AS UNIT 2 GEOGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATIONS CASE STUDIES

CROWDED COAST
1. Coastalisation in Australia
Most urbanised country in world with 90% urban
60% living in 5 largest cities on coast
Why? Main ports and industries provide jobs
Rainfall greater near coast so most farming 300-400km from coastline
Droughts inland have made farming difficult so young people move to cost to work in
service sector jobs
New immigrants move straight to coastal settlements
Outdoor lifestyle at coast as well as urban attractions eg culture, restaurants
house prices cheaper in small towns at coast so young families choose to move there
2.Coastalisation in Spain Costa Geriatrica (ie old people!)
65% of Mediterranean is urbanised and by 2025 there are expected to be 135 million
people just of the N coast of the Mediterranean
1.2% per year growth of population at the coast in Spain since 2000 as people migrate
from inland cities and international migration of people from countries like UK
In 2005 22% of people at the coast were over 65
3.Coastalisation in Florida
75% of people in Florida live at the coast
Value of property along the Florida coast in $1.9 trillion
Florida Everglades wetlands has shrunk by 80% and providing freshwater to locals is
becoming a problem
9% of Florida coast is low-lying and more people are moving in and becoming at risk
from hurricanes, flooding, storm surges etc
4. Coastalisation in Bournemouth
Bournemouth is Dorsets largest city and it is rapidly growing
In 1851 there were 695 people and by 2001 163,600
Highest population in SW of UK with 3543 people per km squared
1995-2005 growth of 6.4%
Natural population decrease of 300 people in 2005 as births below deaths
BUT inwards migration (especially over 50 years of age)
Why?
Climate second sunniest place in UK with less frost and snow
High environmental quality attractive area to live in near the World Heritage Jurassic
Coast
Accessibility local urban amenities easily available as less than 2 hours by train from
London
How did Bournemouth grow?
Started back in the Victoria period with the development of the railway.
In 1859 railway was built from London to Bournemouth to bring in tourists
Wealthy tourists came as the Grand Hotel and the Winter Gardens for the symphony
orchestra were added as attractions
1880s pier was built to appeal to the mass market including people with lower wages
as day trippers
1960s and 1970s package holidays to Europe meant that less tourists arrived
1980s regeneration railway was upgraded and it now took less than 2 hours to reach
London
Airport linked people with channel islands and later Europe attracting major
employers
Growth of service sector in Bournemouth banking, finance and tourism
Financial institutions (like JP Morgan Chase, Barclays Bank) employed 14889 in 1999

and by 18300 by 2003

These industries are footloose and are attracted to Bournemouth because of :
Land with planning permission available
University to supply highly skilled workers
Access to London easy and airport allows access to Europe
Wages lower than SE and London
House prices also lower than SE
Retirement boom as people from SE move in and downsize their homes releasing
money to reinvest and many facilities for the elderly like day centres, clubs and social
activities
University expanded in recent years attracting younger people for vibrant nightlife
Results of growth?
Coastal squeeze as city is squashed between the coast and rural green belt on the edge
of city (where planning permission not granted)
Bournemouth council encourages people to renovate existing buildings and to use
brownfield sites (99% of new homes), not build new ones
Many hotels on seafront now converted into flats or student accommodation

5. Conflict on the Jurassic coast

In 2001 UNESCO named the Jurassic coast of Dorset and East Devon a World Heritage
Site so it is of global importance because the geology spans several periods
GEOLOGY AND LANDFORMS The rocks vary greatly on the coastline and create a varied landscape
Resistant Purbeck and Portland limestone form steep cliffs and headlands.
Less resistant clays and sands form bays or coves, like Lulworth
The cliffs of Kimmeridge are less resistant and fossils can easily be found there
Fossil hunters can disturb the marine rocky shore, where people look at crabs and
limpets, as the shale from the cliffs is crumbles and falls as they look remove fossils.
There is the Limpet Protection Zone there which tries to educate tourists to stop this!!
ECOLOGY Studland has sand dunes and much of it is a SSSI (site of special scientific interest)
The dunes are home to rare plants (eg marsh gentian), insects (eg ladybird spider),
birds (eg Dorset nightjar) and reptiles (eg sand lizard)
Inland the dunes change to heathland with heather and then trees like birch.
1.5 million tourists visit the beach and dunes here each year
In summer queues of cars can extend all the way along the Studland peninsula
On bank holidays 35,000 people may come in one day
There are problems with traffic congestion, litter and dune trampling
Also jet skiing and water skiing is noisy, causes swash to affect the plant life and
dolphins are threatened by outboard motors
6. Conflict on the Dorset coast: Boscombe surf reef
Boscombes new surf reef is 2.5km from Bournemouth pier
It was completed in 2008
Large sand geotextile bags have been laid over a hectare of sea floor
It forces waves to break out to sea and creates a greater wave height so that surfing
can take place
1.4 million in costs
Flats, restaurants, cafes and shops have also been developed in what was previously a
run down area
10,000 surfers a year could be attracted
These spend 8% more than average tourists
Council expects to earn 10 million annually
60 full time and 30 part time jobs created
But noisy for locals, especially for elderly retired people, as surfers are young (so may
have more hoody culture to deal with!!!)

