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IMP - M - Numerical Performance Evaluation For Alamouti Space Time Coded OFDM Under Receiver Impairment
IMP - M - Numerical Performance Evaluation For Alamouti Space Time Coded OFDM Under Receiver Impairment
3, MARCH 2009
Abstract—We present a methodology for the analysis of the coded (STC) OFDM system configuration. We investigate
capacity and symbol/bit error rate performance of Alamouti the performance of OFDM systems using the Alamouti space
space time coded OFDM links that jointly captures the aggregate time block code in its simplest form of two transmit antennas
effects of real life receiver imperfections and mobile channel
effects. Specifically, we investigate carrier frequency offset, chan- and one receive antenna (2 × 1 MISO channel) for three
nel estimation error, outdated channel state information due to reasons:
time selective channel properties and flat receiver I/Q imbalance. 1) The 2 × 1 Alamouti scheme offers full diversity gain of
Hence, we provide a numerical tool for realistic Alamouti space
time coded (STC) OFDM performance evaluation. The main
2 without rate loss;
contribution of this work is the derivation of the probability 2) The Alamouti scheme is practically relevant. It has been
density function of the received frequency domain signal with included in various 3.5G/4G wireless communication
respect to the mentioned impairments. The density function is standards such as 802.16-2005 WiMAX and 3GPP LTE,
then used for numerical calculations of both the symbol and bit where it is used in the downlink to allow for low
error rates, as well as the capacity for Alamouti STC OFDM
links. Finally, we illustrate which of the mentioned impairments
complexity mobile terminals;
has the most severe impact on the overall STC OFDM system 3) The Alamouti scheme requires no channel knowledge
performance. The abstract goes here. at the transmitter and hence no dedicated feedback
Index Terms—OFDM, space time coding, RF impairments. channel.
To get realistic performance results, our approach takes
I. I NTRODUCTION into account a variety of receiver characteristics and
impairments as well as mobile channel properties such as:
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KRONDORF/FETTWEIS: NUMERICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR ALAMOUTI SPACE TIME CODED OFDM UNDER RECEIVER IMPAIRMENTS 1447
transmitter I/Q imbalance has significantly less effect on B. OFDM Performance Metrics
OFDM systems [8] than receiver I/Q imbalance, transmitter
The derived PDF of the decision variables can be used
I/Q imbalance is not considered in this work. In [10] the
to compute relevant performance metrics such as SER, BER
effect of receiver I/Q imbalance on SISO OFDM systems
and ergodic link capacity on certain subcarriers. For SER
is considered for frequency selective fading channels under
computation for instance we have to solve the following
the assumption of perfect channel knowledge and perfect
equation to yield the corresponding average probability of
receiver synchronization. Additionally, in order to cope with
error on subcarrier l:
this impairment, the authors of [9] proposed a digital I/Q
M
imbalance compensation method. 1
In order to overcome the afore mentioned limitations, this Pe (l) = 1 − pZl (zr + jzi |Xm ) dzr dzi (1)
M m=1
article summarizes parts of the author’s previous work on Rm
Alamouti STC OFDM in order to finally give one compre-
where z = zr + jzi , M denotes the number of constellation
hensive view on the topic. Specifically, parts of this article
points and Rm is the decision region of point Xm . If the bit
can be found in [13] and [14]. Moreover, OFDM performance
mapping is taken into account, bit error rates can be calculated
analysis results for SISO and SIMO systems under receiver
in an equivalent manner of solving the double integral w.r.t.
impairments can be found in [15]. Finally, we observe that
appropriate decision regions and averaging over all OFDM
knowledge about the quantitative relationship between receiver
data carriers.
parameters (such as I/Q imbalance, channel estimation error
For information theoretic concerns, the ergodic Alamouti
and residual CFO) and performance metrics is essential for
STC OFDM link capacity in terms of mutual information
the design of OFDM systems and receiver algorithms.
Il (X; Z) on subcarrier l between the discrete complex input
In this article, after introducing the general impaired OFDM
alphabet X (mostly the M-QAM modulation alphabet) and the
system model (Sec.III) we provide a detailed stochastic analy-
continuous complex alphabet Z of the decision variables, is
sis of Alamouti STC systems under channel estimation error in
of greater importance than BER or SER metrics. In addition,
Sec.IV-A and extend our findings toward impaired Alamouti
it is well known from [12] that Il (X; Z) can be computed as:
space time coded OFDM signals in Sec.IV-B. Our results are
verified by means of SER and BER computation in Sec.IV-D
and Sec.V-A. Finally, we conclude in Sec.VI. Il (X; Z) = P (Xm ) pZl |Xm (zr + jzi |Xm ) (2)
m
Zr Zi
II. OFDM P ERFORMANCE A NALYSIS pZl |Xm (zr + jzi |Xm )
×log2 dzr dzi ,
A. The Approach n pZl |Xn (zr + jzi |Xn )P (Xn )
We choose ergodic link capacity per subcarrier, measured in where P (Xm ) stands for the probability of the input constel-
[Bit / Channel Use], as an important performance metric for lation point Xm .
