careful when you
are asked to draw the magnetic field in your exam.
The distance of the field lines must increase as it is further out form the
wire.
Figure (a) below shows the field pattern produced by a current flowing
in a circular coil.
In SPM, you need to know the field pattern, the direction of the field and
the factors affect the strength of the field.
The direction of the field can be determined by the Right Hand Grip
Rule. Grip the wire at one side of the coil with your right hand, with
thumb pointing along the direction of the current. Your other fingers will
be pointing in the direction of the field.
ii.
iii.
The field lines in the solenoid are close to each other, indicates that the
magnetic field is stronger inside the solenoid.
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We can also see that the field lines are parallel inside the solenoid. This
shows that the strength of the magnetic field is about uniform inside the
solenoid.
We can also see that the magnetic field of a solenoid resembles that of
the long bar magnet, and it behaves as if it has a North Pole at one end
and a South Pole at the other.
Imagine your right-hand gripping the coil of the solenoid such that your
fingers point the same way as the current. Your thumb then points in the
direction of the field.
Since the magnetic field lines always come out from the North Pole,
hence the thumb points towards the North Pole.
Try to visualise that you are viewing the solenoid from the 2 ends as
illustrated in figure (c) below.
ii.
iii.
When the switch is on, the circuit is completed and current flows.
The electromagnet becomes magnetised and hence attracts the softiron armature and at the same time pull the hammer to strike the gong.
This enables the hammer to strike the gong.
As soon as the hammer moves towards the gong, the circuit is broken.
The current stops flowing and the electromagnet loses its magnetism.
This causes the spring to pull back the armature and reconnect the
circuit again.
b. Electromagnetic Relay
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit.
A relay has at least two circuits. One circuit can be used to control
another circuit. The 1st circuit (input circuit) supplies current to the
electromagnet.
The armature is then closes the contacts (2nd switch) and allows
current flows in the second circuit.
When the 1st switch is open again, the current to the electromagnet is
cut, the electromagnet loses its magnetism and the 2nd switch is
opened. Thus current stop to flow in the 2nd circuit.
c. Circuit Breaker
As a result, the spring pulls apart the contact and disconnects the circuit
immediately, and the current stop to flow.
We can reconnect the circuit by using the reset button. The reset button
can be pushed to bring the contact back to its original position to
reconnect the circuit.
d. Telephone Earpiece
When you speak to a friend through the telephone, your sound will be
converted into electric current by the mouthpiece of the telephone.
The current will be sent to the earpiece of the telephone of your friend.
When the current passes through the solenoid, the iron core is
magnetised. The strength of the magnetic field changes according to
the varying current.
When the current is high, the magnetic field will become stronger and
when the current is low, the magnetic field become weaker.
3.2
3. The catapult field is a non-uniform field where the field at one side is stronger than the
other side.
4. As a result, a force is produced to move the current carrying conductor from the stronger
field to the weaker field.
5. The force produced by a catapult field is called the catapult force.
6. The direction of the force can be determined by Fleming's left hand rule as shown in
Figure below.
7. The fore finger, middle finger and the thumb are perpendicularly to each other. The
forefinger points along the direction of the magnetic field, middle finger points in the
current direction and the thumb points along the direction of the force.
8. The strength of the force can be increased by:
a. Increase the current
b. Using a stronger magnet
c. using a longer wire
d. arranging the wire perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field.
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i. Light Indicator:
A light indicator which has lower inertia is used to increase the sensitivity
of the meter.
ii. Linear Scale:
Due to the radial magnetic field and the cylindrical soft-iron core, a linear
scale is produced. A linear scale is more accurate and easier to be read.
iii. Mirror:
A mirror is used to prevent parallax error. When the observer's eye is
exactly above the indicator, the indicator will cover its own image on the
mirror. This can used to prevent parallax error.
iv. Curved Permanent Magnet:
A curved permanent magnet is used to produce a radial field. A radial field
is a magnetic field where the field lines are either pointing away or toward
the center of the field. A radial can be focused by a cylindrical soft-iron
core.
v. Rectangular Coils:
When a current flows through the coils, a force will be generated due to
the interaction between the magnetic field of the permanent magnet and
the coil. The force will turn the coils, which in turn move the indicator.
vi. Cylindrical Soft-Iron Core:
A cylindrical soft iron core is placed inside the radial field produced by the
curved magnet. A soft-iron core can focus the magnetic field of the
permanent magnet.