Also most surfers will not pay to stay in local hotels

Car parking shortages
Some people argue that this quantity of money should not have been spent on a
minority sport

7. Industry on the coast: Southampton Water

Southampton water and the Solent together are one of Britains best natural harbours
It has many advantages for industry it is sheltered from storms in the English channel
by the Isle of Wight, it has a deepwater channel for large ships and around the estuary
is a large area of flat land for development
Competition for land and conflicts occur as:
a)expansion of suburbs as high demand for new homes eg coastal squeeze at Hythe
and Fawley
b)Industrial development at Fawley oil refinery and Southampton docks
c) Sewage disposal from housing estates
d)Sailing and leisure craft on Southampton water
FAWLEY OIL REFINERY
Opened in 1951
Largest oil refinery in Uk with 3000 employees
Owned by ESSO
Handles 2000 ships and 22 million tonnes of crude oil a year
Location of Solent is suitable for all tankers from Europe
When opened in 1951 planted 50,000 trees and shrubs
Environmental impacts :
Salt marsh reduced in size as the refinery has expanded in size changes plant
succession, ecology and reduced sheltering
Effluent liquid water may be as warm as 30 degrees and hard clams breed more and
consume more algae, leaving less for other species
Metal pollution metals like cadmium, lead and mercury as well as phosphates are
emitted, at legal levels.
Oil spills 1 October 1989 ship offloading oil spilt 20T of oil into water, which spread to
Calshot spit.
Beaches, saltmarsh and 800 birds affected
Sewage pipes discharge 300 million litres of treated sewage every day into the
Solent. Clams and Oysters are harvested for food from Southampton Water and they
are dangerous if contaminated
Runoff from farmland is high in nitrates and phosphates causes the Solent to become
eutrophic with algal blooms it encourages the growth of algae and waterweeds which
produced toxins that kill off plants and sunlight is blocked out (eutrophication).
Waste Solid waste like sanitary towels and marine litter from boats ends up on
beaches
Metal pollution paints used to stop organisms like barnacles growing on the side of
boats contain lead (and it is legal to use them on large container ships). Tin levels in
UK waters are high and they get trapped in sediments
DIBDEN BAY
In 2001 Associated British Ports (ABP) announced plan to build a container port next to
Southampton water
2.1km of docks on 350 heactares opposite the Southampton docks proposed
They wanted to do this as Southampton could not compete with other Uk ports like
Felixstowe and so would go into decline
They would dredge the bed to get the channel deeper to allow larger container ships
and cruise boats
700 million costs
3000 jobs would be created
New road and rail links would be added
There were many protests by Friends of the Earth, English nature etc

Dibden is a SSSI with 50,000 wading birds

Local homes would lose their views
Traffic would increase in the New Forest
Increased fuels spills would be a risk to the ecosystem
In 2004 the Transport Secretary announced the scheme would not go ahead as the
environmental effects would be worse than economic benefits

