Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BSNL Industrial Training
BSNL Industrial Training
Acknowledgement
I acknowledge my gratitude and thank to all the well knowledge persons for
giving me opportunity to avail all the best facilities available at this telecom
centre through which I have gained knowledge thinking so as too just in the
environment suitable for harmonic adjustment. I am grateful to the following
persons for various help rendered by them during the training period.
Last but not the least; I thank my friends and my family members for their
constant encouragement.
PREFACE
Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close to
himself as possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he has
continuously tried to develop new technologies, which have helped to reach the
objective.
The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field of
communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham Bell to
the current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile phones. All these
technologies have come to existence because man continued its endeavor towards
the objective.
This project report of mine, STUDY OF TRENDS TECHNOLOGIES IN
COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING has been a small effort in
reviewing the trends technologies prevailing. For this purpose, no organization
other than BAHRAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED could have been a better
choice.
ABOUT BSNL
BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the main
telecom services provided by BSNL:
Universal Telecom Services : Fixed wireline services and
landline in local loop (WLL) using CDMA Technology called
bfone and Tarang respectively. As of June 30, 2010, BSNL
had 75% marketshare of fixed lines.
BSNL Mobile
Prepaid Mobile
Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major
provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services using GSM
platform under the brand name Cellone & Excel (BSNL
Mobile). As of June 30, 2010 BSNL has 13.50% share of
mobile telephony in the country.[7]
WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL (Wireless in
Local Loop)service is a service giving both fixed line
telephony & Mobile telephony.
BSNL Broadband
Internet: BSNL provides Internet access services through
dial-up connection (as Sancharnet through 2009[8]) as
Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and ADSL broadband (BSNL
Broadband). BSNL held 55.76% of the market share with
reported subscriber base of 9.19 million Internet subscribers
with 7.79% of growth at the end of March 2010.[citation needed]
Top 12 Dial-up Service providers, based on the subscriber
base, It Also Provides OnlineGames via Its Games on
Demand (GOD)
The idea of fiber optics is use to light, instead of current or voltage, as the
energy which carries the signal, with the light as a carrier that is turned on
and off, with binary amplitude modulation. The problem is to direct the light
from the transmitter to the receiver. The solution is to use a hair-thin fiber
of glass as a light pipe. If a light source is put at one end, any light that
enters the fiber stay in that fiber end travels through the fiber to the other
end. The light does not pass out of the walls of fiber as it travels. This is
because of a property called total internal reflection. If a light wave is
traveling through a material with a high refractive index compared to an
adjacent material, and it hits the interface between them at certain low
angles, the light does not cross the boundary but completely reflects back
(Fig.1).
At the receiving end of fiber, a light detector senses the light. Thus, the
communication medium is the fiber, and the energy used is light energy.
FEATURES:
The fiber optics has become a preferred medium due to its some
important features like: The bandwidth of the fiber and light beam is
extremely wide. It is possible to handle signals which turn on and off at
gigabit per second rates (1 gigabit, gbit =1000 Mbitts). The fiber itself is
very thin and not expensive. The thinness means that it is easy to handle,
and many fibers can be put in the trenches or narrow conduits. The light
signal is absolutely immune to electrical noise from any sources. Even if
there are sources of electrical noise directly touching the cable, the
electric fields of the noise source cannot affect the light beam in the fiber.
The signal in the cable is secure from unauthorized listeners. It is relatively
hard to tap into the cable without being noticed, and the entire light signal
is confined within the fiber. No light escapes to the outside where
someone else could see it. Since there is no electricity or electrical energy
JOINT OF FIBER
Optical fiber links, in common with any line communication system, have a
requirement for both jointing and termination of the transmission medium.