STC OFDM systems. This information theoretic metric allows
the characterization of the system behavior subject to real life
receiver impairments independently from any kind of channel III. OFDM S YSTEM M ODEL
coding details. Fig.II-A depicts an OFDM transceiver chain In this article we consider a N-point FFT OFDM system.
including channel and receiver effects. These effects can be The data on each subcarrier is modulated by a QAM modulator
modeled as an effective channel between the data source and and transformed to a time domain signal by performing an
detector, which is often called the modulation channel. The IFFT operation. Subsequently, a cyclic prefix is added which
modulation channel is characterized by its conditional PDF is chosen to be longer than the channel impulse response
pZ (z|x), a function that describes the statistical relationship (CIR). At the receiver side, the sampled complex time domain
between the discrete input symbols x and the continuously baseband signal is transformed in the frequency domain by
distributed decision variable z. Using any given complex M- FFT after cyclic prefix removal. Finally, the Alamouti STC
QAM constellation alphabet X, the link capacity can be OFDM frequency domain received signal Yl,1 and Yl,2 on
expressed as the mutual information between source and sink subcarrier l at time instants 1 and 2 can be written
that depends only on the input statistic of X and pZ (z|x).
Since our performance analysis framework intends to describe Xl,1 Xl,2
Yl,1 = √ Hl,1 + √ Hl,2 + Wl,1 (3)
the mutual information (and hence the ergodic link capacity 2 2
under a given input statistic), we propose and implement the ∗ ∗
Xl,2 Xl,1
following method for OFDM performance analysis: Yl,2 = − √ Hl,1 + √ Hl,2 + Wl,2 , (4)
1) Derive pZ (z|x) under receiver impairments, mobile 2 2
channel properties and OFDM system parameters. where Xl,1 and Xl,2 represent the complex QAM symbols
2) Apply pZ (z|x) to uncoded SER and BER calculations on subcarrier l which are transmitted alternatingly by both
and verify their suitability by comparing the SER/BER Tx antennas in the two time slots. The terms Wl,1 and Wl,2
prediction results with those obtained from simulation. are complex Gaussian noise samples at both time instants.
3) Calculate the mutual information, i.e. ergodic Alamouti The coefficients Hl,1 and Hl,2 denote the frequency domain
STC OFDM link capacity per carrier, using the verified channel transfer function on subcarrier l between the receive
statistic pZ (z|x). antenna and transmit antennas 1 and 2 respectively. The
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1448 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 3, MARCH 2009
channel coefficients Hl are given by the discrete Fourier capabilities of the receiver on subcarrier l can be quantified
transform of the corresponding CIR h(τ ) having L taps in terms of the image rejection ratio - IRR:
2
L−1
1
Hl = h(τ )e−j2πlτ /N . (5) IRRl = . (8)
Kl
τ =0
In this paper, we consider flat I/Q imbalance, which simply
In this article it is assumed that the residual carrier frequency means IRRl = IRR for all values of l.
offset (after frequency synchronization) is a deterministic vari- Pilot aided least squares frequency domain channel estima-
able. Ignoring the STC structure for now, the CFO-impaired tion is considered in the following where we assume a time
frequency domain OFDM baseband signal on subcarrier l has orthogonal pilot structure. Here, two similar OFDM symbols
the following structure are used where the Tx antennas transmit their corresponding
N
−1 OFDM pilot symbols in a time division duplex manner.
2
Yl = Xl Hl I(0) + Xk Hk I(k − l) +Wl . (6) Subsequently, the channel estimate on subcarrier l is given
k=− N
by:
2 ,k=l
ICI ỸP,l k=l XP,k Hk I(k − l) + Wl
Ĥl = = I(0)Hl +
XP,l XP,l
Here, the coefficient I(k − l) represents the impact of the ∗ ∗ ∗
received signal at subcarrier k on the received signal at X
m P,m H m I (m + l) + W−l
+Kl , (9)
subcarrier l due to the residual carrier frequency offset [6]: XP,l
sin(π((k − l) + Δf )) where XP,l and ỸP,l denote the transmitted and received
I(k − l) = ejπ((k−l)+Δf )(1−1/N ) , preamble symbols on subcarrier l. The Gaussian noise of the
N sin(π((k − l) + Δf )/N )
preamble part Wl has the same variance as Wl of the data
where Δf is the residual carrier frequency offset normal- 2
part (σW 2
= σW ). The power of the preamble signals and the
ized to the subcarrier spacing. In addition, the summation l l
average power of the data symbols is normalized to one on
N2 −1
k=− N ,k = l
will be abbreviated as k=l in the following. all subcarriers, i.e. |XP,l |2 = σX
2
= 1. We therefore define the
2
In (6) we can see, that residual CFO causes a phase rotation average subcarrier SNR as
of the received signal I(0) and inter carrier interference (ICI). 2 2 2
σX σH σH
Furthermore, there is a time variant common phase shift for all γ= 2 = 2 ,
subcarriers due to Δf, as given in [7], that is not modeled here. σW σW
This is due to the fact that this time variant common phase which we use for performance evaluation in Sec.IV-D and
term is considered to be robustly estimated and compensated Sec.V-A.