8. Exxon Valdez Oil spill

24 March 1989
Oil tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, Alaska
1.2 million barrels of crude oil were being carried and of these 240,000 were spilled
Oil spread out over 2300km square affecting 1750km of coastline
100,000-300,000 seabirds died
9. Erosion and Management : Holderness coast, UK
Erosion
Holderness is a coastline that is 61km long
It is in East Yorkshire
It is the fastest eroding coast in Europe
It stretches from Flamborough Head in the North to Spurn Head in the South
In some places like Cowden it has been eroding at 10m per year in recent times
Why?
Geology the cliffs on this coast South of Flamborough Head are mainly till/boulder clay
and this is easily eroded by corrosion, corrosion and hydraulic action. It is prone to
slumping and mass movements when wet.
Narrow beaches do not provide a lot of protection for the cliffs. They are narrow as
Flamborough Head stops sediment from the North replenishing the beaches along
Holderness. Also it is made of chalk which dissolves when eroded rather than making
sand for the beach. Also the coastal defences at Mappleton lead to narrow beaches
Powerful waves the fetch is long- all the way from the Arctic Ocean
The sea floor is deep so there is less friction to slow down the wave
The coast faces the dominant wind and wave direction from the NE.
Low pressure weather systems pass in from the North Sea
SO destructive waves with large wave height and high frequency crash on the cliffs.
Many storms increase their action.
Weathering physical, chemical and biological weathering
Effects?
Around 30 villages have been lost to the sea since Roman times
Property prices along the coast have fallen dramatically due to risk of erosion
Visitor numbers dropped 30% between 1998-2006 in Bridlington
Many caravan parks at risk from erosion eg Ulrome is losing about 10 pitches a year on
average
Very expensive to protect the coastline - 2 million spent to protect Mappleton in 1991
Gas Terminal at Easington is at risk as it is only 25 metres from the cliff edge. This
accounts for 25% of Britains gas
80,000 square metres of Britains best farmland lost per year which has a huge effect
on farmers livelihoods
SSSIs (sites of special scientific interest) are threatened. Eg at Easington there are
lagoons where terns (a type of bird like a sea gull) breed. 1% of British terns are from
there. The lagoons are separated from the sea by a narrow band of sand and shingle if
this erodes the lagoons would be destroyed.
Management
11.4km out of 61km currently protected by hard engineering
Bridlington protected by 4.7km of sea wall as well as timber groynes
Hornsea village protected by concrete sea wall, timber groynes and rip rap

Gabions just south of Hornsea protect Hornsea caravan park

Mappleton in 1991 two rock groynes and 500m long revetment were built, They cost
2 million and were built to protect the village and the B1242 coast road
Withernsea groynes, sea wall have been built and rip rap placed in front of all when
damaged in severe storms in 1992
Easington gas terminal protected by a revetment
Eastern end of Spurn Head protected by groynes and rip rap
Effects of the management
Groynes trap the sediment but down the coast the erosion increases eg downdrift of
Mappleton the cliffs in the South are eroding and Cowden farm may fall into the sea
Sediment does not flow down to the Humber estuary due to the protection and tidal
mudflats are decreasing so flooding may be more problematic
Protection is encouraging bays to form and this may increase pressure on headlands
and it may be too expensive to protect them
Many of these schemes are unsustainable
Management in future?
Shoreline Management Plan (SMP)for Holderness for next 50 years recommends holding
the line in some places eg (Bridlington, Withernsea, Mappleton and Easington Gas
Terminal) where there are villages and industry
Do nothing in more unpopulated stretches unpopular with locals
Coastal realignment of businesses eg Caravan parks move further inland but should
they be financially compensated?
Sea wall proposed at Easington gas work would cost 4.5 million but would eroded
Easington more (where 700 people live) If longer sea wall to protect both would cost
7 million
Offshore reefs of tyres suggested but would these harm the environment?
10. Coastal flooding and sea level rise: Thames estuary
The Thames Gateway is at risk from rising sea levels and storm surges
Thames barrier protects central London but not the Thames Gateway
160,000 new homes planned for the area as there is a severe housing shortage in the
SE
Southend- on-Sea will have a new university, retail, nightlife venues and a new airport
There is over 10% unemployment so job creation is vital
Much of the farmland is low grade so it will not be a loss to farming, although many salt
marshes may be threatened
BUT 1.25 million already at risk of flooding
Sea level rise of 26-86cm expected by 2080
By 2100 sea level rise could increase flood frequency by 8-12 times
Flood walls are planned for the riverbank to protect urban settlements
There are plans to have areas set aside as reserves that will be allowed to flood
11. 1953 storm surge/flooding