The number of intermediate fiber connections or joints is dependent upon
the link length, the continuous length of the fiber cable that may be
produced by the preparation methods and the length of the fiber cable that
may be practically installed as a continuous section on the link. It is
therefore apparent that fiber to fiber connection with low loss and
minimum distortion (i.e. modal noise) remains an important aspect of
optical fiber communication system. Before optical fibers splicing and
joining are done certain preparations are made with fiber or fiber cables as
case may be to achieve best results at the end surface. First of all the
protective plastic that covers the glass cladding is stripped from each fiber
end, which is then cleaved with a special tool, producing a smooth and flat
end. 1. Fiber splices: these are semipermanent or permanent joints which
find major use in most optical fiber telecommunication system (analogous
to electrical soldered joints). 2. Demountable fiber connectors or simple
connectors: these are removable joints which allow easy, fast, manual
coupling and uncoupling of fibers (analogous to electrical plugs and
sockets). The above fiber to fiber joints are designed ideally to couple all
the light propagating in one fiber into the adjoining fiber. By contrast fiber
couplers are branching devices that split all the light from main fiber into
two or more fibers or, alternatively, couple a proportion of the light
propagating in the main fiber into main fiber.
FIBER SPLICES A permanent joint formed between two individual optical
fibers in the field or factory is known as a fiber splice. Fiber splicing is
frequently used to establish long haul optical fiber links where smaller fiber
lengths need to be joined, and there is no requirement for repeated
connection and disconnection. Splices may be divided into two broad
categories depending upon the splicing technique utilized. These are
fusion splicing or welding and mechanical splicing. Fusion splicing is
accomplished by applying localized heating(e.g. by a flame or an electric
are ) at the interface between two butted, prealigned fiber ends causing
them to soften and fuse. Mechanical splicing, in which the fibers are held
in alignment by some mechanical means, may be achieved by various
methods including the use of tubes around the fiber ends (groove splices).
A requirement with fibers intended for splicing is that they have smooth
and square end faces. In general this end preparation may be achieved
using a suitable tool which cleaves the fiber as illustrated.
FUSION SPLICES The fusion splicing of single fibers involves the
heating of the two prepared fiber ends to their fusing point with the
application of sufficient axial pressure between the two optical fibers. It is
therefore essential that the stripped (of cabling and buffer coating) fiber
ends are adequately positioned and aligned in order to achieve good
continuity of the transmission medium at the junction point. Hence the
fiber are usually positioned and clamped with the aid of an inspection
microscope. Flame heating sources such as micro plasma torches (argon
and hydrogen) and oxhydric microburners (oxygen, hydrogen and alcohol
vapour) have been utilized with some success. However, the most widely
used heating source is an electric arc. This technique offers advantages of
consistent, easily controlled heat with adaptability for use under field
conditions. A schematic diagram of the basic two fibers are welded
together. Shows a development of the basic are fusion process which
involves the rounding of the fiber ends with a low energy discharge before
pressing the fibers together and fusing with a stronger arc. This technique,
known as perfusion, removes the requirement for fiber end preparation
which has a distinct advantage in the field environment. A possible
drawback with fusion splicing is that the heat necessary to fuse the fibers
may weaken the fiber in the vicinity of the splice. It has been found that
even with careful handling; the tensile strength of the fused fiber may be
as low as 30 % of that of the uncoated fiber before fusion.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR OFC JOINT
1) Optical fiber fusion splicer specification ( spicer machine ) AC input
100 to 240v,
frequency 50/60Hz DC input 12v/aA
2) Fiber cutter It converts irregular shaped fiber end into smooth & flat
end.
3) Chemicals used in OFC joint HAXENE : To remove jelly from the fiber
ACETONE : For cleaning the OFC ISO PROPENOT: For smoothness
of optical glass.
4) Sleeve: - To enclose fiber joint.
5) Tool Kit
6) Joint kit. Joint encloser Buffer Adhesive tap.
7) Generator /12V Battery 8) Cotton clothes for fiber cleaning.
Potential Low Cost :- The glass which generally provides the optical fiber
transmission medium is made from sand not a scarce resource. So, in
comparison with copper conductors, optical fibers offer the potential for
low cost line communication. Although over recent years this potential has
largely been realized in the costs of the optical fiber transmission medium
which for bulk purchases is now becoming competitive with copper wires
(i.e. twisted pairs), it has not yet been achieved in all the other component
areas associated with optical fiber communication. For example, the costs
of high performance semiconductor lasers and detector photodiodes are
still relatively high, as well as some of those concerned with the
connection technology ( demountable connectors, couplers, etc. ).