by continuous pilots that are inserted in the OFDM data
symbols.
A. Mobile Channel Characteristics
I/Q imbalance of direct conversion OFDM receivers directly
translates to mutual interference between each pair of subcar- To obtain precise performance analysis results in the case
riers located symmetrically with respect to the DC carrier [9]. of subcarrier crosstalk induced by CFO and I/Q imbalance,
Hence, the received signal Yl at subcarrier l is interfered by the it is desirable to use exact expressions for the subcarrier
received signal Y−l at subcarrier −l, and vice versa. Therefore, channel cross-correlation properties. The cross-correlation
the undesirable leakage due to I/Q imbalance can be modeled between frequency domain channel coefficients is mainly
by [9], [11] determined by the CIR power delay profile and the CIR tap
∗
Ỹl = Yl + Kl Y−l (7) cross-correlation properties. Furthermore, the discrete nature
of the sampled CIR is modeled as a tapped delay line having
where (.)∗ represents complex conjugation and Kl denotes L channel taps. Although our analysis is not limited to a
a complex-valued weighting factor that is determined by the specific type of frequency selective channel, we consider
receiver phase and gain imbalance [9]. The image rejection mobile channels having an exponential power delay profile
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KRONDORF/FETTWEIS: NUMERICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR ALAMOUTI SPACE TIME CODED OFDM UNDER RECEIVER IMPAIRMENTS 1449
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1450 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 3, MARCH 2009
σν̃2l = ∗
XP,k XP,n I(k − l)I ∗ (n − l)(rk,n − rk,l rn,l
∗ 2
σH ) (21)
k=l n=l
+|Kl |2 ∗
XP,k XP,n I ∗ (k + l)I(n + l)(rk,n
∗ ∗
− rk,l 2
rn,l σH 2
) + σW (1 + |Kl |2 )
k n
crosstalk. Furthermore, η denotes the random variable e−j2φl and ICI parts, respectively. If we substitute (6) and (12) into
that represents the stochastic part of αl . This is due to the fact (7), we get
that the complex Gaussian channel coefficient can be written
H∗ W̃l = Wl + Kl W−l + Xk Vk,l I(k − l) (27)
as Hl = |Hl |ejφl . Hence, we obtain Hll = e−j2φl = η, where
k=l
φl is an equally distributed RV in the interval [−π, π]. In order
∗ ∗
to simplify the analysis, we neglect the stochastic properties +Kl Xm Vm,l I ∗ (m + l) .
of α̃l induced by η = ej2φl and finally use the heuristic φl = m
0. This method greatly simplifies the further derivations and For an exact expression of σW̃ 2
we take (27), σV2 k,l = σH
2
(1 −
l
is quite reasonable under realistic receiver characteristics and 2
|rk,l | ) together with the assumptions of mutually uncorrelated
IRR ≥ 30 dB. From (19) we finally obtain data symbols to obtain
Ĥl = α̃l H̃l + ν̃l (23) 2
σW̃ = σW 2
(1 + |Kl |2 ) + σH2
|I(k − l)|2 (1 − |rk,l |2 )
l
by defining the effective channel H̃l = I(0)Hl with variance k=l
2
σH̃ = |I(0)|2 σH
2
where we also have that +|Kl |2 σH
2
|I(m + l)|2 (1 − |rm,l |2 ) . (28)
l
m=l
E{|Ĥl |2 } = σĤ
2
= |α̃l |2 σH̃
2
+ σν̃2l .
l l
which shows the stochastic nature of X̃l due to the random IV. P ERFORMANCE OF A LAMOUTI STC OFDM
interference part Jl resulting from CFO and I/Q imbalance. T RANSMISSION
We model Jl as a zero-mean Gaussian random variable Jl =
In this section we derive the desired PDF pZ (z|x) for
pl + jql where the mutual uncorrelated real and imaginary
impaired Alamouti STC OFDM links and subsequently use
parts pl and ql have the same variance:
the results for SER prediction.
