eragingtechniqueat many differentfrequencies.

Potentialapplications
of this approachcan be foundin medicaland industrialimagingneeds
in highly scatteringsystems.
4:15

2pPA8. Influence of sound-speedfluctuations and medium geometry

on wavelocalization. Kavitha Chandraand CharlesThompson (Lab.
for AdvancedComput.,Univ. of Massachusetts,
Lowell, MA 01854)

The influenceof spatial geometryand material compositionon

acousticradiationis considered.
Numericalmethodsare presentedthat
computethe scatteredwavefield for wavelengthsbetweenthe Rayleigh
scatteringand geometricalopticsregimes.The transitionfrom extended
to localizedmodesand their dependence
on the wavenumber,average
sound-speed
fluctuations,and volumefractionof the scatterersis demonstrated.It is shownthat the sound-speed
contrastmust exceeda
minimum value for the localizedmodesto exist.A spatiallyvarying
eigenfunctiondecomposition
of the intensityfield is carriedout to demonstrate this localization

4:45

2pPA10. Classical sound waves as a coherent superposition of

phonons.Philip L. Marston (Dept. of Phys.,WashingtonStateUniv.,
Pullman, WA 99164)

effect.

4:30

2pPA9. Radiative transfer of ultrasound. JosephA. Turner and

RichardL. Weaver (Dept. of Theor. and Appl. Mech., 104S. Wright
St., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801)

Multiple scatteringof ultrasoundin an elasticmediumcontaining

discreterandom scatterersis modeledusing radiative transfer theory.
The uncorrelatedphasesof the scatteredfield allow one to write an
energybalanceequationfor the spatiallyincoherentintensity.This ultrasonicradiativetransferequationcontainssingle-scattering
and propagationparametersthat are calculatedusingthe elasticwave equation.

TUESDAY

Polarizationeffectsare includedthroughthe introductionof an elastodynamicStokesvector,whichcontainsa longitudinalStokesparameter

and four shearStokesparameterssimilarto the four Stokesparameters
usedin optical radiative transfertheory. The theory is appliedto a
statisticallyhomogeneous,
isotropicelastichalf-spacecontainingrandomlydistributedvoidsilluminatedby a harmonicplanewave.Results
on the angulardependence
of backscattered
intensityarepresented.
It is
anticipatedthat this approachmay be applicableto materialscharacterizationthrough the study of the time, space,ultrasonicfrequency,
and angulardependenceof multiply scatteredultrasoundin elasticmedia with microstructure.[Work supportedby NSF Grant No. MSS-9114360.]

AFTERNOON,

18 MAY

It is generallyrecognizedthat singlemodeclassicallight wavescan

be represented
as a particularsuperposition
of photonoccupationnumber states[R. J. Glauber, Phys. Rev. 131, 2766-2788 (1963)]. The
analogoussuperposition
of phononsis examinedfor a chain of equal
massescoupledonly through nearest-neighbor
harmonicpotentials.
This relatesphononsto classicalnormal modes.While the resulting
coherentphononstate may be implicit in the work of others,it illustratesthe quantumlimitationson the normal modeamplitude. The
expectationvalue () oscillatesharmonicallybut the oscillatingwave

packethasa quantum
spread
of order(i/0M)/2,whereM isthemass
of the chain. This magnitudeagreeswith estimatesby otherson the
quantumlimitationon the detectionof classical
vibrations.[Work supported by ONR.]

CANADIAN

1993

ROOM,

1:00 TO 4:00 P.M.

Session 2pPP

Psychologicaland PhysiologicalAcoustics:Auditory Models, Temporal Patterns, Spatial Perception

(Poster Session)
Charles S. Watson, Chair

Departmentof Speechand Hearing Sciences,

Indiana University,Bloomington,Indiana 47405
ContributedPapers (Posters)
All posterswill be on displayfrom 1:00to 4:00 p.m. To allow contributorsan opportunityto seeotherposters,contributors
of odd-numbered
paperswill be at their postersfrom 1:00to 2:30p.m. and contributors
of even-numbered
paperswill be at
their postersfrom 2:30 to 4:00 p.m.

2pPPI. Modeling and simulationof tympanograms. Lin Chen (Hear.

Res. Labs., Dept. of Commun. Disord. and Sci., 215 Parker Hall, State
Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214)

Tympanometryhas becomea standardevaluationprocedurefor

childrenand adultsin the audiologicalclinic. Becauseof the acoustical
complexityof both the middleear systemand the testingdevice,there
is a needto studytympanometry
not onlyfroman experimental
but also
a theoreticalperspective
to achievea full understanding
of the underlyingmechanism.
In the presentstudy,a modelhasbeendeveloped
for
simulationof differenttype of tympanograms.
In the model,the acoustic characteristics
of the ear canal are describedby a set of acoustic
equationsand thoseof the middle ear are describedby the Zwislocki
electricanalogmodel.Modelparameters
corresponding
to the earcanal
length, the stiffnessof the middle ear, and the resistanceof the cochlea
are manipulatedto simulatethe effectsof the appliedpressure
in the ear

2312

J. Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol. 93, No. 4, Pt. 2, April1993

canal during a tympanometricprocedure.Typical tympanogramssuch

as 1B1G, 3B1G, 3B3G, and 5B3G have been demonstrated with the

modeland are in goodagreementwith thoseactuallyrecordedfrom the

humanear. Sometympanograms
seenunderpathologicaland abnormal
conditions are also simulated.

2pPP2. Integrated mathematical model of the ear. I. Free-field

pressureto basilar membranedisplacements. Joel Kalb (Army Res.

Lab., AberdeenProving Ground, MD 21005-5425)

In order to provide insightinto the processes
operativein the ear,
especiallyat high sound pressurelevels, an integratedmathematical
model of the ear has been produced.The model'selectroacoustic
elementsare conformalwith the strucureof the ear, whichpromotesphysical insight.For maximumutility the modelis menuedto allow parameter changesby the user. Mathematically,the model is equationsof
motion formulatedas a systemof coupledordinarydifferentialequa-

125thMeeting:AcousticalSocietyof America

2312

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