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12
(Magnetic field generated when 2 current carrying conductors with currents move in the same
direction are brought close to each other. The field will cause the 2 conductors attract each
other)
(Magnetic field generated when 2 current carrying conductors with currents move in the
opposite direction are brought close to each other. The field will cause the 2 conductors repel
each other)
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3.3
Electromagnetic induction
1. When a magnet is moved into and out of the solenoid, magnetic flux is being cut by the
coil.
2. The cutting of magnetic flux by the wire coil induces an e.m.f in the wire.
3. When the solenoid is connected to a closed circuit, the induced current will flow through
the circuit.
4. The production of electric current by changing magnetic field is called electromagnetic
induction.
5. Current/emf is induced only when there is relative motion between the magnetic field
and the conductor.
6. The direction of the induced current and the magnitude of the induced e.m.f due to the
cutting of the magnetic flux can be determined from Lenz's Law and Faraday's Law.
7. There are 2 principal laws of electromagnetic induction:
a. The Faradays law
i. The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is determined from Faraday's Law.
ii. Faraday's Law states that the magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly
proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux through a coil or
alternatively the rate of the magnetic flux being cut.
iii. Therefore, the induced emf can be increased by
using a stronger magnet
increase the speed of the relative motion
increase the number of turns of the coil
b. The Lenzs law:
i. When a magnet is moved into and out of a coil, the induced current that
flows through the coil can be determined from Lenz's Law.
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ii. Lenz's Law states that the induced current always flows in the direction
that opposes the change in magnetic flux.
iii. Lenz's Law obeys the principle of conservation of energy. Work is done to
move the magnet against the repulsive force. This work done is converted
to electric energy which manifests as an induced current.
iv. For a conductor in a closed circuit moving perpendicular to a magnetic
field and hence cutting its magnetic flux, the direction of the induced
current is determined from Fleming's Right-Hand Rule.
v. Fleming's Right-Hand Rule is used to determine the direction of the
induced current that flows from the wire when there is relative motion with
respect to the magnetic field.
8. Induced EMF and current in a straight wire:
a. When a straight conductor (or wire) moves and cut a magnetic field, emf will be
induced across the conductor.
a. When a bar magnet is inserted into a solenoid, the solenoid will cut the magnetic
flux of the bar magnet. This will induce a current and emf in the solenoid.
b. The induced current will produce another magnetic field around it.
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c. The pole of the magnetic field and direction of the induced current can be
determined by using Lenz's Law
10.Application of Electromagnetic Induction:
a. DC generator
i. Figure below shows the illustration of a simple direct current (d.c.)
generator.
ii. You should notice that the simple d.c generator is almost the same as the
d.c. motor except that the battery in the d.c. motor is removed and
replaced by a resistor.
iii. The direct current generator produces electric current (or voltage) base
on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
iv. Figure below shows the change of the induced voltage when the coil is at
different position.
vi. When the armature rotates, the change in flux increases and the induced
current correspondingly increases in magnitude.
vii. After rotating by 90, the armature is in the horizontal position. The
change in magnetic flux is maximum and hence the maximum induced
e.m.f is produced. Maximum induced current flows through the
galvanometer.
viii. When the armature continues to rotate, the change in flux decreases.
ix. At the 180 position, there is no change in flux hence no induced current
exists.The induced current is achieves its maximum value again when the
armature is at 270.
x. After rotating 360, the armature returns to its original position.
xi. The direction of the induced current can be determined from Fleming's
Right-Hand Rule.
xii. Even though the magnitude of the induced current or d.g.e is dependent
on the orientation of the coil, the current in the external circuit always
flows in one direction. This uni-directional current is known as direct
current.
b. AC generator
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b. Alternating current
i. Alternating current is an electric current in which the direction of flow of
the electrons reverses periodically
ii. Alternating current (a.c) is generated from alternating current generators
such as hydroelectric power generators.
iii. The electricity supplied to households is alternating current.
iv. Household electricity (alternating current) changes direction 50 times
every second. Its magnitude also changes with time.