σp2l = σq2l = (26)
2 2 2
2 2
k=l |I(k − l)| |rk,l | + |K l | m |I(m + l)| |rm,l | A. PDF Derivation
2|I(0)|2 In Sec.III-D we draw the important conclusion that there is
with a formal equivalence between the impaired and non-impaired
σJ2l = σp2l + σq2l . OFDM signal model. Hence, in this subsection it is enough to
first derive pZ (z|x) for a simplified OFDM signal model ac-
The term W̃l of (25) represents the effective noise of the cording to (3) and (4) where we neglect any impairments and
received signal that consists of the AWGN parts Wl , W−l subcarrier indexes but take into account channel estimation
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KRONDORF/FETTWEIS: NUMERICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR ALAMOUTI SPACE TIME CODED OFDM UNDER RECEIVER IMPAIRMENTS 1451
errors1 . Based on the PDF obtained we then move forward and (37) we can summarize that
extend our findings toward the more complex OFDM system ∗ 2
∗ α rh (λq,p )σH
model under CFO and I/Q imbalance in the next subsection rYq Ĥp = −Xm √ with q, p ∈ {1, 2}. (38)
Sec.IV-B. Let Y1 and Y2 denote the received complex symbol 2σYq σĤp
at time instants 1 and 2. Furthermore, there are two un- For sake of simplicity, we assume that λq,p = λ, and hence
correlated flat zero-mean complex Gaussian channels having rh (λq,p ) = rh (λ), which is reasonable under moderate time
realizations H1 and H2 . The corresponding channel estimates selective channel properties that we typically find in mobile
are given by Ĥ1 and Ĥ2 with Ĥp = αp Hp + νp , p ∈ {1, 2}, communications. Furthermore, it is easy to verify that
where αp denotes a multiplicative deterministic complex con-
stant coming from the channel estimation scheme and νp σY2 1 = σY2 2 = σY2 = σX
2 2 2
σH + σW
represents a zero-mean complex Gaussian RV of variance σν2 . and
It is therefore reasonable to write α1 = α2 = α since it is 2
σĤ 2
= σĤ 2
= σĤ = |α|2 σH
2
+ σν2 .
assumed that there is a stationary impairment situation during 1 2
the channel estimation process and that the same channel We can now calculate the variance of both RV V1 and V2 from
estimation scheme and pilot symbols are used for channel (35) and (36):
estimation for both Ĥ1 and Ĥ2 . Finally, the decision variables |α|2 rh2 (λ)σH
4
Z1 and Z2 are obtained from the well known Alamouti space σV2 1 = σV2 2 = σV2 = σX
2 2 2
σH + σW − 2 . (39)
σĤ
time decoding operation:
√ ∗ Substituting (35) and (36) into (32) and applying (37) and (38)
Z1 2 Ĥ1 Ĥ2 Y1 we finally obtain expression (40) for the decision variable Z1 .
= . (31)
Z2 ∗
|Ĥ1 |2 + |Ĥ2 |2 Ĥ2 −Ĥ1 Y2∗ In the general impaired OFDM system model analysis of
Sec.III-C, it has been shown, that X1 and X2 are no longer
The variables Z1 and Z2 are then fed into the decoder and
deterministic symbols, but stochastic quantities due to CFO
detector stage. Assuming equal stochastic properties of Z1
and I/Q imbalance, leading to the effective stochastic symbols
and Z2 , it is reasonable only to investigate decision variable
X̃1 and X̃2 . Hence, all instances of X1 and X2 in (40) have
Z1 for sake of simplicity. Therefore, Z1 reads
√ to be substituted by their effective symbols. Therefore, we
2 perform the following decomposition according the derivations
Z1 = Ĥ1∗ Y1 + Ĥ2 Y2∗ . (32) of Sec.III-C:
|Ĥ1 |2 + |Ĥ2 |2
X̃1 = X1 + p1 + jq1 .
It is important to note that the values of Y1 and Y2 are complex
Gaussian random variables when considering fixed transmit It is assumed, that the stochastic part of X̃1 is characterized by
symbols and fixed complex Gaussian channel coefficients as the i.i.d. Gaussian random variables p1 and q1 with E{|p1 +
well as AWGN: jq1 |2 } = σJ2 . The same holds for X̃2 . Hence we obtain from
(40) a refined expression for Z1 which is given in (41).
1 1
Y1 = √ H1 X1 + √ H2 X2 + W1 (33) In the last step, we observe from (32) that the decision
2 2 variable Z1 is a complex Gaussian random variable if Ĥ1 ,
1 1
Y2 = √ H1 (−X2∗ ) + √ H2 (X1∗ ) + W2 . (34) Ĥ2 , X1 and X2 are considered to be deterministic values.