The 1953 North Sea flood was a major flood caused by a heavy storm, that occurred
on the night of Saturday 31 January 1953 and morning of 1 February 1953. The floods
struck the Netherlands, Belgium, England and Scotland.
A combination of a high spring tide and a severe European windstorm over the North
Sea caused a storm surge
The combination of wind, high tide and low pressure had the effect that the water level
exceeded 5.6 metres above mean sea level in some locations.
The flood and waves overwhelmed sea defences and caused extensive flooding.
In England, 307 people were killed in the counties of Lincolnshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and
Essex.
As a result of the widespread damage, the Netherlands particularly, and the United
Kingdom had major studies on means to strengthen coastal defences. The UK

constructed a storm surge barrier on the Thames River below London, as well as one on
the Humber estuary.
12. Tsunami /Coastal flooding: Boxing Day Tsunami 2004
Submarine earthquake in Indian Ocean - 9.0-9.3 Richter so one of the biggest ever
recorded
Over 100 times bigger than the 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan
Huge volume of water above displaced as the thrust heaved the floor of the Indian
Ocean towards Indonesia 15m
Travelled across the Bay of Bengal at speeds of 800km/hr and radiated outwards in a
ripple effect
Waves struck the shallow coast of Banda Aceh in Sumatra, Indonesia in only 15 minutes
Indonesia worst affected with 236169 deaths
17 metre high wave hit Sri Lanka second worst affected country with 31,147 deaths
India, Thailand, Somalia, Burma , Maldives, Malaysia, Tanzania, Seychelles, Bangladesh,
Kenya all affected
4 metre high swell hit Maldives
Total 289,601 deaths
In Ampara, Sri Lanka:
12.9% of 3533 people died
More than double the number of women died than men
56% of victims were children
15% of deaths were over 60
People at home were more likely to die women and children
Quality of building made a difference 14% of deaths were in buildings that collapsed and
only 5% were in buildings that held up well
Fishing families had 15% of deaths
Those with higher education to secondary level were 20% less likely to die
60% less chance of dying if educated to university level as could afford to live in less risky
areas
Fewer deaths occurred in higher earning families
In areas where tourism has increased the damage was higher
In Thailand and Sri Lanka where mangroves had been destroyed the damage was worse
as a natural buffer had been lost
Places that maintained mangroves, reefs and beach forest had far less damage
There was no early warning system in the Indian Ocean, which made the people less
able to cope and increased vulnerability
By the time it reached Africa the US Geological Survey had let the governments know
that it may strike and warnings had been given where possible
Loss of tourism industry for a long time
Loss of fishing industry as boats destroyed
Fear, stress and psychological impact
Loss of agriculture crops and animals
13. Sustainable management of the coast at Abbotts Hall Farm, Essex, UK
Abbotts Hall farm in Essex is part of the Thames gateway
It is part of the Blackwater estuary
The salt marshes here are going to be protected and extended as sustainable coastal
management
The sea has been allowed to breach the seawall to convert 84 hectares of farmland
back to saltmarsh
This will act as a natural form of defence for the land behind it
If sea levels rise as expected the salt marsh will migrate inland naturally
Marsh birds like Brent geese and salt marsh plants like sea lavender will benefit greatly
Several groups support this decision to allow coast to retreat the line with new sea
walls established further back etc
UNEQUAL SPACES

14. ELSTAT Inequality in Greece January 2013

Fertility (average number of babies per woman ) 1.3 in 2001 and 1.4 in 2011
Female life expectancy 81 in 2001 and 83.1 in 2011
Male life expectancy 75.9 in 2001 and 78.3 in 2011
Unemployment at the end of 2012 26.4% (up to 60% of young people in April 2013)
17.7% of people are in a jobless family (2012)
21.4% at risk of poverty in 2011 (increase from 20.8% in 2003)
Even 11.9% of workers at risk of poverty
28.4% in 2011 suffer material deprivation without 4 of TV, car, washing machine, 1
week holiday, heated home, telephone (decrease from 31% in 2003)
Poor housing 25.2% noise, 15.3% damp and 1.7% no flushing toilet
Gini coefficient measure of inequality( remember 0% is no inequality) 33.6%
6 doctors per 1000 people
32% smoke daily and 10% drink alcohol daily
Internet 53.6% of homes have internet and of this 94.8% broadband. (it was 1.4% in
2004)
58.5% social network, 75% send email and 38% phone on internet . Only 16.6% do e
banking
18% of family money spent on food
31% of people live in detached houses, 60% in apartments and 9% semi detached
and terraced
Housing 58.8% owner occupied, 23.4% rented, mortgage 11.7% and free 6.1%