DRAWBACKS OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION
The use of fibers for optical communication does have some drawbacks in
practice. Hence to provide a balance picture these disadvantages must be
considered. They are The fragility of the bare fibers; The small
size of fibers and cables which creates some difficulties with splicing and
forming connectors; Some problems involved with forming low loss Tcouplers; Some doubts in relations to the long term reliability of optical
COMMUNICATION LINKS:
The other major area for the application of optical fiber communication in
the military sphere includes both short and long distance communication
links. Short distance optical fiber systems may be utilized to connect
closely spaced items of electronics equipment in such areas as operations
rooms and computer installations. A large number of this system have
already been installed in military installations in the united kingdom. These
operate over distances from several centimeters to a few hundred meters
at transmission rates between 50 bauds and 4.8 kbits-1. In addition a
small number of 7 MHz video links operating over distances of up to 10 m
are in operation. There is also a requirement for long distance
communication between military installations which could benefit from the
use of optical fibers. In both these advantages may be gained in terms of
bandwidth, security and immunity to electrical interference and earth loop
problems over conventional copper systems.
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION The main function of an exchange is to process call from
a calling subscriber and make the connection to the called subscriber. This
connection can be direct or via another exchange. This requires all parts
of the exchange to work as a unit to ensure the call is properly handled.
CALL PROCESSING ARCHITECTURE The main function of the
exchange is to process subscriber calls. The exchange does this by
connecting an incoming line or trunk to another line or trunk. However call
processing involves much more than simply connecting subscribers. In
order to process the calls the exchange must perform four basic switching
function. Supervision: Detects and reports service requests,
acknowledgements and requests to terminate service. Signaling:
Transmits information about lines and trunks and information about other
aspects of call handling to control switching equipment. Routing: Converts
address information to the location of the corresponding call line or to the
location of a trunk on the way to that line. Alerting. Notifies a subscriber of
incoming calls.
BASIC CALL TYPES Subscriber calls are grouped in to categories that
distinguish one call from another. These categories are referred to as call
types. The basic call types are Intra exchange calls: - these are calls
between two subscribers served by the same exchange. These calls are
normally line to line calls. Inter exchange calls: - these are calls that
involve two or more exchanges. Within a given exchange there are
different types of inter exchange calls.
An outgoing call is a call that goes out of the exchange via a trunk. If the
call originated in the same exchange, it is called an originating outgoing
call. An incoming call is a call that comes into the exchange via a trunk.
A tandem call is a call that comes into the exchange on one trunk and
leaves the exchange on another trunk. Thus a tandem call is both
incoming and out going. CALL PROCESSING STAGES An intra exchange
call which is the simplest of the call types mentioned above, progresses
through four basic stages :
Idle Digit reception and analysis Ringing talking Inter exchange calls are
more complex, and their call processing stages are somewhat different.
DIGIT RECEPTION
Establish Dialing Connection
Establish Ringing Connection
IDLE
RINGING
TAKE DOWN CONNECTION
ESTABLISH TALKING CONNECTION
TALKING
SERVICE CATEGORY Residence and business subscriber
services: - Example of this category are individual, 2-party and multiparty
lines, abbreviated dialing, call waiting, 3-way calling all diversion, call
barring and multi line hunting. Extended business services: - Examples of
these services are PBX, indirect inward dialing and toll diversion. Public
safety services: - Examples of this category are basic emergency service,
outgoing call trace, and in-progress call trace and in progress call trace.
Miscellaneous local system services: - it like loop-range services,
integrated and universal pair gain interface and line signaling. Inter
exchange services: - Various inter exchange signaling types. Call
processing services: - Generalized screening, digit interpretation timing,
routing and remote switching modules. Toll services: - Toll exchange
trunks, auxiliary service trunks, and operator trunks. Of termination: trunk
and line. The trunk termination involves selecting an idle member in the
trunk group and out pulsing the received digits. For a trunk, the particular
selected trunk group, the no. of members in the trunk group and the digits
to be out pulsed and the way the trunk group is selected, are of utmost
importance. The line termination involves checking to find whether the line
is busy and applying rin2ging to the line.