2 2 Hence, Z1 can be characterized by its complex mean mZ1
2
In the next step, we use the cross correlation properties of the and its variance σZ 1
. We derive both quantities using (41)
channel estimates and Y1 and Y2 to rewrite (33) and (34): under the assumption that (α∗ − α) ≈ 0. This is reasonable
rY1 Ĥ1 σY1 r σY1 because it can be seen in (22) that the imaginary part of α
Y1 = Ĥ1 + Y1 Ĥ2 Ĥ2 + V1 (35) converges to zero the lower the receiver impairments. More
σĤ1 σĤ2
precisely, α is getting one in the impairment-free case and
rY2 Ĥ1 σY2 r σY2
Y2 = Ĥ1 + Y2 Ĥ2 Ĥ2 + V2 , (36) the channel estimation error model reduces to the often used
σĤ1 σĤ2 equation Ĥ = H +ν. Finally, using the abbreviations |Ĥ1 |2 =
where V1 and V2 represent zero-mean complex Gaussian RV r1 and |Ĥ2 |2 = r2 the mean and variance are given by:
with variance σV2 1 = σY2 1 (1 − |rY1 Ĥ1 |2 − |rY1 Ĥ2 |2 ) and σV2 2 = 2σV2 σ 2 r2 (λ) σ 4
σ 2
2
σY2 2 (1 − |rY2 Ĥ1 |2 − |rY2 Ĥ2 |2 ). = + J h 2 H4 |α∗ r1 + αr2 |
Z1 r1 ,r2 r1 + r2 (r + r ) σ1 2
For the correlation coefficients we find that Ĥ
(42)
E{Y1 Ĥ1∗ } X1 α ∗ 2
rh (λ1,1 )σH and
rY1 Ĥ1= = √ , (37) 2
σY1 σĤ1 2σY1 σĤ1 rh (λ)σH α∗ r1 + αr2
mZ1 |X1 ,r1 ,r2 = 2 X1 . (43)
σĤ r1 + r2
where λq,p represents the time duration between estimation of
Hp and reception of Yq . Applying the same techniques as in
B. Statistics of the OFDM STC Alamouti System Model under
1 Some of the basic derivations in this work can also be found in [5] where Impairments
the authors investigated non-OFDM Alamouti space time coded systems in It has been shown in the last subsection that the statistics
static flat channel environments and BPSK digital modulation. However, in
this work the basic derivations of [5] are extended to impaired OFDM systems of Z1 and Z2 form a complex conditional Gaussian PDF. As-
and complex mobile channel conditions. suming equal statistical properties for Z1 and Z2 on subcarrier
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1452 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 3, MARCH 2009
∗
√ 2
α rh (λ)σH 2
αrh (λ)σH
2 Ĥ1∗ Ĥ1 X1 + Ĥ2 X2 √ 2
2σ
+ V1 + Ĥ 2 Ĥ ∗
X
2 1 − Ĥ ∗
X
1 2
√
2σ2
+ V2
∗
Ĥ Ĥ
Z1 = . (40)
|2
|Ĥ1 + |Ĥ2 |2
2 2
1 rh (λ)σH ∗ 2 2 rh (λ)σH ∗ ∗
Z1 = Xm,1 2 α |Ĥ1 | + α|Ĥ2 | + Xm,2 2 (α − α)Ĥ1 Ĥ2 (41)
|Ĥ1 |2 + |Ĥ2 |2 σĤ σĤ
√ 2
1 rh (λ)σH
+ 2(Ĥ1∗ V1 + Ĥ2 V2∗ ) + 2 (p1 + jq1 )(α∗ |Ĥ1 |2 + α|Ĥ2 |2 )
|Ĥ1 |2 + |Ĥ2 |2 σĤ
+ (p2 + jq2 )(α∗ − α)Ĥ1∗ Ĥ2 .
l and using the notation of our OFDM system model we now For example, consider a QPSK constellation with the as-
can write sumption of an equal conditional symbol error probability
1 z − mZ |X,r ,r 2 Pe (r1 , r2 ) for all constellation points. Under such conditions
pZl (z|X, r1 , r2 ) = 2 exp − 2
l 1 2
. it is enough only to evaluate the conditional symbol error
πσZ σZ
l |r1 ,r2 l |r1 ,r2 probability for the first QPSK symbol x1 = √1 (1 + j).
(44) (2)
Here, z is a complex variable with real part zr and imaginary Specifically, applying (48) we obtain:
part zi . We now map the mean and the variance of the
Pe (r1 , r2 ) = (49)
Gaussian PDF onto our impaired OFDM system model of
Sec.III-B and Sec.III-C where we have to modify (43) and 2Re{mZl |x1 ,r1 ,r2 } 2Im{mZl |x1 ,r1 ,r2 }
1−Q − 2 Q − 2 .