15. Rural inequality and schemes in Penwith, Cornwall, UK

OECD classifies Cornwall as predominantly rural
Penwith is most westerly part of Cornwall ageing population, low wage economy and
a shortage of affordable housing (price houses are high due to second home ownership)
2001 Penwith has 63,058 people with 1/3 in villages. 3 towns Penzance, St Ives and
Hayle
Over Summer months 800,000 visitors stay and 1+ million daytrippers
Average wage less than 1/3 over UK average so child and adult poverty
Urban wards of Penzance and Hayle have the highest poverty
Even in the tourism high season unemployment is above UK average
Lone parents are suffering the most
Higher poverty, unemployment and poor housing has lead to higher morbidity and
mortality rates
Lowest provision of services in sparsely populated places
49% of settlements lack any permanent shops and 23% only have one
Less than half have a post office
30% have no milk delivery service
32% of settlements have no meeting place
Length of journey time, lack of bus provision mean people do not always access health
care
Management
European Objective 1 support as one of EUs most deprived areas
Funds given to develop infrastructure, education and training, employment and
enterprise
Also for environmental protection
West Cornwall partnership public, private, voluntary and community sectors work
together to improve quality of life and standard of living:
jobs, sufficient housing (including for homeless), safe and diverse communities, healthy
and active life, learning opportunities, environmental protection and culture and heritage
Community Regeneration Team from the council supports community groups and gives
them grants eg Village Hall Grant scheme focus points in village for parties, wedding
receptions farmers markets, old people meetings etc
16. Rural inequality and schemes in an LEDC: Katine, Uganda

Katine is a remote rural community in north-eastern Uganda with much deprivation

The Katine project has changed lives in a remote rural community in north-eastern
Uganda

The Guardian's editor, Alan Rusbridger, launched the project in October 2007 and
appealed to the generosity of Guardian readers. Barclays pledged to match-fund
donations up to 1m and, with the help of Care International, added a microfinance
strand to the project. Farm-Africa was brought in to provide agriculture expertise.
Expertise and money from MEDC people have wrought change for a community of
29,000 Ugandans.
The development project focussed on five aspects of deprivation: health, education,
water and sanitation, livelihoods and governance.
New borehole wells save women such as Edith Apiango a 4km walk through an often
flooded swamp to collect water. Apiango knew that the swamp water was dirty and
gave her children diarrhoea; once, it nearly killed her small son. The gratitude of the
women at the new water sources around Katine is overwhelming; they know all too well
that the clean water which gushes from the pump has saved young lives. After malaria,
dirty water (and the infections it brings) is the biggest killer of children under five.
The project has repaired and drilled boreholes, trained mechanics, provided rain water
tanks in schools and water jars in homes. There are toilets in some schools and homes,
hygiene promotion has taken place with the water source committees
150 village savings and loans associations have been set up in Katine. With a starting
membership fee of just 8p, residents have had access for the first time to small loans.
Some have borrowed to set up small businesses, others to pay for medicines. In one
year, a total of 22,482 has been banked.
A grain store has been built and a co-operative established to market farmers'
agricultural surplus, ensuring they get a better price. Farmers have been trained to use
a new, disease-resistant strain of cassava.
More than 7,000 malaria nets have been distributed to families with small children, and
village health teams (VHTs) have been instrumental in more than doubling the
immunisation rate, to above 90%. The testing rate for HIV/Aids has increased nearly
fourfold.
Every one of the achievements listed above has necessitated slowly building up the
community's ability to organise and run itself.
Over three years, a network of committees has been nurtured: VHTs, parent-teacher
associations, water source committees, farmers' groups, parent-teacher associations,
and village savings associations.
Each group has been trained, with chairs appointed and basic equipment, such as
bicycles, provided. VHTs have been taught basic diagnostic skills, how to gather data
and how to spread the word throughout the community about hygiene, handwashing
and how to dig pit latrines. It's the essence of development: giving people the skills to
help their communities, encouraging leadership so they can interact and lobby their
political representatives in local government. This work of building relationships and
helping communities to tackle their own needs was particularly pressing in Katine. The
area had experienced decades of violence and instability, most recently in 2003, when
the rebel Lord's Resistance Army swept through, leaving a legacy of bitterness and
suspicion.
This community rebuilding is essential to the project's sustainability. The water source
committees will determine whether the boreholes are well maintained and repaired on
time. Can they collect the small water user fees for the repair fund? Will the VHTs still
be supervising the immunisation of babies in five years' time?
There have been many DIFFICULTIES along the way:
The very high costs of the new school building in Amorikot,
a strike by the VHTs when their modest remuneration was cut,
lack of regular electricity
inability to get a doctor to stay permanently in the local area
national healthcare budget cuts of 14%
and villagers' loss of confidence in the water quality of the new boreholes.