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vi. The time taken for one complete cycle is known as the period, T.
vii. The frequency f is defined as the number of complete cycles in 1 second.
viii. The relationship between the frequency and the period is:
f = 1/ T
ix. Table below give the summary of the comparison of the effect of direct
current and alternating on a bulb, a capacitor and a moving coil
loudspeaker.
Direct Current
Alternating Current
Effects on a bulb
Effects on a
capacitor
Current is detected at
the very beginning and
then ceased to
become zero
afterward.
Current is detected
Effects on moving
coil loudspeaker
No sound produced
Sound produced
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= (Vp) / 2
(Ip)/ 2
h. Example 1:
20
Vp
2
= (14)/ 2
=9.90V
i.
Example 2:
The diagram above shows the wave form of an a.c. supply. What is the root
mean square value of the current?( ans: 1.41)
3.4
Transformer
1. A transformer is a device that is used to raise or lower down the potential difference of
an alternating current.
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a. A transformer consists of a primary coil and a secondary coil wound on a soft iron
core.
b. When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a changing magnetic flux is
generated around the primary coil.
c. The changing magnetic flux is transferred to the secondary coil through the iron
core.
d. The changing magnetic flux is cut by the secondary coil, hence induces an e.m.f.
in the secondary coil.
e. The magnitude of the output voltage can be controlled by the ratio of the number
of primary coil and secondary coil.
5. Types of Current in A Transformer
a. The current in the primary circuit must be alternating current because alternating
current can produce changing magnetic flux. A changing magnetic flux is needed
to induce e.m.f. in secondary coil.
b. The induced current in secondary is also an alternating current. The frequency of
the alternating current in secondary coil is same as the frequency of the primary
current.
c. The alternating in the secondary circuit can be converted into direct current by
using a pair of diode.
6. Symbol of A Transformer:
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Vs
Ns
Vp
Np
IsVs = IpVp
ii. Non-ideal transformer
IsVs
IpVp
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Efficiency
x 100 %
3.5
e. Biomass
i. Biomass is biological material derived from living organisms such as
wood and animal waste.
ii. As a renewable energy source, biomass can either be used directly via
combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various
forms of biofuel.
iii. Heat energy produced from the burning of biomass can be used to
generate electricity.
iv. Advantages
It is renewable energy.
Using biomass to generate electricity can reduce the disposal of
organic waste.
Liquid biofuels will not pollute the air because they are lead-free
and sulphur-free.
v. Disadvantages
Large storage space is required to store the biomass.
Land utilization can be considerable. Can lead to deforestation.
Overall process can be expensive
f.
Wind Power
i. The advantages of using wind as a source of energy to generate
electricity are.
It is a renewable energy.
It does not pollute the environment.
It is suitable for mountain area because the wind speed in
mountain area is relatively high.
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2. Transmission of electricity:
a. Voltage is stepped up before transmitting electricity over long distance, stepping
up the voltage can reduces the current in the cable. This reduces the power loss
in the cable during transmission.
b. Problems Involving Electricity Transmission.
i. Power Loss During Transmission.
ii. The high voltage transmission cable is very dangerous.
iii. The cost of the cables are high.
iv. Charge leakage may happen between cables and earth.
v. Pylons may be struck by lightning.
vi. Pylons and cables may be struck by light aircraft.
3. National Grid Network
a. A national Grid Network is a network of cable that connects all the power stations
in a country to transmit electricity to the consumers throughout the nation.
b. The advantages of the National Grid Network
i. Reduces power lost during transmission. The potential difference is
increased before transmission. This can reduce the current and hence
reduces the energy lost during transmission.
ii. Electricity supply is more stable and reliable. This ensures a continuous
supply of electrical energy to the whole country.
iii. Electric current can be distributed to different users according to the
voltage requirement. Transformer is used to step down the voltage to
certain level according to the needs of the consumers.
iv. Maintenance and repair work can be done at anytime. This is because
any power stations can be shut down without affecting users in other
areas.
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