(42) according to the Alamouti STC OFDM system model σz|r 1 ,r2
σz|r 1 ,r2
under impairments as follows:
Because Ĥl = α̃l H̃l + ν̃l is a complex Gaussian RV and we
rh (λ)|I(0)|2 σH 2
α̃∗l r1 + α̃l r2
mZl |X,r1 ,r2 = 2 X , (45) assume uncorrelated channels between the transmit antennas
σĤ r1 + r2
l and the receive antenna, we understand r1 and r2 to be
4 independent identical exponentially distributed RVs with PDF
2
2σV2 l σJ2l
rh2 (λ) σH̃ ∗ 2
σZ l |r1 ,r2
= + 2 |α̃l r 1 + α̃l r2 | .
r1 + r2 (r1 + r2 ) σĤ 4
1 r
l
(46) pR1 (r) = pR2 (r) = 2 exp − 2 . (50)
σĤ σĤ
Here, the parameters I(0), α̃l , σJ2l , σH̃
2
and σĤ2
are explained l l
l l
in Sec.III, while the parameter σV2 l can be calculated using the The resulting symbol error probability for the QPSK scenario
following equation according (39): on subcarrier l can then be formulated as
∞∞
|α̃l |2 rh2 (λ)|I(0)|4 σH
4
1 r1 + r2
σV2 l = σX
2
|I(0)|2 σH
2 2
+ σW̃ − 2 . (47) Pe = 1 − 4 Pe (r1 , r2 ) exp − 2 dr1 dr2 .
l σĤ σĤ σĤ
l
l 0 0 l
It is important to state that (45) and (46) are especially (51)
valid under the assumption of mutually uncorrelated mobile
channels between the receive antenna and the two transmit
antennas, all having similar power delay profiles. D. Numerical Results
In the following numerical examples, we consider an
C. Verification of the derived PDF by means of SER calcula- OFDM system with a 64-point FFT. Here, the data is QPSK-
tion modulated and Alamouti space time coded to different sub-
It is well known that the derived PDF can be used for the carriers, then transformed to a time domain signal by IFFT
calculation of relevant performance metrics such as symbol operation and prepended by a 16-tap cyclic prefix. The data
error rate (1). Hence, cross-checking of simulated and calcu- is randomly generated and one OFDM pilot symbol was used
lated SER provides us with a tool to verify the accuracy of for channel estimation for each transmit antenna. The used
our PDF derivation. In order to derive the conditional sym- frequency domain training data used in each of the two OFDM
bol error probability Pe (xm |r1 , r2 ) of the m-th constellation pilot symbols is given by:
point for given a r1 and r2 , we have to evaluate the two-
dimensional integral over the appropriate decision region Rm XP,l = (−1)l for subcarrier index l = [−32 : 1 : 31] .
with z = zr + jzi as follows
In addition, we consider frequency selective Rayleigh fading
Pe (xm |r1 , r2 ) = (48) channels having an exponential PDP according to the channel
2
1 z − mZl |xm ,r1 ,r2 model of Sec.III-A
1− 2 exp − 2 dzr dzi . 1
Rm
πσZ l |r1 ,r2
σz|r 1 ,r2 στ2 = e−Dτ /L , τ = 0, 1, . . . , L − 1 ,
C
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KRONDORF/FETTWEIS: NUMERICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR ALAMOUTI SPACE TIME CODED OFDM UNDER RECEIVER IMPAIRMENTS 1453
10
−1 V. M ARGINAL D ENSITY D ERIVATION
For sake of performance evaluation, it is desirable to have
10
−2
an easy to use closed form PDF pZl (z|X) expression available
instead of the conditional PDF pZl (z|X, r1 , r2 ) found in the
−3
last section. Hence, we have to compute the marginal PDF
10
using the following expression:
SER
Δf = 1% Simulation
−4
Δf = 1% Numerical ∞
10 IRR = 30 dB
Δf = 5% Simulation
pZl (z|X) = pZl (z|X, r1 , r2 ) pR1 (r1 ) pR2 (r2 ) dr1 dr2 .
Δf = 5% Numerical
Δf = 1% Simulation 0
10
−5
Δf = 1% Numerical (52)
Δf = 3% Simulation It is known, that r1 and r2 are i.i.d. exponential distributed
Δf = 3% Numerical IRR = 40 dB random variables with PDFs:
−6
10
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1 r
Average Subcarrier SNR in dB pR1 (r) = pR2 (r) = 2 exp − 2 . (53)
σĤ σĤ
l l
Fig. 2. Comparison of simulated and analytical uncoded SER vs. SNR
for QPSK Alamouti space-time coded OFDM under residual CFO in static By the usage of computer algebra tools we found that without
exponential PDP 8 taps channel environment. 2
simplifications to mZl |Xm ,r1 ,r2 and σZ l |r1 ,r2
a closed form
solution to the double integral (52) does not exist. We therefore
propose three simplifications (I), (II) and (III) that finally lead
to a closed form marginal PDF. We then show that the resulting
−1
10 marginal PDF still provides accurate performance prediction
results under moderate impairments (i.e. IRR > 30 dB and
−2
residual CFO below 5%).