17. Anavra, Greece: a village that has found strategies to reduce inequalities and
be green /sustainable
Anavra (Greek: ) is a village in Magnesia, Thessaly, Greece.
According to the census of 2001 the population of Anavra was 987 citizens.
The village of Anavra is located 900 metres above the sea level
It is 72 Kilometres from Magnesia's administrative center of Volos.
Visitors will be delighted by the natural environment, with its dense vegetation and
clear waters
In the past 20 years, so many projects have been developed there it could be seen like
a small miracle.
Town Councilor Mr. Dimitris Tsoukalas started the projects after he was elected in 1990.
Almost all the inhabitants are employed in farming and herding (cattle, sheep, pigs).
There are 80 modern livestock facilities in 3 livestock eco stock farms/parks around
the village
The employment with organic farming led Anavra to be considered as a
phenomenon/model for Greece, since it has a 0% unemployment rate and many new
homes have been developed.
The residents of Anavra enjoy one of the highest GDP per capita in Greece and the rest
of the EU with incomes that range from 30,000 to 100,000 Euros.
Anavra has been recognized as a model of sustainable development.
The town produces its own electricity by 20 wind-powered generators. Surplus
electrical power is sold.
They have the strength of 17,5 megawatts that can power 12,5 to 13-thousand homes
A hydroelectric plant is scheduled for construction.
The village plans to develop teleheating. Biomass and leftover materials will be burned
in a central boiler that will then be funneled to provide heat and hot water for the entire
village.
Plans are being proposed for the creation of a Winter Ski centre on the slopes of the
Othry mountain and its highest peak Gerakovouki (1726 m), West of the village.
In Anavra there is a primary school with 2 teachers and kindergarten housed in new
buildings. The school building has a home for the tutor.
Similarly, the medical clinic, which exists there, provides a residence for the physician
Also the village has a Folk Museum, two halls, retirement home, asphalt road works,
Citizens Service Centre (CSC), a fully equipped gym (free for residents), football and
basketball courts, while a two-storey parking in the central square provides free
parking, particularly useful in difficult winters.
Another large development project that protects the environment and highlights the
nature and culture of the region is the Environmental and Cultural Park "Goura" in the
springs of Anavra area 240 acres and a length of 2 km..
There are three climbing areas that can provide outstanding experiences to fans of the
activity.
Today Anavra is a settlement that has all those facilities and conditions to ensure a
comfortable and smooth stay, and a quality of life that the inhabitants of many urban
centres envy.
Mr. Tsoukalas says the key to success is to put taxes and Community Structural Funds
from the European Union to good use.
18. Urban inequality and schemes: London, UK
INEQUALITIES
London is a world city with massive inequality
The inner city or zone of transition has the worst deprivation Tower Hamlets, Hackney,
Newham and Islington. Shining new offices stand next to derelict industrial sites.
Business people rub shoulder with many people who are on income support
Towards the suburbs in Richmond is the lowest deprivation/greatest wealth
Minority groups are concentrated in specific areas and suffer high levels of child

poverty and unemployment

Spitalfields in East London is now the heart of Banglatown the largest Bangladeshi
community outside of Bangladesh near the CBD to access work and now an ethnic
enclave with 63% Asian/Asian-British
Spitalfields and Banglatown is ranked 46/8414 in terms of deprivation (bad) 15 th for
income, 41st for child poverty and 1st for housing (the worst in the whole of the UK)
DEPRIVED HACKNEY
Hackney has high environmental (POOR BUILDING QUALITY, GRAFFITI, VANDALISM,
POLLUTION, FEW OPEN SPACES, NOISE), economic ( UNEMPLOYMENT 136/8414, HIGH
STATE SUPPORT, LOW INCOMES -154/8414, POOR SERVICES AND TRANSPORT ) and
social( LITTLE AFFORDABLE HOUSING -80/8414, POOR EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT,
POOR HEALTH -1239/8414, CRIME, POOR AMENITIES) deprivation
NON DEPRIVED/PRIVELEGED HAMPSTEAD
Hackney has high environmental (GOOD BUILDING QUALITY, LITTLE GRAFFITI OR
VANDALISM, LOWER POLLUTION, MORE OPEN SPACES, LESS NOISE), economic
( EMPLOYMENT 5253/8414, LOW STATE SUPPORT, HIGH INCOMES -6510/8414, GOOD
SERVICES AND TRANSPORT ) and social( NICER HOUSING -2706/8414, GOOD
EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT, GOOD HEALTH -6927/8414, LESSS CRIME, AMENITIES
8186/8414) deprivation
SCHEMES TO IMPROVE/DEVELOP
Nightingale Estate, in Hackney was home to 2000 people and government in 1960s
and 70s bulldozed terrace houses and built tower blocks
Landscaped open spaces, wider roads and improved access
But elderly felt trapped, children did not have play areas and community spirit lost
Poor building design encouraged vandalism and crime as the corridors and passage
ways were dark etc
Unemployment was high as workplaces were not located on or near the estate
Those who could move out did so and those who were left behind were old, young or
unemployed etc
1990s Hackney Borough Council with the help of EU funding helped rebuild the estate
10 year programme cost 60 million
Traditional homes and gardens, safe play areas, new schools, community centre, job
training and social support agencies
Mix of homes for sale, rent, low and high cost
Demolished 5 tower blocks and replaced them with lower rise high density housing
Residents involved with architects
Refurbished a 22 storey tower block
Improved security and cctv
Olympus square in centre with play area, back to work club, pensioners lunch etc
1999 New Deal launched to help Shoreditch in SW Hackney
413 support businesses established
511 new jobs and 273 saved
Training of locals with construction company
Falling youth crime
Affordable housing
Hoppa Bus East-West for those who rely on public transport
BUT gentrification too where some higher income groups have moved ingated
communities soon?
HAMPSTEAD GARDEN SUBURBS IMPROVEMENTS
People of all classes and levels of income should be accommodated
Cottages and houses limited to 8 in an acre
Roads 40 feet wide
Gardens between all houses
Every road lined with trees
Woods and public gardens free to all tenants
Noise to be avoided no church bells