PILLAR
DP BOX
MDF VERTICAL SUBSCRIBER
CONSTRUCTION OF M.D.F.
Main distribution frame is mainly divided in two parts.
(1) Vertical Side or Line side
(2) LEN side or Exchange side
All the part from vertical side to the subscriber are generally called outdoor
section. 1 vertical has 10 tag block. Each tag block has 10 rows and each
row has 10 tags. So each tag block has 100 tags. Connection between
vertical side & subscribers are provided by jelly filled cables. These wires
are first terminated in cabinet box, then according to requirements the
group of the wires (e.g. 200 wires, 100 wires etc.) are terminated in pillar
box & from here connections are given to the subscribers via DP box.
All the parts from LEN to the exchange is called indoor section. The
connection of subscriber from exchange is terminated on this side of MDF.
In 1 tag block there are 128 tags. Each tag block is divided in 4 segments.
That is 0, 1, 2 & 3 and in each segments. There are sixteen tags. On the
vertical side there is 100 tag in one vertical tag block where as on the LEN
side there is 128 tags on each LEN block. The reason for this difference is
that there is always a reserve of spare capacity in the external cables to
cover fluctuations in the distribution of the subscribers lines as between
the different localities served by the cables.
C-DOT EXCHANGE
INTRODUCTION
Center development of telematics was formed in year 1985 by an act of
parliament under ministry of telecommunication with prime objective to
develop indigenous state of art electronics switch suitable for Indian
network condition. Various products proposed to be developed by C-DOT
include small RAX exchange of 128 ports for rural network to big C-DOT
MAX-XL exchange for metropolitan applications. C-DOT DSS MAX is a
universal switch and can be used as local, transmit or integrated local and
transmit switch. It can have minimum capacity of 512 ports. And can grow
up to 16000 ports without concentration. It has digital switching based on
basic 64kpbs basic rate and 2mbps primary rate multiplexing structure.
The development of C-DOT DSS MAX has taken place in family concept.
It is fully integrated switch starting from smaller switches, bigger switches
and can be built in a modular fashion by configuring hardware and
software modules in variety of ways. The C-DOT DSS system can be used
in telecommunication network at the various switching nodes for different
type of services. Some of them are
C-DOT DSS as MAX:
This can be used as main automatic exchange which is expandable to
large capacity of order of 2000 lines or beyond. The MAX may be here
remote module(RM) and remote line concentrators(RLC) connected to it.
C-DOT DSS as RAX This can be used as rural automatic exchange and is
expandable upto 2000 lines capacity. Single base module configuration
comes under the RAX category. Thus it is universal switch which can be
configured as local, transit and integrated local and transit switch. It
provides both local and centralized operation and maintenance.
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE :It can serve metropolitan, urban, rural
environments. Its architecture is such that it is possible to upgrade a
working C-DOT SBM( single base module) or MBM ( multi base module)
exchange to provide ISDN service through RSU ( remote switching unit).
RSU can provide switching facility locally even in case of failure of
Like CM, AM also used when the number of BMs in the system exceeds
one. The AM is housed along with CM in one cabinet called CM.AM
performs administrative and maintenance function.
INPUT OUTPUT PROCESSOR (IOP) :The IOP performs following
function: 1) Serves as a media for man machine communication. 2) Keeps
the data concerning system. 3) Does system initialization. IOP is
connected to the following peripheral units for the purpose noted against
each, Visual Display Unit: This is used for giving command to establish
communication with the system. VDU gives the display of the reports as a
result of the command execution. Printer: For the printed reports.
ALARM DISPLAY UNIT (ADP)
This is basically used for displaying the alarms raised in the system. The
alarm gives both audio and visual indication. However, the audio alarm
can be stopped by pressing acknowledge button on the ADP. The alarms
raised are of three types, Critical: indicated by red LED. Urgent:
indicated by orange LED. Non-urgent: indicated by green LED.