10
(I) Since Re{α̃l } >> Im{α̃l }, we can write
r h (λ) = 0.993
α̃∗l r1 + α̃l r2 = Re{α̃l }(r1 + r2 ), (54)
SER
−3
10
and the conditional mean of (45) is reduced to
r h (λ) = 0.997
−4 rh (λ)|I(0)|2 σH
2
10 IRR = 30 dB Simulation
mZl |X = 2 XRe{α̃l } . (55)
IRR = 30 dB Numerical σĤ
IRR = 40 dB Simulation l
IRR = 40 dB Numerical
10
−5 r h (λ) = 1 (II) We can reformulate the variance of (46) to be
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
2σV2 l σJ2 rh2 (λ) σH̃
4
Average Subcarrier SNR in dB 2
σZ l |r1 ,r2
= + l 4 (Re{α̃l })2 (56)
r1 + r2 σĤ
l
Fig. 3. Comparison of simulated and analytical uncoded SER vs. SNR for
QPSK Alamouti space-time coded OFDM with residual CFO of 5% under and subsequently use the approximation
time selective exponential PDP 8 taps channel conditions.
σJ2l rh2 (λ) σH̃
4
4 ≈0, (57)
σĤ
L−1 l
where we set D=7. The factor C = τ =0 e−Dτ /L is chosen
2 σ2 which is reasonable since σJ2l << 1 for moderate receiver
to normalize σH for a given average subcarrier SNR γ = σ2H .
W impairments and thus
Additionally, the CIR length is set to L = 8. In order to solve
(51) we used the Matlab 7.0.1 built-in numerical integration 2σV2 l
2
function. σZ l |r1 ,r2
= . (58)
r1 + r2
Fig.2 presents the calculated and simulated QPSK SER vs.
(III) We define a random variable r = r1 + r2 having a Chi-
SNR γ with given CFO Δf (in % subcarrier spacing). The
squared PDF of four degrees of freedom which can be written
results illustrate that our analysis approximates the simulated
as:
performance accurately, when the PDP of fading channels and
the image rejection ratio of the direct conversion receiver and r r
pR (r) = 4 exp − 2 . (59)
CFO are included as input parameters to the link level analysis. σĤ σĤ
l l
In Fig.3 we use a fixed Δf of 5% to investigate QPSK SER
for time variant exponential 8 tap PDP channels, characterized Hence, substituting (58) into (44) we obtain
by the channel tap auto correlation coefficient rh (λ). It is
r z − mZ |X 2
remarkable how vulnerable the system responds when rh (λ) pZl (z|X, r) = exp −r l
. (60)
deviates slightly from 1. 2πσV2 l 2σV2 l
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1454 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 8, NO. 3, MARCH 2009
−1 −1
10 10
r h (λ) =0.98
−2 −2
10 10
BER
BER
r h (λ) =0.995
Δf = 5%, Simulation
Δf = 5%, Numerical
−3 Δf = 3%, Simulation −3 r h (λ) =0.998
10 10
Δf = 3%, Numerical Simulation
No Δf, Simulation Numerical
No Δf, Numerical
r h (λ) = 1
−4 IRR = 30 dB −4
10 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Average Subcarrier SNR in dB Average Subcarrier SNR in dB
Fig. 4. Comparison of simulated and numerical uncoded BER vs. SNR for Fig. 5. Comparison of simulated and analytical uncoded BER vs. SNR for
16-QAM Alamouti space-time coded OFDM under residual CFO and I/Q 16-QAM Alamouti space-time coded OFDM with I/Q imbalance of IRR =
imbalance in static frequency selective fading channel 30 dB under time and frequency selective fading channel conditions
4
16−QAM upper bound
Finally, the marginal PDF can be computed as
3.5
∞
Mutual Information per Channel Use in Bit
pZl (z|Xm ) = pZl (z|Xm , r)pR (r)dr (61) 3
0
1 2.5
= 2
3 .
|z−mZl |Xm | 1 2
πσV2 l σĤ
4
2
2σV
+ σ2
l l Ĥl
1.5
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KRONDORF/FETTWEIS: NUMERICAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR ALAMOUTI SPACE TIME CODED OFDM UNDER RECEIVER IMPAIRMENTS 1455
function of the frequency domain received signal subject to [10] M. Windisch and G. Fettweis, “Error probability analysis of multi-
the mentioned impairments was derived. Furthermore, this carrier systems impaired by receiver I/Q imbalance,” in Proc. Inter-
national Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications
PDF was verified by means of symbol and bit-error rate (WPMC’06), San Diego, USA, Sept. 2006.