Lower ground rents in certain areas to accommodate all people

19.Urban issues in Los Angeles (may not suit the Qs on the paper)
Second largest city in the USA
It forms part of the SanSan urban corridor, connecting San Francisco to San Diego.
It had a population of 3.8 million in 2007, with a population density of 3000 per
km.
It is located near the Pacific coast in Southern California.
Los Angeles is both a Megacity, and a world city. It does not exist in isolation, but has
global connections with many other cities.
Why did Los Angeles grow?
Arrival of railway in 1876 stimulated rapid growth, with half a million people arriving in
40 years.

Discovery of oil

Opening of a Ford car plant and other manufacturing industry

Development of the film industry in Hollywood in the 1920s and 1930s

By the late 1970s it was the fastest growing city in the USA
Sub-urban Sprawl
Arrival of electric tramways in the 1920s and 1930s, and later motorways, meant
people could live further away from work on their own land. The 1980s saw urban
growth spreading to mountains and deserts, 2 hours travelling time from LA.
Reasons for this include:
o Cheap fuel
o High personal mobility
o
o

Accessibility
Better schools and services

o Safer neighbourhoods
Impacts of this include:
Congested motorways

Air pollution

Loss of farmland

Decline of central Los Angeles

Other Problems facing LA
Housing shortages caused by high rates of migration

Urban tension due to ethnic differences (riots in 1965)

Work deindustrialisation results in loss of manufacturing jobs

Water piped from 350km away causes disputes with neighbouring states

Transport there are 10 million vehicles on the road, only 30% of people use public
transport

Health and Education many migrants are excluded because they cannot afford
these services

Waste 24 million people produce 50 000 tonnes of waste every day

Massive Energy Usage

Sustainability in LA

The City of Los Angeles seeks to conserve and enhance the

environment and

lives of residents in the City's neighbourhoods without compromising the ability of

future generations to do the same.

The Clean Tech Corridor is the cornerstone of the Mayors vision to put Los Angeles
at the forefront of the clean techrevolution and to transform the old, downtown
industrial core into an incubator for green jobs, technology and the growth of LAs
economy.

It will bring together researchers, designers and manufacturers

dedicated to the development of clean technology products and solutions to

climate change challenges.

In 2007, the City adopted GREEN LA: An Action Plan to Lead the Nation in Fighting
Global Warming and they have already hit a major milestone by meeting the Kyoto
targets for reducing greenhouse gases, four years ahead of schedule.

GREEN LA goes further by setting the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions
by 35 percent below 1990 levels by 2030; increasing the Citys use of renewable
energy to 40 percent by 2020 and over 50 more initiatives that will reduce the
Citys carbon footprint.

With the Clean Air Action Plan, Los Angeles is leading the fight to clean our air by
reducing dirty emissions from the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, which
account for 20 percent of the toxic air emissions in the South Coast Air Basin, by
45 percent by 2011.

The Citys transformation of its fleet of vehicles street sweepers, refuse trucks,
buses and passenger vehicles to alternative fuel vehicles is working to improve
the air quality in Los Angeles.