SYSTEM FEATURES
The C-DOT is a fully digital system with stored program control. In nonconcentration mode of working, the switch is non-blocking i.e. calling party
gets the called party if it is free. System environment a) Temperature =
17C to 27C Relative Humidity = 45% to 65% The application of C-DOT
can be either new exchange or a replacement of the existing exchange.
The C-DOT can be used as a local or transmit exchange. The system has
a modular growth i.e. for expanding the capacity of the exchange
additional modules are to be installed. The system provides for detailed
billing in case of STD and ISD calls. However billing for local calls can also
be arranged. The C-DOT employs distributed control system.
DIGITAL SWICHING
In Digital switching system signals are switched in digital form. These
signals can be speech or data. For this Time Division multiplexing and
pulse code modulation (PCM) techniques are used. Time Division
multiplexer involves sharing of same transmission medium by a number of
circuits or channels during a sequence of time periods. Thus the medium
is periodically available to each channel
The channels are connected to individual gates which are opened one by
one in fixed sequence. At the receiving end also. Similar gates are opened
in unison with the transmitting g end. Before transmitting these samples of
individual channel signals are coded in binary form and pulses
corresponding to the digits are transmitted. This is called pulse code
modulation. These pulses are decoded at receiving end and combines to
reproduce the original signal. In Digital switching the digital signals of
several speech signals are multiplexed on common media. Therefore
same path is shared by different calls for fraction of time. This process is
repeated periodically at a suitably high rate. This type of path is called
PCM highway. To connect any two subscriber, it is necessary to
interconnect the time slots of the two speech samples which may be same
or different PCM highway.
The in connection of time slots i.e. switching of digital signal is normally
achieved using a combination of two different modes of operation. These
modes are (1) Space switching (2) Time switching In space switching
mode, corresponding time slots of I/C and O/G PCM highways are
interconnected. A sample in given time slot in an incoming highway is
connected (switched) to same time slot of an outgoing highway. For e.g. in
fig.2 the time slot 5 of incoming highway 2 is switched to time slot 5 of
outgoing highway say highway 3. In this case there is no delay in
switching of the sample from one highway to another highway. Since the
sample transfer takes place in the same time slot of the PCM frame. In
Time switching different time slots on the incoming and outgoing highways
are interconnected by re-assigning the channel sequence. For e.g in fig,2
the time slot TS5 of incoming Highway2 can be connected to a different
time slot TS6 of the O/G Highway2. In other words, a time switch is
basically a time slot changer. TWO DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING Using
this so far. However, a number of national and international air interface standards
for digital cellular mobile telephone system are available.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM. The
system for WLL services can be divided in to following parts:BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it consists
of different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In LG 1
BSC can have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:V-5.2:- This type of BSC cannot switch by itself so it is dependent on local
exchange / PSTN for switching and keeping records of billing etc. BSNL uses this
type of BSC for rural areas.
CCS-7 / R2:- These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesnt depend on local
exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses this type of BSC for
urban areas.
BTS (Base Transreceiver System):- As it is clear from its name it transmits as
well as receive signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to overcome the loss in
signal in transmission.
BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL services.
It can troubleshoot the problem; add new users as well as capable to block service
given to user. It is basically a computer system, which manages the whole process
of WLL service. In BSNL BSM are two UNIX based computer system.
ADVANTAGES OF WLL:
1.Country wide induction of WLL underway of areas than are non-feasible for the
normal network.
2. Helping relieves congestion of connections in the normal cable / wire based
network in urban areas.
3. Limits the mobility without any airtime charges.
4. It has improved signal and reduces the interference.
5. Greater capacity than mobile.
6. Provides ease of operation, administration & maintenance at lower cost.
The telecommunication is the biggest factor in influencing the speed of life in the
modern age. Today we can get connection with any corner of world through the
push button of computer; with the small mobile phone we can send not only the
messages but also the secret document. As we know that there is positive view
behind any mention that it should be helpful in the development of society. But
humans have diverted mentality some of them of positive view and some of them
of negative view. Where use any invention for the welfare of society but some
uses for the satisfaction their disturbed mentality and to earn more and more
money whether it may be harmful for the society. They infringe the norms of
society and their behavior is condemned as antisocial, immoral and sinful.