prediction. We demonstrated that our approach can be used [11] M. Windisch and G. Fettweis, “Performance degradation due to
to exactly evaluate uncoded symbol and bit error rates when I/Q imbalance in multi-carrier direct conversion receivers: a theoretical
analysis,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications
a priori knowledge of the mobile channel power delay pro- (ICC’06), Istanbul, Turkey, June 2006.
file, the image rejection ratio and receiver CFO is used. [12] J. G. Proakis, Digital communications, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Inc., 2001.
Furthermore, we demonstrated how to use the derived PDF [13] M. Krondorf and G. Fettweis, “Symbol error rate calculation for
Alamouti space time coded OFDM in direct conversion receivers,” in
to calculate Alamouti STC OFDM link capacity under the Proc. IEEE Globecom, Washington DC, USA, Nov. 2007.
aggregate effects of receiver impairments and mobile channel [14] M. Krondorf and G. Fettweis, “Numerical performance evaluation of
characteristics. Finally, we observed that channel uncertainty impaired OFDM links using Alamouti space time coding,” in Proc.
International Conference on Communications (ICC), Beijing, China, May
induced by channel estimation errors as well as outdated 2008.
channel state information are far more significant factors on [15] M. Krondorf and G. Fettweis, “OFDM link performance analysis
Alamouti STC OFDM capacity than CFO or I/Q imbalance. under various receiver impairments,” EURASIP J. Wireless Commun.
and Networking, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2007.
R EFERENCES Marco Krondorf received his Dipl.-Ing. degree
[1] C. R. N. Athaudage and K. Sathananthan, “Probability of error of space- in electrical engineering from Dresden University
time coded OFDM systems with frequency offset in frequency-selective of Technology, Dresden, Germany, in 2005. Since
Rayleigh fading channels,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on 2005 he is with the Vodafone Chair Mobile Com-
Communications (ICC’05), Seoul, Korea, May 2005. munications Systems, Dresden University of Tech-
[2] L. Brötje, S. Vogeler, and K.-D. Kammeyer, “On carrier frequency offsets nology, Dresden, Germany. His research interests
in Alamouti-coded OFDM systems similar to IEEE 802.11a,” in Proc. range from radio technology performance analysis
8th International OFDM Workshop (InOWo03), Hamburg, Germany, Aug. to PHY design for Cognitive Radio applications. He
2003. is currently working towards his Ph.D. under the
[3] Y. Zou, M. Valkama, and M. Renfors, “Performance analysis of space- supervision of Prof. Gerhard Fettweis.
time coded MIMO-OFDM systems under I/Q imbalance,” in Proc.
ICASSP 2007, Apr. 2007.
[4] Z. Diao, D. Shen, and V. Li, “Performance analysis of space-time codes Gerhard Fettweis received the Ph.D. degree in
with channel information errors,” in Proc. IEEE VTC 2004, Los Angeles, electrical engineering from Aachen University of
USA, Sept. 2004. Technololgy, Aachen, Germany, in 1990. From 1990
[5] D. Gu and C. Leung, “Performance analysis of transmit diversity scheme to 1991, he was a Visiting Scientist at IBM Al-
with imperfect channel estimation,” IEE Electron. Lett., vol. 39, pp. 402– maden Research Center, San Jose, CA, developing
403, Feb. 2003. signal processing innovations for IBMs disk-drive
[6] K. Sathananthan and C. Tellambura, “Probability of error calculation products. From 1991 to 1994, he was a Scientist
of OFDM with frequency offset,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 49, pp. with TCSI Inc., Berkeley, CA, responsible for signal
1884–1888, Nov. 2001. processor development projects for mobile phone
[7] L Rugini, P. Banelli, and S. Cacopardi, “Probability of error of chip-sets. Since September 1994, he has been the
OFDM systems with carrier frequency offset in frequency-selective fading Chair of the Vodafone Chair Mobile Communica-
channels,” in Proc. IEEE ICC’04, June 2004. tions Systems, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany. His
[8] T. Schenk, RF Impairments in Multiple Antenna OFDM, chapter 4.3. current research interests include new wireless communication systems for
T.C.W. Schenk, Eindhoven, 2006. cellular and short-range networks, and their hardware/software implementa-
[9] M. Windisch and G. Fettweis, “Standard-independend I/Q imbalance tion.
compensation in OFDM direct-conversion receivers,” in Proc. 9th Intl.
OFDM Workshop (InOWo), pp. 57–61, Dresden, Germany, Sept. 2004.
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