Mayor Villaraigosa has opened thirty-five (35) new or expanded parks and
increasing the Citys recycling, or diversion rate, to 70 percent during his
administration.

And in 2006, the Mayor was very proud to help release the first flow of water in
the Lower Owens River in 95 years.

20.Urban inequality and schemes in Mumbai

Most populous city in India, 14 million in 2007 and set to be 26 million by 2020

Densely populated 30,000 people per km squared

Commercial capital of India 33% of Indias tax from there and 40% of international
flights arrive there
Global hub for TNCs as gateway between West and China in East

Most of money from Indian TNCs like Bata Steel, out-source work and Bollywood

60% live in poverty

Slums: Dharavi the largest and most organized slum/shanty town in Asia

100,000 people live and work there on 220 heactares of land near the airport

Land is worth up to 10 billion dollars where the shanty is

Streets are 1-2m wide

Goods worth 500 million pounds made here

80% of waste is recycled and in Dharavi, nothing is considered rubbish

10 people die on the overcrowded railway system everyday

Massive traffic congestion too

Vision Mumbai sustainable management strategy

Aims to create a sustainable city which is good for both the people and the
environment
Transport
2008 first metro line
An elevated highway called Sealink as it goes along the coastline
25km bridge over the Bay of Mumbai to link the city with neighbouring town
160 energy efficient trains are being added to earn carbon credits
Housing
200,000+ illegal slum dwellers moved and 45,000 shanties across city destroyed
Dharavi has its own redevelopment project
Modern industry receiving 1.3m square land for every square metre of housing they
build
Environment
325 new open parks built
Employment
Hoping to increase 8-10% growth
With 200,000 new jobs in service sector eg finance and entertainment
Also 200,000 jobs in business park near airport with computer assembly and fashion
21. BOTSWANA: RURAL AND URBAN INEQUALITY AND SCHEMES

Botswana is a vast land locked country in Southern Africa

It is a middle income country with 1.8 million people
It has both diamonds and deserts the governments share in the diamonds provides
50% of the countrys money
Gained independence in 1966
Yet 47% live below the UN poverty line of $2 a day
Wealth from diamonds is not equally distributed
44% urban in 1966 and now 55% urban
Gaborone the capital is a primate city (3.3% growth in 10 years) with twice as many
people as the second city Francistown
This is from inmigration and is called hyperurbanisation
Many people in Gaborone still have a rural lifestyle with a homestead and animals
outside the city
HIV is a massive problem 39% 15-49 worsening deprivation, gender inequalities and
creating orphans and poverty. Life expectancy has fallen from 60 in 1996 to 35 in
2007!!
Land Boards give out the tribal lands but the poor are losing access to land as it is
fenced off for intensive agriculture.
Women are not given land and the 6% minority groups like the San are rarely given
land
RURAL SCHEMES
48% rural people live in poverty and 50% of households headed by a female(as must
raise child and earn money)
National Development Plan (NDP) gives 6 years to
Increase commercial farming by increasing research and development and farming for
exports (eg seeds, ostriches etc)
North South water carrier project means 88% have access to clean water
National ring road with feeder roads coming off it
Loans and materials for Self Help Housing Associations
Electrifying rural villages 72 villages every 2 years
Education and health posts for all villages to reduce HIV
Remote Area Development Programmes to help the San bush people (clean water,
primary schools, health posts, 3 permanent settlements, smallscale micro enterprise
schemes)

Selling Veld products eg cochineal dyes and marula beer

Oodi Weaving and Thamaga pottery cooperatives
Sustainable ecotourism in the Okavango delta and Chobe national park to employ
locals
URBAN SCHEMES IN GABORONE
40,000 in Gaborone live below poverty line
Old Naledi set up as a temporary informal settlement for builders and became dirty and
dangerous with 6000 people on 24 hectares in 1971
Bulldoze it?
1975 decided not to bulldoze it but legalise it and begin a Self Help Programme
Phase 1 Basic Site and Service land marked out and roads, water, main drains and
street lighting added. Families given land for 99 years and cheap building materials of
their choice allocated with loans repayable in 15 years.
Phase 2 Enhanced site and service standpipes and refuse collection put in for 5
families to share and schools, shops and community facilities developed.
Phase 3 Ongoing improvements upgrading houses and addition of sewerage. Roads
surfaced and electricity for all homes for some hours of the day. Small businesses set
up. Plans for play areas and clinics